Elements??
electron
H20 means two parts Hydrogen (H)
and one part Oxygen (O) e-
nucleus
P+
electron shell
Water
proton
Hydrogen
So, water itself is not an element because it is composed of
other components. Water is a compound. Proton - positively charged, in the nucleus
element. 2
N
P+ proton
He
electron
Atomic Atomic P+ N
number symbol
e-
e-
nucleus 1 4.003
H
P + Helium
electron shell
Proton - positively charged, in the nucleus Atomic
mass
proton 1.0094 Electron - negatively charged, orbits the nucleus
Hydrogen
Neutron - neutral, in the nucleus
Atomic
Proton - positively charged, in the nucleus mass
Electron - negatively charged, orbits the nucleus *An element always has the same number of protons an electrons, but neutrons
can vary*
Protons and neutrons are essentially the electron Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different
same mass, and each one has been given e-
number of neutrons. Neutrons and Protons have the same mass.
an arbitrary mass of 1 “dalton”.
N • 99.99% of the Earth’s hydrogen is “standard” hydrogen
P+ proton (i.e. atomic mass = 1)
P N
+
Electrons are SO small, they are considered
to have almost no mass (really about e-
1/1836th of a proton or neutron) Atomic
Atomic e- e- e-
number symbol 1
H
N N
The atomic mass of an element (also known as 2 P+ P+ P+N
the atomic weight) is the average atomic mass
of all the chemical element's isotopes as found
in a particular environment. He Common Deuterium Tritium*
1.0094
4.003
Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen
H 2H 3H
N P +
N P +
N N
P+ P+ P+ P+
e- N N e- N N N
N
N P+
e- P+ P + e- P+ P+
N N
P+ N P+ N
e- e-
energy
e- e-
N
P N
+ P+
P+ N
Uses in
radioactive biology/
e-
• Imaging
decay 3He medicine
Tritium
Hydrogen “light”
Helium
PET Scanning Using Radioactive Isotopes Isotopes
Most isotopes are stable, but some are radioactive
Uses in
biology/ • Treatment
medicine
+ ++ ++ e-
+ + + +
+ + + ++++ + +
e- e- e-
e- e-
1 2 3 9
3
a y i x h u
r d t y o l
b r r g s f
o o o e p u
n g g n h r
e e o
n n r
o
u
s
Trace Elements The Periodic Table
Dietary minerals needed by the human body in very small quantities
(generally less than 100mg/day)
e-
e- e-
e- e- e-
e-
They include at least iron,
cobalt, chromium, copper, + ++ +++ e-
+ + ++++
iodine, manganese, selenium,
zinc, and molybdenum. e-
e- e-
e-
3 9
Li F
6.941 18.998
• The outermost electron shell determines the reactivity of an element • An elements ability to GAIN (steal) an electron is a measure of its “electronegativity”
• Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) both have ONE electron in their outermost Therefore… F > O > N
electron shell. They have very similar chemistry.
• The further to the right and the top of the table are elements that are most
electronegative
24
Chemical Bonds Table Salt Demonstrates Ionic Bonding
There are two major types of chemical bonds: Ionic and covalent There are two major types of chemical bonds: Ionic and covalent
Ionic bonds form when one atom 3. The two oppositely charged ions are
completely, and permanently, loses an attracted to each other. Their opposite
electron to another atom. charge holds the ions together.
e-
e-
+
+
attracted to each other. Their opposite
e-
charge holds the ions together.
+ Covalent bond
e-
+
+
e-
Instead of donating (or stealing)
Hydrogen of electrons, they are “shared”.
Na+
Cl-
Alternative way of expressing covalent bonds H-H
Atmospheric Hydrogen H2
Covalent Bonding
Oxygen Forms Covalent Bonds with Two Electrons
One or more atoms bonded together are called molecules e-
e- e-
e- e- e- e-
e- e- e- e-
e-
e- e-
e-
e-
e- e-
e- e-
e- e-
e- e-
Oxygen
O O
* Atoms that participate in covalent
bonds usually will only share as many O2
electrons as they need.
H-H “diatomic oxygen”
or
(Molecular Formula)
“molecular oxygen”