Anda di halaman 1dari 8

Matter Atoms and Elements

Element - Matter that cannot be broken down to other substances


• Matter is made up of elements, substances that cannot
be broken down to other substances.

Elements??

Atoms and Elements Atoms and Elements


Element - Matter that cannot be broken down to other substances Element - Matter that cannot be broken down to other substances
Atom - The smallest unit of matter that retains all the properties of an
element.
Water = H20 Atoms themselves are composed of subatomic particles

electron
H20 means two parts Hydrogen (H)
and one part Oxygen (O) e-

nucleus
P+
electron shell
Water
proton
Hydrogen
So, water itself is not an element because it is composed of
other components. Water is a compound. Proton - positively charged, in the nucleus

Electron - negatively charged, orbits the nucleus


Atoms and Elements neutron
Atoms and Elements
Element - A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances Atomic Atomic
electron number symbol
Atom - The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an e-

element. 2
N
P+ proton

He
electron
Atomic Atomic P+ N
number symbol
e-
e-
nucleus 1 4.003

H
P + Helium
electron shell
Proton - positively charged, in the nucleus Atomic
mass
proton 1.0094 Electron - negatively charged, orbits the nucleus
Hydrogen
Neutron - neutral, in the nucleus
Atomic
Proton - positively charged, in the nucleus mass

Electron - negatively charged, orbits the nucleus *An element always has the same number of protons an electrons, but neutrons
can vary*

Atomic Mass Isotopes


neutron

Protons and neutrons are essentially the electron Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different
same mass, and each one has been given e-
number of neutrons. Neutrons and Protons have the same mass.
an arbitrary mass of 1 “dalton”.
N • 99.99% of the Earth’s hydrogen is “standard” hydrogen
P+ proton (i.e. atomic mass = 1)
P N
+
Electrons are SO small, they are considered
to have almost no mass (really about e-
1/1836th of a proton or neutron) Atomic
Atomic e- e- e-
number symbol 1

H
N N
The atomic mass of an element (also known as 2 P+ P+ P+N
the atomic weight) is the average atomic mass
of all the chemical element's isotopes as found
in a particular environment. He Common Deuterium Tritium*
1.0094

4.003
Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen
H 2H 3H

Atomic Mass = 1 Atomic Mass = 2 Atomic Mass = 3


Atomic
mass *radioactive
Carbon 14 (14C) Nitrogen 14 (14N)
e-
e- e-
e-
e- e-

N P +
N P +
N N
P+ P+ P+ P+
e- N N e- N N N
N
N P+
e- P+ P + e- P+ P+
N N
P+ N P+ N
e- e-

Radioactive decay of 14C

Neutron size = 1.6749 ! 10"27 kg

Proton size = 1.6726 ! 10"27 kg

Isotopes PET Scanning Using Radioactive Isotopes

Many isotopes are stable, but some are radioactive

energy
e- e-

N
P N
+ P+
P+ N
Uses in
radioactive biology/
e-
• Imaging
decay 3He medicine
Tritium
Hydrogen “light”
Helium
PET Scanning Using Radioactive Isotopes Isotopes
Most isotopes are stable, but some are radioactive

Uses in
biology/ • Treatment
medicine

Energy Levels Valency and the Octet Rule


• The first energy level (aka electron shell) can hold two electrons
• The first energy level (aka electron shell) can hold two electrons
• All atoms want their energy levels full!
• The second energy level can hold eight electrons • The second, third, etc. can hold eight electrons (hence the “octet” rule)
• Chemistry is the giving, taking and sharing of electrons.
• The outside energy level is called the valence level, and its state is referred
to as the valency of the atom
e-
e- e- e-
e- e- e- e- e- e-
e- e-

+ ++ ++ e-
+ + + +
+ + + ++++ + +

e- e- e-
e- e-

1 2 3 9
3

H He Li F • All atoms want their outside energy levels full! Li


1.0094 4.003 6.941 18.998
6.941
The Periodic Table
Electron shell models

Electron cloud Bohr

Only Four Elements Comprise 96% of the


C H N O P S Human Body

a y i x h u
r d t y o l
b r r g s f
o o o e p u
n g g n h r
e e o
n n r
o
u
s
Trace Elements The Periodic Table
Dietary minerals needed by the human body in very small quantities
(generally less than 100mg/day)
e-
e- e-
e- e- e-
e-
They include at least iron,
cobalt, chromium, copper, + ++ +++ e-
+ + ++++
iodine, manganese, selenium,
zinc, and molybdenum. e-
e- e-
e-

3 9

Li F
6.941 18.998

Hemoglobin in red blood cells requires iron (Fe)

Energy levels Electronegativity


(aka electron shells)

• The outermost electron shell determines the reactivity of an element • An elements ability to GAIN (steal) an electron is a measure of its “electronegativity”

• Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) both have ONE electron in their outermost Therefore… F > O > N
electron shell. They have very similar chemistry.

The Pauling Scale

• The further to the right and the top of the table are elements that are most
electronegative

24
Chemical Bonds Table Salt Demonstrates Ionic Bonding
There are two major types of chemical bonds: Ionic and covalent There are two major types of chemical bonds: Ionic and covalent

Ionic bonds form when one atom 3. The two oppositely charged ions are
completely, and permanently, loses an attracted to each other. Their opposite
electron to another atom. charge holds the ions together.

1. An electron from a sodium atom (Na)


is transferred to a chlorine atom (Cl).
The transfer results in filled outer shells for
both atoms.

2. Both now have an unequal number of


Sodium cation (Na+) Chloride anion (Cl-)
protons and electrons and, therefore, carry
a charge. They are now called ions.
Positively charged ions are referred to as cations
Negatively charged ions are referred to as anions

Table Salt Demonstrates Ionic Bonding Chemical Bonds


There are two major types of chemical bonds: Ionic and covalent There are two major types of chemical bonds: Ionic and covalent

3. The two oppositely charged ions are

e-
e-

+
+
attracted to each other. Their opposite

e-
charge holds the ions together.
+ Covalent bond

e-

+
+

e-
Instead of donating (or stealing)
Hydrogen of electrons, they are “shared”.
Na+
Cl-
Alternative way of expressing covalent bonds H-H

Atmospheric Hydrogen H2
Covalent Bonding
Oxygen Forms Covalent Bonds with Two Electrons
One or more atoms bonded together are called molecules e-
e- e-
e- e- e- e-
e- e- e- e-
e-
e- e-
e-
e-
e- e-
e- e-
e- e-
e- e-

Oxygen
O O
* Atoms that participate in covalent
bonds usually will only share as many O2
electrons as they need.
H-H “diatomic oxygen”
or
(Molecular Formula)
“molecular oxygen”

Anda mungkin juga menyukai