E-Business and

E-Commerce
AMTI - Antonius Rachmat C, S.Kom, M.Cs
 Tradisional vs Elektronik
• Sulit promosi & akses pasar
• Harus Face-to-face
• Bersifat Paperwork
• Biaya tinggi & Birokrasi
• Prosedur manual
• Pasar kurang kompetitif
• Butuh pegawai banyak
• Butuh lokasi fisik
Key: product, process, dan delivery
• Akses pasar mudah
• Penilaian independent
• Negosiasi & penawaran
standard
• Bersifat Paperless
• Alur informasi transparan
• Anywhere-anytime
• Keamanan?
• Bisa bersifat “maya”
 E-Business
E-Business merupakan kegiatan berbisnis di Internet yang
tidak saja meliputi pembelian, penjualan dan jasa, tapi juga
meliputi pelayanan pelanggan dan kerja sama dengan rekan
bisnis (baik individual maupun instansi).
E – Business meliputi E-Commerce

EC can also be conducted via:

•Private networks,
•Local area networks (LANs)
•Wide area networks (WANs) -> Internet
 E-Commerce
• Penggunaan media elektronik untuk melakukan
perniagaan / perdagangan
– Telepon, fax, ATM, handphone, SMS
– Banking: ATM phone banking, internet banking
• Secara khusus
– Penggunaan Internet untuk melakukan perniagaan
– Ada transaksi
• E-Commerce Perdagangan:
– Buy, sell, serving, transfer, exchange
• E-Commerce dimulai sejak 1970-an
• Pure EC (cth: e-book) vs Partial EC (cth: book)
 EC model newcomers
• Blogers: blogspot, wordpress
• Chemistry: match.com
• Photo sharing: flickr.com
• Video Broadcast: Youtube.com
• Community: facebook dan friendster
• Radio online: swaragama, yogyastreamers.com dll
• Online encyclopedia: wikipedia.org
• E-book sharing: swook.com, flazx.com
• E-learning: ratemyprofessor.com, collegerecruting.com,
powerstudents.com
• Job market: jobsdb.com
• Travel Service: expedia.com
• Iklan: Google AdSense & AdWord
• Real Estate:rumahyogya.com
The Structure of E-Commerce
E-Commerce Business Model

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 6-7

 E-Commerce Application
• ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)
sistem informasi pendukung e-business, yg
menyediakan berbagai macam kebutuhan
perusahaan seperti supply chain, CRM, marketing,
warehouse, shipping, dan payment, serta mampu
melakukan otomatisasi proses bisnis
• CRM (Customer Relationship management)
sistem kustomisasi real time yang memanajemen
kustomer dan melakukan personalisasi produk dan
servis berdasarkan keinginan kustomer
 E-Business Application (lanjutan..)

• EAI (Enterprise Application Integration)

merupakan konsep integrasi berbagai
proses bisnis dengan memperbolehkan
mereka saling bertukar data berbasis
message.
• SCM (Supply Chain Management)
manajemen rantai supply secara otomatis
terkomputerisasi.
ERP
 Customer service step
• Requirement: mengetahui kebutuhan customer, bs
didapat dari catalog / CD
• Acquisition: membantu customer memilih produk,
termasuk order online, nego, dan delivery
• Ownership: support kepemilikan produk dari
customer, dgn forum, FAQ, renewal, mailing list
• Retirement: support ttg layanan purna jual, online
resale, lelang barang & classified add
CRM
 EAI system
integrating application
(contains the composition logic)

message broker, ex: CORBA, RMI

SmartQuotation database SmartForecasting e-mail XYZ

adapter adapter adapter adapter adapter

SmartQuotation DBMS SmartForecasting XYZ

applications
SCM
Sales Order
 Components of EC
• People: Sellers, buyers, intermediaries, information systems
specialists and other employees, and any other participants
• Public policy: Legal and other policy and regulating issues, such as
privacy protection and taxation
• Marketing and advertising: Like any other business, EC usually
requires the support of marketing and advertising
• Support services: Many services are needed to support EC. They
range from payments to order delivery and after sales services
• Business partnerships: Joint ventures, e-marketplaces, and
partnerships are some frequently occurring relationships in e-
business
A framework for E-commerce

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 6-17

 Kemampuan E-Commerce
• OTOMATISASI, proses otomatisasi yang menggantikan proses
manual.(“enerprise resource planning” concept)
• INTEGRASI, proses yang terintegrasi yang akan meningkatkan
efisiensi dan efektivitas proses. (“just in time” concept)
• PUBLIKASI, memberikan jasa promosi dan komunikasi atas produk
dan jasa yang dipasarkan secara elektronik. (“electronic cataloging”
concept)
• INTERAKSI, pertukaran data atau informasi antar berbagai pihak
yang akan meminimalkan “human error” (“electronic data
interchange/EDI” concept)
• TRANSAKSI, kesepakatan antara 2 pihak untuk melakukan transaksi
yang melibatkan institusi lainnya (pihak ketiga) sebagai pihak yang
menangani pembayaran (“electronic payment” concept)
 Manfaat E-Commerce
• Jenis bisnis baru
– Bisa menjual tanpa modal besar
• Market exposure, melebarkan jangkauan
• Memperpendek waktu product cycle
– Tidak perlu banyak tangan
• Meningkatkan customer loyality
• Mengurangi biaya produksi dan promosi
• Mengurangi biaya inventory
 Manfaat EC
• Mengurangi biaya komunikasi
• Hampir tidak terlihat perbedaan antara perusahaan
besar dan kecil
• Memudahkan konsumen memilih barang, 24 jam
nonstop
• Mempercepat dan mempermudah transaksi,
anywhere
• Memungkinkan barang dijual lebih murah
 Layanan E-Commerce Khas Indonesia
• Contoh layanan khas Indonesia
– Wartel & Warnet
– SMS
– Berganti-ganti handphone (lifestyle?)
– Games, kuis
• Peluang bisnis baru yang khas Indonesia
– SMS/Mobile-based applications
– nonton TV dengan chatting
– Games, kuis
– Sport (World Cup)
– Jual Buku online (bukabuku.com, bukukita.com)
– Star on TV (Indonesian Idol)
 Jenis E-Commerce
• Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
– Electronic storefronts/mall
• Business-to-Business (B2B)
– Google/Amazon
• Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
– Eceran / Lelang
• Business-to-Employee (B2E)
– Employee juga sebagai customer/supplier
• E-Government
– Layanan online pemerintah
• M-Commerce
Electronic Catalogs
E-Auctions
E-Classifieds
Customization in E-Commerce
 Hambatan / Tantangan
• Infrastruktur telekomunikasi yang masih terbatas dan mahal
• Delivery channel
– Pengiriman barang masih ditakutkan hilang di jalan.
– Ketepatan waktu dalam pengiriman barang
– Jangkauan daerah pengiriman barang
• Kultur dan Kepercayaan (trust)
• Security
• Munculnya jenis kejahatan baru
– Penggunaan kartu kredit curian / palsu
– Penipuan melalui SMS, kuis
• Ketidakjelasan hukum
– Digital signature
– Uang digital / cybermoney
– Status hukum dari paper-less transaction
 Faktor-
Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Kegagalan
E-Business
• Tidak ada komitmen yang utuh dari manajemen.
• Penerapan e-business tidak diikuti proses change management.
• Tidak profesionalnya vendor teknologi informasi yang menjadi mitra
bisnis
• Buruknya infrastruktur komunikasi
• Tidak selarasnya strategi TI dengan strategi perusahaan.
• Adanya masalah keamanan dalam bertransaksi
• Kurangnya dukungan finansial
• Belum adanya peraturan yang mendukung dan melindungi pihak-pihak
yang bertransaksi (cyberlaw),
• Menggunakan target jangka pendek sebagai pijakan investasi e-
business.
 Kiat Membangun E-
E-Business

• Membenahi terlebih dahulu sistem pengelolaan sumber

daya perusahaan secara terpadu.
• Membuat perencanaan investasi
teknologi secara mendetail dan komprehensif.
• Menentukan arah investasi teknologi
untuk menjawab kebutuhan jangka panjang.
• Membentuk struktur organisasi yang fleksibel dan adaptif
terhadap perubahan.
• Melakukan kerjasama kondusif dengan berbagai mitra
bisnis (vendor, pemasok barang, lembaga keuangan, dan
lain sebagainya).
Sistem Pembayaran E-Commerce
Jenis E-Payment

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 6-31

How e-credit cards work.

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 6-32

 Auctions and Bartering
The major mechanism for buying and selling on the
Internet is the electronic catalog.

There are two common mechanisms used in its

implementation: electronic auctions and bartering online

• Electronic Auctions (e-Auctions): A market mechanism by

which sellers place offers and buyers make sequential bids
• Forward auctions are auctions where sellers place items at
sites for auction and buyers bid continuously for the items.
• Reverse auctions, have one buyer, usually an organization,
that wants to buy a product or a service. Suppliers are
invited to submit bids.
Perangkat Internet Mobile
 Mobile Commerce: Overview

• Mobile commerce (m-Commerce,

m-Business)—any e-Commerce done in a
wireless environment, especially via the
Internet
– Can be done via the Internet, private
communication lines, smart cards, etc.
– Creates opportunity to deliver new services to
existing customers and to attract new ones
 Contoh M-commerce
• Pembayaran tagihan melalui mobile phones
• Pengenalan suara melalui mobile phones untuk
membeli karcis bioskop
• Pembelian tiket pesawat melalui mobile phones
• SMS informasi kuliah
• Pembayaran uang kuliah
• Transfer dana melalui mobile phone
• Informasi kurs dan saham
• Daily motivation, news
 m-Commerce Terminology

• Generations
– 1G: 1979-1992 wireless technology
– 2G: current wireless technology; mainly
accommodates text
– 2.5G: interim technology accommodates graphics
– 3G: 3rd generation technology (2001-2005) supports
rich media (video clips)
– 4G: will provide faster multimedia display (2006-2010)
 Terminology and Standards
• GPS: Satellite-based Global Positioning System
• PDA: Personal Digital Assistant—handheld wireless
computer
• SMS: Short Message Service
• EMS: Enhanced Messaging Service
• MMS: Multimedia Messaging Service
• WAP: Wireless Application Protocol
• Smartphones—Internet-enabled cell phones with
attached applications
 Tantangan m-commerce
• Security, protocol, standards
• Usability user interface
• Heterogeneous Technologies
– Platform, programming language, databases, etc
• Business Model Issues
 Usability Approaches
• Graffiti (Scaled-down handwriting recognition, Palm
devices)
• T9 Text Input (Word completion, most cell phones)
• Full alphanumeric keypad & scrollbar (Blackberry)
• Restricted VoiceXML grammars for better voice
recognition
• Careful task-based Graphical User Interface & Dialog
Design
 Limitations of m-Commerce

• Usability Problem
– small size of mobile devices (screens,
keyboards, etc)
– limited storage capacity of devices
– hard to browse sites
• Technical Limitations
– lack of a standardized security protocol
– insufficient bandwidth
Limiting technological factors

Networks Mobile Middleware Localisation

•Bandwidth •Standards •Upgrade of Network
•Interoperability •Distribution •Upgrade of Mobile
•Cell Range Devices
•Roaming •Precision

Security Mobile
•Mobile Device Devices
•Network •Battery
•Gateway •Memory
•CPU
•Display Size
 Di belakang Layar EC & MC
• Teknologi Client Server
– Three tier layer (+ web)
• Teknologi Web Database (Database Layer)
– Oracle, MySQL, SQL server, Postgres
• Teknologi Middleware
– CORBA, RMI, JDBC, RPC, Web Service
 Application Layer Technologies
• Micro-browser based:
WAP/WML, HDML: Openwave
iMode (HTML): NTT DoCoMo
Web Clipping: Palm.net
XHTML: W3C
• Voice-browser based:
VoiceXML: W3C
• Client-side:
J2ME: Java 2 Micro Edition (Sun)
WMLScript: Openwave
• Messaging:
SMS: Part of GSM Spec.
 NEXT
• Mobile, wireless, and pervasive computing