Sistem Saraf Aferen
Sistem Saraf Aferen
Riski Prihatningtias
Contrast sensitivity
Pelli-Robson chart
Cambridge chart
Warna
Ishihara test : red greed deficiency
Lanthony color vision test : blue yellow deficiency
Hardy-Rittler-Randy test
Farnsworth Munsell 28 hue
Tes konfrontasi
Amsler Grid
- Memakai kacamata atau lensa baca
- Pegang Amsler grid dgn jarak 30 cm
- Tutup salah satu mata, dan fokuskan
penglihatan mata yang terbuka di
titik tengah. Ulangi pada mata satunya
- Perhatikan jika ada garis yang putus
atau bergelombang, atau daerah yang
hilang
Perimeter Goldmann
Humphfrey Visual Field Analyzer
Abnormal Optic Disc
Disc edema
Papilledema
Disebabkan TIK meningkat
Causes of papilledema
Pseudo-tumor cerebri
Space-occupying intracranial lesion
Microbial infection: meningitis, encephalitis.
Hypertensive encephalopathy
Intracranial vascular lesions: sub-arachnoid hemorrhage, sagittal sinus
thrombosis, etc
Head-injury - long standing contusions, carotid-cavernous fistula
Metabolic disorders: Addison's disease, , hypo-parathyroidism, etc.
Blood dyscrasias : leukemia, polycythemia, etc.
Choroidal plexus tumour by hypersecretion.
Miscellaneous; serum sickness, status epilepticus, sarcoidosis etc.
Papilledema
Gejala :
Nyeri kepala
Muntah
Bisa terdapat defisit neurologis dan
penurunan kesadaran
Visus umumnya normal, kecuali jika
sdh kronis ( atrofi papil)
Tanda :
Disc swelling, batas kabur
Hiperemis
Vasculature melebar & berkelok
Perdarahan dan eksudat peripapil
Patons’s line
Lapang pandang : pelebaran bintik
buta
Papilledema
Early
Acute / establish
Chronic
Atrophic
Pemeriksaan penunjang :
CT Scan
MRI
Penatalaksanaan :
Konsul bagian bedah saraf dan atau neurologi
Optic Neuritis
Inflamasi nervus optikus karena sebab apapun
Demyelinative :
Idiopathic
Multiple sclerosis
Neuromyelitis optica (Devic's disease)
Immune-mediated :
Postviral optic neuritis (measles, mumps, chickenpox, influenza, infectious
mononucleosis)
Postimmunization optic neuritis
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
Acute idiopathic polyneuropathy (Guillain-Barré syndrome)
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Direct infections :
Herpes zoster, syphillis, tuberculosis, cryptococcosis, cytomegalovirus
Granulomatous optic neuropathy :
Sarcoidosis
Idiopathic
Contiguous inflammatory disease :
Intraocular inflammation
Orbital disease
Sinus disease, including mucormycosis
Intracranial disease: meningitis, encephalitis
Papillitis : inflamasi pada “nerve head”
(nervus optikus intraokuler)
Gejala
Penurunan visus, subakut (gradual), 2-7 hari
Gangguan penglihatan warna dan kontras
Nyeri gerak bola mata
Tanda
Visus turun
Lapang pandang : terutama sentral skotoma
Refleks pupil menurun
Funduskopi : papil N II udem, hiperemis, pelebaran
vena
Neuritis retrobulber
Patient sees nothing, doctor sees
nothing
Pemeriksaan penunjang
MRI faktor risiko MS
Laboratorium darah
Inflamasi : CRP
Infeksi : TB, TORCH, sifilis, HIV
Penatalaksanaan
Injeksi metilprednisolone 4x250 mg selama 3
hari dilanjutkan oral 1mg/ kgBB selama 11
hari, kemudian tappering off 10-21 hari
Steroid oral saja akan meningkatkan risiko
rekurensi
OPTIC NEUROPATHY
Tanda
Visus turun
Refleks pupil menurun
Papil N II udem sektoral atau menyeluruh,
kepucatan
Pemeriksaan penunjang
Laboratorium darah faktor risiko
Gula darah, profil lipd, hematologi
Imaging tidak perlu
Penatalaksanaan
Pengendalian faktor risiko
Konsul penyakit dalam
Neuropathy Optic Compressi
Intracranial disease: meningioma, pituitary adenoma,
craniopharyngioma, supraclinoid internal carotid
aneurysm, meningeal carcinomatosis, basal meningitis.
Orbital disease: dysthyroid eye disease, idiopathic
orbital inflammatory disease, orbital neoplasm, orbital
abscess
Optic nerve sheath meningioma
Pemeriksaan penunjang :
- imaging
- lab darah : TSH, T3, T4
Penatalaksanaan :
- konsul bedah saraf, penyakit dalam
- injeksi steroid
Toxic and Nutritional optic neuropathy
Vitamin deficiencies: vitamin B12 deficiency, vitamin B1
(thiamin) deficiency, folate deficiency
Tobacco-alcohol amblyopia
Heavy metals: lead, thalium, arsenic
Drugs: ethambutol, isoniazid, rifampin, disulfiram,
quinine, chloramphenicol, amiodarone, digitalis,
carmustine, fluorouracil, vincristine, halogenated
hydroxyquinolines (eg, iodochlorhydroxyquin,
diiodohydroyquin), hexachlorophene, penicillamine,
barbiturates.
Chemicals: methanol, ethylene glycol
Hentikan penggunaan obat penyebab
Pemberian suplementasi vitamin B
Toxic – methanol mengancam nyawa
hemodialisis
Traumatic optic neuropathy
Direct optic nerve injury
Indirect optic nerve injury
Optic nerve avulsion