PTERIDOPHYTE

1. Marsilea crenata
Kingdom :Plantae
Divisio :Pteridophyta
Classis :Filicianae
Ordo :Hydroptilidales
Family :Marsileaceae
Genus :Marsilea
Species :Marsilea crenata

Description Aquatic or terrestrial, perennial herb, sometimes submerged, or partially

submerged, rhizome creeping, rooted in the substrate or sometimes free
floating in deep water, rooting at the nodes. Roots white or brown,
fibrous. Stems rounded, solid, procumbent, hairy. Stipules absent. Leaves
evenly distributed on the stem, compound, each leaf with 4 leaflets,
alternate, stalked, obovate, hairy on both surfaces, margin entire, apex
rounded, base wedge-shaped, parallel-veined. No flowers or fruits
present.

Botany :
Habit, vegetative morphology. Herb, less than 50 cm, perennial, non-insectivorous, non-
aromatic, non-parasitic. Bladder-shaped organs absent. Milky sap absent. Thorns absent.
Plant habitat. Land plant or Water plant, rooted in the substrate, submerged or partially
submerged. Underground parts. Underground parts without tuber-like structures. Rhizomes
present, without tuber-like structures. Stolons absent. Stems. Stems hairy, with simple hairs,
round, procumbent, solid, non-succulent. Petiole round. Leaves. Leaves one type present,
small (less than 2 cm long/wide), not hairy on upper surface or on lower surface, hairy on
upper surface or on lower surface, stalked, compound, each leaf
with 4 leaflets (4-foliate), broad, alternate, evenly distributed on
stem, margin entire, apex rounded, base cuneate, parallel-veined,
without close-parallel secondary venation, midrib not-prominent,
surface not-waxy, non-succulent, glands absent, dots absent,
papillae absent, hydathodes absent. Leaf sheath absent. Stipules
absent. Ligules absent.

Biology :
Reproduction by spores and vegetatively.

Phenology :

Producing sporocarps July to October.

Ecology :

Wet or fallow fields, shallow ditches and pools; locally abundant; occurs up to 900 m
alt. Irrigated, rainfed and rice fields.

Agricultural importance :

Vegetative growth and reproduction is very fast, by creeping runners. The species
also grows under water. It is a severe competitor for nutrients in the first half of the
growth period of rice when the weed covers the ground quickly after the transplanting
of the young rice plants.

2. Adiantum cuneatum
Regnum :Plantae
Subregnum:Tracheobionta
 Divisio :Pteridophyta
 Classis :Filicopsida
 Subclassis :Polypoditae
 Ordo :Polypodiales
 Family :Pteridaceae
 Genus :Adiantum
 Spesies : Adiantum cuneatum Langs.& Fisch

Adiantum is a genus of about 200 species of ferns in

the family Pteridaceae, though some researchers
place it in its own family, Adiantaceae. The genus
name comes from the Greek, meaning "not wetting",
referring to the fronds' ability to shed water without
becoming wet.
They are distinctive in appearance, with dark, often
black stipes and rachises, and bright green, often
delicately-cut leaf tissue. The sori are borne
submarginally, and are covered by reflexed flaps of
leaf tissue which resemble indusia. Dimorphism
between sterile and fertile fronds is generally subtle.
They generally prefer humus-rich, moist, well-drained sites, ranging from bottomland soils to
vertical rock walls. Many species are especially known for growing on rock walls around
waterfalls and water seepage areas.
3. Azolla pinnata
Kingdom :Plantae
Division :Pteridophyta
Class :Pteridopsida
Order :Salviniales
Family :Azollaceae
Genus : Azolla
Species : Azolla pinnata

Azolla pinnata can spread rapidly, and has the ability to survive on moist soil in and
around rivers , ditches, and ponds . It forms dense surface mats, which degrade water quality
by reducing oxygen levels, and can interfere with boating, fishing and recreational activities.
Azolla is useful as a "soybean plant in rice field", because it can assimilate atmospheric
nitrogen gas owing to the nitrogen fixation by cyanobacteria (blue green alga ) living in the
cavities located at the lower side of upper (dorsal) lobes of leaf.
Plants small, 1.5 - 2.5 cm long, with a +/- straight main axis with pinnately
arranged side branches, progressively longer towards the base , thus roughly
triangular in shape , the basal branches themselves becoming pinnate and eventually
fragmenting as the main axis decomposes to form new plants . Roots with fine lateral
rootlets , having a feathery appearance in the water. Leaves minute, 1 -2 mm long,
overlapping in 2 ranks , upper lobe green, brown green or reddish, lower lobe
translucent brown; minute, short, plae, +/- cylindrical unicellular hairs often present
on the upper lobes. When fertile , round sporocarps 1 - 1.5 mm wide can be seen on
the under side at the bases of the side branches. The leaves often have a maroon-red
tinge and the water can appear to be covered by red velvet from the distance . The
upper surface of the leaves are totally water-repellant, and if completely submerged
the plants quickly refloat with the right side up."
Habit: Forb/herb
Reproduction
Generally it multiplies vegetatively, and by spores. In the right conditions A. pinnata
can double its biomass in 5 to 10 days in the field .
Like all ferns, sexual reproduction leads to spore formation, but Azolla sets itself
apart from other members of its group by producing two kinds. During the summer
months, numerous spherical structures called sporocarps form on the undersides of
the branches. The male sporocarp is greenish or reddish and looks like the egg mass
of an insect or spider. It is two millimeters in diameter, and inside are numerous male
sporangia. Male spores (microspores) are extremely small and are produced inside
each microsporangium. Curiously, microspores tend to adhere in clumps called
massulae.
4. Polypodium virginianum
Kingdom :Plantae
Division :Pteridophyta
Class :Pteridopsida
Order :Polypodiales
Family :Polypodiaceae
Genus :Polypodium
Species : Poly[odium virginianum

Polypodium is a genus of between 75-

100 species of true ferns, widely distributed throughout the world, with the highest
species diversity in the tropics. The name is derived from Ancient Greek poly (πολύ)
"many" + podion (πόδιον) "little foot", on account of the foot-like appearance of the
rhizome and its branches. They are commonly called polypodies or rockcap ferns,
but for many species unique vernacular names exist.

They are terrestrial or epiphytic ferns, with a creeping, densely hairy or scaly rhizome
bearing fronds at intervals along its length. The species differ in size and general
appearance and in the character of the fronds, which are evergreen, persisting for 1-2
years, pinnate or pinnatifid (rarely simple entire), and from 10-80 cm or more long.
The sori or groups of spore-cases (sporangia) are borne on the back of the frond; they
are globose and naked, not covered with a membrane (indusium).

5. Anogramma leptophylla

Description - A small annual fern, which only

grows to about 8cm, and is usually 3-4 cm. It
appears in the winter, November to December, and
has gone again by May.
Habitat – Grows low down on a west-facing bank,
where there has been some clearance of vegetation
by vehicles. The liverworts Lunularia cruciata and
Fossombronia angulosa are often found with it, as
this is their preferred habitat also.
Comments - There is only one site for this plant, which is more common in Jersey.
First discovered in 1877 in St Saviours, this site was later altered, but it was found in
the same lane further to the north, now in the Catel, where it has remained ever since,
some years more fruitful than others. In spite of much search, it has never been found
anywhere else. It is suspected that our plants were originally introduced from Jersey.
Regnum : Plantae
Divisio : Magnoliophyta
Class : Filicopsida
Order : Filicales
Family : Adiantaceae
Genus : Anogramma
Species : Anogramma leptophylla
6. Gleichenia linearis
Regnum : Plantae
 Divisio : Pteridophyta
 Clasiss : Gleicheniopsida
 Ordo : Gleicheniales
 Family : Gleicheniaceae
 Genus : Gleichenia
 Spesies : Gleichenia linearis

This plant grows to coil around and branch off to like fork. Grow up to 2.800 mdpl.
Height can achieve 3 – 10 foots. Root adventife grow at elbow soil surface and out
hard stick that grows to on.

Description
 grow to coil around and branch off to like fork
 grow up to 2.800 mdpl
 tall achieve 3 – 10 foots
 root adventive that grow at elbow soil surface out hard stick that grows to on.

7. Nephrolepis exaltata
 Kingdom : Plantae
Division : Pteridophyta
Class : Filicinae
Order : Polypodiales
Family : Lomariopsidaceae
Genus : Nephrolepis
Species : Nephrolepis
exaltata

Nephrolepis exaltata 'Fluffy Ruffles' is one of the many mutant forms of

Nephrolepis exaltata. The plants have a compact habit that forms dense clumps with
narrowly triangular fronds having a ruffled appearance. Individual fronds are up 12
inches (30 cm) long by 4 inches (10 cm) wide. They are attractive ferns and are very
tolerant of indoor conditions.

Culture: Nephrolepis exaltata 'Fluffy Ruffles' need partial shade to bright indirect
light with a well-drained soil mix. In the greenhouse, we use a soil mix consisting of
2 parts peat moss to 1 part loam to 1 part sand or perlite. Although they are somewhat
drought tolerant we keep these plants moist for optimum growth. Plants are fertilized
on a weekly basis during the growing season with a balanced fertilizer diluted to ½
the strength recommended on the label. They are very vigorous growers and should
be re-potted on a yearly basis. During winter months, water should be somewhat
restricted and fertilizer applications should be stopped.

Propagation: Nephrolepis exaltata 'Fluffy Ruffles' is a sterile mutant and all

propagation is by stolons or division in the spring.

.
8. Platycherum bifurcatum
Regnum : Plantae
Divisio : Pteridophyta
Class : Filicinae
Ordo : Maranttiales
Family : Acrosfichaceae
 Genus : Platycherum
Species : Platycherum bifurcatum
Platycerium bifurcatum may also be propagated from its spores. To collect the
spores, place the part of a frond that is producing spores in a brown paper bag. Leave
the frond in the bag until there is brown dust in the bag, which are the spores. Fill a
plastic or terracotta pot with peat moss, and pour boiling water through the peat moss
to sterilize it. Immediately place a glass or plastic sheet over the pot to keep it sterile.
Once the peat moss has cooled down, spread the spores evenly over the surface of the
peat moss, then immediately replace the glass or plastic sheet over the pot. Stand the
bottom of the pot in an ice cream container with a shallow layer of water, and place
the pot and container in a warm position receiving indirect sunlight. Once the spores
have germinated, a green scum will initially appear over the surface of the peat moss.
After a period of weeks to months, the fronds of the Elkhorn fern will begin to appear
and the glass cover of the pot can be removed. Once the new plants have grown
larger, they can be transferred to a tree trunk.
P. bifurcatum plants require a shady area to grow in, and need to be kept moist.
They are not prone to attack from many pests and insects, but may be preyed upon by
scale bugs and mealy bugs. These pests may be removed from the plant by scratching
them off. Ladybirds will eat these pests, and so may help to control them.

9. Lycopodium clavatum

Regnum :Plantae
Division :Lycopodiophyta
Class :Lycopodiopsida
Order :Lycopodiales
Family :Lycopodiaceae
 Genus :Lycopodium
Species : L. clavatum
Lycopodium clavatum (Stag's-horn Clubmoss or Ground Pine) is the most
widespread species in the genus Lycopodium of the clubmoss family
Lycopodiaceae.
It is a spore-bearing vascular plant, growing mainly prostrate along the ground
with stems up to 1 m long; the stems are much branched, and densely clothed with
small spirally-arranged leaves. The leaves are 3-5 mm long and 0.7-1 mm broad,
tapered to a fine hair-like white point. The branches bearing spore cones turn erect,
reaching 5-15 cm above ground, and have fewer leaves than the horizontal
branches. The spore cones are yellow-green, 2-3 cm long and 5 mm broad. The
horizontal stems produce roots at frequent intervals along their length, allowing
the stem to grow indefinitely along the ground. The stems superficially resemble
small seedlings of coniferous trees, though it is not related to these.
It has a subcosmopolitan distribution, with distinct subspecies and varieties in
different parts of its range.
Lycopods reproduce sexually by spores. The plant has an underground sexual
phase that produces gametes, and this alternates in the life cycle with the spore-
producing plant. The prothallium developed from the spore is a subterranean mass
of tissue of considerable size and bears both the male and female organs
(antheridium and archegonia). However, it is more common that they are
distributed vegetatively through above or below ground rhizomes.
10.Blechnum wattsii
Kingdom :Plantae
Division :Pteridophyta
Class :Pteridopsida
Order :Cyatheales
Family :Dicksoniaceae
 Genus :Blechnum
Species : B. wattsii
Blechnum wattsii or the Hard Water Fern is a common fern growing in
rainforest and open forest. Often seen near creeks in much of south eastern Australian
B. capense sensu Allan was demonstrated to have been preceded by B. capense
Burm f., and hence illegitimate, and in any case possibly referring to more than one
taxon in New Zealand. See below. For a period, the name B. procerum was used for
this complex, but a 1998 review by Chambers and Farrant subdivided the complex
into several species.
As the list of synonyms below demonstrates, apart from illegitimate names,
there has been much debate about the nature of the different generic and family
relationships inside this group.
The red coloration is a protection against
strong light. It's close relatgion, B. montanum,
the Mountain Kiokio, found mainly in the South
Island, tends to feature this coloration more
generally.