GP-3105 GRAVITY & MAGNETIC

METODE GAYABERAT & MAGNETIK

TA 2019/2020
LECTURE #01

Djedi S. Widarto
Dicky Ahmad Zaky

Program Studi Teknik Geofisika

Fakultas Teknologi Eksplorasi dan Produksi
Universitas Pertamina
Penjelasan Perkuliahan dan RPS
TUJUAN

Memberikan pengertian kepada mahasiswa tentang metoda gayaberat

dan magnetik dalam geofisika eksplorasi, mulai dari prinsip dasar
gayaberat dan magnetik, kemudian pengambilan, pengolahan, pemodelan
dan interpretasi data gayaberat dan magnetik untuk aplikasi studi
geodinamika, eksplorasi sumberdaya (geothermal, air, minyak-gasbumi,
mineral), geoteknik dan lingkungan.
CAPAIAN PEMBELAJARAN MATA KULIAH (CPMK)
1. Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan teori dasar metode gayaberat serta
mengaplikasikannya dalam akuisisi dan pemrosesan data gayaberat.
2. Mahasiswa mampu menganalisis peta anomali gayaberat serta menginterpetasi
model bawah permukaan yang sesuai dengan kondisi geologi berdasarkan anomali
gayaberat tersebut.
3. Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan teori dasar metode magnetik serta
mengaplikasikannya dalam akuisisi dan pemrosesan data magnetik
4. Mahasiswa mampu menganalisis peta anomali magnetik serta menginterpetasi
model bawah permukaan yang sesuai dengan kondisi geologi berdasarkan anomali
magnetik tersebut.
PUSTAKA
Utama:
▪ Reynolds, J.M., 1997. An introduction to applied and enviromental geophysics, John
Wiley & Sons, NY, 806 pp.
▪ Telford, W.M., Geldart, L.P. and Sheriff, R.E., 1990. Applied geophysics, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Pendukung:
▪ Hinze, W.J., Ralph R. B. von Frese, Afif H. Saad, 2013. Gravity and Magnetic
Exploration: Principles, Practices, and Applications, Univ Printing House, Cambridge,
UK, 501 pp.
▪ Blakely, R.J., 1995. Potential theory in gravity and magnetic applications. University
Press, NY, Cambridge, 441 pp.
PENILAIAN

▪ UTS 30%
▪ UAS 30%
▪ PRAKTIKUM 25%
▪ TUGAS & QUIZ 15%
RENCANA PERKULIAHAN
RENCANA PERKULIAHAN
RENCANA PERKULIAHAN
GRAVITY METHOD
▪ Introduction
▪ Basic Theory of the Gravity Method
▪ Gravitymeter: Instrumentation &
Acquisition
INTRODUCTION
What Are the Geophysical Methods?

▪ GEOPHYSICS:
The study of the earth by quantitative physical methods, especially by seismic
reflection and refraction, gravity, magnetic, electrical, electromagnetic, and
radioactivity methods (Sheriff, 1999).

▪ EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICS / GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING / APPLIED GEOPHYSICS:

Making and interpreting measurements of physical properties of the earth to
determine subsurface conditions, usually with an economic objective, e.g., discovery
of fuel or mineral deposits. Properties measured include seismic, gravity, magnetic,
electric, and temperature (Sheriff, 1999).

▪ PETROLEUM GEOPHYSICS:
Making and interpreting measurements of physical properties of the earth to
determine subsurface conditions related to hydrocarbon.
Types of Geophysical Methods
Surface Methods Borehole Methods
Seismic Methods : In-Hole Procedures
▪ Seismic reflection methods
▪ Surface wave (refraction) methods
Cross-Hole Procedures
Potential Field Methods :
▪ Gravity & magnetic
Surface to Borehole Procedures:
Electrical Methods ▪Velocity surveys
▪ Resistivity methods ▪ Vertical seismic profiling
▪ Self-potential
▪ Mise a-la masse methods
▪ Induced polarization Logging Techniques:
Electrical methods
▪
Electromagnetic Methods
▪ Acoustic logging
▪ Magnetotelluric methods
▪ Nuclear logging
▪ Time-domain electromagnetic methods
▪ Flow logging
▪ Ground penetrating radar
▪ Other methods of logging
▪ Very-low frequency methods
▪ Seismo-electric method
Nuclear Methods
▪ Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
method
Types of Geophysical Methods
▪ Techniques applying physical laws (or theory) to the study of the solid Earth,
▪ Estimation of subsurface physical property distribution by measuring relevant parameters:

METHOD MEASURED PARAMETER PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF ROCKS

Seismics
Gravity
Magnetics
Electrical/ Electromagnetics
Geo-Electrical Resistivity
Induced Polarization (IP)
Self-Potential (SP)
Electromagnetic
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Travel time & amplitude of seismic waves
Variation in gravitational field
Variation in magnetic field
Specific resistivity (tahanan-jenis listrik)
Polarization voltage or frequency-dependent
ground resistance
Electrical potentials (potensial listrik)
Response of electromagnetic wave radiation
Travel time of reflected EM wave
Elastic Moduli (density & velocity)
Density (rapat-massa)
Magnetic susceptibility (kerentanan magnetik )
Electrical conductivity (konduktivitas/daya-hantar
listrik)
Electrical capacitance (kapasitansi listrik)
Electrical conductivity (konduktivitas/daya-hantar
listrik)
Electrical conductivity & conductance
Dielectric constant

Nuclear Variation in natural radioactivity Nuclear decay

Types of Geophysical Methods
Applications:
Geophysical Dependent Physical Applications (see key below)
1. Hydrocarbon exploration
methods Property (coal, gas, oil)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2. Regional Geological study
Gravity Density P P S S S S U U S U (over areas of 100s of km2)
Magnetic Susceptibility P P P S U M U P P U 3. Exploration/development of
mineral deposit
Seismic Refraction Elastic Moduli, density P P M P S S U U U U
4. Engineering site
Seismic Reflection Elastic Moduli, density P P M S S M U U U U investigations
Resistivity Resistivity M M P P P P P S P M 5. Hydrogeological
investigations
Spontaneous Potential Potential differences U U P M P M M M U U
6. Detection of sub-surface
Induced Polarization Resistivity, capacitance M M P M S M M M M M cavities
Electromagnetic (EM) Conductance, inductance S P P P P P P P P M 7. Mapping of leachate and
contaminant plumes
EM - VLF Conductance, inductance M M P M S S S M M U
8. Location and definition of
EM – Ground Penetrating Permitivity, conductivity buried metallic objects
U U M P P P S P P P
Radar
9. Archaeological geophysics
Magnetotelluric Resistivity S P P M M U U U U U
10. Forensic geophysics
(Reynolds, 1997)
P= primary method; S=secondary method; U=unsuitable
M=may be used but not necessarily the best approach, or has not been developed for this application
Gravity Method in Oil & Gas Industry

• Regional Study • Gravity, Magnetic, 2D Seismic

1 1

• Leads and Prospect Generation • 2D or 3D Seismic

2 2

• Drillable Prospect Generation • 2D or 3D Seismic

3 3
• Borehole Seismic
• Drilling
4 4 (Checkshot, VSP)
• 3D Seismic Reflection,
• Plan of Development
5 5 Resistivity
• Time Lapse Geophysics
• Reservoir Monitoring
6 6 (4D Gravity, 4D Seismic)
 Gravity Method in Geodynamic Studies

(Bassett and Watts, 2015)

Gravity Method in Geodynamic Studies
What Are the Gravity Method?
▪ The method senses the Earth’s lateral density variation. Gravity
measurements are affected by changes in rock density,

▪ The method, surface and subsurface surveys, are effective in locating

faults and geologic structure with density contrasts to their
surrounding,

▪ The borehole gravity meter has broad application, from locating

porosity in wildcats or through casing in old wells to monitoring fluid
changes in production reservoirs,

▪ Fast and inexpensive tool.

History of the Gravity Method

▪ 1590 : Galileo Galilei → free-fall experiments

▪ 1687 : Isaac Newton → Newton Law, establishment of theoretical

foundation….
▪ 18th & 19th centuries:
✓ Development of pendulum-based gravimeter,
✓ First global application in geophysical exploration ….

▪ 1928 :
✓ Vening Meinez → shipborne/marine gravity survey;
✓ First oil discovery at Nast Dome, Texas, using Eotvos torsion balance
gravimeter ....
History of the Gravity Method
▪ 1932 : Pendulum gravimeter at Cleveland oil field, Texas;
▪ 1932-1935 : Manufacturing of gravimeter with 0.1 mGal accuracy;
▪ 1940 : gravimeter improvements by Worden and LaCoste & Romberg;
▪ 2000 - present:
✓ micro-gravitymeter (micro-Gal) by Scintrex,
✓ absolute gravimetry,
✓ gradient gravimetry,
✓ full-tensor gravimetry (FTG),
✓ satellite gravimetry ….
Application of the Gravity Method
▪ Geodynamic Studies (Land, Marine, Airborne & Satellite Gravimetry):
✓ Structural-tectonic & Regional Geology,
✓ Volcanology ....

▪ Energy, Mineral & Groundwater Exploration (Land, Marine & Airborne Gravimetry):
✓ Hydrocarbon basin study,
✓ Geothermal,
✓ Ore/mineral deposits,
✓ Groundwater resources ....

▪ Detailed Study (Land Gravimetry) :

✓ Reservoir monitoring (oil & gas, geothermal) → 4D (time-lapse) micro-gravimetry,
✓ Groundwater dynamic → 4D (time-lapse) micro-gravimetry ....
Basic Theory of the Gravity Method
Basic Theory of the Gravity Method
What is the gravity?
▪ Gravity → gayaberat (istilah/padanan dalam Bahasa Indonesia)
▪ Gravis → heavy (berat)
▪ Gravimetry → measurement of gravity ….

ME 1ST Newton’s Universal Law of Gravity → magnitude of the gravitational force F between
two point masses :
F
r Where G is the universal gravity constant
ME  m = 6.6732 x 10-11 N-m2/kg2 = 6.67408 x 10-11 m3·kg-1·s-2
F F( r ) = G 2
r̂ ME, m = mass of the Earth and body, respectively
r
r = the distance between the center of two masses
m r̂ = vector unit from the Earth to the body m ….
Basic Theory of the Gravity Method
How big is this force?

What is the gravitational force between two car-sized masses about 2

meters apart?

F = 6.67x10-11 103 103/(22) = 1.67x10-5 N = 1.67 dynes

This is a VERY small force. A dyne is the force of a mosquito slamming into
a wall at 1 cm/s. Yet, this is the force that holds the universe together.
Basic Theory of the Gravity Method
▪ The magnitude of gravity acceleration or attraction a on m:

F GME  m GME
a = = 2
= 2
m r m r

Note that a is independent of m.

ME
The acceleration vector is
F
 
r  GME r GME r
a=− 2 =− 3
r r r
F
The minus sign indicates that acceleration decreases as r increases
m
Basic Theory of the Gravity Method

2nd Newton’s Law of Motion → F = ma, combined with the 1st Newton’s Law leads to::

ME m
F = ma = mg = G 2 Vertical acceleration → g
r
So,
Are the gravitational accelerations at the surface of a planet of
ME radius r and mass ME at the same rate?
g=G 2
r This formula says that ANY object near the surface of the planet will
accelerate towards the center of the planet at the rate g, regardless of
ME = VE the mass of the object, so a feather will fall at the same rate as a steel
ball, right?
Basic Theory of the Gravity Method
If the earth is a sphere, we can calculate its mass if we know its radius and the
acceleration of gravity.
r ~ 6.378x106 m, or 6.378x108 cm
g =980 cm/s2
mM
F = mg = G 2
r
M
g =G 2
r
M = gr 2 / G = 980cm / s2 ( 6.378 x108 cm )2 /( 6.6732x108 dyne  cm2 / g 2 )
M = 5.97 x1027 g
Always track UNITS, to be sure your logic is correct.
Gravity Units
▪ Galileo measured gravity acceleration for the first time by means of a free-fall body from Pisa;
▪ To give respect for Galileo, gravity unit in cgs is then called as Gal → 1 Gal = 1 cm s-2
▪ A modern gravitymeter has high sensitivity and can measure g that is equal to 1 part in 109. This is equivalent or
equal to measure the distance from the Earth to the Moon with only 1 meter error;
✓ In general, cgs unit used in gravity exploration is milliGal (mGal) →
1 mGal = 10-3 Gal = 10-3 cm s-2
✓ In MKS (SI) unit, gravity unit is m s-2 or g.u. (gravity unit) →
10 g.u. = 1 mGal
✓ Both of mGal and g.u. are used in general during gravity exploration.

▪ Example:
Please convert g into mGal?
g = 9.80 ms-2 = 9.8 x 106 mm s-2 = 9,800,000 g.u. = 980,000 mGal
▪ The accuracy of gravity measurement:
Terrestrial/land gravity : ± 0.01 mGal
Marine gravity : ± 1 mGal (lower accuracy due to ship movement)
Airborne gravity : ± 1 mGal
Gravity Variation on the Earth

The existence of centrifugal

acceleration as an effect of the
Earth rotation …

The Earth shape is not

sphere, but ellipsoid ….

Are there any other factors: i.e. Topography? Geology?

Gravity Variation on the Earth

▪ Gravity acceleration ~983,000,000 mGals = ~ 983,000 mGal

▪ Equator radius is >21 km compared to the Polar radius, the difference of gravity value between them is
~5,000,000 mGals
▪ The difference between the highest point and the lowest point of the Erath is ~3,000,000 mGals
▪ Regional geological effect is ~100,000 mGals
▪ The Earth tide effect is ~300 mGals
▪ Interval Contour of microgravity map 10 mGals
▪ The accuracy of modern gravitymeter is 1 mGal
Gravity & Density

What are the geological

parameters that affect the gravity
acceleration value?
Rock Density

▪ The density of rocks are depending on the

mineral content of the rock. Sedimentary rocks
(and granite), formed mainly by quartz and
feldspar, are solid than volcanics. The igneous
rocks, that are rich in mafic minerals (i.e. Mg
and Fe) will have higher density than the
sediments.
Rock Types
Andesite
Density (g/cm )
2.5 - 2.8
3
Rock Density
Basalt 2.8 - 3.0
Coal 1.1 - 1.4
Diabase 2.6 - 3.0 Density Range of Various Rocks
Diorite 2.8 - 3.0
Dolomite 2.8 - 2.9 Sedimentary Rocks Density Variation (g/cm3)
Gabro 2.7 - 3.3 Clay – Claystone (clay) 1.63 - 2.60
Gneiss 2.6 - 2.9
Silt 1.80 - 2.20
Granite 2.6 - 2.7
Gypsum 2.3 - 2.8 Soil 1.20 - 2.40
Limestone 2.3 - 2.7 Sand 1.70 - 2.30
Marble 2.4 - 2.7 sandstone 1.61 - 2.76
Mica schist 2.5 - 2.9
Shale 1.77 - 3.30
Peridotite 3.1 - 3.4
Quartzite 2.6 - 2.8 Limestone 1.93 - 2.90
Rhyolite 2.4 - 2.6 Dolomite 2.28 - 2.90
Rock salt 2.5 - 2.6
Chalk 1.52 - 2.60
Sandstone 2.2 - 2.8
Halite 2.10 - 2.60
Shale 2.4 - 2.8
Slate 2.7 - 2.8 Gypsum 2.20 - 2.60
 Gravitymeter
(Instrumentation & Acquisition)
How to Measure the Value of g?

𝑚𝑔
𝑘 𝑥=
𝑇 = 2𝜋 𝑘
𝑔
Falling Body Measurement
Mass and Spring
Pendulum Measurement Measurement
How to Measure the Value of g?
As we saw above, it takes a LOT of mass to generate much gravity, so we might expect
that we need to be able to measure very small changes in g to be able to detect even
fairly large mass anomalies. In fact, many surveys require resolutions of about 0.01
mGal to image anomalies - or roughly 10-8 or 10 billionths of g!

One way to measure gravity is with a pendulum, where the period of oscillation
changes with g:

l
T = 2
l

where l is the length of the pendulum. If l is 1 meter, T~2 s.

What happens to T as g increases?
Gravimeter

▪ Relative measurement of g: to measure the changes of g based on spring extension

→ mass & spring method ….

Scintrex CG-3 /CG5

Zero-Length Spring
Gravimeter
LaCoste-Romberg Gravimeter

Land (Relative) Gravimeters: LaCoste &

Romberg G / D Models
Gravimeter
▪ Scintrex CG-5 AutoGrav → auto-measurement land gravimeter
Gravimeter

▪ Fully digital reading system

▪ Automatic Leveling system
▪ High accuracy (0.5mGal)
▪ Automatic Lock Spring system
▪ High Repeatability

Graviton ▪ Digital reading system

▪ High Accuracy (1 – 5 mGal)
▪ High Repeatability

LaCoste & Romberg G

with Alliod Sistem
41
Gravimeter
▪ Measuring g absolute
✓ How well must we be able to measure T to
resolve a change in g of 1 mGal? about 1
microsecond. This is not easy, given the other
problems with pendulums, like friction.

✓ Another way is to measure the time of fall of a

body through a known distance. Can be done,
but takes great care, and the equipment is not
easily moved.

✓ This is an “absolute” gravity instrument that

measures the time of fall of a mass. Precise to
~3 mGals.

Schematic Absolute gravimeter NOAA

Gravimeter
A-10 Absolute Gravimeter

A-10 deployed in Alice Springs, Australia, A-10 deployed in Prudhoe Bay,

2003 (+30°C) Alaska, 2003 (-40°C)
Gravimeter
A-10 Absolute Gravimeter

A-10 deployed near Tucker Snocat in Prudhoe

Bay, Alaska, 2002. The tent will be used as a wind
block (-20°C)

A-10 deployed in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, 2003 (-40°C)

Gravimeter
Absolute gravimeter operation in Cepu, East java

July, 2011
Gravity Station
▪ Relative Gravimeter
Gravity Data Acquisition

▪ Relative land gravimeter

1 2 3 4 etc ...
Base Station

loop
Gravity Data Acquisition
Thank you,
See you for the next lecture ....