European Journal of Scientific Research

ISSN 1450-216X Vol.48 No.2 (2010), pp.263-272

© EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2010
http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.htm

A Comparative Study of Face Recognıtıon Usıng Improved

AAM, PCA and ICA via Feret Date Base

Khamiss Masaoud .S. Algabary

Department of Computer Science, Center for AI Technology
National University of Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
E-mail: algabarykh@yahoo.com

Khairuddin Omar
Department of Computer Science, Center for AI Technology
National University of Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
E-mail: ko@ftsm.ukm.my
Tel: +603-8921 6740; Fax: +03-8925 6732

Abstract

Face identification is a popular research area where there are different methods
studied in the literature. An Active Appearance Model (AAM) based feature extraction in
geometrical illumination-invariant matching approach is studied in details, to enhance
invariant recognition of human faces and analysis the face verification and identification
performance. This paper proposed to develop a general model of pattern appearance that
can be used to detect and classify patterns from face images. A digital camera integrated
with computer based software designed was built to capture the face and compare it with
the faces stored in the Face Recognition Technology (FERET) database. The results are
compared with respect to the effects of changes in illumination. The experiments
performed on illumination part of the FERET face data set. Simulation results confirmed
that Subspace AAM technique performed slightly well comparing with PCA and ICA by
95.99%, 90% and 86% respectively.

Keywords: Face Recognition, FERET database, Digital Camera, PCA, Image ICA, AAM,
False Acceptance, False Rejection, Error Rate

1. Introductıon
Facial feature extraction has aroused interest with the increasing development of modeling and
digitizing techniques. Wang et al (2002) used the point signature and the stacked Gabor filter response
to identify features. Boehnen, and Russ (2005) explored 2D color information to extract skin tone
regions and identify eyes and mouth. Lu et al (2004) proposed an algorithm using a shape index to
identify the inside of an eye as a saddle location. However, their results were not precise enough. In
their following work, they designed a more accurate system, Lu and Jain (2006). Unfortunately, its
time complexity was high due to the exhaustive searching process. Gordon (1992), proposed a method
using face shape based on curvature to identify facial features. The method worked well, but it was
only tested on a small database of 24 range scans. Feature extraction based on AAM algorithm (Hu et
al, 2004), seems to meet the needs; however, lots of manual work is needed during its training
procedure and the efficiency is unsatisfactory.
A Comparative Study of Face Recognıtıon Usıng Improved AAM,
PCA and ICA via Feret Date Base 264

Senior (1999) locates a few high-level features, namely, eyes, nose, mouth and then 26 low-
level features such as the parts of the eyes, nose, and mouth. Eyebrows are located relative to the high-
level feature locations, instead of searching for all the facial features directly in the face image. The
approximate locations of the high-level features are known from statistics of mean and variance
(relative to the nose position) gathered on a training database. The discriminate templates are used to
score each potential matching image patch for a given feature. In that work, a constellation of local
patches has been used as the representation. They chose the local template approach, in contrast to
global identity templates such as those used in eigenface systems. A simple Gabor jet model has been
used to describe particular patches of the face corresponding to the 29 facial features found. Each patch
is represented by a feature vector consisting of 40 complex elements each, representing the filter
responses of Gabor filters with five different scales and eight different orientations, centered at the
estimated feature location.
According to Akagunduz and Ulusoy (2008) suggest using the scale and transform invariant
features to represent facial data. The nose is located first, and candidates for the remaining landmark
points (two eye pits and nose saddle) are encoded according to their position with respect to the nose.
Mean and Gaussian curvatures of the facial surface are used to detect peaks, pits and saddle regions.
Even though relying on a single landmark is a potential threat to the robustness of the system, nose
localization can produce very good results in practice, since it is the easiest landmark to locate and has
the greatest effect in registration (Georghiades et al, 2001).

2. Actıve Appearance Model (AAM)

Active Appearance Model (AAM) offered by (Cootes et al, 1998). is one of the well known resourceful
method in feature extraction and understanding of a face. Researchers have developed a variety of
techniques for the improvement of face analysis by AAM. deal with the problem of large creative
movements of a face by using 3 AAM models in [10] one committed to the forward view and two for
the shape views. Use of additional than one model of AAM has different drawbacks, which includes
high memory procedure for the storage of shapes and textures of all the models, general computations
requirement to decide the model required for query images. Huet al. proposed a strong algorithm of
fitting a 2D+3D AAM to multiple images obtained at the same illustration in (Ting et al, 2006).
One motivation of AAM is to achieve strong performance by using the model to restrain
solutions to be valid examples of the objective modeled. A model also presents the basis for a broad
range of applications by clearing up the appearance of given image in terms of a compressed set of
model parameters (Hu et al, 2004). AAM method uses the full vector to drive the search, rather than a
simple fitness score. Each attempt to match the model to a new face image is actually a similar
optimization problem. AAM learns something about how to solve this class of problems in advance by
providing a priori knowledge of how to adjust the model parameters during image search, efficient run-
time algorithm results. In particular, the AAM uses the spatial pattern to encode information about how
the model parameters should be changed in order to achieve a better time, For example, if the largest
differences between a face model and a face image occurred at the sides of the face, that would imply
that a parameter that modified Ed the width of the model face should be adjusted.

3. Proposed Method
The proposed human face identification system has developed based on geometric illumination-
invariant matching approach using VB.NET programming Language. The proposed system carried out
in five steps as illustrate in Figure 1 and the following section will elaborate each of the steps. Once
face area is located, the face create is estimated to search a frontal face. Besides from learning-based
face pretense estimation, a geometry based method is proposed due to human face is composed in
265 Khamiss Masaoud .S. Algabarya and Khairuddin Omar

certain geometry function. For face detection, a camera connected to a computer capture the face and
geometrics deformation technique employing oriented for the purpose of making face measurements.
AAM feature extraction assists diagnosis and conduct planning to estimate the treated face. A
classification geometric annotation had been used to sight identification. Using matching face feature
recognition techniques is applied to refer to the FERET database for face extraction. A resolution
obtained of input face was first created. For all the testing images, an average image between the
resulted images in the dataset and the actual images will be considered or else the error with no
matching face must display.

Figure 1: Proposed Method

Start

Face
Detection

Capture
face

Feature
Extracti on
usi ng AAM

No Geometrical
Deformation

Yes

Learning FER ET
Database Database

Classification

Sorry!!! No No Matching
Matching Face Face

Yes

End Matching
Face

End

4. Face Recognition Approaches

Several algorithms have been proposed and implemented in computers, but most of them rely on
accurate detection of facial features or some kind of geometrical normalization. Generally, face
A Comparative Study of Face Recognıtıon Usıng Improved AAM,
PCA and ICA via Feret Date Base 266

identification technique can be considered as image based or feature based. The image based methods
uses predefined standard face patterns were as a feature based techniques concentrate on extracted
features such as distance between eyes, skin color, eye socket depth, etc. In this study take a more
general approach, and propose an algorithm which relies only on general face detection.
Learning process achieved through training. Both training and fitting purpose 100 images will
be use from FERET database, which consists of face images of 24 subjects under 21 challenging
illumination conditions. Through the illumination-invariant matching technique learning process in
three steps as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Learning Process

Manage
Appearance

Identify
Image
Template

Modeling to
Generalized
Image

Forward
FERET
to
Database
Database

First, cope with appearance changes due to nuisances arising from the imaging process. Second,
learning will efficiently identify the image template and quantify their variability in appearance from
large sets of images with little of no manual supervision and detection. Third, modeling will generalize
to the large number of different abstract patterns/ image templates. After the flow algorithm

5. Feature Extractıon
In this stage significantly done both training and fitting for 100 images from FERET database, which
consists of face images of 24 subjects under 21 challenging illumination conditions. Those 100 images
manually determine a set of point location. AAM is the iterative process. Starting from an initial guess
and occasionally falling into suboptimal local maxima when outside of a particular ‘capture range’.
During experimentation, multiple restarts are performed in order to obtain the best possible AAM
solutions. Then AAM used for extracting facial landmarks and is known to work relatively well under
various illumination variations and various poses (Kim et al, 2008).
To extract the features, the model restrictions are subjugated. The model relationship
characterizes information about a variety of facial features, such as lips, eyes and therefore gives to the
extracted features. The shape x is parameterized by means of mean shape χm and matrix of
eigenvectors Ps to achieve the parameter vector bs (Stan and Jain 2005).
x = x m + p s bs (Model 1)
in general the feature vector becomes:
267 Khamiss Masaoud .S. Algabarya and Khairuddin Omar

u = (bs1 ,...., bsm , b g1 ,...., b gn , bt1 ,...., btp, ) (Model 2)

Where bs, bg and bt are shape, textural and temporal parameters respectively.

Figure 3: Facial Feature Extraction Flow

Data FE RET
Preparation Database

Capture
face

Feature
E xtraction
using AAM

No
Identify the Face

Yes

Generate Face
Template

Generate
Facial Point

As shown in Figure 3 is facial feature extraction workflow. Facial feature extraction using
AAM is constructed based on training set of images were landmark points are marked on each face at
key positions to outline the main features. The goal of face extraction is to find the face's area from
input images, verify the state identity of examine and comparing it with corresponding image in the
database. The details bellow shows the feature extraction method.

6. Face Recognıtıon Based Approaches

A recent improvement in the accuracy of the face recognition algorithms for images taken under
controlled conditions has shifted the focus to more challenging tasks of achieving the same
performance for uncontrolled scenarios. A detailed survey of various face recognition algorithms is
presented in (Zhao et al, 2003). Several researchers attempt to achieve invariance to illumination by
using image processing techniques like histogram equalization (Sung and Poggio 1997). Some
subspace based methods try to counter illumination variations by discarding the first few principal
components (Belhumeur et al, 1997). These techniques do improve the accuracies of the respective
algorithms but are usually unselective in the case of a non-trivial change in illumination conditions.
Face recognition approved by concerning frame by frame using a training set architecture from
the rest of faces facilitated in the database. For each face found in a succession, its prospect given each
of the training set models is calculated, assuming the coefficients are considerable. For a sequence of
frames, the probability is summed, and compared at the end of the sequence, taking the maximum
A Comparative Study of Face Recognıtıon Usıng Improved AAM,
PCA and ICA via Feret Date Base 268

probability training model as the correct answer face from the major faces. For speed of computation,
diagonal covariance matrices are used. Verification of identity of physical and virtual areas by cracking
alphanumerical passwords appears frequently in the media. These troubles of current society have
generated a real necessity for consistent condition; user-friendly and widely satisfactory organize
mechanisms for the recognition and verification of the person (Cevikalp et al, 2005).
The increased interest automated face recognition systems have gained, from environments
other than the scientific community is largely due to increasing public concerns for security, especially
due to the many events of terror around the world. Therefore, one would expect to improve the
classification performance by adding more features to the representation. It is well-known that the
probability of misclassification of a classifier does not increase when the number of feature increases,
provided that the class-conditional densities are completely known (Finlayson et al, 2005).

7. Result
AAM contains a statistical, image realistic model of the shape and grey/color level appearance of faces.
This section demonstrates the use of the AAM efficient iterative matching schema for images and
identifies information to be decoupled from other variation. This approach makes optimal use of the
evidence from either a single image or multiple image sequence. Since this study derive a complete
description of a given image proposed AAM method can be used as the basis for a range of face image
interpretation tasks.
The AAM is constructed based on training set images, where landmark points are marked on
each face at key positions to outline the main features as shown in Figure 4. The shape of a face is
represented by a vector consisting of the positions of the landmarks. All shape vectors of faces are
normalized into a common coordinate system.

Figure 4: Landmark Points of Face Images using AAM

For all the training images, the corresponding model parameter vectors are used as the feature
vectors. Given a query image, the AAM fitting is applied to extract the corresponding feature vector.
The recognition is achieved by finding the best match between the query feature vector and stored
prototype feature vectors, both of which are projected onto the discriminant subspace. The following
Figure 5 shows the matching result using AAM.
269 Khamiss Masaoud .S. Algabarya and Khairuddin Omar
Figure 5: Face Matching Result using AAM

For verification experiments, this study uses the curves chart to evaluate performance. The
operation curve consists of the system False Reject Rate (FRR) plotted against False Accept Rate
(FAR) obtained for various verification thresholds. The logarithmic scale along both FRR and FAR
axes to highlight the performance difference between difference operation curves. Other than the visual
difference between differences operation, also use Equal Error Rate (EER) and FRR at low FAR to
compare difference approaches. The EER indicates the point on an operation at which FRR becomes
equal to FAR. FRR at low FAR measure is particularly interesting for high security scenarios. Often
performance at rank 1 is used to judge the goodness of the approach.
The performance reflect in the graphs is not delegate of the computational complexity of the
particular technique; it is only made the observations in this study showed that ICA, PCA and AAM
almost take the same simulation time for a given number of faces as shown in figure 6, 7, and 8.
Each imitation in this study’s is the simulation experiment uses different techniques, which was
created using dependent face input. All of the independent matching scenarios correspond to relation of
the detected face.

Figure 6: Performance Evaluation of Chart using AAM

A Comparative Study of Face Recognıtıon Usıng Improved AAM,
PCA and ICA via Feret Date Base 270

Figure 7: Performance Evaluation of Chart using PCA

Figure 8: Performance Evaluation of Chart using ICA

The results of the simulation mentioned in figure 9, explained the three techniques and indicate
that the scope for good detection rate is AAM technique. The clarification from simulation results has
revealed that AAM performs well in FERET database comparing with PAC and ICA.
271 Khamiss Masaoud .S. Algabarya and Khairuddin Omar
Figure 9: Comparative study of face detection techniques for PCA, ICA and AAM

For verification experiments, this study uses the curves chart to evaluate performance. The
operation curve consists of the system False Reject Rate (FRR) defined against False Accept Rate
(FAR) obtained for various verification thresholds. The logarithmic scale along both FRR and FAR
axes to highlight the performance difference between difference operation curves. Other than the visual
difference between differences operation, also use Equal Error Rate (EER) and FRR in the simulation
at low FAR to compare difference approaches. FRR at low FAR measure is particularly interesting for
high security scenarios as shown in the details stated in table 1 of FA, FR and ER respectively. The
accuracy of the developed method is tested. As shown in the Table 1, it observed that developed
method implies that retrieved face is much similar to the existing face in the database.

Table 1: Error Rate

Case AAM PCA ICA

False Acceptance 95.99% - 97% 85%—87% 88%—90%
False Rejection 3 % — 4.1% 13%—15% 10%—12%
Total 3 % — 4.1% 13%—15% 10%—12%

8. Conclusıon
The three methods used Face extractor and face matching using AAM, PCA and ICA has been
implemented for identify human faces. It then performs better under the conditions of large number of
faces in the given database. The Face extractor and face matching tested in FERET database. This
desirable characteristic of a database used to model the environment for face recognition indicating a
set of 100 test images, with an acceptable number of false detections. These faces identification have
been useful in practice, as evidenced by the number of (PCA, ICA, AAM) incorporating the upright
face detection and applying it to real world data from FERET database. AAM has been successfully
applied to face and facial feature localization with high rate probability of detection. However, its
performance is sensitive initial parameter values. In this study, face extractor and face matching using
AAM comparing with PCA and ICA has been implemented for identify human faces, which first fits
an internal face facial feature points of the face and then localizers the whole face. Experiments show
that the enhancement of the AAM algorithm is more reliable with 95% rather than 90% and 86% for
ICA and PCA respectively. Meaning that the face extractor and face matching tested into FERET
database, was identification accepts rate was 90%-95% and the error detection rate was only 10%-15%.
A Comparative Study of Face Recognıtıon Usıng Improved AAM,
PCA and ICA via Feret Date Base 272

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