Crystal Symmetry

Motif: adalah bagian yang paling mendasar dari

suatu
t bentuk
b t k simetri
i t i yang bila
bil padanya
d
dilakukan perulangan akan membentuk pola
yang menyeluruh
l h
Operation: ialah suatu perbuatan yang
memperbanyak motif untuk membuat sebuah
pola
Element: merupakan sebuah operasi yang
dilakukan pada sebuah titik tertentu dalam
ruang
R t i
Rotasi Refleksi

Inversi
R t i
Rotoinversi
i
Operasi simetri
 Unsur Simetri kristalografi
1 Rotasi = Rotation ~ Sumbu lipat / sumbu simetri (A)
1.
2. Inversi = Inversion ~ Pusat simetri / titik simetri (C)
3. Refleksi = Reflection ~ Bidangg cermin / bidang g simetri
(m ~ P)
Rotasi = operasi simetri (putar) yang dilakukan
pada sumbu simetri sebagai sumbu putar
(axis = A)

Sumbu simetri :
adalah suatu garis lurus yang dibuat melalui pusat kristal, dimana
kristal tsb diputar 360° dengan garis tersebut sebagai sumbu
perputaran, makak padad kedudukan
k d d k tertentu kristal
k i l tersebut
b akank
menunjukkan kenampakan yang sama dengan semula.
Sumbu simetri biasa atau sumbu bipoler:
sum u khayal
sumbu haya yg melalui
m a u kristal
r sta dapat
apat diputar
putar 360
6 0a
akan
an
dijumpai konfigurasi yg sama lebih dari satu kali.

Sumbu simetri dapat juga dibagi atas macam operasinya, yaitu:

- Gyre: operasi sumbu simetri yang besarnya sudut putar 360/n;
dimana n = 1, 2 (digyre), 3 (triad), 4 (tetrad), 6 (hexad)
(Ingat: kristal mempunyai bentuk polihedral yg tertutup)
- Gyroida: operasi sumbu simetri, yg merupakan campuran dari
pemutaran melalui sumbu dan pencerminan pada bidang yg
tegak lurus pada bidang tadi.
Operasi Rotasi
Operasi Rotoinversi
 2-D Symmetry
Symmetry
y y Elements
1. Rotation
A Symmetrical Pattern
a. Two-fold rotation

= 360o/2 rotation 6
to reproduce a
motif in a
symmetrical
ti l
pattern
6
 2-D Symmetry

Symmetry Elements
Operation
1. Rotation
a Two-fold rotation
a.
Motif
= 360o/2 rotation 6
to reproduce a
motif in a Element
symmetrical
pattern
6
= the symbol for a two-fold
rotation
 2-D Symmetry

Symmetry Elements
1. Rotation
a Two-fold
a. Two fold rotation

= 360o/2 rotation 6 first

operation
p
step
to reproduce a
motif in a
symmetrical
pattern second
operation
6
= the symbol for a two-fold step
rotation
 2-D Symmetry

Symmetry Elements
1. Rotation
a Two-fold
a. Two fold rotation

Some familiar
objects have an
intrinsic
symmetry
 2-D Symmetry

Symmetry Elements
1. Rotation
a Two-fold
a. Two fold rotation

Some familiar
objects have an
intrinsic
symmetry
 2-D Symmetry

Symmetry Elements
1. Rotation
a Two-fold
a. Two fold rotation

Some familiar
objects have an
intrinsic
symmetry
 2-D Symmetry

Symmetry Elements
1. Rotation
a Two-fold
a. Two fold rotation

Some familiar
objects have an
intrinsic
symmetry
 2-D Symmetry

Symmetry Elements
1. Rotation
a Two-fold
a. Two fold rotation

Some familiar
objects have an
intrinsic
symmetry
 2-D Symmetry

Symmetry Elements
1. Rotation
a Two-fold
a. Two fold rotation

Some familiar
objects have an
intrinsic
symmetry
 2-D Symmetry

Symmetry Elements
1. Rotation
a Two-fold
a. Two fold rotation

Some familiar
objects have an
intrinsic
symmetry
180o rotation makes it coincident
Second 180o brings the object
back to its original position
What’s the motif here??
 2-D Symmetry

Symmetry Elements
1. Rotation
b Three-fold
b. Three fold rotation

= 360o/3 rotation
to reproduce a
motif in a
symmetrical pattern
 2-D Symmetry

Symmetry Elements
1. Rotation
b Three-fold
b. Three fold rotation
step 1
= 360o/3 rotation
to reproduce a
motif in a
symmetrical pattern step 3

step 2
 2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements
1. Rotation

6 6 6
6

6
6
6 6

1-fold 2-fold 3-fold 4-fold 6-fold

Objects with symmetry:

a
identity
Z   K
5-fold and > 6-fold rotations will not work in combination with translations in crystals
(as we shall see later). Thus we will exclude them now.
 Inversi = Pusat Simetri (C)

Pusat Simetri ( C )
disebut juga titik simetri adalah suatu titik apabila
ditarik garis melalui titik tsb dari sembarang titik
pada permukaan kristal akan membagi garis tsb sama
panjang. Operasi pusat simetri disebut juga operasi
inversi (i).
()

Inversi:
suatu operasi simetri yang dihasilkan dengan jalan
menghubungkan titik-titik dari salah satu bidang kristal
melalui titik pusatnya
pusatnya, sehingga dihasilkan titik turunan
turunan-
nya yang berjarak sama dari pusat simetri, tetapi
berseberangan dan terbalik.
 2-D Symmetry
Symmetry Elements
2. Inversion (i)

inversion through a
center to reproduce a
motif
ot in a symmetrical
sy et ca 6
pattern
= symbol for an
i
inversion
i center
inversion is identical to 2-fold
rotation in 2-D, but is unique
in 3-D (try it with your hands)
6
 Reflection = pencerminan (m)

Bidang Simetri (m)

Bidang
id simetri
i i adalah
d l h suatu bidang
bid yang melalui
l l i pusat kristal
ki l
dan membelah kristal menjadi dua bagian yang sama, dimana
bagian
g yyangg satu merupakan
p ppencerminan bagian
g yyang g lainnya.
y

Operasi bidang simetri disebut juga operasi pencerminan.

Berdasarkan kedudukannya dibedakan menjadi 3 macam yaitu:

vertikal,
di
diagonal,
l
horizontal.
Bidang simetri
 2-D Symmetry

Symmetry Elements
3. Reflection (m)

Reflection across a
“mirror plane”
reproduces a motif

= symbol for a mirror

plane
 2-D Symmetry
We now have 6 unique 2-D symmetry operations:

1 2 3 4 6 m

Rotations are congruent operations

reproductions are identical
Inversion and reflection are enantiomorphic operations
reproductions are “opposite-handed”
 2-D Symmetry
Combinations of symmetry elements are also possible

To create a complete analysis of symmetry about a point in

space we must try all possible combinations of these symmetry
space,
elements

In the interest of clarity and ease of illustration, we continue to

consider only 2-D examples
 2-D Symmetry
Try combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror
 2-D Symmetry
Try combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Step
p 1: reflect

(could do either step first)

 2-D Symmetry
Try combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Step
p 1: reflect

Step 2: rotate (everything)

 2-D Symmetry
Try combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Step
p 1: reflect

Step 2: rotate (everything)

Is that all??
 2-D Symmetry
Try combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Step
p 1: reflect

Step 2: rotate (everything)

N ! A second
No! d mirror
i iis required
i d
 2-D Symmetry
Try combining a 2-fold rotation axis with a mirror

The result is Point Group 2mm

“2mm” indicates 2 mirrors

The mirrors are different

(not equivalent by symmetry)
 2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror
 2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Step
p 1: reflect
 2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Step
p 1: reflect

Step 2: rotate 1
 2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Step
p 1: reflect

Step 2: rotate 2
 2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

Step
p 1: reflect

Step 2: rotate 3
 2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

A other
Any th elements?
l t?
 2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

A other
Any th elements?
l t?

Yes, two more mirrors

 2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

A other
Any th elements?
l t?

Yes, two more mirrors

Point g
groupp name??
 2-D Symmetry
Now try combining a 4-fold rotation axis with a mirror

A other
Any th elements?
l t?

Yes, two more mirrors

Point g
groupp name??

4mm
Why not 4mmmm?
 2-D Symmetry
3-fold rotation axis with a mirror creates point group 3m

Why
y not 3mmm?
 2-D Symmetry
6-fold rotation axis with a mirror creates point group 6mm
 2-D S
Symmetry
t
All other combinations are either:
Incompatible
(2 + 2 cannot be done in 2-D)
R d d with
Redundant i h others
h already
l d tried
i d
m + m → 2mm because creates 2-fold
This is the same as 2 + m → 2mm
 Rotasi : b, c, d

Refleksi : a Inversi : e
 2-D Symmetry
The original 6 elements plus the 4 combinations creates
10 possible 2-D Point Groups:

1 2 3 4 6 m 2mm 3m 4mm 6mm

Any 2-D pattern of objects surrounding a point must

conform to one of these groups
 Tugas kelompok
11. Buat 10 kelompok : @ 10~13 orang
2. Gambar setiap model kristal (2D~3D) skala 1:1
(sesuai ukuran kristal)
3 Tentukan
3. T t k jumlahj l h unsur simetri
i t i untuk
t k tiap
ti modeld l kristal
k i t l sesuaii no
a. jumlah sumbu simetri/lipat (1, 2, 3, 4, dan 6)
b. titik simetri
c. bidang simetri (vertikal, horizontal, diagonal)
4. Tugas di tulis/di ketik rapih perkelompok, dikumpulkan
tgl 16 oktober 2004 (pada saat kuliah kristalografi)

Catatan : gambar bila di buat/di foto digital 3 D,

h
harus juga
j menyerahkan
hk dalam
d l bentuk
b t k CD/disket
CD/di k t hasil
h il fotonya
f t