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2005 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution

Conference & Exhibition: Asia and Pacific


Dalian, China

Implementation of Power System Security and


Reliability Considering Risk Under
Environment of Electricity Market
ZHANG Bao-hui, Senior Member, IEEE, and WANG Li-yong, ZHANG Wen-hao, ZHOU De-cai,
YAO Feng, REN Jin-feng, XIE Han, YU Gang-liang

result in risks in the power system under market environment,


Abstract-- From the viewpoint of risk the power system and the existence of risks means latent loss [1].
security and reliability under the environment of electricity The risks of power system under market environment are
market were anew researched. Because in competitive electricity described as follows: In the planning of power system, every
market the power generation companies, power grid companies
and load service entities belong to different economic bodies
power system persists in programming additional capacity and
respectively, so that in the system operation, planning and design extendable capacity of transmission and distribution. But
the consideration of the factors impacting system security and because of the profit-pursuing characteristic of market, it can
reliability is obviously different from those in traditional power easily result in power source plan's helplessness in regulating
systems. For the secure and reliable operation of power system units installation and the makeup of power system; On the
under market environment, following aspects, such as power aspect of dispatch, safety running and guard against accident
network planning and operation, ancillary service, anti-fault
automation devices and the implementation of system security
through administrative measures would be broken. The
and reliability, were researched and it was pointed out that the independence among subsystems would be strengthened, and
economy and security would no more be expressed as two the difficulty of inner coordinating would increase; On the
independent indices, the system security and reliability would be aspect of power grid safety, bidding makes power flow change
blended each other, and the security index of traditional power with the competitive price from power-generating plant. It
system would no more exist independently, but would exist as a may cause rapid change of power flow, so that network block
measure that might bring economic benefit to relevant company.
What whether a certain security index of traditional power
and affect the safety of power grid. The risk of lack for
system would be performed under market environment and to electricity will make power grid blackout, so comes the
what extent it might be performed would depend upon the serious result; On the aspect of ancillary service, to get the
economic profit that might be brought to relevant company from maximal profit, power-generating plant would raise the use of
the performance of the index. According to such a change, on the ratio of generator and reduce reserve capacity, and
basis of implementing the security and reliability of traditional overhauling for equipment may also be reduced or postponed.
power system under market environment two approaches to
To guarantee the level of voltage stability, enough reactive
implement system security and reliability, which were based on
the maximization of social effect and the maximization of power power compensation is required necessarily. If principal part,
grid company's economic benefit under the prerequisite of which takes charge in reactive power compensation, is not
ensuring the economic benefit of power grid Company's users, clear, the safety of power supply would be threatened, the
were proposed. The proposed two methods provided new reliability index of power supply and the quality would
thinking for economically implementing system security and decrease too. Therefore, when Electric power industry is
reliability under market environment. under the market environment, people must pay attention to
Index Terms-- electric power market, power system, Risk
the risks, identify and keep them away so as to reduce loss.
analysis, Security, Reliability, Power grid company, Power Under the market environment, after the power-generating
generation company, Load service entities plant separates from power grid, ISO have lost the ownership
of system dispatch. The economy and security would not be
I. INTRODUCTION expressed as two independent indices any more, the security
ecauseof the introduction of competition, the electricity and reliability of power system would be blended each other.
supply industry is undergoing unprecedented changes, Control of security and reliability should be based on the
which have attracted the attention of people deeply. analysis of cost and benefit, so as to get the balance between
Meanwhile, there are plenty of uncertain factors that probably reliability and economic. Paper [2] put forward a middle
course, which is about reliability and economy based on
dangerous indices, but the dangerous guideline is made for
This work was supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of some discrete running point and assumed accident. For a
China(NSFC)( 50277027). power system transient stability control under a original
W.L.Y is with Department of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong
University, Xi'an 710049, China (e-mail: wlyong@mailst.xjtu.edu.cn). running qualification and an assumed accident, Paper [3,4]
ZHANG. Baohui is with Department of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an research from different points based on transient energy
Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China (e-mail: bhzhang@mail.xjtu.edu.cn).
0-7803-9114-4/05/$20. 00 ©2005 IEEE.
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function. Paper [3] have provided an electricity generating and but not the interest of each economic body (even the
anew dispatch method, which is bidding according to the destination of planning and designing is considering the
changed quantity supplied by power-generating plant, try to minimum payout of national economy, not the maximal profit
maintain transient stability, as well as minimize control of relevant companies). In the objective function, the
expense of security and reliability. Paper [4] also provides a consideration about the constraints of reserve capacity and
method that optimizes electricity generating and anew transmission capacity is based on whole system. If only
dispatch considering transient stability constraint, but its aim economic profit of power source is considered, it would not
as follows: make critical power flow close to terminal point take into account reserve capacity of the whole system and
and minimize changed quantity. Paper [5] put forward a power exceeding of link line between inner system and
model and an algorithm for power system security cost external systems. Therefore, different economic bodies under
optimization (optimal security control) under the market market environment cannot accept the planning and design
environment. This model takes into account the transient based on traditional security regulations. In a competitive
stability constraints and contingency occurrence probability market, power-generating company would invest only if it can
and system instability impacts. In paper [6], how to apply the bring profit. That is the same as other industries whose main
risk based security assessment (RBSA) approach to the concern is pursuit of profit.
analysis of power system transient stability is presented, that is, B. The security and reliability in the planning and design of
the conditional probability and the total probability theory are power grid
used to establish a probability model of transient instability,
meanwhile the consequence model for the loss of transient In traditional planning and design for power grid, the
stability is considered to form a whole risk index. In paper [7], analysis of security usually pays much attention to "N-l"or
taking minimum electricity cost of active and reactive power "N-2"checkout of overload, namely the analysis of adequacy.
as objective function, a mathematical model that is suitable for the constraint of transient stability is considered only a little,
the coexistence of contact trade with non-contact trade, for but it's after-checkout and doesn't refer to transient stability
security precaution based rescheduling and corrective constraint in the objective function. Therefore, the planning of
rescheduling is established. The presented problem can be power grid should synthetically consider the adequacy and
solved by the method of linear programming. In fact, when security of networks operation under market environment. The
considering risks, it still lacks of optimized method that is operation reliability and the economy of grid construction can be
used for search the equilibrium between security and economy, synthetically considered by adding the loss of power cut to the
while taking transient stability constraints into account. objective function of power grid planning, integrating cost and
In this paper, the factors affecting the security and profit of planning into the economical evaluation of power grid
reliability of power system in the programming and design security.
and running is discussed, when considering the management While calculating transient stability under market
of risk. And it mentioned some possible resolve about security environment, grid company would consider the following
and reliability under market environment, to be considered factors: the failure probability, loss, possible additional
with security in power system influenced by electricity market investment for increasing transient stability and maintaining
and some problem about security and reliability that is likely cost. Finally, the most economical power grid would be
to happen under new environment [8-11]. The method gained.
provided new thinking for reform in marketing in our nation's
III. SAFE OPERATION CONSIDERING RISK
power system and running.
A. Running mode
II. PLANNING AND DESIGN CONSIDERING RISK
Under monopolized environment, power-generating and
Every power system persists in programming additional transmission and distribution of the whole power system are
capacity and extendable capacity of transmission and managed and dispatched together, so arrangement of running
distribution. Because of the separation of power-generating mode is easy. The security and reliability of operation in the
plant and power grid and the profit-pursuing characteristic of system can be easily guaranteed. Under the electricity market
market, it can easily result in inconsistency between power- environment, power exchange varies immediately. Dispatch of
generating plant and power grid constructions. So power power should not only ensure fair competition, but also
source plan would be helpless in regulating unit installation guarantee safe running. New guide on security and stability
and the makeup of power system must be entirely examined and revised, and develop new
A. The security and reliability ofplanning and designing in software for system operation. These softwares must pay more
power source. attention to coordination of security and economy, and further
In traditional power system, the planning of power source raise calculation efficiency to satisfy the demand of real-time
usually takes the minimum National economy payout as system analysis.
objective function. The principle of security and reliability Under market environment, the consumer can choose the
usually bases on the optimal state of the whole power system, supplier and they both determine the mode of power
generation and power consumption in the form of bilateral
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deal, so the power flow may be greatly different from what well as superior equipment. Under market environment, the
can be predicated. New operation question would appear equipments belong to many different companies, so the case
accordingly, and also may bring about many other problems, below may happen: company II's equipment be cut out
such as: transmission congestion and voltage collapse and because company I's equipment has accident.
instability, etc. To keep the system operating securely, the The loss of company II is caused by equipment failure of
dispatcher must arrange enough ancillary service. Congestion company I, company I should shoulder the loss. If the
is a key problem in system operation under the market compensation is larger than the increased investment (by
environment [12]. Bilateral deal in the electricity market can integrative economical comparison), company I would like to
incarnate the advantage of free competition, but this mode change remote back-up protection into nearby back-up
would bring difficulty to unified dispatch. The most obvious protection or considering increase another set of main
issue is that some parts of power system may approach the protection. Under the market environment, the layout of
power limit, so the power system would endure great risk. protective relay device would be different from that in the past,
That is called power grid congestion under the market so difference analysis method are proposed in the design and
environment. operation.
Alleviating the power grid congestion is key to the safe Auto load-shedding at low voltage and low-frequency is
operation under the market environment. So it should be the most efficient and extensive adopted measure if frequency
researched on alleviating measure, prediction strategy and falls below emergency state. In traditional power system,
analysis method. whole resources are dispatched unified, so it would not meet
administrative or economic obstacles when adopting low-
B. Ancillary service
frequency and low voltage load-shedding. But under the
Ancillary service is an important measure to satisfy the market environment, each company is independent, the
power energy quality and safety level. In power market, the problem of compensation would rise. From the point of power
ancillary service provided by power-generating company and grid company, if the measure of load-shedding is required, the
users should not be free, i.e. goods in power market involve question is how to reach an agreement with load service entity
various ancillary services besides power energy. So at a minimal expense.
quantifying these services is required and proper Possible solutions are as follows: first, purchase capacity at
compensation should be given to the ancillary service the possible load-shedding place in advance, i.e. capacity for
suppliers. Ancillary service is related with power generation, load-shedding and active reserve are classified in ancillary
transmission and distribution. And to obtain an anticipated service; Second, not purchase in advance, but make amends to
operating state, the system dispatcher need to purchase and each load service entity after load-shedding. Power grid
coordinate these ancillary services. It would increase the company can make a favorable choice according to actual grid,
complexity of system operating and control, as well as factors operating mode and power rate.
leading to synchronous instability, voltage instability, It would be more favorable to take the first method for
overload and system collapse [13]. some load service entities in key bus, but better to use the
The deal of ancillary service may be carried out in power second for other load service entities.
pool or ISO according as the market structure. Ancillary The urgent control is mainly to keep system stability,
service can be provided boundly or separately. Ancillary preventing accident from enlarging, and maintain continuity of
services provided by user include regulating reserve, spinning power supply. The main contents are generator-shedding and
reserve, auxiliary reserve (non-spinning reserve) and load-shedding and system splitting.
elimination of power energy non-equilibrium. If user cannot Under the market environment, these measures would affect
provide by itself, the ancillary service should be purchased interests of different companies, so power grid company must
from ISO. The following two ancillary services must purchase reach agreements with other companies. Measures can be
form ISO: supplement of reactive/voltage control and system implemented based on agreements once the stability is
control/ redispatch. For interconnected electric power system, threatened. As far as the specific node concerned, the solution
ancillary services should also include: restart after power cut should be made based on comprehensive economical analysis.
in large-scale, loss compensation and dynamic scheduling,
reserve supplement and load tracking. IV. IMPLEMENTATION OF SECURITY AND RELIABILITY
Ancillary service is one of the most important characters, CONSIDERING RISK
and attaches great importance to operating safety and security
in power system. A. Thinking on the implementation of security and Reliability
under the market environment
C. Anti-fault automation devices
To guarantee security and reliability, ISO or power grid
In traditional power system, once accident happens, the
company get services in the ancillary service market, and
main protection act and the breaker would cut faulty
suppliers get correlated profit. Alike the traditional power
equipment out; back-up protection should operate if main system, under the market environment, guide 'N-i' on static
protection fails. If back-up protection is remote back-up state evaluation in transmission system and standard of
protection and operates, the breaker cuts fault equipments as
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dynamic security evaluation are ensured by security test; and security factors decreases accordingly. So when power grid
research on how to guarantee the index of static safety company is an unprofitable commonweal entity, the objective
evaluation reserve rate in power-generating company can be function determined by security and economy can be
divided into two categories: one is based on security described as the expression (1):
regulations [14,15]; the other is based on cost of ancillary m {K sCS S CS
service [16,17]. As the constraints of system dispatching, it
would be implemented by optimal power flow.
maxt E Y PscAPsci
li=l s=1 c=1
-Ilo pscAPsci k-
s=1 c=1
IF
Under market environment, the widely used method of m

security determination based on regulations adopts ancillary Y flm (Fm,Am)


M=l
(1)
service purchase quantity and security index at the same ratio,
but not consider the difference of grid structure, power rate, Where I is the total number of bus in network; S is the
ancillary service price, the outrage loss and the benefits of number of categories of security test; Cs is the number of
user in unit power, so it must result in the fall of economic instances contained in security test s. psc is probability of
benefit. And it would be not good for electricity market to instance c in security test s // APscil is the active power
gain aims of reform increasing economic benefit and reducing
the power price. change of bus i induced by instance c in the security test s
To guarantee security and reliability, relevant ancillary when ancillary services are not purchased; APJci F is the
service is required to remain in advance. The more ancillary active power change of bus i induced by instance c in the
service remained, the better the security, but the more expense security test s when ancillary services are purchased; M is the
to user; Vice versa. In traditional power system, category of total number of purchased ancillary services. fim(Fm,>m) is
ancillary service and the quantity are determined by relevant
the cost to purchase ancillary service m with quantity Fm and
safety regulations, user must pay for the security provided by
system; In the market environment, relevant safety regulations price Am. ki is unit power outrage loss in node I, gained by
can be established, and to determine ancillary service, and questionnaire.
user should pay for the security. Purchase mode varies with the types of ancillary service.
In fact, many researches on the auxiliary service are made For example: the purchase cost of ancillary service includes
on the basis of principle [18,19] under the market environment either capacity price and energy price, or only one of them.
at present. However, because the market-based goal is to Suppose that the purchase price of unit ancillary service in the
increase economic efficiency and reduce the price of bidding data is just the same, so:
electricity, such influential factors are considered as the (kmklXkml ) VFm E [Fmo, Fml]
structure of network, the mode of operation, the price of
auxiliary service, the loss of outages and the price of load- (km2,km2) Fm E [Fm Fm2 VmEM1
shedding while determining the security of transmission. And
then, the most rational kind and volume of the auxiliary k-ml RlFm (E [Fmo X Fml ]
service in economics, which can be purchased and accepted
by every participant of the market, are put forward. This AM k,m2 VFm E[F1,Fm2]{ Vm M2 (2)
method will accord with the original intention of market
further. k'm, V [Fm XFmFm Vm]M
For different market regime, two approaches to implement k-m2 VFm (E [Fml,Fm2 ]8V M3
system security and reliability, which were based on the
maximization of social effect and the maximization of power
grid company's economic benefit under the prerequisite of (m = 1, 2,-.*M)
ensuring the economic benefit of power grid company's users, where k-'1 is the capacity price of the first bidding data of
were proposed.
Aims for the maximization difference between the total ancillary service m; k-m1 is the energy price of the first bidding
outrage loss and the cost to purchasing ancillary service, data of ancillary service m; k-2 is the capacity price of the
whether the other maximization can bring benefit can be a second bidding data of ancillary service m; k-2 is the energy
standard to adopt security measure or not, the benefit of user
is guaranteed by amends for load-shedding. price of the second bidding data of ancillary service m; M1 is
aggregate of ancillary services composed by the capacity price
B. The determination ofpower grid security under and the energy price; M2 is the set of ancillary services
maximization of social effect
determined only by the capacity price; M3 is aggregate of
Under this circumstance, the aim to guarantee the security
is to make maximal social effect. The social effect is defined ancillary services composed only by the energy price.
as the difference between ancillary service's economic profit Accordingly, the ancillary service cost fJim (Fm, Am)
and its cost. The use of ancillary service would increase the determined by purchase quantity and purchase price is as
security of supplement, the economics loss induced by the follows:
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IFm (k-m + k-mpm)


Vm e M1 I S CS S CS
max{ EKPscAPfci o PSCAPsci
fim(Fm,Am){= Fmkm Vm E M2 (3) C =1 S=1 C=1 -
S=1 C=1
F

Fm k"p lm
MVeM3
Vm=1,2, **,MV1 (ki + k) m=l fim (Fm,i m) (5)
where probability Pm of dispatched ancillary service can be where ki' is the transmission energy price coefficient of bus
calculated by:
s Cs i ,determined by MW . KM ; k1" is the load-shedding price of
Pm =
XscPsc (4) bus i. In Equ.(5) the transmission energy price coefficient of
S=1 c=1 bus i can be calculated by:
where xsc is a Boolean variable, if ancillary service is
dispatched in instance c of security test s(ancillary service can ki' = E
i r=l
Qr>rQ
Prlrp +-E
Qi r=l
(6)
be dispatched only if the profit can be brought, ), xsc = 1 ,or r#i r#i
Xsc = 0; Psc is probability in instance c of security test s. where Ap is the fee of power energy transmitting lKm
The economically determination of security can be every MW* h ; )Q the fee of power energy transmitting 1Km
obtained through the solution to the optimizing question, every MVar-h; Pi is the injected active power into bus I,
which takes Equation (1) as objective function and contains
such constraint condition as active power balance, reactive Qi is the reactive power injected into bus I; P1< is the injected
power balance, the load-shedding quantity, branch power and active power into bus i from bus r ; Qr is the injected
transient stability reactive power into bus i from bus r; Irp is the active power
Under this condition, the aim of guaranteeing security is to
maximize social effect. Whether to purchase one ancillary /r,
transmission distance from bus r to bus i; is the reactive
service is based on the difference of economic profit brought power transmission distance from bus r to bus i.
by the ancillary services and the cost needed by its If power grid company gain economic profit according to
implementation. Only when the profit is bigger than the cost, the transmission quantity, the economically determination of
the purchase is profitable to improve economics profits and security can be obtained through the solution to the optimizing
reduce the electric rate. question, which takes Equation (1) as objective function and
contains such constraint condition as active power balance,
C. The determination of transmission security under the reactive power balance, the load-shedding quantity, branch
maximization ofpower grid company's economic benefit power and transient stability.
Under this circumstance, power grid company would fetch
the transmission cost from the user by MW . KM (Or it would V. CONCLUSION
fetch the transmission cost simply based on the Market The risk of Power System is analyzed in this paper. and it
cleaning quantity). If power grid company can't meet the is emphasized that power system security is implemented by
demand (according to the bidding contract, it would independent economic entity's pursuit for profit. Under
commonly include quantity and quality), it should compensate market Environment, the security of power grid will not have
for user (the compensation is regulated by contract). To unified regulations any more. It will be determined by many
guarantee its economics profit, power grid company must factors, such as: the operation mode, the purchase and sale
some quantity and categories of purchase ancillary service to price, the compensation price for break of faith and the
guarantee the security. But different from traditional power ancillary service price.
system, its aim is to maintain its own economics profit. So the The principle, which will guarantee the security and
quantity and category of ancillary services will be determined reliability of power system, should take different entities'
by whether it can bring economics profit, not by regulations. economic profit into account. Every participator should gain
Unlike the instance in passage B, the aim of guaranteeing reasonable and clear reward corresponding to their
security is to maximize its own economic profit. The contribution to security and reliability. Only by this way,
economics profit brought by ancillary service comprises two every participator as an independent economic entity would
parts: the lowered load-shedding (load-limiting) compensation voluntarily adopt measures to guarantee security and
brought by load-shedding (load-limiting) decrease for the reliability in the course of pursuing their own profit.
improvement of supplement reliability; the increased profit
brought by the transmission quantity increase for the VI. REFERENCES
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