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Name : Iwan Kurniarahman

NIM : 07320010

Theory of Politeness Strategy Scollon and scollon Levinson

Similarities 1. Scollons and Levinson have the same concept about politeness strategy in case of face and its relationship in
which cover three aspects; power (P), distance (D), and weight of imposition (W) in interaction.
2.
Differences • Scollon and scollon suggested two kinds of strategy in • Stephen Levinson identified two kinds of
politeness: politeness strategy:
1. Involvement. In the society-based model, it is showing a 1. Negative politeness: Making a request less
strong interest in their affairs, paying attention to others, infringing, such as "If you don't mind..." or "If it
claiming common in group membership of point of view, isn't too much trouble..."; respects a person's
and using first name. In English, it can be shown through right to act freely. In other words, deference.
ten features of linguistic form as listed below: There is a greater use of indirect speech acts.
a. Notice or attended to hearer. e.g. I like your jacket. 2. Positive politeness: Seeks to establish a
Are you feeling better today? positive relationship between parties; respects a
b. Exaggerate (interest, approval, sympathy, with person's need to be liked and understood. Direct
hearer). e.g. Please be careful on the steps, they are speech acts, swearing and flouting Grice's
very slippery. You always do so well in school. maxims can be considered aspects of positive
c. Claim in-group membership with hearer. e.g. All of politeness because they show an awareness that
us here at city polytechnic… the relationship is strong enough to cope with
d. Claim common point of view, opinions, attitudes, what would normally be considered impolite (in
knowledge, and empathy. e.g. I know just how you the popular understanding of the term) and they
feel, I had a cold like that last week. articulate an awareness of the other person's
e. Be optimistic. e.g. I think we should be able to finish values, which fulfils the person's desire to be
that annual report very quickly. accepted
f. Indicate speaker knows hearer’s wants and is taking
them into account. e.g. I am sure you will all want to • Stephen Levinson suggested four highest level
know when this meeting will be over. strategies of politeness strategies:
g. Assume or assert reciprocity. e.g. I know you want to 1. Bald on-record. Bald on-record strategies
do well in sales this year as much as I want you to do usually do not attempt to minimize the threat to
well. the hearer’s face, although there are ways that
h. Use given names or nicknames. e.g. Bill. Can you get bald on-record politeness can be used in trying
that report to me by tomorrow? to minimize FTAs implicitly. Often using such a
i. Be voluble (speak a lot). e.g. I come down the stairs, strategy will shock or embarrass the addressee,
and what do you think I see? A huge mess all over and so this strategy is most often utilized in
the place, the phone’s off the book and clothes are situations where the speaker has a close
scattered all over… relationship with the audience, such as family or
j. Use hearer’s language or dialect. e.g. Lend us two close friends. It may include several cases as
bucks then, wouldja Mac?. Mind if I stay here for a listed below:
while? a. Great urgency or desperation. e.g. Watch
out!
2. Independence. It is also can be reflected linguistically b. Speaking as if great efficiency is necessary.
like listed below: e.g. Hear me out:...
a. Make minimal assumptions about hearer’s wants. e.g. c. Task-oriented. E.g. Pass me the hammer
I don’t know if you want to send this by air email or d. Little or no desire to maintain someone's
by speed post. face. e.g. Don't forget to clean the blinds!
b. Give the hearer the option not to do the act. e.g. I e. Doing the FTA is in the interest of the
would be nice to have a tea together, but I am sure hearer. e.g. Your headlights are on!
you are very busy. f. Welcomes. E.g. Come in.
c. Minimize threat. E.g. I just need to borrow a little g. Offers. e.g. Leave it, I'll clean up later. Eat!
piece of paper, any scrap will do. 2. Positive politeness strategies. Positive politeness
d. Apologize. e.g. I am sorry to trouble you, could you strategies seek to minimize the threat to the
tell me the time? hearer’s positive face. They are used to make
e. Be pessimistic. e.g. I don’t suppose you’d know the the hearer feel good about himself, his interests
time, would you? or possessions, and are most usually used in
f. Dissociate speaker, Hearer from the discourse. e.g. situations where the audience knows each other
This is to inform our employees that… fairly well. It may include several cases as listed
g. State a general rule. E.g. Company regulations below:
require an examination… a. Attend to hearer’s interests, needs, wants.
h. Use family names and titles. e.g. Mr. Lee, there is a e.g. You look sad. Can I do anything?
phone call for you. b. Use solidarity in-group identity markers.
i. Be taciturn (speak little). e.g. Well, I really cannot e.g. Heh, mate, can you lend me a dollar?
see you… c. Be optimistic. e.g. I’ll just come along, if
j. Use own language or dialect. e.g. Takeshi-san, have you don’t mind.
you seen what happens to the villages that stand in d. Include both speaker (S) and hearer (H) in
the way of the railroad?
activity. e.g. If we help each other, I guess,
we’ll both sink or swim in this course.
e. Offer or promise. e.g. If you wash the
dishes, I’ll vacuum the floor.
f. Exaggerate interest in hearer and his
interests. e.g. That’s a nice haircut you got;
where did you get it?
g. Avoid Disagreement. E.g. Yes, it’s rather
long; not short certainly.
h. Joke. e.g. Wow, that’s a whopper!
3. Negative politeness strategies. Negative
politeness strategies are oriented towards the
hearer’s negative face and emphasize avoidance
of imposition on the hearer. These strategies
presume that the speaker will be imposing on
the listener and there is a higher potential for
awkwardness or embarrassment than in bald on
record strategies and positive politeness
strategies. It may include several cases as listed
below:
a. Be indirect. e.g. Would you know where
Oxford Street is?
b. Use hedges or questions. e.g. Perhaps, he
might have taken it, maybe. Could you
please pass the rice?
c. Be pessimistic. e.g. You couldn’t find your
way to lending me a thousand dollars, could
you?
d. Minimize the imposition. e.g. It’s not too
much out of your way, just a couple of
blocks.
e. Use obviating structures, like
nominalizations, passives, or statements of
general rules. e.g. I hope offense will not be
taken. Visitors sign the ledger. Spitting will
not be tolerated.
f. Apologize e.g. I’m sorry; it’s a lot to ask,
but can you lend me a thousand dollars?
g. Use plural pronouns. We regret to inform
you.
4. Off-record (indirect) strategy. This strategy uses
indirect language and removes the speaker from
the potential to be imposing. For example, a
speaker using the indirect strategy might merely
say “wow, it’s getting cold in here” insinuating
that it would be nice if the listener would get up
and turn up the thermostat without directly
asking the listener to do so. It may include
several cases as listed below:
a. Give hints. e.g. "It's cold in here."
b. Be vague. e.g. "Perhaps someone should
have been more responsible."
c. Be sarcastic, or joking. e.g. "Yeah, he's a
real rocket scientist!"

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