SEMESTER 1 CHAPTER 2
Communicating over the Network
V 4.0
2.0.1 What are the five aspects of
the information network we
will focus on in this course?
2.1.1 What are the three
elements of
communication?
What is the definition of the
term network for this
course?
2.1.2 What would happen to the
network if a message was
sent as one massive
continuous stream of bits?
Define segmentation of
messages
What are the 2 advantages
of segmentation?
What is multiplexing?
2.1.3 What is hardware on a
network?
2.1.4 What are end devices on a
network?
What is the definition of a
host?
What is the definition of a
server?
What is the definition of a
client?
2.1.5 List examples of
Devices that make up the network
Media that connect the devices
Messages that are carried across the network
Rules and processes that govern network
communications
Tools and commands for constructing and
maintaining networks
Sender, Receiver, Chanell
data or information networks capable of
carrying many different types of
communications, including traditional computer
data, interactive voice, video, and
entertainment products.
no other device would be able to send or
receive messages on the same network while
this data transfer was in progress
division of the data stream into smaller pieces
many different conversations can be
interleaved on the network
segmentation can increase the reliability of
network communications
process used to interleave the pieces of
separate conversations together on the
network
the visible components of the network platform
Computers (work stations, laptops, file servers,
web servers)
Network printers
VoIP phones
Security cameras
Mobile handheld devices (such as wireless
barcode scanners, PDAs)
either the source or destination of a message
transmitted over the network
hosts that have software installed that enables
them to provide information and services
hosts that have software installed that enables
them to request and display the information
obtained from the server
Network Access Devices (Hubs, switches, and
 intermediary devices.
List examples of process
that intermediary devices
perform.
2.1.6 What are the 3 primary
types of media used in
modern networks?
What criteria should be
used to select network
media?
2.2.1 What are the ways in which
network infrastructure can
vary?
What is the definition of a
LAN?
2.2.2 What is the definition of a
WAN?
2.2.3 What is an internetwork?
What is an intranetwork?
2.2.4. Define a NIC
1 network at the PC or other host device.
Define a physical port
Define an interface
2.2.4. Complete the Packet Tracer
wireless access points)
Internetworking Devices (routers)
Communication Servers and Modems
Security Devices (firewalls)
Regenerate and retransmit data signals
Maintain information about what pathways
exist through the network and internetwork
Notify other devices of errors and
communication failures
Direct data along alternate pathways when
there is a link failure
Classify and direct messages according to
QoS priorities
Permit or deny the flow of data, based on
security settings
Metallic wires within cables
Glass or plastic fibers (fiber optic cable)
Wireless transmission
The distance the media can successfully carry
a signal.
The environment in which the media is to be
installed.
The amount of data and the speed at which it
must be transmitted.
The cost of the media and installation
The size of the area covered
The number of users connected
The number and types of services available
individual network usually spans a single
geographical area, providing services and
applications to people within a common
organizational structure
networks that connect LANs in geographically
separated locations
A global mesh of interconnected networks
(internetworks) meets these human
communication needs.
a private connection of LANs and WANs that
belongs to an organization, and is designed to
be accessible only by the organization's
members, employees, or others with
authorization
provides the physical connection to the
A connector or outlet on a networking device
where the media is connected to a host or
other networking device.
Specialized ports on an internetworking device
that connect to individual networks.
2 Lab and save your results
2.2.5 You can skip this lab
2.3.1 What are the 3 layers of Content Layer, Rules Layer, Physical Layer
protocols described?
2.3.2 What process do The format or structure of the message
networking layer protocol The process by which networking devices
suites describe? share information about pathways with other
networks
How and when error and system messages
are passed between devices
The setup and termination of data transfer
sessions
What is proprietary? one company or vendor controls the definition
of the protocol and how it functions
2.3.3 What does the use of products from different manufacturers can
standards and protocols work together for efficient communications
provide?
2.3.4 What is an application defines the content and formatting of the
protocol? requests and responses exchanged between
the client and server
What is a Transport manages the individual conversations between
Protocol? web servers and web clients
What is the Internetwork responsible for taking the formatted segments
Protocol from TCP, encapsulating them into packets,
assigning the appropriate addresses, and
selecting the best path to the destination host.
What is the Network Access Network access protocols describe two
Protocol? primary functions, data link management and
the physical transmission of data on the media.
2.3.5 What do networking the functions that occur during network
protocols describe? communications
2.4.1 What are the benefits of Assists in protocol design, because protocols
using a layered model to that operate at a specific layer have defined
describe networking? information that they act upon and a defined
interface to the layers above and below.
Fosters competition because products from
different vendors can work together.
Prevents technology or capability changes in
one layer from affecting other layers above
and below.
Provides a common language to describe
networking functions and capabilities.
2.4.2 What are the two basic protocol models and reference models
types of networking
models?
What are the two primary TCP/IP and OSI
models used when
describing networking?
2.4.3 What is done at the Represents the data to the user plus encoding
Application Layer? and dialog control
 What is done at the
Transport Layer?
What is done at the Internet
Layer?
What is done at the Network
Access Layer?
2.4.4 What are the seven steps in
a complete communication
process?
2.4.5 What is the PDU for the
application layer?
What is the Transport Layer
PDU?
What is the PDU for the
Internet Layer?
What is the PDU for the
Network Access Layer?
What PDU is used when
physically transporting the
information over the
medium?
2.4.6. How is the protocol stack
1 processed when sending
information?
2.4.6. What is the process use at
2 the receiving end called?
2.4.7 What are the seven layers
of the OSI Model?
2.4.8 Which Layers of the OSI
Supports communication between diverse
devices across diverse neworks
Determines the best path through the network
Controls the hardware devices and media that
make up the network
1. Creation of data at the application layer of
the originating source end device
2. Segmentation and encapsulation of data as
it passes down the protocol stack in the source
end device
3. Generation of the data onto the media at the
network access layer of the stack
4. Transportation of the data through the
internetwork, which consists of media and any
intermediary devices
5. Reception of the data at the network access
layer of the destination end device
6. Decapsulation and reassembly of the data
as it passes up the stack in the destination
device
7. Passing this data to the destination
application at the Application layer of the
destination end device
Data
Segment
Packet
Frame
Bits
Top to bottom
Decapsulation
Application, Presentation, Session, Transport,
Network, Data Link, Physical
Application, Presentation, Session-Application
 Model parallel with the Transport-Transport
TCP/IP Model? Internet-Network
Data Link, Physical-Network Access
2.5.1 What does the physical Timing and synchronization of bits
layer do?
What addresses does the Destination and source physical address
data link layer use?
What address does the Destination and source logical address
network layer use?
What does the transport Destination and source process number (ports)
layer use?
What do the upper layers Encoded application data
use?
2.5.2 What is the PDU for Layer 2 Frame
called
What is the layer 2 address MAC address
called?
What happens after the the Layer 2 address information is removed as
frame has reached its’ the data is decapsulated and moved up the
destination? protocol stack to Layer 3
2.5.3 What are layer 3 devices to move data from one local network to
primarily designed for? another local network within an internetwork
What address is used at IP address
Layer 3?
What is the PDU of the Packet
Layer 3 information?
Which device decapsulates Router
the frame at the edge of a
network?
What does a router do? use the network identifier portion of this
address to determine which path to use to
reach the destination host
What happens when the the frame and packet headers are removed
frame reaches the end and the data moved up to Layer 4
device?
2.5.4 What does the information identifies the specific process or service
in the frame provide at running on the destination host device that will
Layer 4? act on the data being delivered
How is each application or Port number
service represented at
Layer 4?
2.5.5 The movie is pretty good if
you can download it.
2.6.1 Complete the Packet Tracer
Lab and save your network
when completed. E-mail the
file
2.6.2 Complete the Packet Tracer
Lab and save your network
 when completed. E-mail the
file
2.7.1. **Extra Credit***
3 Complete this Packet
Tracer Lab, save the file,
and email it to me.