APPROVAL SHEET

Complete report of Plant’s Physiology Experiment with title “Influence of Light

Intensity and Temperature to Photosynthesis speed” who is made by:
Name : Nur Rezki Octavia
Reg. No : 081404174
Group : II (Second)
Class : Biology ICP
Department : Biology
After checked by assistant and assistant coordinator, so this report is accepted.
Makassar, April 2010
Assistant Coordinator Assistant

SULFIANTO ILYAS SULFIANTO ILYAS

Reg. No: 061404025 Reg. No: 061414025

Lecturer Responsibility

ABD. MUIS, MS
NIP : 19640913199011101
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical
energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar. This process occurs in plants and
some algae (Kingdom Protista). Plants need only light energy, CO 2, and H2O to
make sugar. The process of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts,
specifically using chlorophyll, the green pigment involved in photosynthesis.
Plants need only light energy, CO2, and H2O to make sugar. The process of
photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts, specifically using chlorophyll, the
green pigment involved in photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis takes place primarily in plant leaves, and little to none
occurs in stems, etc. The parts of a typical leaf include the upper and lower
epidermis, the mesophyll, the vascular bundle(s) (veins), and the stomates. The
upper and lower epidermal cells do not have chloroplasts, thus photosynthesis
does not occur there. They serve primarily as protection for the rest of the leaf.
The stomates are holes which occur primarily in the lower epidermis and are for
air exchange: they let CO2 in and O2 out. The vascular bundles or veins in a leaf
are part of the plant's transportation system, moving water and nutrients around
the plant as needed. The mesophyll cells have chloroplasts and this is where
photosynthesis occurs.
Organism that can make food in the body self, called organism
autotrophic, while that depending from organism other that is organism
heterotrophic. Plant usually belongs in group autotrophic. We have known that
plant can do process synthesis to make the food self. Process synthesis known
also as assimilation process or complex compound arrangement process from
simple compound, or compound arrangement organic from inorganic compound.
 Based on the above statement, to find out more about influence of light
intensity and temperature to photosynthesis speed, we would do three treatment
test the saliva about its temperature, pH, and concentration substrate. So, we can
prove or compare directly between theory and observations directly that we
observe at the time of this observation. In addition, in this observation we learned
more about the factors that influence photosynthesis.
B. Purpose
At Influence of Light Intensity and Temperature to Photosynthesis speed
experiment, the purpose is to see influence of temperature and light intensity to
photosynthesis with measured amount of oxygen that is taken outside.
C. Benefit
At Influence of Light Intensity and Temperature to Photosynthesis speed
experiment, the benefit is student can know about the factors that influence
photosynthesis speed especially in outdoor and indoor.
 CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Photosynthesis is where is plant, several bacterias, and protista use energy

from sun to produce sugar, where with respiration cellular change it to be ATP, as
energy warehouse for life activity. Sun energy conversion is chemistry energy, related
tight with green pigment work, chlorophyll. To realize to how light cause
photosynthesis, we must study in character. First, has wave character and particle
character. Light is light energy part that has appear wavelength for human eye
(around 390-760 nanometer, nm). This be region very narrow from electromagnetic
spectrum (Ismail, 2006).
Photosynthesis takes place primarily in plant leaves, and little to none occurs
in stems, etc. The parts of a typical leaf include the upper and lower epidermis, the
mesophyll, the vascular bundles (veins), and the stomata. The upper and lower
epidermal cells do not have chloroplasts, thus photosynthesis does not occur there.
They serve primarily as protection for the rest of the leaf. The stomata are holes
which occur primarily in the lower epidermis and are for air exchange: they let CO 2
in and O2 out. The vascular bundles or veins in a leaf are part of the plant's
transportation system, moving water and nutrients around the plant as needed. The
mesophyll cells have chloroplasts and this is where photosynthesis occurs
(Anonyma,2010).
Water is 85 - 95 % heavy herb plant alive at water. in cell, water be need as
element dissolved hara so that can be used to carry away it; besides water is need also
as substrate or reactance to various photosynthesis process for example biochemistry
reaction; and water can causes its shape enzyme in three dimensions so that can be
used for the catalyst activity. Plants water deficit will be withered, and when not be
given water as soon as it happen permanent withered that causes death. Found five
principal mechanisms that moves water from a place to other place, that is pass
process: diffusion, osmosis, capillary pressure, hydrostatic pressure, and gravity
(Salisbury, 1995)
According to Anonymb (2010) external factors of photosynthesis are:
1) Carbon dioxide
In C3 plants, the rate of photosynthesis increases with an increase. In CO 2
concentration upto 500 ml.l-1. In C4 plants, photosynthetic rate increases with an
increase in CO2 concentration.
2) Irradiance or Light Intensity
Both quality and intensity of light influence the rate of photosynthesis. As the
intensity of light increases, the rate of photosynthesis also increases. At a very
high light intensity the rate of photosynthesis decreases as chlorophyll itself is
destroyed due to high intensity. This phenomenon is called as photooxidation as it
occurs in the presence of O2. In moderate light intensities the rate of
photosynthesis is directly proportional to irradiance. Beyond saturation point, light
intensity reduces photosynthesis. This effect is called solarization. It can be caused
by photo-inhibition and photo-oxidation. If light intensities are not otherwise
harmful, continuous photosynthesis can be sustained throughout 24 hours.
3) Temperature
Overall, the process of photosynthesis is sensitive to higher temperatures. This is
because the enzyme involved in photosynthesis becomes inactive at higher
temperatures. Low temperatures also inactivate the enzymes. Thus, an optimum
temperature is preferred. The optimum temperature lies between 15o - 35o C.
4) Oxygen
Small quantity of oxygen is required for optimum photosynthetic electron
transport.
5) Minerals
Among nutrients nitrogen influences the rate of photosynthesis. Reduction in
nitrogen supply adversely affects photosynthesis, as nitrogen forms the basic
 constituent of chlorophyll. In general, all essential elements also affect the rate of
photosynthesis.
6) Leaf Factors
Leaf age, leaf angle and leaf orientation also effect the rate of photosynthesis. Mg,
Fe, Cu, Mn, Cl, S and K take part in pH..
If light intensity or concentration CO2 be photosynthesis divider factor, so
temperature will not influence photosynthesis or very little the influence, because
photochemistry reactions not sensitive towards temperature. Rapid new
photosynthesis has response towards temperature in the situation where is light both
such a factor divider. In reaction furthermore, reaction enzymatic, increase
temperature will influence rapid and overall photosynthesis reaction (Ismail,2010).
Transpiration process this is besides cause water withdrawal opposes earth
gravity style, also can chill plants then continue be sunshine. They will not easy die
because on fire by hot sun because will pass process transpiration, happen water
evaporation and evaporation will help to demote plants temperature. Besides will pass
process transpiration also then will get water last for will do photosynthesis so that
continually plants alive can then well guaranteed (Campbell, 2003).
Chlorophyll looks green because it absorbs red and blue light, making these
colors unavailable to be seen by our eyes. It is the green light which is not absorbed
that finally reaches our eyes, making chlorophyll appear green. However, it is the
energy from the red and blue light that are absorbed that is, thereby, able to be used to
do photosynthesis. The green light we can see is not/cannot be absorbed by the plant,
and thus cannot be used to do photosynthesis. The overall chemical reaction involved
in photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy) C6H12O6 + 6O2. This is the
source of the O2 we breathe, and thus, a significant factor in the concerns about
deforestation (Anonyma, 2010).
 CHAPTER III
EXPERIMENT METHODE

A. Time and Place

Day/Date : Wednesday/ April 14th 2010
Time : At 01.00 pm until 04.00 pm
Place of experiment : The Green House of Biology Department, Mathematic
and Science Faculty, Makassar State University.
B. Tool and Material
1. Tools:
a. Measuring glass
b. Stopwatch
c. Microburet
d. Lux meter
e. Thermometer
f. Big reaction tube
g. Beaker glass
2. Materials:
a. Hydrilla sp plant
b. Water
c. Rubber perment
C. Work Procedure
1. Cut plants stick base Hydrilla sp.
2. Took collectors tube in big reaction tube water containing.
3. Put into gas collectors tube containing reaction tube into penangas water.
4. Counted bubble total in temperature 39°C,38°C and 36°C with distance 15
cm, 30 cm, 45 cm, 60 cm and 75 cm
5. Wrote down observation result.
 CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result of Observation
a. Indoor

Time of Observation Temperature Light

No Air bubble
(minute) (ºC) Intensity

1 10 2 32 100

2 20 8 32 110

3 30 15 32 120

4 40 18 32 140

5 50 23 32 150

6 60 31 32 160

b. Outdoor

Time of Observation Temperature Light

No Air bubble
(minute) (ºC) Intensity

1 10 8 36 1240

2 20 10 34 480

3 30 13 34 460

4 40 17 35 680

5 50 18 36 1120

6 60 25 38 1210
B. Discussion
 At this observation, we would observe influence temperature and light
intensity to photosynthesis speed. Based on observation that done in temperature
influence effort and light intensity towards rapid photosynthesis. Where in this
effort us do in two different places, one take in indoor and one take in outdoor
and data that got in outdoor where at tenth minute bubble is 2 and temperature
32° with light intensity 100, at minute of 20 bubble is 8 and temperature 32° with
light intensity 110, at minute of 30 bubble is 15 and temperature 32° with light
intensity 120, at minute of 40 bubble is 18 and temperature 32° with light
intensity 140, at minute of 50 bubble is 23 and temperature 32° with light
intensity 150, at minute of 60 bubble is 31 and temperature 32° with light
intensity 160, while in indoor at minute of 10 bubble is 8 and temperature 36°
with light intensity 1240, at minute of 20 bubble is 10 and temperature 34° with
light intensity 480, at minute of 30 bubble is 13 and temperature 34° with light
intensity 460, at minute of 40 bubble is 17 and temperature 35° with light
intensity 680, at minute of 50 bubble is 18 and temperature 36° with light
intensity 1120, and at minute of 60 bubble is 25 and temperature 38° with light
intensity 1210.
According to Ismail (2010), If light intensity or concentration CO 2 be
photosynthesis divider factor, so temperature will not influence photosynthesis or
very little the influence, because photochemistry reactions not sensitive towards
temperature. Rapid new photosynthesis has response towards temperature in the
situation where is light both such a factor divider. In reaction furthermore,
reaction enzymatic, increase temperature will influence rapid and overall
photosynthesis reaction. besides factors outside (co2, light intensity and
temperature) that influence rapid photosynthesis, factor in also important in
controls this process chlorophyll concentration, visit water and enzyme
concentration. chlorophyll concentration in level enough low can limit rapid
photosynthesis.
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
Based on observation we can conclude that light intensity and
temperature influence the photosynthesis speed. More high temperature,
photosynthesis speed will increase because light is one thing that is need in
photosynthesis process (light reaction), higher light intensity results in faster
photosynthetic rates. More high temperature, photosynthesis will increase too
because high temperatures damage the enzymes responsible for photosynthesis.
B. Suggestion
1. I hope laboratory equipment can be completed, thus practicant can do
observation well.
2. Assistant can give more again information about observation.
3. Practicants must do observation well and must adroit in do experiment.
 BIBLIOGRAPH

Anonyma. 2010. Photosynthesis. http://www.About.com. Accessed on April 10th 2010

in Makassar.

Anonymb. 2010. External Factors Affecting Photosynthesis.

http://www.wordpress.com. Accessed on April 10th 2010 in Makassar.

Campbell, A. Neil, Jane B. Reece and Lawrence G. Mitchell. 2003. Biologi Edisi
Kelima Jilid 2. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Ismail. 2006. Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Makassar: Jurusan Biologi Universitas Negeri

Makassar.

Ismail and Muis. 2010. Penuntun Praktikum Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Makassar: Jurusan
Biologi Universitas Negeri Makassar.

Salisbury. B. Frank. 1995. Fisiologi Tumbuhan Jilid I. Bandung: ITB.