Intro to Vibration Measurements

Bruel & Kjaer

www.bksv.com Norcross, Georgia
Brüel & Kjær Sound & Vibration Measurement A/S.
Copyright © Brüel & Kjær. All Rights Reserved. www.bkhome.com

Agenda

 What is Vibration?
 Quantifying Vibration
 The Single Degree of Freedom Model
 Structural Resonances and Forced Vibration
 Vibration Transducers
 Brief Intro to Vibration Analysis
 Wrap Up

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Page 1
Vibration In Everyday Life

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Why Do We Measure Vibration?

 To verify that frequencies and
amplitudes do not exceed the
material limits (e.g. as described by
the Wöhler curves)
 To avoid excitation of resonances in
certain parts of a machine

 To be able to dampen or isolate

vibration sources

 To make conditional
maintenance on machines

 To construct or verify computer

models of structures (system
analysis)

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Page 2
Mechanical Parameters and Components
Displacement Velocity Acceleration

d
v a
k

c m

F=k×d F=c×v F=m×a

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Equation of Motion — Time Domain

Single Degree of Freedom Model

f(t) x(t)

k c

Newton 2nd law:

mx( t )  cx ( t )  kx( t )  f ( t )

Force Balance: Inertial + Dissipative + Restoring = External

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Page 3
 Simplest Form of Vibrating System
Displacement
Displacement
d = D sinnt
D

Time

T Frequency
1
T

m
Period, Tn in [sec]
k 1
Frequency, fn= T in [Hz = 1/sec]
n

1 k
fn = 2 m

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Conversion from Displacement to Acceleration

Displacement, d
D d = D sin t

Time d=D

Velocity, v v = dd = D cos t
dt

v = D = D2f
Time

Acceleration, a 2
a= d d = D2 sin t
dt2

Time a = D2 = D42f 2

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Page 4
 Conversion from Acceleration to Displacement
Acceleration, a
a = A sin t
A
a=A
Time

Velocity, v v = a dt = - A cos t
 
v=
A = A
Time  2f

Displacement, d d=  a dt dt = - A
2
sin t

A = A
Time d=
2 42f 2

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Units of Vibration Signals

Acceleration 1 m/s2 = 0.102g = 39.4 in/s2

a

Velocity 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h = 39.4 in/s

v

Displacement 1m = 1000 mm = 39.4 in

d

1g = 9.80665 ms-2

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Page 5
Effect of Change in Mass

time

m1
k
n  2f n 
m  m1 m

Increasing mass
reduces frequency

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Mass, Spring and Damper

time

Increasing damping
reduces the amplitude m

k c1 + c2

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Page 6
Forced Vibration

e
m
Displacement Ti

m
dm
Frequency
k c
dF Magnitude C

K
F dm = df M
Frequency
Phase
+90°
0°
-90° Frequency

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Responses Combine
Magnitude

1+2

d1+ d2
2 1
Frequency
m
d1
Phase
Frequency
dF 0°
F 1 2
-90°
1+2

-180°

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Page 7
Forces and Vibration

System
Input
Forces + Response = Vibration
(Mobility)

+ =
Frequency Frequency Frequency
Forces caused by Structural Vibration
Imbalance Parameters: Parameters:
Shock Mass Acceleration
Friction Stiffness Velocity
Acoustic Damping Displacement

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891875

Sources of Machine Vibration

The moving parts of machines create vibration at different frequencies.

Vibration
level

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 12th Order
Frequency, Hz
(Frequency, Hz)

Misalignment
Vibrations
NOISE, at of
50 the
i.e., shaft
60 Hzcauses
or vibrations (incl. vibration
caused
harmonics) at
Vibration
Vibration
Vibration
Harmonics
Extra high
at
(suborders
amplified
the
level 6atthof
of rotational
speed
ofby structural
42-48%
harmonic/order
main
frequency
shaft st
ofresonances
RPM)
(1
caused
due
order)
caused
by
toinof
causedby bylower
Vibration
other harmonics
electromagnetic
machines
caused by or=worn
orders
forces
ambience
gear
or electric
bythe
oil main
film
imperfect
the
whirl
shaft,
machine
misalignment
orfan
caused
whip with
structure
in 6
e.g.,noise
windpicked
excitation
(rotational up from
frequency ×by
journal
or acoustic
blades
power
unbalance
bearing
1, 2,cables
excitation
3,…)

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Page 8
Sources of Machine Vibration

Vibration
level

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 12th Order
Frequency, Hz
(Frequency, Hz)

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The Measurement Chain

Transducer Preamplifier Filter(s) Detector/

Output
Averager

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Page 9
Piezoelectric Accelerometer

Principles of operation F
F

F F
V mV  F V mV  F
Q pC  F Q pC  F

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800290/2

Types of Piezoelectric Accelerometers

Planar Shear Centre-mounted Compression ThetaShear ®
P S
M M
R P R
B M
P
B B

Annular Shear Delta Shear ® OrthoShear ®

P P
E R M
M M R
P E
B B B

P: Piezoelectric Elements E: Built-in Electronics S: Spring

R: Clamping Ring B: Base M: Seismic Mass

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800284

Page 10
 Operational Range of Vibration
Transducers
Relative
Amplitude
108:1

Piezoelectric
106:1 Accelerometer

10 000:1
Velocity
transducer
100:1
Eddy current
Proximity probe

1
0.2 2 20 200 2k 20kHz Frequency

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930656

Choosing an Accelerometer

 General Purpose, medium weight and sensitivity

or
 Small, light and high frequency

Acceleration 1 - 10 pC/ms-2 0.1 - 0.3 pC/ms-2

ms-2 Weight: 10-50 gram Weight: 0.5 - 3 g
250,000
20,000-100,000

0.003-0.01
0.0001-0.001
Frequency
~0.1 ~1 5-12k 15-30k Hz

800299

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Page 11
Special Accelerometers
z
Calibration Triaxial High sensitivity
(with built-in amplifier)
x
y

55 g 10 g
High temperature Shock

316 mV/ms-2
-2
Tmax.= 400° C amax.= 1000 km amin.= 20 × 10-6 ms-2

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Useful Frequency Range

Output

~ 10%
0.3 f 0
Input
Acc.
ms-2
(pC)

~ 35 dB

f1 f0 Frequency

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Page 12
Accelerometer Mounting — Fixed

Cementing Stud Mounting

Thin double stud
adhesive tape

Level
Beeswax
dB
30
20
10
0 Max.40 °C

Frequency
200 500 1k 2k 5k 10k 20k 30k 50 kHz

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930616

Response Equalisation theory

Frequency Domain Response Equalisation
Equalisation is done by Signal: X(f)
multiplying the Input Frequency
Responses and the Equalisation
1 kHz Freq.
Frequency Response. Equalised signal: Y(f)
Multiply:
Equalisation: H(f) Y(f) = H(f)•X(f)
1 kHz Freq.

Freq.

Time Domain Response Equalisation

Equalisation is done by
Filtering the Input with the
Equalisation Filter.
Done by convolution of the
Input and the Equalisation
Impulse Response.
 No Distortion Artifacts
Signal: x(t)
 No Phase Change
time
Convolution: Equalised signal: y(t)
Equalisation: h(t) y(t) = h(t) * x(t)
time

time

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Page 13
Step by step – how to use REq-X

 Transducer Frequency Response

 Correction Filter Response

 Equalised (true) Frequency Response

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REq-X with Accelerometers – example

Measurement example – 4507 mounted with grease
Resonance frequency = 19 kHz
+10% at 6.1 kHz without REq-X
+10% at 9.2 kHz with REq-X

Without REq-X

+50%
With REq-X

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Page 14
REq-X with Accelerometers

 REq-X halves measurement inaccuracy

–
 REq-X extends accelerometer frequency ranges
– Uni-axial up to 100%, other typical up to 50%.
– In practise it often makes sense to correct higher in frequency

~ 10% ~ 10%
0.3 f0 0.5 f0

f0 f0
1kHz 3kHz 10kHz 1kHz 5kHz 10kHz
Without REq-X With REq-X
 The correction for accelerometers is automatically calculated from TEDS

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Accelerometer Mounting — Handheld

Hand held probe Magnet

d
te
er
Inv

obe
Pr

Level
dB

30
20
10
0

Frequency
200 500 1k 2k 5k 10k 20k 30k 50kHz

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Page 15
Choosing a Mounting Position
B

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800305

Loading the Test Object

0,1 pC/ms-2
0.65 g M>7g Dynamic Mass
1
< M
10 pC/ms-2 10
54 g M > 600 g

1000 pC/ms-2
470 g M > 5 kg

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Page 16
Frequency Spectrum or Overall Level?

Transducer Preamplifier Filter(s) Detector/ Output

Averager
Overall
Level

Frequency
Spectrum

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Frequency Spectrum or Overall Level

Frequency Spectrum Overall Level
5
Vibration 5 4
4 3
2
3 1
2
1

Fan

Frequency Date
Vibration 5
5 1 2 3 4
4
3
2
1

Gearbox Hz Date

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Page 17
Types of Signals
Stationary signals Non-stationary signals

Deterministic Random Continuous Transient

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Deterministic Signals

B C

Amplitude Amplitude
E
CD
B
A
A
Time

Frequency
E Vibration
D

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Page 18
Random Signals

Time

Frequency

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Impact-Impulse-Shock Signals

Time

Frequency

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Page 19
Time Signal Descriptors
Amplitude

Peak- Peak
Peak

RMS
Average
Time

1 T 2 1 T Peak
Average  x( t ) dt
T 0
RMS  x ( t )dt Crest Factor :
T 0 RMS

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Modal Analysis

 The excitation frequency is coincident with a natural frequency of

the structure

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Page 20
Mode Shapes from Quadrature Picking

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Human Vibration

 Human Body is a resonant

system
 Evidence of delirious
effects of vibration on
health, productivity, &
comfort
 Analysis of human vibration
– whole body exposure
– hand exposure (tools)

 Standards
– Hand Arm: ISO 5349
– Whole Body: ISO 2631

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Page 21
Shaker Applications

 Environmental “Survivability”
 Stress Screening
 Modal Testing
 Squeak and Rattle Studies

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Shaker (aka vibration exciters) Applications

 Environmental “Survivability”
– Recreate vibration environment that equipment under test
may experience to see if it can survive
 Stress Screening
– Expose equipment under test to high vibration to weed out
infant mortality cases
 Modal Testing
– Optimize excitation to provide clear picture of structures
modal properties
 Squeak and Rattle Studies – simulate environmental
excitation to induce any noise problems

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Page 22
Order Analysis
From a simple runup or coastdown of a machine we can tell so much!
1st order 11th order
10
[m/s2]
10 [m/s2]
5
5
0
0
Speed [RPM] Speed [RPM]

Structural
10 Resonance
[m/s2]
5
0
Speed [RPM]
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Conclusion

You should now have a good understanding of:

 The SDOF Model (mass, spring, damper)
 How to quantify vibration
 Difference between FORCED vibration and
STRUCTURAL resonances
 What the measurement chain is
 Practical use of accelerometers
 How to analyze vibration signals
 Introduced to typical vibration applications

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Page 23
Webinar Course Material

A link to a copy of the presentation will be

sent to all participants by
e-mail within a few days
Link to other courses and webinar:
www.bkhome.com/seminars
Want to know more?
 To find out more about products or
applications related to this webinar
please visit:
www.bksv.com

Jason Kunio
Application Engineer
678-250-7684
jason.kunio@bksv.com

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