function. Paper [3] have provided an electricity generating and but not the interest of each economic body (even the
anew dispatch method, which is bidding according to the destination of planning and designing is considering the
changed quantity supplied by power-generating plant, try to minimum payout of national economy, not the maximal profit
maintain transient stability, as well as minimize control of relevant companies). In the objective function, the
expense of security and reliability. Paper [4] also provides a consideration about the constraints of reserve capacity and
method that optimizes electricity generating and anew transmission capacity is based on whole system. If only
dispatch considering transient stability constraint, but its aim economic profit of power source is considered, it would not
as follows: make critical power flow close to terminal point take into account reserve capacity of the whole system and
and minimize changed quantity. Paper [5] put forward a power exceeding of link line between inner system and
model and an algorithm for power system security cost external systems. Therefore, different economic bodies under
optimization (optimal security control) under the market market environment cannot accept the planning and design
environment. This model takes into account the transient based on traditional security regulations. In a competitive
stability constraints and contingency occurrence probability market, power-generating company would invest only if it can
and system instability impacts. In paper [6], how to apply the bring profit. That is the same as other industries whose main
risk based security assessment (RBSA) approach to the concern is pursuit of profit.
analysis of power system transient stability is presented, that is, B. The security and reliability in the planning and design of
the conditional probability and the total probability theory are power grid
used to establish a probability model of transient instability,
meanwhile the consequence model for the loss of transient In traditional planning and design for power grid, the
stability is considered to form a whole risk index. In paper [7], analysis of security usually pays much attention to "N-l"or
taking minimum electricity cost of active and reactive power "N-2"checkout of overload, namely the analysis of adequacy.
as objective function, a mathematical model that is suitable for the constraint of transient stability is considered only a little,
the coexistence of contact trade with non-contact trade, for but it's after-checkout and doesn't refer to transient stability
security precaution based rescheduling and corrective constraint in the objective function. Therefore, the planning of
rescheduling is established. The presented problem can be power grid should synthetically consider the adequacy and
solved by the method of linear programming. In fact, when security of networks operation under market environment. The
considering risks, it still lacks of optimized method that is operation reliability and the economy of grid construction can be
used for search the equilibrium between security and economy, synthetically considered by adding the loss of power cut to the
while taking transient stability constraints into account. objective function of power grid planning, integrating cost and
In this paper, the factors affecting the security and profit of planning into the economical evaluation of power grid
reliability of power system in the programming and design security.
and running is discussed, when considering the management While calculating transient stability under market
of risk. And it mentioned some possible resolve about security environment, grid company would consider the following
and reliability under market environment, to be considered factors: the failure probability, loss, possible additional
with security in power system influenced by electricity market investment for increasing transient stability and maintaining
and some problem about security and reliability that is likely cost. Finally, the most economical power grid would be
to happen under new environment [8-11]. The method gained.
provided new thinking for reform in marketing in our nation's
III. SAFE OPERATION CONSIDERING RISK
power system and running.
A. Running mode
II. PLANNING AND DESIGN CONSIDERING RISK
Under monopolized environment, power-generating and
Every power system persists in programming additional transmission and distribution of the whole power system are
capacity and extendable capacity of transmission and managed and dispatched together, so arrangement of running
distribution. Because of the separation of power-generating mode is easy. The security and reliability of operation in the
plant and power grid and the profit-pursuing characteristic of system can be easily guaranteed. Under the electricity market
market, it can easily result in inconsistency between power- environment, power exchange varies immediately. Dispatch of
generating plant and power grid constructions. So power power should not only ensure fair competition, but also
source plan would be helpless in regulating unit installation guarantee safe running. New guide on security and stability
and the makeup of power system must be entirely examined and revised, and develop new
A. The security and reliability ofplanning and designing in software for system operation. These softwares must pay more
power source. attention to coordination of security and economy, and further
In traditional power system, the planning of power source raise calculation efficiency to satisfy the demand of real-time
usually takes the minimum National economy payout as system analysis.
objective function. The principle of security and reliability Under market environment, the consumer can choose the
usually bases on the optimal state of the whole power system, supplier and they both determine the mode of power
generation and power consumption in the form of bilateral
2
3
deal, so the power flow may be greatly different from what well as superior equipment. Under market environment, the
can be predicated. New operation question would appear equipments belong to many different companies, so the case
accordingly, and also may bring about many other problems, below may happen: company II's equipment be cut out
such as: transmission congestion and voltage collapse and because company I's equipment has accident.
instability, etc. To keep the system operating securely, the The loss of company II is caused by equipment failure of
dispatcher must arrange enough ancillary service. Congestion company I, company I should shoulder the loss. If the
is a key problem in system operation under the market compensation is larger than the increased investment (by
environment [12]. Bilateral deal in the electricity market can integrative economical comparison), company I would like to
incarnate the advantage of free competition, but this mode change remote back-up protection into nearby back-up
would bring difficulty to unified dispatch. The most obvious protection or considering increase another set of main
issue is that some parts of power system may approach the protection. Under the market environment, the layout of
power limit, so the power system would endure great risk. protective relay device would be different from that in the past,
That is called power grid congestion under the market so difference analysis method are proposed in the design and
environment. operation.
Alleviating the power grid congestion is key to the safe Auto load-shedding at low voltage and low-frequency is
operation under the market environment. So it should be the most efficient and extensive adopted measure if frequency
researched on alleviating measure, prediction strategy and falls below emergency state. In traditional power system,
analysis method. whole resources are dispatched unified, so it would not meet
administrative or economic obstacles when adopting low-
B. Ancillary service
frequency and low voltage load-shedding. But under the
Ancillary service is an important measure to satisfy the market environment, each company is independent, the
power energy quality and safety level. In power market, the problem of compensation would rise. From the point of power
ancillary service provided by power-generating company and grid company, if the measure of load-shedding is required, the
users should not be free, i.e. goods in power market involve question is how to reach an agreement with load service entity
various ancillary services besides power energy. So at a minimal expense.
quantifying these services is required and proper Possible solutions are as follows: first, purchase capacity at
compensation should be given to the ancillary service the possible load-shedding place in advance, i.e. capacity for
suppliers. Ancillary service is related with power generation, load-shedding and active reserve are classified in ancillary
transmission and distribution. And to obtain an anticipated service; Second, not purchase in advance, but make amends to
operating state, the system dispatcher need to purchase and each load service entity after load-shedding. Power grid
coordinate these ancillary services. It would increase the company can make a favorable choice according to actual grid,
complexity of system operating and control, as well as factors operating mode and power rate.
leading to synchronous instability, voltage instability, It would be more favorable to take the first method for
overload and system collapse [13]. some load service entities in key bus, but better to use the
The deal of ancillary service may be carried out in power second for other load service entities.
pool or ISO according as the market structure. Ancillary The urgent control is mainly to keep system stability,
service can be provided boundly or separately. Ancillary preventing accident from enlarging, and maintain continuity of
services provided by user include regulating reserve, spinning power supply. The main contents are generator-shedding and
reserve, auxiliary reserve (non-spinning reserve) and load-shedding and system splitting.
elimination of power energy non-equilibrium. If user cannot Under the market environment, these measures would affect
provide by itself, the ancillary service should be purchased interests of different companies, so power grid company must
from ISO. The following two ancillary services must purchase reach agreements with other companies. Measures can be
form ISO: supplement of reactive/voltage control and system implemented based on agreements once the stability is
control/ redispatch. For interconnected electric power system, threatened. As far as the specific node concerned, the solution
ancillary services should also include: restart after power cut should be made based on comprehensive economical analysis.
in large-scale, loss compensation and dynamic scheduling,
reserve supplement and load tracking. IV. IMPLEMENTATION OF SECURITY AND RELIABILITY
Ancillary service is one of the most important characters, CONSIDERING RISK
and attaches great importance to operating safety and security
in power system. A. Thinking on the implementation of security and Reliability
under the market environment
C. Anti-fault automation devices
To guarantee security and reliability, ISO or power grid
In traditional power system, once accident happens, the
company get services in the ancillary service market, and
main protection act and the breaker would cut faulty
suppliers get correlated profit. Alike the traditional power
equipment out; back-up protection should operate if main system, under the market environment, guide 'N-i' on static
protection fails. If back-up protection is remote back-up state evaluation in transmission system and standard of
protection and operates, the breaker cuts fault equipments as
3
4
dynamic security evaluation are ensured by security test; and security factors decreases accordingly. So when power grid
research on how to guarantee the index of static safety company is an unprofitable commonweal entity, the objective
evaluation reserve rate in power-generating company can be function determined by security and economy can be
divided into two categories: one is based on security described as the expression (1):
regulations [14,15]; the other is based on cost of ancillary m {K sCS S CS
service [16,17]. As the constraints of system dispatching, it
would be implemented by optimal power flow.
maxt E Y PscAPsci
li=l s=1 c=1
-Ilo pscAPsci k-
s=1 c=1
IF
Under market environment, the widely used method of m
Fm k"p lm
MVeM3
Vm=1,2, **,MV1 (ki + k) m=l fim (Fm,i m) (5)
where probability Pm of dispatched ancillary service can be where ki' is the transmission energy price coefficient of bus
calculated by:
s Cs i ,determined by MW . KM ; k1" is the load-shedding price of
Pm =
XscPsc (4) bus i. In Equ.(5) the transmission energy price coefficient of
S=1 c=1 bus i can be calculated by:
where xsc is a Boolean variable, if ancillary service is
dispatched in instance c of security test s(ancillary service can ki' = E
i r=l
Qr>rQ
Prlrp +-E
Qi r=l
(6)
be dispatched only if the profit can be brought, ), xsc = 1 ,or r#i r#i
Xsc = 0; Psc is probability in instance c of security test s. where Ap is the fee of power energy transmitting lKm
The economically determination of security can be every MW* h ; )Q the fee of power energy transmitting 1Km
obtained through the solution to the optimizing question, every MVar-h; Pi is the injected active power into bus I,
which takes Equation (1) as objective function and contains
such constraint condition as active power balance, reactive Qi is the reactive power injected into bus I; P1< is the injected
power balance, the load-shedding quantity, branch power and active power into bus i from bus r ; Qr is the injected
transient stability reactive power into bus i from bus r; Irp is the active power
Under this condition, the aim of guaranteeing security is to
maximize social effect. Whether to purchase one ancillary /r,
transmission distance from bus r to bus i; is the reactive
service is based on the difference of economic profit brought power transmission distance from bus r to bus i.
by the ancillary services and the cost needed by its If power grid company gain economic profit according to
implementation. Only when the profit is bigger than the cost, the transmission quantity, the economically determination of
the purchase is profitable to improve economics profits and security can be obtained through the solution to the optimizing
reduce the electric rate. question, which takes Equation (1) as objective function and
contains such constraint condition as active power balance,
C. The determination of transmission security under the reactive power balance, the load-shedding quantity, branch
maximization ofpower grid company's economic benefit power and transient stability.
Under this circumstance, power grid company would fetch
the transmission cost from the user by MW . KM (Or it would V. CONCLUSION
fetch the transmission cost simply based on the Market The risk of Power System is analyzed in this paper. and it
cleaning quantity). If power grid company can't meet the is emphasized that power system security is implemented by
demand (according to the bidding contract, it would independent economic entity's pursuit for profit. Under
commonly include quantity and quality), it should compensate market Environment, the security of power grid will not have
for user (the compensation is regulated by contract). To unified regulations any more. It will be determined by many
guarantee its economics profit, power grid company must factors, such as: the operation mode, the purchase and sale
some quantity and categories of purchase ancillary service to price, the compensation price for break of faith and the
guarantee the security. But different from traditional power ancillary service price.
system, its aim is to maintain its own economics profit. So the The principle, which will guarantee the security and
quantity and category of ancillary services will be determined reliability of power system, should take different entities'
by whether it can bring economics profit, not by regulations. economic profit into account. Every participator should gain
Unlike the instance in passage B, the aim of guaranteeing reasonable and clear reward corresponding to their
security is to maximize its own economic profit. The contribution to security and reliability. Only by this way,
economics profit brought by ancillary service comprises two every participator as an independent economic entity would
parts: the lowered load-shedding (load-limiting) compensation voluntarily adopt measures to guarantee security and
brought by load-shedding (load-limiting) decrease for the reliability in the course of pursuing their own profit.
improvement of supplement reliability; the increased profit
brought by the transmission quantity increase for the VI. REFERENCES
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