0 penilaian0% menganggap dokumen ini bermanfaat (0 suara)
316 tayangan23 halaman
Serum protein electrophoresis separates proteins based on physical properties and is used to identify disorders like multiple myeloma. It measures albumin and globulin levels. Albumin is the major liver-produced protein, while globulins comprise immune proteins. Abnormal results include monoclonal or polyclonal gammopathies, with monoclonal indicating a malignant clonal process causing a single sharp M-protein peak.
Serum protein electrophoresis separates proteins based on physical properties and is used to identify disorders like multiple myeloma. It measures albumin and globulin levels. Albumin is the major liver-produced protein, while globulins comprise immune proteins. Abnormal results include monoclonal or polyclonal gammopathies, with monoclonal indicating a malignant clonal process causing a single sharp M-protein peak.
Hak Cipta:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Format Tersedia
Unduh sebagai ODP, PDF, TXT atau baca online dari Scribd
Serum protein electrophoresis separates proteins based on physical properties and is used to identify disorders like multiple myeloma. It measures albumin and globulin levels. Albumin is the major liver-produced protein, while globulins comprise immune proteins. Abnormal results include monoclonal or polyclonal gammopathies, with monoclonal indicating a malignant clonal process causing a single sharp M-protein peak.
Hak Cipta:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Format Tersedia
Unduh sebagai ODP, PDF, TXT atau baca online dari Scribd
● Electrophoresis separates proteins based on their physical properties, the subsets of these proteins are used in interpreting the results. ● Used to identify patients with Multiple Myeloma and other serum protein disorders. ● Commonly used to identify patients with multliple myeloma and other serum protein disorders. ● Sometimes results will be confusing to interpret. In this presentation ● How the examination is performed.
● What it measures and when it is indicated.
● Result interpretation
● Suggestion and follow-up of abnormal results
Protein Electrophoresis ● Separtates proteins based on their physical properties. ● Serum is placed in specific medium, and charge is applied ● Based on the net charge & size and shape of the proteins, proteins separate ● The pattern of serum protein electrophoresis results depends on the fractions of two major proteins: Albumin and Globulins. Protein Electrophoresis (Contd...) ● Several susbsets of serum protein can be separated using different methods. ● In zone electrophoresis, different protein subtypes are separated in different physical locations. ● Proteins are stained,and their densities are calculated to provide graphical data on the absolute and relative amounts of the various proteins. ● Further separation can be achived, by staining with immunologically active agent, which results in immunoflourescence and immunofixation. Components of Serum Electrophoresis ● The pattern of serum protein electrophoresis results depends on the fractions of two major types of protein: Albumin and Globulins. ● Albumin – major protein component of serum, is produced by the liver under normal physiologic conditions. ● Globulins comprise of a much smaller fraction of the total serum protein content. ● Subsets of globulins and their relative quantities are the primary focus of interpretation of serum protein electrophoresis. Normal pattern of Serum Electrophoresis
+ ve Albumin Globulins -ve Pattern of Serum Protein Electrophoresis ● Closest to the Positive Electrode lies the largest peak – Albumin.
● The next five components are Globulins –
Alpha1, alpha 2, beta1, beta 2 and gamma.
● The peaks lies towards negative electrode.
Components: Albumin ● Represents the largest protein component of human serum. ● Decreased albumin level is seen in case of a. Less production of the protein by the liver. b. Increased loss or degradation of this protein. c. Dehydration. ● Malnutrition, significant liver disease, renal loss (e.g. Nephrotic syndrome), hormone therapy, pregnancy - may result in low albumin levels. ● Burns may result in increased levels of albumin. Components: Globulins Alpha fraction of Globulins: Alpha 1, Alpha2 components. Alpha 1 fraction is comprised of Alpha 1- antitrypisin, thyroid- binding globulin, and transcortin. Malignancy and acute inflammation can increase this band. Decreased band may result because of deficiency in Alpha 1- antitrypisin or liver disease causing decreased level of globulin. Components: Globulins (contd...) Second fraction of Alpha is the Alpha2 -protein.
● Ceruloplasmin, Alpha2-macroglobulin, and
haptoglobin are the components.
● Increased levels are seen as a result of Acute-
phase reaction. Components: Globulins (contd...) Beta fraction of Globulin components have two peaks Beta1 and Beta2. ● Beta1 is composed mostly of Transferrin. ● Beta2 contains Beta – lipoprotein. IgA, IgM, and sometimes IgG, along with complement proteins, also can be identified in the beta fraction. Components: Globulins (contd...) ● Gamma Region of Electrophoretic region is of great significance because of Immunoglobulin migration in this region. ● Immunoglobulins often can be found throughout the electrophoretic spectrum. ● C-reactive protein (CRP) is found located between beta and gamma components. Interpretation of Results Plasma protein levels display prodictable changes in response to: ● acute inflammation, ● malignancy, ● trauma, ● necrosis, ● infraction, ● burns, ● chemical injury. Interpretation of Results (contd...) ● Interpretation mainly focus on the gamma region, which is composed predominantly of antibodies of IgG type. ● Gamma globulin zone is decreased in hypogammaglobinemia and agammaglobinemia. ● Diseases that produces an increase in the gamma globulin level include Hodgkin's disease, malignant lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, connective tissue diseases, multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, and amyloidosis. Abnormal Serum Protein Electrophoresis
● Several disease states cause an increase in
gamma region, due to several reasons a homogeneous spike-like peak of the gamma globulin zone. These may be due to proliferation of a single clone of plasma cells that produce a homogeneous M protein – called “Monoclonal gammopathies” Monoclonal and Polyclonal Gammopathies ● Monoclonal gammopathies are associated with a clonal process that is malignant or potentially malignant. ● Polyclonal gammopathies may be caused by any reactive or inflammatory process and they are associated with nonmalignant conditions. ● M-protein is charectarised by the prescence of a sharp, well defined band with a single heavy chain and a similar band with kappa and lambda light chain. ● A polyclonal gammopathy is charectarised by a broad diffuse band with one or more heavy chains and kappa and lambda light chains.