TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Executive summary……………………………………………………………………………1

2. Indian Telecom Sector………………………………………………………………………...3

3. Reliance – Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group (ADAG)………………………………………...11

3.1 Reliance Communications Limited

4. NOC & CNOC……………………………………………………………………………….30

5. Clarity OSS…………………………………………………………………………………..35

6. Wimax terminal at CNOC…………………………………………………………………...42

6.1 Wimax technology

6.2 Wimax operations at CNOC

7. DLC terminal at CNOC……………………………………………………………………...64

7.1 DLC system

7.2 DLC operations at CNOC

8. IAD terminal at CNOC………………………………………………………………………94

8.1 Reliance Metro Ethernet Network

8.2 IAD operations at CNOC

9. Customer end application - Field Visits……………………………………………………118

9.1 Transmission media used in installations

9.2 Wimax installation

9.3 IAD installation

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 9.4 DLC installation

10. Visit to NNOC……………………………………………………………………………..134

11. Project on 3G and LTE……………………………………………………………………..141

12. Learning and Conclusions…………………………………………………………………..151

13. Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………..152

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
As a part of the surveillance team at Reliance Communication’s Circle Network Operation Center,
Mumbai I worked on various terminals responsible for monitoring and maintaining the Metro Ethernet
Networks and WiMAX related services.

I was trained in many fields including network maintenance, network administration, network
provisioning/upgradation, fault management and overall network management.

My work involved providing service to field engineers through fault analysis and alarm monitoring and
carrying out service assurance tasks ( BIA, DIA, POTS) and service delivery tasks like clearing fault
tickets, addressing work orders and acceptance test procedures.

Overall, our work as a part of CNOC team was to provide support to CMP and channel partners on
Service Delivery and Service Assurance tasks and to make sure the network is always up & running.

In order to effectively handle the terminals at CNOC, I was given training on telecom specific softwares
like NetMAN4000, Telsima, Clarity, PuTTY, DMS Server, GVSP Server.

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I carried out the installation of WiMAX, DLC and IAD at the customer’s end during the seven day field
visits and learnt a great deal about the technology and the hardware used. The practical implementation of
the technology studied at CNOC was a great learning experience. I also visited the National Network
Operation Centre and got to know about many existing and new technologies at visitor’s gallery NNOC.

As a part of the extra assignments given to us during our training period, I gave presentations on ‘3G and
LTE Technologies’ and ‘WiMAX Terminal at CNOC’, greatly learning in the process.

Training at Reliance was a great learning experience.

OBJECTIVE

Objective of the training done at Reliance Communications Mumbai was

"TDMA, MEN & WiMAX Network Administration, Provisioning, Monitoring and

Management of faults associated with the network & customers"

Purpose of training was practical implementation of wireline and wireless technologies like WIMAX,
DLC and IAD. Major objective was to understand the link between network and customers, monitor,
manage and administer it.

BACKGROUND OF PROJECT

Reliance communications 7th largest wireless operator in the world and 2nd largest in India with over 80
million individual consumer, enterprise, and carrier customers. Reliance communication operates pan-
India across the full spectrum of Wireless, Wireline, long distance, voice, data, and internet
communication services.

This document proposes the details of Reliance Communications’ network operations in wireline which
includes TDM and IP based technologies and wireless which encompasses technologies such as WiMAX.
Circle network operations center (CNOC) monitors communications network of reliance , Mumbai 24x7.

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Major CNOC responsibilities include service assurance, service delivery, alarm
monitoring and fault management related to wimax, DLC, IAD networks of reliance.
Network management system (NMS), clarity OSS, PUTTY softwares were used to
resolve and manage the issues regarding the network .

Wimax provides wireless transmission of data using a variety of transmission modes, from point-to-
multipoint links to portable and fully mobile internet access. A DLC digitizes and multiplexes the
individual signals carried by the local loops onto a single datastream on the DLC segment. It is used for
POTS (plain old telephone service) ,Leased Line, ISDN, and BRI. IAD is an Integrated Access Device,
which uses the Ethernet/DSL connection to deliever internet, phone and IPTV services

2. INDIAN TELECOM SECTOR

The Indian telecommunications industry is one of the fastest growing in the world and India is projected to
become the second largest telecom market globally by 2010.

India added 113.26 million new customers in 2008, the largest globally. In fact, in April 2008, India had
already overtaken the US as the second largest wireless market. To put this growth into perspective, the
country’s cellular base witnessed close to 50 per cent growth in 2008, with an average 9.5 million
customers added every month. According to the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), the total
number of telephone connections (mobile as well as fixed) had touched 385 million as of December 2008,
taking the telecom penetration to over 33 per cent. This means that one out of every three Indians has a
telephone connection, and telecom companies expect this pace of growth to continue in 2009 as well. "We
are extremely bullish that the growth will continue in 2009. This year, the number of additions will be in
excess of 130 million," according to T.V. Ramachandran , Director General, Cellular Operators
Association of India (COAI), an industry body that represents all Global System for Mobile
communications (GSM) players in India.

According to CRISIL Research estimates, eight infrastructure sectors, which include the telecom sector,
are expected to draw more than US$ 345.28 billion investment in India by 2012.

With the rural India growth story unfolding, the telecom sector is likely to see tremendous growth in
India's rural and semi-urban areas in the years to come. By 2012, India is likely to have 200 million rural
telecom connections at a penetration rate of 25 per cent. And according to a report jointly released by
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and Ernst& Young, by 2012, rural users will account for over 60
per cent of the total telecom subscriber base.

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According to Business Monitor International, India is currently adding 8-10 million mobile subscribers
every month. It is estimated that by mid 2012, around half the country's population will own a mobile
phone. This would translate into 612 million mobile subscribers, accounting for a tele-density of around
51 per cent by 2012.

It is projected that the industry will generate revenues worth US$ 43 billion in 2009-10.

GROWTH IN SEGMENTS

According to a Frost& Sullivan industry analyst, by 2012, fixed line revenues are expected to touch US$
12.2 billion while mobile revenues will reach US$ 39.8 billion in India. Fixed line capex is projected to be
US$ 3.2 billion, and mobile capex is likely to touch US$ 9.4 billion.

Further, according to a report by Gartner Inc., India is likely to remain the world's second largest wireless
market after China in terms of mobile connections. According to recent data released by the COAI, Indian
telecom operators added a total of 10.66 million wireless subscribers in December 2008. Further, the total
wireless subscriber base stood at 346.89 million at the end of December 2008.

The overall cellular services revenue in India is projected to grow at a CAGR of 18 per cent from 2008-
2012 to exceed US$ 37 billion. Cellular market penetration will rise to 60.7 per cent from 19.8 per cent in
2007.

The Indian telecommunications industry is on a growth trajectory with the GSM operators adding a record
9.3 million new subscribers in January 2009, taking the total user base to 267.5 million, according to the
data released by COAI. However, this figure does not include the number of subscribers added by
Reliance Telecom.

In WiMax, India is slated to become the largest WiMAX market in the Asia-Pacific by 2013. A recent
study sees India's WiMAX subscriber base hitting 14 million by 2013 and growing annually at nearly 130
per cent. And investments in WiMAX ventures are slated to top US$ 500 million in India, according to a
report by US-based research and consulting firm, Strategy Analytics.

VALUE-ADDED SERVICES MARKET

A report by market research firm IMRB stated that the mobile value-added services (MVAS) industry was
valued at US$ 1.15 billion in June 2008, and is expected to grow rapidly at 70 per cent to touch US$ 1.96
billion by June 2009.

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Currently, MVAS in India accounts for 10 per cent of the operator's revenue, which is expected to reach
18 per cent by 2010. According to a study by Stanford University and consulting firm BDA, the Indian
MVAS is poised to touch US$ 2.74 billion by 2010.

Mobile advertising, which is an important VAS segment, offers great potential to become an important
revenue source. Marketers are increasingly using MVAS as a step ahead of SMS-based marketing to sell
soaps and shampoos, banking, insurance products and also entertainment services, and rural markets are
proving to be very receptive for such marketing.

Further, Venture Capitalists like Canaan Partners, Draper Fisher Juvertson, Helion, and Nexus India are
also innovating with services like mobile payment options, advertising, voice-based SMS and satellite
video streaming.

According to Venture Intelligence, there were nine deals worth US$ 41 million in 2007 in the mobile VAS
space, and till August 2008, seven deals worth US$ 91 million had already been finalised. Presently,
mobile VAS has a US$ 700 million market with a 20 per cent y-o-y growth, which is likely to touch US$
3 billion by 2012.

MAJOR INVESTMENTS

The booming domestic telecom market has been attracting huge amounts of investment which is likely to
accelerate with the entry of new players and launch of new services.

Buoyed by the rapid surge in the subscriber base, huge investments are being made into this industry.

• Norway-based telecom operator Telenor has bought a 60 per cent stake in Unitech Wireless for
US$ 1.23 billion.
• Japanese telecom major NTT DoCoMo has acquired a 27.31 per cent equity capital of Tata
Teleservices for about US$ 2.6 billion and a 20.25 per cent stake in Tata Teleservices
(Maharashtra) Ltd for about US$ 190.23 million.
• Singapore Telecommunications (SingTel), which has a 31 per cent stake in Bharti Airtel has
received the government’s approval to offer long distance services in India, according to a
communication ministry official.
• Mauritius-based P5 Asia Holding Investments (Mauritius) Ltd will be investing around US$
545.13 million to hold a 20 per cent stake in Aditya Birla Telecom Ltd (ABTL). The funds will be
utilised for network rollout and operations of ABTL in the Bihar circle.
• Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd (BSNL) is planning an investment of around US$ 201.5 million in the
Tamil Nadu Circle for an additional 23 lakh mobile connections under both 2G and 3G
technologies by 2009.
• The latest to join the world's second largest telecom market is Bahrain's Batelco which has signed
a deal to buy 49 per cent in Chennai-based S-Tel, a GSM service provider, for $225 million.
• Etisalat, a Gulf-based telecommunications company has picked up a 45 per cent stake in Swan
Telecom.

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 • Kavveri Telecom Products Limited is planning to set up a new subsidiary - Kavveri Telecom
Infrastructure Limited (KTIL) - with an investment of US$ 20.11 million over the next two years,
to offer in-building telecom infrastructure to telecom service providers.
• Juniper Networks, which is the second-largest maker of networking equipment, plans to invest
US$ 400 million in India, over the next five years, with a focus on its research and development
(R&D) activity.
• BSNL, India's leading telecom company in revenue terms, will put in about US$ 1.16 billion in its
WiMax project.
• Bharti Airtel will be spending US$ 2.5 billion in a major expansion bid.
• Reliance Communication has committed US$ 5.69 billion as capital investment for the fiscal year
ending March 2009.
• Idea Cellular will spend about US$ 2.36 billion in the fiscal ending March 2009.
• Srei Group's Quippo Telecom Infrastructure Ltd (QTIL) plans to invest US$ 3 billion in 2008-09
to ramp up its telecom infrastructure business to grow both organically and inorganically.
• Vodafone Essar will invest US$ 6 billion over the next three years in a bid to increase its mobile
subscriber base from 40 million at present to over 100 million.
• Telecom service provider, Tata Teleservices Limited, has announced that the company will be
investing additional US$ 6.74 million in Gujarat to set up 100 cell sites by August 2009. The
company had earlier made an announcement of investing US$ 24.1 million in the state till March
2009.
• Telecom operator Aircel, which launched GSM mobile services in Bangalore on February 23,
2009, plans to invest US$ 220.58 million over the next year to set up base stations across the state.

INVESTMENTS ABROAD

After the amazing growth story in the domestic market, Indian telecommunication companies are now set
to have a major global footprint.

• The Bharti Group, which already has operations in Seychelles, (begun over a decade ago), and in
the Channel Islands in Europe, launched its mobile services in Sri Lanka under 'Airtel' brand on
January 12, 2009. Airtel is expected to invest about US$ 200 million in setting up and expanding
its operation in Sri Lanka over the next five years. The company will simultaneously roll out
second generation (2G) and third generation (3G) services in the country.
• DTH company Spize TV (owned by Pyramid Saimira Group) has bought France Telecom's
European DTH operations called WorldTV Europe.
• Tata Communications has bought the 30 per cent stake in Neotel that was previously held by
Eskom and Transnet. With this, Tata Communications in association with Tata Africa Holdings
became the largest stakeholder with 56 per cent stake.
• Tata Communications marked its entry into UAE by launching a range of dedicated Ethernet
services in association with leading telecommunication service provider of UAE, Etisalat.

MANUFACTURING

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India's telecom equipment manufacturing sector is set to become one of the largest globally by 2010.

Mobile phone production is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 28.3 per cent from 2006 to 2011, totalling
107 million handsets by 2010. Revenues are estimated to grow at a CAGR of 26.6 per cent from 2006 to
2011, touching US$ 13.6 billion.

Presently the telecom hardware manufacturing sector is dominated by international majors like Nokia,
Ericsson, LG, Motorola, Samsung and Alcatel-Lucent, who have set up manufacturing bases in India.
Domestic manufacturers have little contribution in the segment. Other foreign majors that have set up
manufacturing bases in India include Foxconn, Flextronics Elcoteq Celestica, Elextronics Aspocomp,
Salcomp, Siemens, Cisco, Perlos and Solectron.

LG Electronics has announced that it will be further expanding its handset manufacturing facility in India
and Nokia will now be targeting rural India in its expansion plans. In fact, Nokia Siemens Networks
launched its new facility for the production and distribution of mobile communications infrastructure at
Oragadam near Chennai.

RURAL TELEPHONY

Rural India had 76.65 million fixed and Wireless in Local Loop (WLL) connections and 551,064 Village
Public Telephones (VPT) as on September 2008. Therefore, 92 per cent of the villages in India have been
covered by the VPTs. The target of 80 million rural connections by 2010 is likely to be met during 2008
itself. Universal Service Obligation (USO) subsidy support scheme is also being used for sharing wireless
infrastructure in rural areas with around 18,000 towers by 2010.

The Indian wireless industry, with a 32 per cent penetration, is only second after China in terms of
subscribers at 325 million. Most of this growth has come from urban India where penetration is close to 60
per cent, but in rural markets it's less than 15 per cent. And it's here that the industry sees the largest
opportunity for growth.

POLICY INITIATIVES

The government has taken many proactive initiatives to facilitate the rapid growth of the Indian telecom
industry.

• The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has adopted new guidelines for
computation of foreign equity holding in Indian companies. The new norm is expected to allow

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 companies in a sector like telecom to raise the extent of foreign investment. The new norms will
benefit all such companies that have touched their foreign direct investment ceiling and part of the
investment is through an Indian company owned and controlled by resident Indians. "All
investments directly by a non-resident entity into an Indian company will be counted as foreign
in-vestment, while foreign investment through an investing Indian company will not be
considered for calculation of the indirect foreign investment, in case the Indian company is owned
and controlled by resident Indian citizens," according to Home Minister Mr. P Chidambaram.
• 100 per cent foreign direct investment (FDI) is permitted through the automatic route in telecom
equipment manufacturing.
• FDI ceiling in telecom services has been raised to 74 per cent.
• Introduction of a unified access licensing regime for telecom services on a pan-India basis.
• Introduction of mobile number portability in a phased manner, starting in the fourth quarter of
2008.
• The government is implementing a program of connecting 66,822 uncovered villages under the
Bharat Nirman programme. The government will invest US$ 2 billion to set up 1.12 lakh
community service centres in rural India to provide broadband connectivity in 2008-09.
• The Finance Ministry has declared a five-fold (from US$ 100 million to US$ 500 million)
increase in the external commercial borrowings amount, which companies involved in
infrastructure sectors can borrow from overseas to spend in India.
• In another move, the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has stated that foreign telecom
companies can bid for 3G spectrum without partnering with Indian companies. Only after winning
a bid, would they need to apply for unified access service licence (UASL) and partner with an
Indian company in accordance with the FDI regulations.
• Further, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has eased its mobile-banking norms, by raising the caps
on fund transfers as well as mobile-based payments, and increasing the transaction limit to US$
96.81 per day for fund transfers.
• The Department of Telecom has allowed passive infrastructure sharing among operators, which
includes sharing of physical sites, buildings, shelters, towers, power supply and battery backup. In
early 2008, it also allowed sharing of active infrastructure but it has been limited to antenna,
feeder cable, node B, radio access network and transmission systems and not sharing of spectrum.

THE ROAD AHEAD

As on October 17, 2008, there were 350 million mobile and fixed line subscribers in India, with about 8
million subscribers being added each month. The Union Minister for Communications and Information
Technology, Mr A Raja, has stated that the target for the 11th Plan period (2007-12) is 600 million phone
connections with an investment of US$ 73 billion. Apart from the basic telephone service, there is an
enormous potential for various value-added services. In fact, the real potential for telecom service growth
is still lying untapped.

The Indian rural market is going to be the next big thing for wireless telecom providers. With the tele-
density in rural areas being still about 10 per cent against the national average of about 21 per cent, there
seems to be huge untapped potential for mobile phone penetration in rural India. The government also
plans an investment of US$ 2 billion, during 2008 to 2009, for the development of around 100,000
community service centres in rural India to provide broadband connectivity.

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Additionally, by 2010, the government targets:

• 80 million rural connections

• Mobile coverage of 90 per cent geographical area
• Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) in 600 towns
• Quadrupling manufacture
• Two-fold increase in telecom equipment R&D from the current level of 15 per cent.

According to the CII Ernst& Young report titled 'India 2012: Telecom growth continues', revenue from
India's telecom services industry is projected to reach US$ 54 billion in 2012, as against US$ 31 billion in
2008. According to Mr Prashant Singhal, Telecom Industry Leader, Ernst& Young India, "Going forward,
rural telephony, 3G, WiMax and data services will drive sector growth in 2012. The industry will witness
sustained growth in mobile services and data revenues. Network expansion will continue in order to
support the rural growth."

In addition to this, some interesting new developments worth tracking include:

• The emergence of digital media advertising ( internet, mobile and digital signage) as the medium
of choice for advertisers. Of the available media, it was the fastest growing segment in 2008.
According to a FICCI-PwC report, it is expected to touch US$ 211.97 million in 2011 from the
current US$ 57.1 million.
• The robust sales of ‘smartphones’ which do not seem to have been adversely affected by the
economic slowdown. Smartphones, which have computer-like features, are a favourite with not
only professionals, as they enhance productivity, but also with the youth that are attracted by their
multimedia applications. Smartphones market, sized at 5 million in 2008, is expected to witness a
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 23 per cent by 2011, as per technology research firm
Ascendia.
• Global mobile phone vendors are going green in India. Vihaan Network Ltd, a group company of
Shyam Group has launched the world’s first zero opex GSM systems powered by solar energy
rather than conventional sources. In a recently launched initiative, Nokia collected three tonnes of
junk handsets, batteries, chargers and accessories from four cities during a 45-day campaign. The
collected junk will be taken to Singapore for recycling. Hundred per cent of the materials in the
phones can be recovered and used to make new products.

CURRENT SCENARIO

The telephone coverage in India rose to 34.50% in Jan, 2009 from 33.23% in Dec, 2008, indicating huge
market potential, especially in rural areas. The cell phone subscribers increased 10.81 million in Dec, 2008
and 15.40 million in Jan, 2009.

Up to the end of Jan, 2009, the total number of cell phone subscribers in India had reached 362.3 million,
the fixed phone subscribers dropped to 37.75 million from 37.9 million in Dec, 2008, and the broadband
subscribers increased to 5.65 million from 5.45 million.

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India has been divided into 19 business regions and four large city service regions in the mobile market,
and it had issued 78 licenses to 22 companies. According to the national unified license system, the basic
telephone operators also can apply for mobile business.

India Telecom Subscribers, 2002-2008

Currently, there are over 140 GSM and CDMA operators in India, and the fierce competition makes the
cell phone expense of subscribers shrink to just one third of the figure in 2003. According to the statistics
in the fourth quarter of 2008, the average monthly mobile phone expense per GSM subscriber was about
INR220, and INR111 for each CDMA subscriber.

Market Shares of Key India Mobile Operators, 2008

In 1998, Indian government issued the open-door policy in the field of Internet, and now more than 400

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operators have gotten ISP license.

3. RELIANCE –ANIL DHIRUBHAI

AMBANI GROUP (ADAG)

AN OVERVIEW

The Reliance – Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group is among India’s top three private sector business houses
on all major financial parameters, with a market capitalisation of Rs.325,000 crores (US$ 81 billion), net
assets in excess of Rs.115,000 crores (US$ 29 billion), and net worth to the tune of Rs.55,000 crores (US$
14 billion)

Across different companies, the group has a customer base of over 100 million, the largest in India, and a
shareholder base of over 12 million, among the largest in the world.

Through its products and services, the Reliance - ADA Group touches the life of 1 in 10 Indians every
single day. It has a business presence that extends to over 20000 towns and 4.5 lakhs villages in India, and
5 continents across the world.

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The interests of the Group range from communications (Reliance Communications) and financial services
(Reliance Capital Ltd), to generation, transmission and distribution of power (Reliance Energy),
infrastructure and entertainment.

Speaking to the employees, Mr. Anil Ambani once said, "Our businesses span the entire landscape of
emerging human aspirations. Our new corporate identity reflects this belief and commitment - to shape a
better future, create a higher quality of life, and give wing to a million dreams and aspirations. It is a
fundamental change in the way we relate to ourselves, to the world, and to one another... The success of
this process requires us to look at ourselves not as individuals with limited roles and responsibilities, but
as members of one team, one family, one collectivity."

US based design house Landor is believed to have created the new corporate identity, which will
encompass all the group companies, and even override the R world design. The new logo consists of what
is described as the Reliance `apex', a stylized version of the name. The group's new corporate colors,
which also adorn the logo, are blue and red. These colors convey values of integrity, confidence, energy
and passion, according to Mr. Ambani. The Reliance typeface is a combination of upper and lower case
characters, which Mr. Ambani hopes will represent the group's essential openness and accessibility.

ABOUT SH. DHIRUBHAI AMBANI

Few men in history have made as dramatic a contribution to their country’s economic fortunes as
did the founder of Reliance, Sh. Dhirubhai H Ambani. Fewer still have left behind a legacy that is more
enduring and timeless.

As with all great pioneers, there is more than one unique way of describing the true genius of Dhirubhai: The
corporate visionary, the unmatched strategist, the proud patriot, the leader of men, the architect of India’s
capital markets, the champion of shareholder interest.
But the role Dhirubhai cherished most was perhaps that of India’s greatest wealth creator. In one lifetime, he
built, starting from the proverbial scratch, India’s largest private sector enterprise.

When Dhirubhai embarked on his first business venture, he had a seed capital of barely US$ 300 (around Rs
14,000). Over the next three and a half decades, he converted this fledgling enterprise into a Rs 60,000 crore
colossus—an achievement which earned Reliance a place on the global Fortune 500 list, the first ever Indian
private company to do so.

Dhirubhai is widely regarded as the father of India’s capital markets. In 1977, when Reliance Textile
Industries Limited first went public, the Indian stock market was a place patronized by a small club of elite

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investors which dabbled in a handful of stocks.

Undaunted, Dhirubhai managed to convince a large number of first-time retail investors to participate in the
unfolding Reliance story and put their hard-earned money in the Reliance Textile IPO, promising them, in
exchange for their trust, substantial return on their investments. It was to be the start of one of great stories of
mutual respect and reciprocal gain in the Indian markets.

Under Dhirubhai’s extraordinary vision and leadership, Reliance scripted one of the greatest growth stories in
corporate history anywhere in the world, and went on to become India’s largest private sector enterprise.

Throughout this amazing journey, Dhirubhai always kept the interests of the ordinary
shareholder uppermost in mind, in the process making millionaires out of many of the
initial investors in the Reliance stock, and creating one of the world’s largest
shareholder

Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani group comprises of following sectors :

RELIANCE CAPITAL LIMITED

Reliance Capital is one of India’s leading and fastest growing private sector financial services companies, and
ranks among the top 3 private sector financial services and banking companies, in terms of net worth.

Reliance Capital has interests in asset management and mutual funds, life and general insurance, private equity
and proprietary investments, stock broking and other activities in financial services.

RELIANCE INFRASTRUCTURE LTD

Reliance Infrastructure Ltd is not only India’s largest private sector enterprise in power utility but also the largest
private sector player in many other infrastructure sectors of India. In the power sector we are involved in
generation, transmission, distribution and trading of electricity and constructing power plants as EPC partners. In
the infrastructure space the company is focused on roads, Urban infrastructure which includes MRTS, Sealink
and Airports, Specialty Real Estate which includes business districts, trade towers, convention centre and SEZ
which includes IT & ITES SEZ and non IT SEZ as well as free trade zones.

POWER UTILITY

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Reliance Infrastructure distributes more than 28 billion units of electricity to cover 25 million consumers across
different parts of the country including Mumbai and Delhi in an area that spans over 1, 24,300 sq. kms. We also
generate 941 MW of electricity, from our power stations located in Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala,
Karnataka and Goa.

We are also emerging as one of the leading players in India in the Engineering, Procurement and Construction
(EPC) segment of the power sector with an order book of Rs 8,300 crore, having executed projects worth Rs
10000 Crores in the past 4 years.

We are also executing the first 100% private sector power transmission project for western grid with an
investment worth Rs 2,250 crores.

We are also ranked among top 5 players in power trading in the country with 1,050 MU’s traded in FY2007

All this makes us a fully integrated player in the power sector.

RELIANCE POWER

Reliance Power Limited is part of the Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group and is established to develop,
construct and operate power projects domestically and internationally. The Company on its own and through
subsidiaries is currently developing 13 medium and large sized power projects with a combined planned installed
capacity of 28,200 MW, one of the largest portfolios of power generation assets under development in India.

RELIANCE BIG ENTERTAINMENT

India is standing on the threshold of an experience and entertainment economy. It is at the cross roads of an
exciting phase that will shape its cultural and social framework forever. Reliance Big Entertainment has evolved
out of the group’s vision of meeting young India's aspirations and assuming a leadership position in
communications, media and entertainment. Reliance Big Entertainment is geared to create a significant presence
in businesses across various vectors of content, internet, broadcast and retail services and platforms for
distribution. The company strives to create converged services and platforms for masses to access innovative,
cutting-edge content. Key content initiatives include production and strategic collaboration in areas such as
gaming, movies, animation, music, broadcast, DTH and user-generated content, amongst others.

RELIANCE HEALTH

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In a country where healthcare is fast becoming a booming industry, Reliance Health is a focused healthcare
services company enabling the provision of solution to Indians, at affordable prices. The company aims at
providing integrated health services that will compete with the best in the world. It also plans to venture into
diversified fields like Insurance Administration, Health care Delivery and Integrated Health, Health Informatics and
Information Management and Consumer Health.

Reliance Health aims at revolutionising healthcare in India by enabling a healthcare environment that is both
affordable and accessable through partnerships with government and private businesses.

3.1 RELIANCE COMMUNICATIONS

LIMITED
India ’s leading integrated telecom company

The Late Dhirubhai Ambani dreamt of a digital India — an India where the common man would have access to
affordable means of information and communication. Dhirubhai, who single-handedly built India’s largest private
sector company virtually from scratch, had stated as early as 1999: “Make the tools of information and
communication available to people at an affordable cost. They will overcome the handicaps of illiteracy and lack of
mobility.”

It was with this belief in mind that Reliance Communications (formerly Reliance Infocomm) started laying 60,000
route kilometres of a pan-India fibre optic backbone. This backbone was commissioned on 28 December 2002, the
auspicious occasion of Dhirubhai’s 70th birthday, though sadly after his unexpected demise on 6 July 2002.

Reliance Communications has a reliable, high-capacity, integrated (both wireless and wireline) and convergent
(voice, data and video) digital network. It is capable of delivering a range of services spanning the entire infocomm
(information and communication) value chain, including infrastructure and services — for enterprises as well as
individuals, applications, and consulting.

Today, Reliance Communications is revolutionising the way India communicates and networks, truly bringing
about a new way of life. Reliance Communications is the flagship company of the Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group
(ADAG) of companies. Listed on the National Stock Exchange and the Bombay Stock Exchange, it is India’s

16
leading integrated telecommunication company with over 80 million customers.

Its business encompasses a complete range of telecom services covering mobile and fixed line telephony. It
includes broadband, national and international long distance services and data services along with an exhaustive
range of value-added services and applications. Our constant endeavour is to achieve customer delight by
enhancing the productivity of the enterprises and individuals we serve.

Reliance Mobile (formerly Reliance India Mobile), launched on 28 December 2002, coinciding with the joyous
occasion of the late Dhirubhai Ambani’s 70th birthday, was among the initial initiatives of Reliance
Communications. It marked the auspicious beginning of Dhirubhai’s dream of ushering in a digital revolution in
India. Today, we can proudly claim that we were instrumental in harnessing the true power of information and
communication, by bestowing it in the hands of the common man at affordable rates.

MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS :

1. 7thlargest wireless operator in the world, 2ndlargest in India

2. Largest submarine cable network in the world with presence in 60 countries representing 90% of the
world’s GDP
3. Largest wireless data operator in India with >50% market share
4. Largest PCO operator in India with 2 mn call offices
5. Largest Data center (IDC) service provider in India with over 60% market share.
6. 7thlargest wireless operator in the world, 2ndlargest in India
7. Largest submarine cable network in the world with presence in 60 countries representing 90% of the
world’s GDP
8. Largest wireless data operator in India with >50% market share
9. Largest PCO operator in India with 2 mn call offices
10.Largest Data center (IDC) service provider in India with over 60% market share.

BUSINESS SECTORS OF RELIANCE COMMUNICATION

I. Wireless II. Tower (Infratel)

Mobile (CDMA & GSM) Multi tenancy towers (4x)
VAS (Mobile World) Pan-India coverage
Wireless Data•Fixed Wireless Backhaul
Public Access Business Support systems

17
III. Enterprise IV. Globalcom
Internet Data Center Submarine cable (FLAG)
Broadband Ethernet Data services
Leased Line Long Distance (NLD/ILD)
Office Centrex Reliance Global Call
MPLS & VPN Vanco
WiMax Yipes

V. Home VI. Tech Services

DTH (Big TV) Leveraging Internal IT Development Capabilities
IPTV (Digital Home)

VII. BPO VIII. Retail

Expertise in Telecom BFSI, Utilities & Reliance World
Media
Reliance Mobile Store

RAPID EXPANSION AND GROWTH

18
1.WIRELESS

Reliance Mobile
With over 80 million subscribers across India, Reliance Mobile is India’s largest mobile service brand.
Reliance Mobile services now cover over 20,000 towns, 5 lakh villages and counting.
RCOM has achieved many milestones in this short journey. In 2003, AC Nielsen voted Reliance Mobile
(formerly Reliance India Mobile) as India’s Most Trusted Telecom Brand. In July 2003, it created a
world record by adding one million subscribers in a matter of just 10 days through its ‘Monsoon
Hungama’ offer. What sets Reliance Mobile apart is the fact that nearly 90 per cent of handsets are
data-enabled, and can access hundreds of Java applications on Reliance Mobile World.

Reliance Mobile has ushered in a mobile revolution by offering advanced multimedia handsets to the
common man at very affordable rates. This innovative low pricing has increased the number of mobile
phone users and its result is clearly reflected in the meteoric rise in India’s tele-density over the past
four years.

Our pan-India wireless network runs on CDMA2000 1x technology, which has superior voice and data

19
capabilities compared to other cellular mobile technologies. CDMA200 1x is more cost-effective as it
utilises the scarce radio spectrum more efficiently than other technologies do. Enhanced voice clarity,
superior data speed of up to 144 kbps and seamless migration to newer generations of mobile
technologies are some of the differentiators that set CDMA200 1x technology apart from its
competitors.

Key Performance Indicators-

- EBITDA margins among the highest in the industry -38%

- Despite among the lowest tariffs in the world

- Backed by the highest Minutes Of Usage –780 million minutes per day

- No. 1 position in dual technology(GSM&CDMA) service areas

Reliance Mobile World

The Reliance Mobile World suite of Reliance Mobile is a unique Java-based application. Its uniqueness
lies in the fact that it enables complex Internet application to be introduced in mobile phones effectively
and quickly. Reliance Mobile World receives over 1.5 billion page views per month from Reliance
Mobile users.

Reliance Mobile World offers a wide array of applications that include hourly news updates, high
quality headline video clips, downloadable multi-lingual ring tones, seasonal updates including festival
specials, city and TV specials, exam results, astrology, mobile banking and bill payment.

With over 150 data applications offering varied services - unique to any wireless service in India -
Reliance Mobile World is truly a treasure house of knowledge, information, entertainment and
commerce.

2. BROADBAND

The successful rolling out of real broadband services across the nation marks the second chapter of
Reliance Communications’ commitment to usher in a digital revolution in India. Reliance
Communications is setting new standards for the world to follow through inventive use of cutting-edge
technologies in the field of fibre optics, Ethernet, microwave radios, switching, routing, digital
compression and encoding.

The mass roll out of broadband being carried out by Reliance Communications across the length and
breadth of the country, offering speeds of up to 100 Mbps to millions of users, in itself is a technological
marvel.

The uniqueness of Reliance Communications’ broadband initiative lies in the fact that our entire
nationwide network is being conceptualised and built from ground zero. Our network is designed to
deliver affordable quality education, drive governance, transform healthcare, enhance efficiency in

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business and, finally, generate new job opportunities for millions of unemployed Indians.

Reliance Communications’ broadband service is set to revolutionise Indian society by removing the
traditional bottlenecks of development including a lack of capital and a weak infrastructure, and help
tide over the challenges of distribution in a vast country like India.

E-education

The mission of Reliance Communications’ e-learning initiatives is to bring world-class education to the
doorstep of every Indian home. Utilising our pan-India optical fibre and retail network, educational
institutions can reach out to large sections of students which otherwise would be very difficult to
contact.

Leveraging our robust broadband infrastructure two top Indian management schools — the Xavier
Institute of Management, Bhubaneshwar and XLRI, Jamshedpur — are imparting fully interactive real-
time courses across 105 cities.

The Indian market possesses tremendous potential yet to be tapped and with Reliance broadband the
world’s top-rung educational institutions are set to expand their sphere of influence beyond horizons and
thus garner rich dividends. Utilising our real broadband connectivity, educational institutions can source
the best educational material from anywhere in the world.

Libraries and laboratories around the world can be cross-linked making way for seamless exchange of
information and expertise. A student sitting in India can have access to information at Oxford, while a
teacher can exchange knowledge with his counterparts across the world.

Digital Workplaces

Reliance Communications’ real broadband connectivity has changed the dynamics of work. Our video
conferencing service acts as a virtual bridge between professionals working at different office locations
across the world. It now makes no difference whether your colleague is sitting in your next cubicle or
across seven seas away.

E-healthcare

Reliance broadband is set to offer timely quality healthcare facilities at very affordable rates to large
sections of the Indian population irrespective of their geographical location. Our broadband connectivity
is committed to usher in a new generation of online healthcare delivery system.

Access to advance medical expertise can no longer be constrained by geography. A patient can seek
medical advice sitting at the comforts of home. Doctors can attend to patients anywhere in the world on
real-time basis. At the click of the mouse, medical records and documents can be digitally dispatched
thousands of miles away.

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Recently, the Apollo Group of Hospitals joined hands with Reliance Communications to offer its top-of-
the-line healthcare facilities online to the benefits of millions of Indians.

Integrated Enterprise Solution

Reliance Communications’ Integrated Enterprise Solution offering is currently being rolled out in 30
cities across India. It consists of an integrated voice, data and video solution. Our target is to expand its
service to cover the entire country eventually.

For Indian enterprises, our convergent voice-data-video solution framework, delivered through fibre-to-
the-building (FTTB) architecture introduces true broadband connectivity. Our enterprise broadband is
delivered using Metro Ethernet technology. However, based on specific customer requirement other
high-end technologies including Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Local Multipoint Distribution Services
(LMDS) and Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) are also being deployed.

As per specific requirements of enterprises we provide customised solutions be it a simple voice

solution or complex data solutions that involves nationwide networking of all branches, sales and field
executives, vendors, suppliers and customers at data speeds scalable from 64 Kbps to 100 Mbps.
Reliance Communications’ core broadband products include MPLS based VPN, leased lines, Gigabit
Internet connectivity, video conferencing and video telephony.

3. RURAL COMMUNICATION

Empowering Indian villages

Reliance Communications is committed to bringing about a complete revolution in rural telephony.

With this goal set high on our agenda, we have initiated a mammoth expansion plan to reach out to four
lakh villages across the length and breadth of the country. Our 80,000 kilometres of terabit optic fibre
cable network forms the backbone of our nationwide expansion, facilitating unlimited and uninterrupted
voice, data and video applications.

We stand strongly by our commitment to empower the people of India with the freedom to
communicate by realising our founder Chairman Dhirubhai Ambani’s dream of heralding a digital
revolution.

Reliance World, our unique infotainment data application, already enjoys 1.5 billion page views a
month. With this roll out, countless more Indians will be able to avail of our services and stay
connected. Rural India will have unlimited access to the Internet through the increasingly popular
Reliance Netconnect. It will surely put India on the fast track to knowledge-led leadership. It is a
recognised fact that each point of increase in tele-density results in a 3 per cent growth in the country’s
GDP.

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Village Public Telephone

Reliance Communications’ Village Public Telephone (VPT) is a pioneering effort to introduce

telephones in villages that do not have any telephone connections till date. These VPTs with STD
facility are being installed in villages for the convenience of the villagers. As per our license obligation
we have installed VPTs covering 59 talukas. We are receiving subsidy support for 3,599 VPTs every
quarter from the USOF.

Rural Community Phone (RCP)

After achieving the target of one village public telephone per village, Reliance Communications’ next
plan of action is to provide Rural Community Phones (RCPs) in each of those villages where the
population exceeds 2000. These RCPs, with STD facility, are to be installed in public places including
shops, schools and primary health centers. We are fully committed to installing about 22,000 RCPs
covering 61 districts across 11 states in India.

Rural Household DELs

Reliance Communications' targets to provide Rural Household DELs in those talukas, which have been
declared as rural talukas. Fixed Wireless Phone/Terminal of CDMA technology is being planned for R
Household DELs. We are determined to provide Rural Household DELs in 61 districts covering 203
talukas in India. Our target is to roll out 6,100 of them.

High Speed Public Tele-Info Centre (HPTICs)

Reliance Communications is committed to setting up High Speed Tele-Info Centres in block

headquarters and villages with a population exceeding 2000. These centres will provide high-tech
facilities including tele-education as well as tele-medicine. These “information kiosks” will form the
core of the rural broadband connectivity. Our target is to cover one lakh villages in three years which
approximately would cater to 48 per cent of the total rural population.

4. RELIANCE WORLD

Reliance World (formerly Reliance Web World) is a world-class nationwide chain of retail outlets for
products and services of the Reliance – Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group. It is designed to give the
customer a delightful experience of the digital world of information, communication, entertainment and

23
utility services.

All Reliance World outlets are connected to Reliance’s countrywide optic fibre network. The Broadband
Centre at Reliance World leverages this broadband network to bring you innovative digital services.
With 241 Reliance World outlets across 105 cities in the country, you are sure to find one in your
vicinity.

5. INTERNET DATA CENTER

Reliance is India's largest Internet Data Center (IDC) service provider, hosting business critical applications of
Indian and foreign blue chip companies, financial institutions and other important organisations. Reliance Internet
Data Centers are truly world class Level 3 (highest) IDC facilities, with more than 200,000 sq ft of hosting space.
Two IDCs — of 35,000 sq ft (IDC1) and 100,000 sq ft (IDC2) — are functioning in Mumbai and another two — of
20,000 sq ft (IDC1) and 50,000 sq ft (IDC2) — are functioning at Bangalore. Reliance is also setting up world-
class data centers in four other major cities in India (Chennai, Hyderabad, Delhi and Kolkata) making a total of
more than 500,000 sq ft of hosting space available over the next year.

The data centers are internationally benchmarked on all parameters — physical and network security,
infrastructure, facilities, network connectivity and operations.

Reliance Internet Data Centers offer a range of standard and advanced managed hosting services. The services
range from offering bulk co-location space to fully managed hosting of servers on rent/lease model. Further, a
whole range of managed value added services are offered like firewall, intrusion detection, backup, streaming,
mailing, system administration, data base administration, load balancing, storage services and disaster recovery /
BCP solutions.

Internet Data Centers are critical components of Reliance Communications’ vision to herald a digital revolution in
India. The Data centers are connected to Reliance's pan-India, optic fibre-based, high capacity IP network. The data
center is further connected to 52 countries including US, UK, Mid-east and Asia-Pac through Flag Telecom ( A
Reliance Communications group company) backbone and other undersea cable systems. It also has private peering
relationship with the largest Tier 1 Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and public peering at more than 15 Internet
Exchange points across the globe, apart from peering relationship with domestic ISPs on STM-1 bandwidth.

6. CARRIER BUSINESS

Reliance Communications is a National Long Distance (NLD) and International Long Distance (ILD) service
provider, rendering national and international transport links between other telecommunication service providers'

24
networks.

It is also an infrastructure provider for end-to-end bandwidth requirements as well as providing dark duct and dark
fibre on lease to service providers and companies.

The acquisition of Flag Telecom by Reliance in January 2004 has strengthened the bouquet of our service offerings
to national and global service providers and companies.

Our wholesale customers include Indian and international telephony service providers, Internet service providers,
long-distance carriers, call centre operators, multinational companies, business process outsourcing (BPO)
companies, IT-enabled service (ITES) providers and government and quasi-government organisations.

Highlights of International and National Long Distance (ILD & NLD)

services

ILD gateways in Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata and Ernakulam.

International Points of Presence (PoPs) in New York, Los Angeles, London and Hong Kong integrated
seamlessly with domestic gateways.
Submarine fibre cable network connecting gateways to India in ring architecture for resilience.
Satellite route for media diversity.
Centralized NOC for International and National network management.
TDM and VoIP based interconnects.
Domestic and international data leased circuit.
Value added services — MPLS IP-VPN, FR, ATM.
International capacity built to manage >250 mn minutes per month.
Highlights of FLAG Telecom network

Global optic fibre network of 52,000 kms spanning four continents.

Customer base of over 180 international carriers including the top ten.
Global bandwidth, IP, Internet, Ethernet and co-location services.
Low latency global MPLS based IP network connecting world's principal international Internet exchanges.

7. INFRASTRUCTURE BUSINESS

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RTIL, a subsidiary of Reliance Communications Limited, was incorporated in 2001 as a private limited company.
Reliance Communications Limited (“RCOM”) had filed a Scheme of Arrangement with the High Court of
Judicature at Bombay on December 5, 2006 for the separation of its wireless towers assets owned by RCOM and its
wholly owned subsidiary Reliance Telecom Limited (“RTL”). The High Court’s approval was received on March
16, 2007 and the scheme was effected on April 10, 2007. RTIL now operates as an independent wireless towers
company pursuing its business plan to invest in its wireless towers portfolio and to acquire additional tenants on its
towers. RTIL intends to capitalize upon the emerging trends within the Indian telecommunications industry to
function as a third-party infrastructure provider, offering passive infrastructure-sharing to multiple wireless
operators and data and entertainment providers within the industry. Reliance Communications Group is considering
the sale of a minority stake in RTIL to international investors. Reliance Communications Group is also considering
a seperate listing of the business on the Indian stock exchanges at an appropriate time.

RTIL is an independent wireless telecommunications infrastructure company in India, engaged in the business of
building, owning and operating communications towers and related assets (together, “passive infrastructure”),
which it will lease to the wireless operators under long-term contracts.

RTIL’s wireless towers portfolio comprised of 13,849 towers as on April 10, 2007. It has a presence in all 23
telecom ‘circles’ in the country. The Company has a build-out plan for about 23,000 new towers during FY 2008,
which will initially have a capacity to co-locate 4 tenants and with provision for increasing capacity by carrying out
minor modifications. Average overall capacity of RTIL’s towers is expected to be approximately 4 tenants per
tower.

RTIL is in the process of consummating a 10 year Master Services Agreement with RCOM and RTL, nominating
RTIL as the exclusive provider of passive telecom infrastructure to RCOM and RTL. Additional tenants in the form
of external wireless operators on RTIL’s towers would provide incremental growth in the tenancy rates for RTIL
and thus, significant operating leverage. The terms of the agreements with RCOM are currently being negotiated
and would include a monthly lease rental resulting in an annual recovery in the range of 11%-13% of the capital
expenditure and pass through of all operating expenses including variable operating expenses such as real estate
rent, electricity & fuel and security charges and fixed operating charges for maintenance of towers. The lease
rentals are proposed to be increased annually at a mutually agreed rate.

RTIL is also in the process of signing a Shared Facilities and Support Services Agreement with RCOM under
which RCOM would share certain resources and services with RTIL for which RTIL would reimburse RCOM on

26
an actual basis.

8. RELIANCE GLOBALCOM

Reliance Globalcom, a division of Reliance Communications, spearheads the Global Telecom operations of India’s
largest Integrated Telecom Service Provider. Reliance Globalcom brings together the synergies of Reliance
Communications Global Business encompassing Enterprise Services, Capacity Sales, Managed Services and a
highly successful bouquet of Retail products & services comprising Global Voice, Internet Solutions and Value
Added Services. The company serves over 1200 enterprises, 200 carriers and 1.5 million retail customers in 50
countries across 5 continents.

Reliance Globalcom owns the worlds largest private undersea cable system spanning 65,000 kms seamlessly
integrated with Reliance Communications’ over 110,000 kms of domestic optic fiber providing a robust Global
Service Delivery Platform connecting 40 key business markets in India, the Middle East, Asia, Europe, and the
U.S. With its recent acquisition of eWave World, a pioneer in the global Wimax space, Reliance Globalcom has the
capability to launch 4G services in over 50 countries. It has also acquired the Vanco Group, enabling the company
to provide managed services to over 230 countries across the globe.

WiMAX Business

- Focused on acquiring licenses and spectrum in emerging markets; market size of WiMAX estimated to
be US$ 10 bn by 2010
- Operationalise WiMAX business in select geographies.
- Leverage the low cost and scalable delivery center in Mumbai

9. HOME BUSINESS

Big TV (DTH) -Commercially launched

Digital viewing experience will create revolution in TV entertainment platforms

Key service differentiators

• More channel choice

27
 • Pure Digital viewing
• 32 Cinema channels
• Easy program guide
• Quick channel select
• Interactive applications (iNews, iGames, iCricket, etc)
• Superior Mpeg 4 technology
• Pioneering HD Experience in India
• Pioneering DVR –“Watch when you want”

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Organizations, like individuals, depend for their survival, sustenance and growth on the support and
goodwill of the communities of which they are an integral part, and must pay back this generosity in every
way they can...This ethical standpoint, derived from the vision of its founder, lies at the heart of the CSR
philosophy of the Reliance – ADA Group.

While it strongly believes that its primary obligation or duty as corporate entities is to its shareholders –
they are just as mindful of the fact that this imperative does not exist in isolation; it is part of a much
larger compact which they have with their entire body of stakeholders: From employees, customers and
vendors to business partners, eco-system, local communities, and society at large.

It evaluates and assesses each critical business decision or choice from the point of view of diverse
stakeholder interest, driven by the need to minimize risk and to pro-actively address long-term social,
economic and environmental costs and concerns.

For them, being socially responsible is not an occasional act of charity or that one-time token financial
contribution to the local school, hospital or environmental NGO. It is an ongoing year-round commitment,
which is integrated into the very core of their business objectives and strategy. Because they believe that
there is no contradiction between doing well and doing right. Indeed, doing right is a necessary condition
for doing well.

FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE

28
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS

29
Highlights of the financial performance for the year (2008)are:

Net Profit of Rs. 5,908 crore (US$ 1,165 million), higher by 9.4% compared to Net Profit of Rs. 5,401 crore (US$
1,350 million) in the last year.

EBITDA at Rs. 9,288 crore (US$ 1,831 million), growth of 13.3%. EBITDA margin stable at 40.5% with strong
contributions across all businesses - Wireless, Global and Enterprise

Revenue growth of 20.3% at Rs. 22,941 crore (US$ 4,523 million) from Rs. 19,068 crore (US$ 4,765 million).

Commenting on the results, Mr Anil Dhirubhai Ambani, Chairman, Reliance Communications Limited, said:

"Reliance Communications have completed the World's largest network roll-out in FY2009 ahead of schedule and
at a very competitive cost which is approx 35% lower than original guidance. We are confident of improved
performance in the coming years."

CORPORATE DEVELOPMENTS

RCOM launched its GSM services all over India

RCOM announced the world's largest customer experience program and launched GSM services in 11,000 towns
all over India. RCOM has launched its GSM services in just 11 months from the receipt of start-up GSM spectrum
in January 2008. RCOM added over 11.3 mn wireless subscribers during the quarter, an increase of 110%
compared to the previous quarter and also increased its town coverage from 11,000 to 20,000 in just 3 months.

RCOM GSM is the state of the art next generation network with digital voice clarity and India's first nationwide
enhanced EDGE network for fast internet access. RCOM GSM will also offer widest R-World mobile content
offering entertainment, music, news, cricket, bollywood, maps and search and one-click set-up and access to email
and social networking offering communication convenience of a PC.

RCOM announced India's fastest internet service "Netconnect Broadband Plus"

RCOM recently rolled-out its fastest internet service "Broadband Plus" with the downlink speed of upto 3.1 Mbps
which is 30% faster than any other wireless broadband offering. This makes Netconnect Broadband Plus best suited
for video streaming, video surveillance, rich media content & superior Internet browsing. Netconnect Broadband
Plus service will be available in 35 major cities with seamless handover to high speed 1x service covering 20,000
towns and 4.5 lakh villages as well as all major road and rail routes across the country covering 99% of India's
Internet population.

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Acquisition of Global Managed Network Services provider VANCO Group

Reliance Globalcom, subsidiary of RCOM, signed an agreement to acquire Global Managed Network Services
provider VANCO Group who have strong presence in developed markets with the annual revenue of US$ 365 mn
(Rs. 1,550 cr) through secure long-term contracts with large enterprise customers. VANCO have over 220 MNC
customers which includes AVIS, British Airways, Siemens and Virgin Megastores. VANCO's services are
available in over 40,000 locations across 163 countries. 90% of VANCO's revenue is from developed markets like
UK, US, France and Germany.

FLAG's reach & capacity along with VANCO's long-term relationships & expertise would be a perfect
combination to offer high margin value-added services to enterprise customers.

Reliance launched BIG TV, added 1.4 million DTH subscribers

RCOM launched its DTH services "BIG TV" in August 2008. Within 90 days of launch, BIG TV acquired over 1
million subscribers. This is the fastest ramp up ever achieved by any DTH operator in the world. BIG TV would be
tapping into the existing customer base of Reliance ADA Group companies to rapidly gain market share. The
subscribers can enjoy over 200 channels, 32 on-demand channels, which is highest in the industry. The product is
available in 1 lakh retail outlets across 6,500 towns.

RCOM repurchased its FCCBs at a discount

RCOM has repurchased its zero coupon Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds (FCCBs) with face value of US$ 64.7
million (approx Rs. 320 crore) in different tranches at a discount to their face value.

FUTURE PLANS

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4. NETWORK OPERATIONS CENTER

INTRODUCTION

A Network Operations Center (or NOC) is one or more locations from which control is exercised over a
computer, television broadcast, or telecommunications network.

NOCs are responsible for monitoring the network for alarms or certain conditions that may require special
attention to avoid impact on the networks performance. In the telecommunications environment, NOCs
are responsible for monitoring of power failures, communication line alarms (such as bit errors, framing
errors, line coding errors, and circuits down) and other performance issues that may affect the network.

NOCs analyze problems, perform troubleshooting, communicate with site technicians and other NOCs,
and track problems through resolution. If necessary, NOCs escalate problems to the appropriate personnel.
For severe conditions that are impossible to anticipate – such as a power failure or optical fiber cable cut –
NOCs have procedures in place to immediately contact technicians to remedy the problem.

32
NOCs often escalate issues in a hierarchal format, so if an issue is not resolved in a specific time frame,
the next level is informed to speed up problem remediation.

Reliance Communication Network is essentially made up of three components.

• Core Network- Core network consists of Fiber backbone of 60000kms and Nortel transport
equipments, Juniper routers, ILT switches.
• Distribution Network- Distribution network has Nortel equipments, Juniper /Cisco routers to
distribute the Bandwidth available in core network in a geographically more granular manner.
• Access network- Access N/W is an interface between the Reliance Core/Distribution N/W and
the Customer. Access network is the one which connects CPE to the core via either wireline or
wireless last mile. The connections include Metro Ethernet, TDM and radio frequency wireless.
FTTP i.e. fiber to the bldg uses DLC technology. Here the last mile is mostly copper which
connects the actual customer. Other technologies are Metro Ethernet and Wireless last mile
(LMDS i.e. Local Multipoint Distribution system) wherever copper or fiber is not feasible.

CIRCLE NETWORK OPERATIONS

CENTER

Reliance Communications has two levels of NOCs

• NNOC: National Network Operations Center

This operates at the national level. NNOC for Reliance is at DAKC.

• CNOC: Circle Network Operations Center

Where there are large network elements, in large cities, CNOC has been set up. It operates at the
circle level. All the alarms can be monitored centrally.

We obtained our training at the CNOC belonging to the Mumbai Circle situated at Bandra Kurla Complex.
Tasks related to network maintenance, provisioning, network upgradation, fault management and alarm
extension are carried out here.

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NEED FOR CNOC

• To ensure scalability of Fault management for a large nationwide network

• To ensure scalability of large number of customer links provisioning
• Quick turnaround time for customer fault isolation and resolution as well as customer
activation
• Last mile visibility
• Access to cheaper resources

• Regional cultural compatibility

CNOC TEAM

CNOC team consists of FA Lead and his team, CNOC Head, Fault management team, Provisioning team,
Operations planning, Operations support, Call center/Coordinator/Dispatcher/Technical help desk, Field
personnel

CNOC FUNCTIONS

• To be the owner of the Regional Access network

• Surveillance of the Regional Access network during peak hours
• Traffic Management of the Regional Access network
• Tier 1 fault rectification
• Monitor customer circuits
• Install and test customer circuits using CLR’s(circuit layout record)
• Resolve and issue Fault Records and Trouble Tickets – ensure close of FR’s and TT’s
• Network Provisioning for PoTS, PBX(Private branch exchange), DID’s(Direct inward
dialing) and High speed Internet
• Customer SOMG(service oriented manufacturing grid) functions
• Issue work orders for the Field
• Test and activation
• Operational acceptance

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 • Create and perform Planned Events
• Manage network upgrades

MAJOR FUNCTIONS

Alarm Monitoring & Fault Management.

Fault Management involves the monitoring of the network resources to detect malfunctions, pre-empt
failures, and detect faults. After faults are discovered, the technicians must troubleshoot, repair, and
restore the network as quickly as possible. Fault Management ensures the network is kept operational,
service remains available, and downtime is minimized.

The FM (fault management) processes:

1. Alarm Handling 2. Alarm Filtering

3. Fault Detection 4. Fault Isolation

5. Fault Correction 6. Network Recovery

7. Diagnostic Tests 8. Error Handling

9. Error Logging 10. Error Statistics

CNOC RESPONSIBILITIES

I. SERVICE DELIVERY (SD)

• WiMAX - CNOC engineers coordinate with the field engineers deployed for new
installation and ensure that parameters like uplink and downlink modulation are within
acceptable range of values.
• BIA Provisioning - BIA stands for Broadband Internet Access. The circuits for any new
connection are created and provisioned here.

35
II. SERVICE ASSURANCE (SA)

• WiMAX - Field engineers receive assistance from CNOC while escalating faults at WiMax
site.
• BIA – Faults arising in any BIA connection is first checked at CNOC through Network
Management Systems. Here it is analyzed for probable causes of faults and then necessary
steps are taken.
• IAD- IAD stands for Integrated Access Device. It’s a CISCO based technology used by
Reliance Communications to provide data as well as voice services. At CNOC, with the
help of device MAC Address, its back end network can be checked for any problems.

III. ALARM MONITORING

• DLC- DLC i.e. the Digital Loop Carrier consists of CTs and RTs through which voice and
data services are provided to the customer. A large number of connections are supported on
each of these equipments. Hence CNOC monitors DLC constantly i.e. 24 hours for any
alarm.
• EDP- There are nearly 4000 EDP (Electronic data Processing) boxes in the Mumbai circle.
These boxes are pinged twice daily to ensure that each one of them is up and working.
• WiMAX- the IDUs in the WiMax back end are pinged four times everyday to check for any
problems. Reports are generated as required and forwarded to concerned workgroups so as
to repair the faulty IDUs.

IV. OTHER TASKS

• ATP- Acceptance Test is carried out for Electronic Data Processing instruments. Here the
east node, west node, homing device and cisco discovery protocol (CDP) of the device is
checked.
• It acts as an information centre for FEOs and concerned workgroups regarding the BTSs
and DLC equipments.
• Various types of reports are generated to help the planning and other business related
groups to analyse the performance and optimization of the Reliance Network.
• Surveillance of the Regional Access network during peak hours
• Traffic Management of the Regional Access network
• Install and test customer circuits using CLR’s.

36
 • Issue work orders for the Field
• Test and activation
• Operational acceptance
• Create and perform Planned Events
• Manage network upgrades

CNOC ACTIVITIES

1. Surveillance of the Network 24x7.

2. Create, update, and close Fault Records.

3. Perform or monitor planned events that affect their operational equipment.

4. Network restorations.

5. Operational Test and Acceptance of new equipment.

6. Raise and escalate issues, if any.

5. CLARITY OSS

INTRODUCTION TO CLARITY OPERATIONAL

SUPPORT SYSTEM (OSS)

Operations Support Systems (also called Operational Support Systems or OSS) are computer systems used
by telecommunications service providers. The term OSS most frequently describes "network systems"
dealing with the telecom network itself, supporting processes such as maintaining network
inventory, provisioning services, configuring network components, and managing faults. The
complementary term Business Support Systems or BSS is a newer term and typically refers to "business
systems" dealing with customers, supporting processes such as taking orders, processing bills, and
collecting payments.

37
Clarity is the telecommunication industry’s Operational Support System (OSS) business process
automation company – providing a pre-integrated product and database that streamlines the 17
eTOM(enhanced telecom operations map) elements of OSS into a single suite. This also allows Clarity to
provide executive visibility of the network's impact on revenue and customer experience across both
service fulfillment and assurance.

Having simplified the management of both legacy and next-generation network environments,
Clarity OSS is network and services neutral, driven by templates that are rapidly configurable to
allow operators to cut time to market for any new service by two-thirds. Today Clarity simplifies
network support for over 50 million subscribers worldwide

ROLE OF OPERATION SUPPORT SYSTEM IN CNOC

1. Operations Support Systems are comprised of EMS/NMS systems and other process automation
systems

2. OSS function is Integration of Network operations

3. Single Database to achieve Data Synchronization

a. Physical Equipment inventory

b. Physical and logical topology

c. Physical and Logical cross connects

4. Scalability of operations by automation

5. Traceability of activities and repeatability of outcomes in every process

6. Correlation of Faults to Customers, locations and services

The operations performed by a CNOC can be logically categorized into different processes. To support
processes such as inventory management, service de/provisioning, fault management etc. CNOC use
computer systems called Operational Support Systems (OSS).

CORE OSS PROCESSES

38
1. Network Creation

Model, Plan, engineer, install, test and integrate physical and logical inventory into the network. Also
covers MACD(analysis) for inventory

2. Network Assurance – Performance management

Determining a set of monitored parameters. Map them to managed parameters. Determine if they are in
operating range. Re-adjust operating parameters as needed

3. Network Assurance – Fault management

Maps alarms to a fault. Analyze impact on affected customer and service. Notify customers within Mean
Time To Notify (MTTN). Determine how to fix it. Raising fault tickets. Raising trouble tickets for spares.
Tracking till it is fixed. Determine the overall Mean Time to Repair (MTTR) for the fault

4. Service creation

It defines customer side definition, network side definition, fulfillment rules and workflows, MTTNS and
MTTRS, activation times , service level agreements(SLA), MACD requirements, reporting requirements
for uptime for performance, usage collection requirements for billing

5. Service Provisioning

Completion of the provisioning of a customer service order . Includes CPE installation, testing and Quality
Assurance.

6. Service assurance – Performance management

Monitoring service level parameters. Mapping them to Service level managed parameters. Determining if
they are in operating thresholds. Issuing work orders for SOMG to consider service level optimizations.

7. Service assurance – Fault management

Detecting service alarms. Mapping them to service faults and determining cause. Notify customers within
MTTN. Assigning the fault to personnel for fixing. Prioritizing, tracking and fixing within MTTR.

8. Maintenance

Deals with planned outages of operating elements- planned event, analyze effect on customer and service,
notifying customers of planned events, administrating the event to complete within notified time.

9. Audit and Reconciliation

To ensure that the processes have not resulted in a drift in data integrity. Audit network data. Apply
corrective methods to re-adjust drifts

39
 LINKING BUSINESS PROCESSES AND NETWORK
PROCESSES

Business Layer Activation Billing Customer Care Dunning

1. Infrastructure completion 1. Customer initiated TT

2. Inventory allocation/ 2. Repairing and notifying customers
re-allocation after service restoration
3. Inventory reservation
4. Configuration of NW layer

1. Network Assurance
OSS Layer Service Fulfillment 2. Service Assurance
3. Maintenance Process
1. Infrastructure completion
2. Inventory allocation/ re-allocation
3. Inventory reservation
4. Configuration of NW layer

Managed parameters

Network Layer Fault Configuration Accounting Performance Security

Fault information Programming Performance

from NW elements
Network Elements Network elements monitoring data

40
 CLARITY OVERVIEW

Operational support system is very helpful in the management of data. It is important for different level of
managers in the following ways:

Corporate Manager

For a corporate manager OSS is used for the entry and management of information that is generic across
the Clarity system. This includes customers and accounts, contacts, locations and sites.

Configuration Manager

OSS supports the logical and physical configuration of networks, providing full integration of network
elements and network element management systems. OSS can interface with other support systems
such as materials management or geographical information systems (GIS), and can track the
following physical network inventories such as sites (customer, carrier, common, inter-connect) ,
manholes and network access points, Network Elements (NEs) , wireline and wireless transmission .

Service Manager

Streamlines service provisioning of products. Enables rapid and reliable convergent service provisioning
for products. Offers an intelligent breakdown of what a customer orders, and determines the network
resources and capacity needed to provide that service.

Alarm Manager

OSS allows effective monitoring and management of the network end-to-end at an equipment, circuit,
service or customer layer. It also allows end-users to monitor network alarms, providing correlation,
analysis and impact. Alarm Management System (AMS) is used to view alarms picked up by the
Network Element Management System (NEMS). Alarm Manager (Database) - is used to view alarm
information across the Clarity system.

Ticket Manager

41
 Management tool that enables the resolution of network faults using trouble tickets. Can produce
statistics to measure efficiency and properly allocate resources. High-level network management
is possible through status and fault coding.

Planned Event Manager

Used to view, create, and manage planned events within the Clarity system.

Circuit diagramer

Complete End to End View of Designed Circuit. Expandable Views to Indicate Parent Child
Relationships. Details of all Port and Card Connections. Physical and Logical Connection Details

PROCESS BASED INTEGRATION

• The workflow engine is typically the nucleus of an integrated OSS solution.

42
 • The workflow engine helps the organization organize and manage the flow of information
between the OSS and the workforce (employees) and even between disparate systems as
appropriate.
• The workflow engine organizes business processes into task flows and their related subtasks,
enabling the organization to complete the tasks manually or automatically as needed.

OSS CHALLENGES

In today's competitive communications industry, telecom operators are seeing fundamental changes:
convergence of voice, data and video; operator and vendor consolidation; increased customer expectations
for differentiated, value added services anytime, anywhere, and on any device.

Whilst creating new business opportunities operators are also faced with formidable challenges, including
customers wanting services immediately, with improved quality levels, yet having to do it with less
people, in less time and at lower cost.

To achieve this operators are often faced with fragmentation of the OSS environment where there is:

• Multi-vendor OSS with individual solutions leading to complications and lack of integration
• Data manipulation from various sources leading to issues of integrity and latency
• A disparate set of standalone pieces that might not be able to share data, might run on different
hardware and databases and might not be able to fit together
• Silos resulting in a never ending pain of data synchronization

This lack of integration can lead to gaps in information and control, and the current best of breed NMS
overlay approach doesn't deliver the required customer experience, since it gives operators:

• A platform that runs the network

• A separate platform that provisions a service
• A separate platform that assures a service
• A separate platform that has a record of the customer

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Clarity pre-integrated OSS approach which is designed such that all key elements of an OSS solution
including network planning and configuration, service provisioning, workflow management, fault
management, alarm management, SLA management, all of the administrative and reporting functions are
integrated prior to deployment in the network. This out-of-box functionality holds the key for achieving
operator's business objectives of:

• Increasing customer satisfaction, delivering customers the services they want and gaining new
customers while retaining the old
• Increasing new revenue and services - launch and support new products and platforms such as
MMS, IPTV, DVBH
• Lower cost of operations

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6. WIMAX TERMINAL AT CNOC

6.1 WIMAX TECHNOLOGY

WiMAX, meaning Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is

a telecommunications technology that provides wireless transmission of data using a variety of
transmission modes, from point-to-multipoint links to portable and fully mobile internet access. The
technology provides up to 3 Mbit/s broadband speed without the need for cables. The technology is based
on the IEEE 802.16 standard (also called Broadband Wireless Access). The name "WiMAX" was created
by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the
standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last
mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL"

It is the common name associated to the IEEE 802.16 a/d/e standards. These standards are issued by the
IEEE 802.16 subgroup that originally covered the Wireless Local Loop technologies with radio spectrum
from 10 to 66 GHz. RCOM uses the 3.3 GHz band , 4 carriers with a bandwidth of 3 MHz each. RCOM is
presently deploying WiMAX 802.16: 2004 limited mobility for static use

Evolution of IEEE (WIMAX) Standards

 IEEE 802.16 (2001)

– Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access System MAC and PHY Specifications
for 10 – 66 GHZ (LoS)

– One PHY: Single Carrier

– Connection-oriented, TDM/TDMA MAC, QoS, Privacy

 IEEE 802.16a (January 2003)

– Amendment to 802.16, MAC Modifications and Additional PHY Specifications for 2 – 11

GHz (NLoS)

– Three PHYs: OFDM, OFDMA, Single Carrier

– Additional MAC functions: OFDM and OFDMA PHY support, Mesh topology support,
ARQ

45
  IEEE 802.16d (July 2004)

– Combines both IEEE 802.16 and 802.16a

– Some modifications to the MAC and PHY

 IEEE 802.16e (2005)

– Amendment to 802.16-2004

– MAC Modifications for limited mobility

WIMAX FEATURES

 COVERAGE
Optimised for outdoor non-line of sight
Supports mesh networks
Supports advanced smart antenna

 RANGE
Optimised up to 50km
Point to multipoint
Handles many users widely spread out
Tolerant of greater multipath delay spread up to 10ms
PHY and MAC designed for multimile range
Standard MAC

 QUALITY OF SERVICE
Grant request MAC
Designed to support voice and video from the start
Supports differentiated service levels e.g. T1 for business, best effort for consumer
TDD/FDD/HFDD—symmetric or asymmetric
Centrally enforced QoS

 PERFORMANCE
Bandwidth 10, 20MHz; 1.75, 3.5, 7, 14Hz; 3, 6MHz
Maximum data rate 70Mbps
Maximum 5.0 bps/Hz

 SCALABILITY
Channel bandwidths can be chosen by operator for sectorization
Scalable independent of bandwidth with 1.5MHz to 20MHz width channels
MAC supports thousands of users

46
WIMAX APPLICATIONS

1) WiMAX will be most widely used to provide high speed broadband internet access to millions
around the world.

2) With IP-centric architecture it can used as a backhaul network for multiple access technologies
like Wi-Fi, GSM, CDMA and 3G (EV-DO & HSPA).

3) Providing a diverse source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan. That is, if
a business has a fixed and a wireless Internet connection, especially from related providers, they
are unlikely to be affected by the same service outage.

4) Providing nomadic connectivity and connecting Wi-Fi hotspots with each other and to other parts
of the Internet.

47
OFDM - MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE USED IN WIMAX

OFDM stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing; it’s a technology that provides the
operator to beat the challenges of Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) transmission in the more efficient manner.
OFDM waveform put forward the advantage of functioning with the larger delay spread of the NLOS
background. With the excellent quality of OFDM functionality, time and use of a cyclic prefix and its also
removes the Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) complications of adaptive equalization. Multiple narrowband
orthogonal carriers composed because of OFDM waveform, localizing selective fading to a subset of
carriers that are comparatively simple to equalize. A comparison between an OFDM signal and a single
carrier signal, with the information being sent in parallel for OFDM and in series for single carrier are
shown in Fig.

The facility to remove delay spread, Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) and multi-path in a proficient manner
allows for higher data rate throughput. It is simpler to equalize the individual OFDM carriers than it is to
equalize the broader single carrier signal. For these entire reasons modern international standard such as
those set by IEEE 802.16, have created OFDM as the ideal technology.

WIMAX in telsima uses 256 carriers of which 192 carry customer data

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ADAPTIVE MODULATION AND CODING IN WIMAX

WiMAX supports a variety of modulation and coding schemes and allows for the scheme to
Change on a burst-by-burst basis per link, depending on channel conditions. Using the channel quality
feedback indicator, the mobile can provide the base station with feedback on the downlink channel
quality. For the uplink, the base station can estimate the channel quality, based on the received signal
quality. The base station scheduler can take into account the channel quality of each user’s uplink and
downlink and assign a modulation and coding scheme that maximizes the throughput for the available
signal-to-noise ratio. Adaptive modulation and coding significantly increases the overall system capacity,
as it allows real-time trade-off between throughput and robustness on each link.

In the downlink, QPSK, 16 QAM, and 64 QAM are mandatory for both fixed and mobile WiMAX; 64
QAM is optional in the uplink. FEC coding using convolutional codes is mandatory. Convolutional codes
are combined with an outer Reed-Solomon code in the downlink for OFDM-PHY. The standard optionally
supports turbo codes and low-density parity check (LDPC) codes at a variety of code rates as well. A total
of 52 combinations of modulation and coding schemes are defined in WiMAX as burst profiles.

49
WIMAX ARCHITECTURE

RCOM’S FIXED WIMAX NETWORK

50
Following are the features of services:

• Broadband Internet Access -BIA with maximum bandwidth of 256 Kbps.

• L2, L3 VPN, DIA. With bandwidth limitation to 256Kbps

It may be noted that WiMAX technology can support voice, however due to regulatory constraints
Reliance is not planning voice over WiMAX. In future if the regulator allows voice, the same will be
supported. At present, RRU, provides only one 10/100 Base-T interface. RRU(Radio remote unit) do not
provide TDM interface (E1, V.35 etc). In some cases, services from one RRU can be used for distributing
services to multiple customers by connecting port multiplier at the RRU Ethernet port. Latency expected
in the IP network is less than 10m sec one-way.

1. NLOS
WiMAX system operates in non line of sight (NLOS) environment. The RRU antenna is mounted
on rooftop or window seal. Indoor coverage is not planned.

2. LINK AVAILIBILITY OBJECTIVE

The objective is 99.90% availability for residential customers.

3. COVERAGE
It is planned to bring 95% of city geographical area under WiMAX coverage. The average cell
radius of WiMAX hub is 2km (approx). However the deployment of WiMAX hubs will be carried
out in phases. Circle Business team will provide the priority of hub deployment.

4. CAPACITY
Each WiMAX sector will provide average (Uplink + Downlink) throughput of 6Mbps.It can
support 200 customers per sector. It is proposed to keep the downlink to uplink bandwidth ratio as
60:40.

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TELSIMA PRODUCTLINE

Telsima Corporation is a leading developer and provider of WiMAX based Broadband Wireless Access
(BWA). It is an India based company backed by Silicon Valley venture capitalists like NewPath ventures,
CMEA Ventures, New Enterprise Associates, Intel Capital and JAFCO Asia. The Company also has a
product line of voice compression solutions for emerging markets where bandwidth is scarce. Telsima's
technologies offer service providers economic advantages of disruptive cost structures, new business
models and more capital efficient network investment profiles.

The Company develops and markets base station and subscriber station systems and network management
software for the WiMAX telecommunications market. Telsima's WiMAX Forum Certified products are
differentiated by the integration of innovative embedded software, enabling provisioning and
management, to deliver advanced mobility and multimedia services over the network.

TELSIMA PRODUCTLINE - In a nutshell

52
TELSIMA WIMAX SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Telsima WIMAX system operates in 3.3GHz-licensed band. Operation over 3.3GHz is not affected by
harsh weather conditions, such as fog, heavy rain etc. The WIMAX radio employs Time Division Duplex
(TDD) transmission. TDD simplifies the installation and configuration procedure. There is no need to plan
and to allocate separate channels for the uplink and downlink data streams. The WIMAX system is uses
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for optimization of wireless data services. The
enhanced spectral efficiency is a great benefit to OFDM networks and makes them very well suited to
high-speed data connections for both fixed users.

Telsima WiMAX system consists of following 4 HUB components:

I. INDOOR UNIT (IDU)

Indoor unit is installed in the hub. This is the unit, which interfaces with backhaul network equipment,
which in most of the cases is a MEN switch. The heart of the Telsima WiMAX solution is the StarMAX
4100 series Indoor Unit (IDU). This unit contains an advanced network processor that implements the
various control and networking protocols required for the operation of the StarMAX system. The IDU has
two slots that is populated by Point-to-Multipoint (PMP) processing modules. The PMP module contains a
WiMAX System-on-a-Chip (SoC) that implements the 802.16 standard. The IDU is connected to ODU
using an IF cable. One IDU supports two sectors. Thus for a four sector hub two IDU are required.

TELSIMA IDU INTERFACES

53
 II. ODU

This is radio frequency unit, which is mounted on a pole on the

rooftop of the building or on the tower. The ODU is mounted in
close proximity to antenna and converts the intermediate
frequency (IF) signal from the IDU to the desired
transmit/receive frequencies and power levels. One ODU per sector is used. Thus 4 ODU are used for
four-sector hub.

III. ANTENNA

Output of ODU is fed to antenna, which transmits the signal in air. The size of the antenna is L x W x H,
780 x120 x 60 mm. One antenna per sector is used. Thus 4 antennas are used for four-sector hub.

IV. GPS ANTENNA

GPS receiver is used for TDD synchronization.

V. RADIO REMOTE UNIT

The Telsima RRU is an outdoor subscriber station having weatherproof enclosure. It consists of modem
and 18dBi antenna in one unit. The customer equipment connects directly via an Ethernet cable to the
RRU. Power is supplied to the RRU via the same Ethernet cable using power-over-Ethernet.

54
 6.2 WIMAX OPERATIONS AT CNOC

A) Providing support to CMP and channel partners on Service Delivery and Service Assurance tasks

B) Attending to WiMAX Fault Tickets (FTs)

 To deliver this support we need a PC with 97.x IP link and a Telsima NMS client version The
97.x network is used throughout the RCOM to provide NMS connectivity to NOC engineers.

TELSIMA NETWORK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (NMS)

As in any NOC a Network Management System plays an important role in CNOC in performing various
network maintenance related activities. A Network Management System (NMS) is a combination of
hardware and software used to monitor and administer a network. Here network elements communicate
via the alarms to the NMS server which further sends information to the NMS client.

BS Management module enables us to manage base stations in our network.

From this module we can perform the following tasks:

 View base stations that exist in the database in accordance to certain view criteria.

 View general information on the displayed stations.

 View parameters for existing base stations.

 Monitoring of base station reachability

Telsima StarMAX NMS is a network management application and follows three-tier architecture

consisting of:

• NMS Client

• NMS Service Provider

• NMS Storage Server.

NMS user is using NMS client to perform management tasks where the client does not access

the storage database directly but it communicates with NMS service provider only. The service

55
provider then performs the database lookups on the behalf of the NMS client and formats the

data for proper presentation. NMS service provider has two main roles here:

1. Contains logic for configuring the SNMP agents in the base station and subscriber

station.

2. Contains logic for accessing the storage data (statistics, stored configurations, traps, …)

from the database.

NMS service provider is obtaining data from the database (e.g. SQL server) and is storing its

actions (e.g. new configurations) to the same database.

NMS storage server has two roles:

1. Periodically collecting the statistics from the SNMP agents

2. Receiving traps from the SNMP agents.

NMS storage server stores obtained data to the database, which is the only common point with

the NMS service provider.

NMS ARCHITECTURE

As in any NOC a Network Management System plays an important role in CNOC in performing various
network maintenance related activities. A Network Management System (NMS) is a combination of
hardware and software used to monitor and administer a network. Here network elements communicate
via the alarms to the NMS server which further sends information to the NMS client.

56
Some applications of NMS:

1. Upgrading of activities from NOC

2. Provisioning to limit bandwidth
3. Fault detection
4. ATP (Acceptance Test Procedure)

57
 TELSIMA NMS SNAPSHOT

WIMAX OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE AT RCOM

At Reliance Communications the some of the WiMAX related work has been outsourced to channel
partners. The channel partners do the Sales as well as customer-side installation of the WiMAX
Subscriber Station (RRU). Maintenance related work is also outsourced to the third party vendors/channel
partners.

There are basically 2 types of WiMAX related work at CNOC.

A. Providing support to CMP & channel partners on Service Delivery (SD) and Service Assurance
(SA) tasks.

58
 B. Attending to WiMAX Fault Tickets (FTs).

To deliver the required support we first need a PC with a 97.x IP link. The 97.x network is used
throughout the RCOM to provide NMS connectivity to NOC engineers. Secondly, we need a pre-installed
Telsima NMS client version installed on the PC.

SERVICE DELIVERY – New installation

SERVICE ASSURANCE – Fault resolution

The on-field vendors call the CNOC WiMAX engineer to get their parameters approved. The parameters
checked are:

i. Carrier to noise + interference ratio (CINR) for U/L &D/L

ii. Received signal strength indicator (RSSI) for U/L &D/L

iii. Modulation for U/L and D/L.

The calls received are logged on an Excel sheet for record-keeping. The following flow-chart clearly
illustrates the process.

WiMAX SA/SD CNOC ACTIVITY FLOWCHART

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STEPS:

1. Take the SO No. (for SD call) or FT No. (for SA call) from the vendor.

2. Ask for his CMP (Central Maintenance Point). In Mumbai circle we have 4 CMPs viz. Worli,
Vakola, Chembur and DAKC.

3. Take the MAC address of the installed SS. The MAC address is necessary to get the parameters of
the SS on the NMS.

4. Using TELSIMA WiMAX Network Management Software, we insert the MAC Address to check
if SS is latched.

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 5. If yes, that is if the line shows green color then only that SS is latched, after that following
parameters are checked like –- SS & CPE IP

- SS Connectivity History

- CINR, RSSI & Modulation

6. The IMPORTANT PARAMETERS checked are –

a) CINR: Career to Interference plus Noise Ratio – should be greater than (or equal to) 20.

b) RSSI: Received signal strength indication – should be negative

Modulation: BPSK and QPSK are not approved as they yield poor bandwidths to the customer. Only 16
QAM and 64 QAM are approved.

61
62
 7. SPECIAL CASES

a. The SS fails to get latched to a BS or the parameters are very poor. Such cases are put up
as no network cases.

b. Sometimes you get very good parameters but the IP doesn’t get assigned to SS/CPE due
to DHCP server problems.

c. There might be an alarm on the BS due to which SS is not getting latched.

SD(service delivery) : SO(SERVICE ORDERS nos.) sheet

SA Data SHEET

63
HUB DETAILS

If an engineer wants to know whether a particular BS is down, he gives that BS sector ID

Person at CNOC maps those details in hub details sheet, identifies the fac id of that place

And manually checks whether that BS is down or not

64
B. WIMAX FT

Any fault or service interruptions are recorded on a central Clarity server. Clarity is an OSS software
whose client versions are installed on almost all the PCs at RCOM. A Fault Ticket is generated
corresponding to each fault. The CNOC’s job here is to check for the causes of the fault, verify them on
the NMS and finally close the FT or in some cases re-assign it to some other work-group.

STEPS:

1. After opening the “Clarity” software, click on “Fault Manager” option and go to “Faults
Workflow”.

65
2. Choose the appropriate Workgroup (in our case it is FA_SURV_MUMB) and click on appropriate
“Link Category” (keep it blank to allow all categories).

3. Click on the appropriate “WiMax_Related” FT and copy its FT number in the corresponding
Excel sheet.

4. After double-clicking on FT number, click on “All comments” to get the Subscriber ID and MAC
Address.

5. Check this Mac address using Telsima WiMAX Network Management/Provisioning software and
check the parameters.

6. Copy and paste the obtained “Service Order Number” and check the workgroup where the FT has
to be reassigned.

66
7. Write the required comments and reassign it to the corresponding CMP.

8. The comments can be as follows –

i. SS 00:02:73:90:C2:54 latched with parameters UL= 21,UL RSSI= -84,

DL=24,DL RSSI= -71

ii. SS 00:02:73:90:C2:54 not latched or fluctuation.

9. Save the comments first and reassign it to the required workgroup.

10. After 2-3 days, check if the FT has been closed. If yes, then write down the last comment in the
report otherwise keep it “Pending”.

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FINAL EXCEL SHEET PREPARED FOR FAULT TICKETS

68
7. DLC TERMINAL AT CNOC

7.1 DLC (DIGITAL LOOP CARRIER) SYSTEM

Digital loop carrier (DLC) is equipment that bundles a number of individual phone line signals into a
single multiplexed digital signal for local traffic between a telephone company central office and a
business complex or other outlying service area. Typically, up to 24 analog voice calls are combined into a
single signal and transmitted over a single copper T-carrier system or E-carrier line, an optical fiber cable,
or a wireless connection. In a home, business, or other installation using digital loop carrier, the analog
phone lines of individual users are connected to a local DLC box which then converts the analog signals
into digital and combines (multiplexes) them into one signal that it sent to the phone company's central
office on the single line. At the central office, the combined signal is separated back into the original
signals. An estimated 20% of today's telephone users are being served by digital loop carriers.

A digital loop carrier (DLC) is a system which uses digital transmission to extend the range of the local
loop farther than would be possible using only twisted pair copper wires. A DLC digitizes and multiplexes
the individual signals carried by the local loops onto a single data stream on the DLC segment.
The local loop is a physical connection between the main distribution frames in the user’s premises to the
telecommunication network provider. The DLC is used to bring a wider range of services to the user. A
digital loop carrier (DLC) is a system which uses digital transmission to extend the range of the local loop
farther than would be possible using only twisted pair copper wires. A DLC digitizes and multiplexes the
individual signals carried by the local loops onto a single data stream on the DLC segment.

Initially, it was used only for POTS (plain old telephone service) but now it is used for various services
like Leased Line, ISDN, and BRI.

REASON FOR USING DLC’S

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Subscriber Loop Carrier systems were ordained to solve two problems: to reduce copper cable pair
requirements; and to overcome electrical constraints on long loops. A number of pressing issues supplied
motivation for technology that would reduce cable pair deployments. Those issues include the following:

1. Imminent cable supply shortages (minimal unused pairs in existing route)

2. Cable route congestion (inability to add cable due to lack of space, particularly in urban street,
bridge, and building conduit)
3. Construction challenges (in areas of difficult terrain) when limited cable pairs are already
available
4. Expense due to cable cost and the associated labor-intensive installation work (especially to solve
the specific problems listed above)

Long loops, such as those terminating at more than 18,000 feet from the central office, pose electrical
challenges. When the subscriber goes off-hook, a cable pair behaves like a single loop inductance
coil with a -48 V dc potential and an Electric current of between 20–50 mA dc. Electrical current values
vary with cable length and gauge. A minimum current of around 20 mA dc is required to convey terminal
signaling information to the network. There is also a minimum power level required to provide adequate
volume for the voice signal. A variety of schemes were implemented before DLC technology to offset
the impedance long loops offered to signaling and volume levels. They included the following:

1. Use heavy-gauge conductors – Up to 19 gauge (approximately the gauge of pencil lead), which is
costly and bulky. The heavy-gauge cables yielded far fewer pairs per cable and led to early
congestion in cable routes, especially in bridge crossings and other areas of limited space.
2. Increase battery voltage – This violation of operating standards could pose a safety hazard.
3. Add amplifiers to power the voice signal on long loops. This however, requires volumes of
auxiliary equipment, a myriad number of cross wiring points, and extensive record-keeping.
4. Add signal regeneration and signal extension equipment – The comments regarding amplifiers
apply here as well.
5. Add loading coils to reduce the attenuation of voice signals over long loops. These have
detrimental effect to new transmission technologies using the local loop, like DSL, and must be
removed.

DLC eliminates the need for these remedies by extending out closer to the customer the line card which
digitizes the voice signal for use by the PSTN. Once the voice signal is digitized, it is easily manipulated
and is no longer subject to the vagaries of the analog loop caused by
distance, impedance, attenuation and noise.

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The DLC solution was dubbed "pair gain" (from the days when DLC was deployed to recover copper
pairs in the loop plant environment).

CONFIGURATION

In a typical configuration, DLC remote terminals are installed in new neighborhoods or buildings as a
means of reducing the labor and complexity of installing individual local loops from the customer to
the central office (CO). A fiber optic cable or several copper pairs for the whole system from the CO to
the DLC remote terminal replace the individual pair previously needed for each loop. DLC remote
terminals are typically stored in Serving Area Interfaces–metal cabinets alongside or near roadways that
overlie communications rights-of-ways.

With the growth in popularity of digital subscriber line (DSL) and

the benefits provided by shorter metallic loops used with DLC
systems, digital loop carriers are sometimes integrated withdigital
subscriber line access multiplexers (DSLAM), both systems then
taking advantage of the digital transmission link from the DLC to
the CO.

Fiber-in-the-loop (FITL) systems are functionally equivalent to

DLC. FITL accomplishes the same two primary functions DLC
was intended for: pair gain and the elimination of electrical
constraints due to long metallic loops. FITL architectures vary
from simply deploying fiber feeder plants (between central
office and remote terminal site) to "fiber to the curb" and, ultimately "fiber to the home" where an optical
network unit (ONU) is located at each home.

SERVICES OFFERED BY DLC

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1. E1 MODULES(LEASED LINES)

E1 modules give you 30 digital channels over a 4 wire system. Each channel can be configured as
incoming, outgoing or two way, allowing effective management if voice traffic.

An E1 link operates over two separate sets of wires, usually coaxial cable. The line data rate is 2.048
Mbit/s which is split into 32 time slots, each being allocated 8 bits in turn. Thus each time slot sends and
receives an 8-bit sample 8000 times per second (8 x 8000 x 32 = 2,048,000). This is ideal for voice
telephone calls where the voice is sampled into an 8 bit number at that data rate and reconstructed at the
other end.

8kHz
Sampling Frequency

Number of samples per Telephone signal 8000 per second

8
Number of bits per code word

Telephone channel bit rate 64 kbit/s

Number of bits per PCM Frame 256

Bit rate of TDM signal 2048 kbit/s

Pulse Code Modulation allows multiple use of single lines by means of digital time domain multiplexing.
The analog telephone signal is sampled at a bandwidth of 3.1 kHz, quantized and encoded and then
transmitted at bit rate of 64 kbit/s. A transmission rate of 2048 kbit/s results when 30 such coded channels
are collected together into a frame along with the necessary signaling infomation.

A primary frame consists of 32 code words called timeslots and is numbered 0 to 31. A PCM-31 frame
comprises of 31 timeslots used for traffic and 1 timeslot used for synchronization.

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 2. IS
DN
(Integrated Services Digital Network)

A system of digital connections, the Data/Voice is carried over the network using end-to-end digital
connectivity. The Data/Voice is carried by a bearer channel (B-Channel), which as a bandwidth of 64
Kbps. Additional 16 Kbps or 64 Kbps depends on the type of service, channel is used for signaling and
called Data Channel (D-Channel).

Two types of services are in ISDN world:

• BRI (Basic Rate ISDN) – consists of 2 B-channels and one D-channel (16Kbps).

• PRI (Primary Rate ISDN) – consists of 30 B-channels and one D-channel (64 Kbps).

In order to have an ISDN service, it is necessary to subscribe to an ISDN phone line. The customer
premises must be located up to 5.5 Km from the Telephone company central office, otherwise an
expansive repeater must be used.

2.048 Kbps
ISDN – Advantages

• Speed – 128 Kbps

Regular modem has a maximum speed of 56 Kbps depends of course on the quality of the analog
connection, which commonly can work up to 45 Kbps.

• Multiple devices connection – Up to 8 devices

When using ISDN it is possible to connect many different digital data sources and have the information
routed to the proper destination.

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 • Signaling

ISDN technology using out of band signaling mechanism can provide intelligent services such as caller
ID, Type of call etc.

3. POTS (Plain old telephone service )

Plain old telephone service (POTS) is the voice-grade telephone service that remains the basic form of
residential and small business service connection to the telephone network in most parts of the world. The
name is a retronym, and is a reflection of the telephone service still available after the advent of more
advanced forms of telephony such as ISDN, mobile phones and VoIP. It has been available almost since
the introduction of the public telephone system in the late 19th century, in a form mostly unchanged to the
normal user despite the introduction of Touch-Tone dialing, electronic telephone exchanges and fiber-
optic communication into the public switched telephone network (PSTN).

The system was originally known as the Post Office Telephone Service or Post Office Telephone
System in many countries. The term was dropped as telephone services were removed from the control of
national post offices.[dubious – discuss]

POTS services include:

• bi-directional, or full duplex, voice path with limited frequency range of 300 to 3400 Hz: in other
words, a signal to carry the sound of the human voice both ways at once;
• call-progress tones, such as dial tone and ringing signal;
• subscriber dialing;
• operator services, such as directory assistance, long distance, and conference calling assistance;
• a standards compliant analog telephone interface including BORSCHT functions

In the United States, the pair of wires from the central switch office to a subscriber's home is called
a subscriber loop. It is typically powered by -48V direct current (DC) and backed up by a large bank of
batteries (connected in series) in the central office, resulting in continuation of service during most
commercial power outages. The subscriber loop typically carries a "load" of about 300 Ohms, and does
not pose a threat of electrocution to human beings (although shorting the loop can be felt as an unpleasant
sensation).

74
Many calling features became available to POTS subscribers after computerization of telephone
exchanges during the 1970s and 1980s. The services include:

 Voicemail
 Caller ID
 Call waiting
 Speed dialing
 Conference call (three-way calling)
 Enhanced 911
 Centrex and other services.

The communications circuits of the PSTN continue to be modernized by advances in digital

communications; however, other than improving sound quality, these changes have been mainly
transparent to the POTS customer. In most cases, the function of the POTS local loop presented to the
customer for connection to telephone equipment is practically unchanged and remains compatible with
old Pulse dialing telephones, even ones dating back to the early 20th century.

4. ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

ADSL technology transport data service and voice service at the same time by using existing twisted-pair
copper telephone lines. It is asymmetric because there will be interference and distance limitation if
symmetric signals transmit over multi core cable.

Data transport speed: Downstream is 1.5Mbps up to 8.192Mbps, and upstream is 16Kbps up to

1.088Mbps

The existing analog voice capacity modem is used 0 up to 4KHZ frequency, thus it cannot transport the
voice and data communication at the same time. ADSL channel ranges from 30KHZ to 1.1MHZ. Thus

75
both the existing telephone and ADSL data service can use at the same time. And the basic telephone
service is guaranteeing uninterrupted basic telephone service, even if ADSL fails.

Standard

 Transmit 7Mbps speed by splitting data from Voiceband signal G.992.1

 Subscriber can install 1.5 Mbps modem without installing a splitter G.992.2 (G.Lite)

 Negotiate method of function mode between DSL Systems G.994.1

 Reference architecture for ADSL System (G.995.1)

 ADSL System test mode (G.996.1)

 ADSL System Management (G.997.1)

7.2 DLC OPERATIONS AT CNOC

The DLC network in the Reliance network is laid in the ring topology consisting of Remote Terminals
(RTs) and Central Terminals (CTs). All the data are transferred from RT to CT, which is then transferred
to a switch.

RTs have several slots for different types of Cards like:

• FXS card (forward exchange services): It is used for POTS and is usually of 24 ports.

76
 • E1 card: it has 8 ports and has a bandwidth of 2 Mbps and is used for various services like POTS,
Leased Lines.

• BRI Card

• IPADSL Card

• SDT card: converts electric to Light Pulses and vice versa

• SCM card

The data flows from E1 to SDT and then to CT and then through the transport to switches.

The circuit switched technology still exists today because it ensures data integrity and reliability which is
especially important in voice communication.

There are approximately 97 CTs and an average of 3 rings to a CT.

Transmission media used in DLC interconnections:

• OFC are used to connect RTs or other equipments. Optical Cables are generally laid below 3 feet.

• HDPE pipes – High Density Poly Ethylene – 40/60/80 mm pipes. It has a depth of 1 meter. and is
used by reliance. Its advantage is that it is protected from rodents.

• PVC – Polyethylene Vinyl Chloride – 60/110/150 mm pipes.

• From DLC copper cables are used which can be aerial or underground. Aerial cables are armored.

• Cross-connects are used for branching of cables. It allows more flexibility. Advantage is that the
fiber cable pairs can be branched off in unequal ratios. It is also called as Main Distribution Frame
(MDF). Eg: 1:1, 1:3, 1:1.5

• During splicing of fibers, carbon electrodes are used which generate heat causing the fibers to
melt and hence join.

• One pair of optical fibers is patched around the ring to check for fiber cuts. They are called
maintenance fibers.

• Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) is used to locate faults along fiber lines. This is
done by firing light pulses and analyzing the received pulses to locate the faults.

• Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) is used to offer wireless internet access in the 25 to
29 GHz Bandwidth

77
NODE SHELF VIEW (SCREEN SHOWING CARDS AVAILABLE ON THE SELECTED
CT/RT)

78
ARCHITECTURE OF RELIANCE TDM NETWORK

79
BN – BUILDING NODE

80
BAN – BUILDING AGGREGATION NODE

MAN – METROPOLITAN AGGREGATION NODE

Usually RT is placed in a BN and CT in BAN.

As can be seen from the above diagram, that ring topology is used where the ring starts at the same BAN,

But for a Metro like Mumbai it has been modified such that the ring starts at 1 BAN and ends at the
adjacent BAN to ensure reliability through redundancy.

There are 2 types of CT’s

• CTN: It has a maximum of 2 rings and a capacity of 2 E1lines.

• CTA: It has a maximum of 4 rings and a capacity of 4 E1 lines.

MUMBAI MAN RING

MCN

BSES RIL

ARIHANT RC

GDC MAKERS

CHAMBERS

SRM

81
F2K F2K

N S
NETWORK MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE i-NETMEN

It is provided by the DLC vendor UT STARcom. NetMAN is the Network Management System (NMS)
for DLC. Reliance Communications is presently using iNetMAN 4000 topology.

This NMS contains information of all CTs (central terminal) and RTs (remote terminal).they even show
the structure that connects each CT to various RTs.

You can find a CT or RT by either entering their FAC ID or IP address in iNetMAN.

On double clicking on any CT or RT, the information regarding the Nodes and even the diagrammatic
visualization of placement of cards can be seen.

In Mumbai CNOC, basically IPADSL and FXS cards are of maximum use on iNetMAN in DLC.

FAC ID – FACILITY ID

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83
DLC MONITORING AT CNOC

1. ALARM MONITORING

Mumbai CNOC makes use of the NMS NetMAN 4000 TOPOLOGY, provided by the DLC vendor UT
STARCOM, to monitor the alarms in the Mumbai circle. In particular, there are 4 types of alarms
monitored by CNOC.

• V5 Down

• Heart beat failure

• AC Fail

• Low Battery

V5 down

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It is a critical alarm signaled by the CT. It occurs under 2 circumstances

After 2-3 hours of generation of AC fail alarm, if the problem is not rectified, then a low battery alarm is
generated. There is a certain capacity of the battery which when discharges there is a V5 down alarm
generated.

V5 down alarm is also generated when there is loss of signal due to fiber cut or optical loss.

Usually when there is a V5 down alarm, an entity instance of the particular RT is displayed.

Heart beat Failure

This is also a critical alarm. It is generated by the RT and its FAC id is also displayed. E1 ML card is the
heart of the equipment in DLC. So when there is a failure in transmission or reception of E1 signal, then a
heart beat failure alarm is generated.

AC fail

AC fail occurs when there is load shedding, or there is power failure. Another case occurs when the
customer has not paid the bill and thus the particular service provider cuts off the power for the
equipment. In such a case an AC failure alarm is generated.

Low battery

Equipment can run on battery up to 2-3 hours depending on the capacity of the battery. When the battery
is low, a low battery alarm is generated.

Usually, if a heart beat failure, AC fail, and E1 alarm are generated on a day for a particular RT, in that
case there is a great possibility of an MCU cable problem.

The alarms are shown in the custom alarm management of NetMAN.

We need to keep an account of the alarms generated and Microsoft Excel is used to prepare the report.

In the excel document named Alarm monitoring, there are various sheets which act as procedure for
monitoring the alarm:

1. Availability Matrix

85
This sheet gives the details of the CMP, BANs in the particular CMP, name of the employee handling the
particular BAN and also their contact details.

2. NE list

This sheet gives information regarding the BAN, RT, FAC ID, IP address, and entity instance. It is
basically used to get details of a particular RT.

NE LIST SHEET

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3. Monthly alarm reporting sheet

This sheet contains the time and date of alarm, type of alarm, the BAN, RT and FAC ID where the alarm
has occurred, the FEO to contact regarding the alarm, FT if generated and also remarks regarding the
alarm.

These records have to be maintained by the employees in charge of DLC in the CNOC.

MONTHLY ALARM REPORTING SHEET

SOME EXCEPTIONS RELATED TO ALARMS-

87
 • Optical loss cannot be monitored at CNOC. Information obtained via field.

• Sometimes ‘False Alarms’ are generated due to signal fluctuations. In this case ‘History Alarm
List’ shows repeated occurrence/clearance of alarms.

PROCEDURE

1. Alarms are displayed in the Custom Alarm Management window of NetMAN. The information
generated includes the occurrence of the alarm, alarm type, FAC ID and NE type.

2. The occurrence and type of alarm is noted in the monthly alarm reporting sheet.

3. Using the FAC ID or the entity instance, the BAN and RT names are also found out using the NE
list excel sheet. These are put in the alarm reporting sheet too.

4. The availability Matrix is used to find the employee in charge of the particular BAN.

5. That employee is called by CNOC and informed about the particular alarm displayed in his BAN.
He then sends his employees to the field to rectify the problem.

6. In case alarm is heart beat failure on E1 line then ANOC is also informed.

HISTORY ALARM LIST

Shows the past alarm records of the RT including occurrence & clearance time

and other details.

88
 2. WORK ORDER (WO)

• Clarity>> Services>> Work Flows>> Work Orders.

Here, the work group is FA_SURV_MUMB. There are various tasks assigned to this work group which
are named as work orders. These work orders can be viewed in the bucket assigned to
FA_SURV_MUMB.

The tasks assigned are

 NETMAN PROVISIONING

 DEPROVISION NETMAN

 ASSIGN DLC PORTS

 CPE BUILD AND TEST

89
ADDRESSING WORK ORDERS

The bucket can be viewed using the CLARITY software. After logging in to the software, click on the
Services. Within Services, there is an option for Work Flows. In this, click on Work Orders to obtain the
relevant bucket.

MAN NETMAN PROVISIONING

In this task basically, the BIA_DIA and VLAN_ID values are assigned to the required ADSL port. Here
Services are assigned for a particular customer.

PROCEDURE:

1. Double click on the particular task. Your work order opens. It contains the Service Order number
which is noted in the excel sheet.

90
2. Note down the tasks in MS excel.

3. Select the Service Order Attributes in the WO window. Check the parameters like LM access-
adsl, LM DLC, LM prov-reqd, BIA_DIA, VLAN id, routing option (static generally) and service
type code(BRAS).

4. BIA_DIA and VLAN ID should be remembered for reference in further procedure.

91
5. Exit from the SO attribute window. Select the VIEW CIRUIT in WO. In that, you can see the
FAC ID, slot number and port number. They need to be noted in the excel sheet. Exit from View
Circuit.

6. Copy the FAC ID to NetMAN 4000 and locate DLC on the map. Selecting the particular location,
you can view the Node and v5 interface. For provisioning you basically require Node.

7. Click on the Node. Select shelf. Usually there is only 1 shelf. If there are more, it is specified in
the circuit itself. In the shelf, select the slot specified for the particular IPADSL3A.

8. Select ADSL option. In that, retrieving the required port, Lock the port and assign the appropriate
BIA_DIA profile.

9. In the same slot, click on the VLAN and assign the specified VLAN ID.

10. Unlock the port.

11. Then click on ADSL and save the configuration to the node, not to the server.

12. In the work order window, change status to CLOSED. Save the changes. Exit.

13. In the excel sheet, fill in the status as CLOSED.

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DEPROVISION NETMAN

In this task, the services are cancelled for a particular customer.

PROCEDURE:

1. Double click on the particular task. Your work order opens. It contains the service order number
which is noted in the excel sheet.

2. Note down the task name in MS excel.

3. Select the service order attributes in the WO window. Check the parameters like LM access-
ADSL, LM DLC, LM prov-reqd, BIA_DIA, VLAN id, routing option(static generally) ,service
type code(BRAS) and service delete reason.

4. BIA_DIA and VLAN ID should be remembered for reference in further procedure.

93
5. Exit from the SO attribute window. Select the VIEW CIRUIT in WO. In that, you can see the
FAC ID, slot number and port number. They need to be noted in the excel sheet. Exit from view
circuit.

6. Copy the FAC ID to NETMAN 4000 and locate the map. Selecting the particular location, you
can view the node and v5 interface. For deprovisioning you basically require node.

7. Click on the node. Select shelf. Usually there is only 1 shelf. If there are more, it is specified in
the circuit itself. In the shelf, select the slot specified for the particular IPADSL3A.

8. Select ADSL option. In that, retrieving the required port, lock the port and assign the BIA_DIA
profile as adsl_ref.

9. In the same slot, click on the VLAN and for the specified VLAN ID, unselect the mentioned port.

10. Unlock the port

94
 11. Then click on ADSL and save the configuration to the node, not to the server.

12. Open the view circuit window in the WO, and delete the cross connections. Save the changes. Exit
from that window.

13. In the work order window, change status to CLOSED. Save the changes. Exit.

14. In the excel sheet, fill in the status as CLOSED.

15. The task is completed.

ASSIGNING DLC PORTS

In this task, the DLC ports are assigned at the necessary location/site. A circuit has to be made.

PROCEDURE

1. Double click on the particular task. Your work order opens. It contains the service order number
which is noted in the excel sheet.

2. Note down the tasks also in MS excel.

3. Select the service order attributes in the WO window. Check the parameters like LM access- adsl,
LM DLC, LM prov-reqd, BIA_DIA, VLAN id, routing option(static generally) and service type
code(BRAS).

4. BIA_DIA and VLAN ID should be remembered for reference in further procedure.

95
5. Exit from the SO attribute window.

6. In generic configuration system, select locations/sites in the corporate option.

7. Enter the location/site number as assigned in the WO window. By clicking on query, you receive
the FAC ID.

8. Select the VIEW CIRCUIT in WO. Here FAC ID is entered. Then the first free port in the
IPADSL3A slot is taken for ADSL and the same procedure followed for VLAN. The values are
filled in the VIEW CIRCUIT box with the first row PHYSICAL and the line below assigned as
LOGICAL.

9. After the circuit has been established, save the changes and note down the necessary details the
FAC ID, slot number and port number in excel sheet.

10. Copy the FAC ID to NETMAN 4000 and locate the map. Selecting the particular location, you
can view the node and v5 interface.

11. Click on the node. Select shelf. Usually there is only 1 shelf. If there are more, it is specified in
the circuit itself. In the shelf, select the slot specified for the particular IPADSL3A.

12. Select ADSL option. In that, retrieving the required port, lock the port and assign the appropriate
BIA_DIA profile.

13. In the same slot, click on the VLAN and assign the specified VLAN ID.

14. Unlock the port.

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 15. Then click on ADSL and save the configuration to the node, not to the server.

16. Go to VIEW CIRCUIT in WO.

17. The values are filled in the VIEW CIRCUIT box with the first row PHYSICAL and the line below
assigned as LOGICAL.

18. Change status to ‘In Service’. Save

19. In the work order window, change status to CLOSED. Save the changes. Exit.

20. In the excel sheet, fill in the status as CLOSED.

Hence, DLC ports are assigned and provisioning is completed.

3. FAULT MANAGEMENT

We were taught the escalation of BIA DIA faults at DLC Terminal. It involves Clarity and NetMAN 4000
topology.

PROCEDURE for BIA related FTs -

1. Login to Clarity. BIA DIA Faults will be obtained in the workflow FA_SURV_MUMB.

2. Double click on one of the FTs. Fault ticket work order opens. Check the reason and site of the
fault.

3. Open all comments .note the subscriber ID.

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4. In services<service order<service-service order, Rollback Query. Feed subscriber ID .query.

5. Obtain the service order (SO) number. Copy it to the BIA DIA Faults excel sheet.

6. Obtain Service ID. Rollback Query. Feed in the service ID. Query.

7. Now check the BIA DIA, VLAN ID and IP (in case of static) in the attributes.

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8. Click on the circuit. Obtain FAC ID, slot and port.

9. In iNetMAN, login and check if the right and required parameters exist for the particular port.

10. If yes, comment in Clarity that parameters are as required. If not, provision the port to the
necessary parameters. And write it as a comment.

11. Reassign the fault to the required work group from which it came.

12. Exit from the fault work order.

Generally it is noticed that the BIA doesn’t work due to one of the following reasons:

• Defective LAN Card

• Due to Cu Loss (Wiring Problem)

• ADSL Modem Faulty

• DLC Down

• Customer PC Problem

• Customer Education

99
 • Jumper Problem

• Computer setting

PROCEDURE for POTS related FTs:

1. Procedure is similar to that of BIA till step 5

2. Check the type of problem whether it is STD not working or dialed no. not connecting in all
comments.

3. Write comment and send a mail to ILT switch

4. Update all information in the data sheet

5. Go to status window. Click on 1st row date appears, write 999 on 2nd column , click on 3rd column .
Save the configuration.

6. Change the work group

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8. IAD TERMINAL AT CNOC

8.1 RELIANCE METRO ETHERNET NETWORK (MEN)

A Metro Ethernet is a computer network that covers a metropolitan area and that is based on
the Ethernet standard. It is commonly used as a metropolitan access network to connect subscribers and
businesses to a larger service network or the Internet. Businesses can also use Metro Ethernet to connect
branch offices to their Intranet.

Ethernet has been a well known technology for decades. An Ethernet interface is much less expensive than
a SONET/SDH or PDH interface of the same bandwidth. Ethernet also supports high bandwidths with fine
granularity, which is not available with traditional SDH connections. Another distinct advantage of an
Ethernet-based access network is that it can be easily connected to the customer network, due to the
prevalent use of Ethernet in corporate and, more recently, residential networks. Therefore, bringing
Ethernet in to the Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) introduces a lot of advantages to both the service
provider and the customer (corporate and residential)

A typical service provider Metro Ethernet network is a collection of Layer 2 or/and Layer
3 switches or/and routers connected through optical fiber. The topology could be a ring, hub-and-
spoke (star), or full or partial mesh. The network will also have a hierarchy: core, distribution
(aggregation) and access. The core in most cases is an existing IP/MPLS backbone, but may migrate to
newer forms of Ethernet Transport in the form of 10G or 100G speeds.

Ethernet on the MAN can be used as pure Ethernet, Ethernet over SDH, Ethernet over MPLS or Ethernet
over DWDM. Pure Ethernet-based deployments are cheap but less reliable and scalable, and thus are
usually limited to small scale or experimental deployments. SDH-based deployments are useful when
there is an existing SDH infrastructure already in place, its main shortcoming being the loss of flexibility
in bandwidth management due to the rigid hierarchy imposed by the SDH network. MPLS based
deployments are costly but highly reliable and scalable, and are typically used by large service providers.

101
SERVICES OFFERED OVER MEN

Serves as backhaul network for:

1. WiMAX

2. IAD – Integrated Access Device

3. LMDS

4. L2 & L3 VPN Services

RELIANCE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

The network architecture consists of nodal functional elements and transport layers in a ring and mesh
topology.

The nodal elements are MCN (media convergence nodes), BAN (building access nodes) and BN(building
nodes). The transport layers assemble these functional elements on three functional transport layers – the
backbone, main access ring and building access ring.

Each transport layer along with their nodal elements perform specific functions supporting customer
traffic services and connection to the NNOC and operation support system

As in TDM network, the Metro Ethernet Network (MEN) is hierarchical and has a ring topology. The
obvious advantage derived out of ring topology is higher availability of network derived out of added
redundancy. Another advantage is faster recovery times (50ms) in case of failure in the ring.

The MEN hierarchy from top to bottom is as follows:

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 SIMPLIFIED MEN ARCHITECTURE

BN RING

BN – Building node Ring forms the lowest level of hierarchy constituted by different Building Nodes
(BN). Customers located at different BOI (Building Of Interest). One BN ring has up to 14 BNs. To
provide L2 Ethernet services (10/100 Mbps) either an Atrica A2100 or Cisco 3600 L2 switch is used.
They provide 24, 10/100 Ethernet ports and Gigabit Ethernet (GE) as uplink.

Building Node (BN) Cisco 3400

103
 • IAD’s are connected to the BN- Cisco 3400

• BN is a layer 2 switch

• Consists of 24 fast ethernet ports (100 Mbps) and 2 Gig ports (1 Gbps)

• 3 ports (17,18,19) used to connect to daisy switch to increase capacity

BAN RING

BAN Ring is formed by different Building Aggregation Nodes each having 8-16 BA rings. The BAN
device used here is an Atrica A8100 or Cisco 7609, which have higher concentration of GE ports- GE as
well as 10GE interfaces to terminate multiple BN rings. The BAN rings get terminated on a Metropolitan
Aggregation Node (MAN) device.

Building Aggregation Node (BAN) Cisco 7600(figure below)

• BAN is a layer 3 switch which can route packets of data

• Modular rack- size depends on the model and requirements

• Modules added as and when required to form multi-layer switch

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MAN RING

MAN Ring forms the highest level of MEN hierarchy where the entire Metro traffic is aggregated. The
device used here is again A8100 or a Cisco 7609 having GE as well as 10 GE interfaces. Inter- metro
traffic is passed to the Reliance core network consisting of Juniper routers using MPLS technology. The
10GE links are used to terminate BAN rings while the GE links are used to uplink to the juniper core.

COMPLETE MEN ARCHITECTURE

RDN – reliance data network

MCN – media convergence node

MAN – metropolitan aggregation node

BAN – building aggregation node

BN – building node

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RELIANCE NETWORK

The major functions of the Core network are:

• Connectivity across 21 locations for efficient traffic and QoS.

• Interconnect traffic from access network.

• Connectivity to Internet POPs.

• Connectivity for DCN for in-band network management by NOC.

RDN - NATIONAL BACKBONE

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INTEGRATED ACCESS DEVICE (IAD)

INTRODUCTION -

IAD is an Integrated Access Device, which uses the Ethernet/DSL connection to deliver voice quality and
features equivalent to those of PSTN. In addition to providing quality voice services, IAD allows users to
share a single Ethernet/DSL connection throughout their network by either connecting a PC or a hub into
the IAD’s LAN port.

 WAN – MEN Cisco Device port

 LAN1- User’s PC

 Phone- Telephone Instrument

 12V DC power supply

RCOM SERVICES OVER MEN (related to IAD terminal at

CNOC)

The data services offered by Reliance Communications over its MEN are

1. Virtual Private Network – VPN Services

2. Internet Access Services

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VPN SERVICES

VPN services are offered by 2 different methods:

I. LAYER 3 VPN

In L3 VPN, network and routing control is maintained by the service provider. In this scenario, the
enterprise has to simply list its routing and networking requirements and the service provider will
implement those decisions across the VPN. Enterprises who do not want to spend time and resources
maintaining networking and routing decisions can shift that responsibility to the service provider by using
an IP-VPN. The major components of L3 MPLS VPN are PE (Provider Edge Router), P (Provider Router)
and CE (Customer Edge Router). The CE router interfaces with the Service Provider network. In order to
provide a VPN Service to its customer the service provider must be aware of the complete network of the
customer and the different VPN sites.

LAYER 3 PROTOCOLS

1. OSPF

2. BGP

3. MPLS

1. OSPF – OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol which was first defined as version 2 in RFC 2328. It
is used to allow routers to dynamically learn routes from other routers and to advertise routes to
other routers. Advertisements containing routes are referred to as Link State Advertisements (LSAs) in
OSPF. OSPF router keeps track of the state of all the various network connections (links) between itself
and a network it is trying to send data to. This makes it a link-state routing protocol. OSPF supports the
use of classless IP address ranges and is very efficient. OSPF uses areas to organize a network into a
hierarchal structure; it summarizes route information to reduce the number of advertised routes and
thereby reduce network load and uses a designated router (elected via a process that is part of OSPF) to
reduce the quantity and frequency of Link State Advertisements. OSPF does require the router have a
more powerful processor and more memory than other routing protocols.
OSPF selects the best routes by finding the lowest cost paths to a destination. All router interfaces (links)
are given a cost. The cost of a route is equal to the sum of all the costs configured on all the outbound

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links between the router and the destination network, plus the cost configured on the interface that OSPF
received the Link State Advertisement on.

2. BGP – BORDER GATEWAY PROTOCOL

The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the core routing protocol of the Internet. It maintains a table of IP
networks or 'prefixes' which designate network reachability among autonomous systems (AS). It is
described as a path vector protocol. BGP does not use traditional IGP metrics, but makes routing decisions
based on path, network policies and/or rule sets.

BGP was created to replace the EGP routing protocol to allow fully decentralized routing in order to allow
the removal of the NSFNet Internet backbone network. This allowed the Internet to become a truly
decentralized system. Since 1994, version four of the protocol has been in use on the Internet. All previous
versions are now obsolete. The major enhancement in version 4 was support of Classless Inter-Domain
Routing and use of route aggregation to decrease the size of routing tables. Since January 2006, version 4
is codified in RFC 4271, which went through well over 20 drafts based on the earlier RFC 1771 version 4.
The RFC 4271 version corrected a number of errors, clarified ambiguities, and also brought the RFC
much closer to industry practices.

Most Internet users do not use BGP directly. However, since most Internet service providers must use
BGP to establish routing between one another (especially if they are multihomed), it is one of the most
important protocols of the Internet. Compare this with Signaling System 7(SS7), which is the inter-
provider core call setup protocol on the PSTN. Very large private IP networks use BGP internally,
however. An example would be the joining of a number of large Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
networks where OSPF by itself would not scale to size. Another reason to use BGP is multihoming a
network for better redundancy either to multiple access points of a single ISP (RFC 1998) or to multiple
ISPs.

3. MPLS- MULTI PROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING

MPLS works by prefixing packets with an MPLS header, containing one or more 'labels'. This is called a
label stack. Each label stack entry contains four fields:

 A 20-bit label value.

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  3-bit Traffic Class field for QoS (Quality of Service) priority (experimental) and ECN (Explicit
Congestion Notification).
 1-bit bottom of stack flag. If this is set, it signifies that the current label is the last in the stack.
 8-bit TTL (time to live) field.

These MPLS-labeled packets are switched after a Label Lookup/Switch instead of a lookup into the IP
table. As mentioned above, when MPLS was conceived, Label Lookup and Label Switching were faster
than a RIB lookup because they could take place directly within the switched fabric and not the CPU.

The entry and exit points of an MPLS network are called Label Edge Routers (LER), which,
respectively, push an MPLS label onto an incoming packet and pop it off the outgoing packet. Routers
that perform routing based only on the label are called Label Switch Routers (LSR). In some applications,
the packet presented to the LER already may have a label, so that the new LSR pushes a second label onto
the packet. For more information see Penultimate Hop Popping.

Labels are distributed between LERs and LSRs using the “Label Distribution Protocol” (LDP).[4] Label
Switch Routers in an MPLS network regularly exchange label and reachability information with each
other using standardized procedures in order to build a complete picture of the network they can then use
to forward packets. Label Switch Paths (LSPs) are established by the network operator for a variety of
purposes, such as to create network-based IP Virtual Private Networks or to route traffic along specified
paths through the network. In many respects, LSPs are not different from PVCs in ATM or Frame Relay
networks, except that they are not dependent on a particular Layer 2 technology.

In the specific context of an MPLS-based Virtual Private Network (VPN), LSRs that function
as ingress and/or egress routers to the VPN are often called PE (Provider Edge) routers. Devices that
function only as transit routers are similarly called P (Provider) routers. See RFC 2547.[5] The job of a P
router is significantly easier than that of a PE router, so they can be less complex and may be more
dependable because of this.

When an unlabeled packet enters the ingress router and needs to be passed on to an MPLS tunnel, the
router first determines the forwarding equivalence class (FEC) the packet should be in, and then inserts
one or more labels in the packet's newly-created MPLS header. The packet is then passed on to the next
hop router for this tunnel.

When a labeled packet is received by an MPLS router, the topmost label is examined. Based on the
contents of the label a swap, push (impose) or pop (dispose) operation can be performed on the packet's
label stack. Routers can have prebuilt lookup tables that tell them which kind of operation to do based on
the topmost label of the incoming packet so they can process the packet very quickly.

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 II. LAYER 2 VPN

L2 VPN is distinguished by having a layer 2 handoff into the customer’s premise. More often than not the
L2 technology used here is Ethernet. Networking and routing control is maintained by the enterprise,
which is typically preferred by enterprises that want to ensure the security of their underlying packets.
With this type of service, the enterprise implements its end-to-end networking and routing decisions itself
without having to involve the service provider, and these decisions are therefore only known within the
enterprise. Additionally, although changes are usually not a common occurrence, this approach allows
these changes to be implemented faster.

Universal availability of Ethernet ports on routers, with every router shipped having Ethernet ports. There
is no need for the enterprise to purchase expensive high-speed serial interfaces (i.e. TDM-based ports) to
support TDM-based local loop, or an additional CSU / DSU for a frame relay service. An Ethernet
handoff also simplifies the enterprise’s telecom closet, with reduced equipment, and by extension, reduces
the power draw for the related equipment. These benefits would be minor considerations for the
enterprise.

LAYER 2 PROTOCOLS

STP – SPANNING TREE PROTOCOL

The collection of bridges in a LAN can be considered a graph whose nodes are the bridges and whose
edges are the cables connecting the bridges.
To break loops in the LAN while maintaining access to all LAN segments, the bridges collectively
compute a spanning tree. The spanning tree is not necessarily a minimum cost spanning tree. A network
administrator can reduce the cost of a spanning tree, if necessary, by altering some of the configuration
parameters in such a way as to affect the choice of the root of the spanning tree.

The spanning tree that the bridges compute using the Spanning Tree Protocol can be determined using the
following rules. The example network at the right, below, will be used to illustrate the rules.

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Select a root bridge. The root bridge of the spanning tree is the bridge with the smallest (lowest) bridge
ID. Each bridge has a unique identifier (ID) and a configurable priority number; the bridge ID contains
both numbers. To compare two bridge IDs, the priority is compared first. If two bridges have equal
priority, then the MAC addresses are compared. For example, if switches A (MAC=0000.0000.1111) and
B (MAC=0000.0000.2222) both have a priority of 10, then switch A will be selected as the root bridge. If
the network administrator would like switch B to become the root bridge, they must set its priority to be
less than 10. (The default priority of Cisco switches is 32768).

Determine the least cost paths to the root bridge. The computed spanning tree has the property that
messages from any connected device to the root bridge traverse a least cost path, i.e., a path from the
device to the root that has minimum cost among all paths from the device to the root. The cost of
traversing a path is the sum of the costs of the segments on the path. Different technologies have different
default costs for network segments. An administrator can configure the cost of traversing a particular
network segment.

INTERNET ACCESS

Internet access is the most common and basic service offering by Reliance Communications. Generally
QoS profile used here is best-effort with provisioning done using BRAS – Broadband Remote Access
Server which also handle AAA (Authentication, Authorization & Accounting) work. This service is
majorly used by residential users and it generates a heavy traffic volume.

ADSL LINK TO RDN VIA MEN

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FINDING A RING
Take the cisco device whose ring has to be found.

For Eg: MCNMUMNRLMYxxxc34001 (97.209.xxx.xxx)

Inorder to show the details of the root port, type the following command in the
PuTTY:

sh spanning-tree root

It will display 2 roots out of which one will be in the ‘forwarding state’ and the other
in the ‘blocked state’. The connections are in the direction of the ‘forwarding state’
port.

Gi0/2 – in forwarding state

Gi0/1- in the blocked state

Inorder to see the cisco device’s neighbours type the following command:

sh lldp nei

We see that cisco MCNMUMNRLMYxxxc34001 (port Gi0/2) is connected to cisco

MCNMUMNRLMYxxxc34002 (port Gi0/1)

We repeat the above steps till we come back to the cisco device we started from. All
rings have even number of elements including the BAN. Below is an example of a 12
node even ring. Rings may also include Huawei devices as in the following example:

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8.2 IAD OPERATIONS AT CNOC

Role of CNOC:

1] Make sure N/w is always up & running

2] If n/w is down, repair it within Mean Time to Restore [MTTR]

3] Clear fault tickets and assist field engineers in rectifying faults

ACCEPTANCE TEST PROCEDURE (ATP)

• To view an ATP in the bucket we do the following in Clarity:

Services à Works flow à Work Orders

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 • Once in the work orders, change the work group to DATA_CNOC_MUM

• If an ATP is present double-click to open it and go to the Service Order Attributes

Put these commands in putty and check various parameters in service order details to check in ATP:

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 • Image i.e. version of the device – sh version

• MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit) – sh interface mtu

• Description includes homing device/ parenting BAN, ring id , IP address – sh interface

description

• East /west node – sh cdp neighbour

• Alarms provisioning in NMS

For a huaei device commands used are different but functions in the same manner as above

• dis version

• MTU is ok for huaei devices

• dis int des

• dis lldp nei

• rest of steps are same

If all parameters are correct then ATP is closed else it is reassigned to FADEPLOY_DATA_MUM

FAULT MANAGEMENT
Faults come to CNOC either through Clarity or from the Field Engineer. Software used for
troubleshooting and provisioning:

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 • Clarity

• Putty

• DMS server

• GVSP server

• TAG server (Net Conductor)

CLARITY

Steps in Clarity

• If the FT is LCO or Metro then it is an IAD related FT

• Open the FT, copy the date and the FT no.

• From the circuit, copy the fac id and the port no.

• Using the subscriber id from ‘All comments’, we find the CMP from the service order

• Using the putty we check the status of the Cisco device and the port at which the IAD is connected

• Depending on the status, comments are added to the FT and then reassigned to the CMP

PUTTY

• Important commands used in putty to clear FT’s:

• telnet – to log into the cisco device

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 • sh int des - to see the description

• sh mac add int fa 0/(port no.) – to check if the port is getting PC Mac address

• sh ip dhcp sn bin - shows the ip addresses the dchp bin is receiving.

SOME COMMON FAULTS

• Port is down

• Port is up but not getting PC MAC

• Port is up and also getting PC MAC

• IAD lost

• IAD offline

• No TAG provisioning

• No GVSP provisioning

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 • Wrong TAG/GVSP provisioning

• MGCP failure alarm

• DNS failure alarm

SERVICE ASSURANCE (SA) AND SERVICE DELIVERY

(SD)

IAD uses the Ethernet/DSL connection to deliver voice quality and features equivalent to those of PSTN.
In addition to providing quality voice services, IAD allows users to share a single Ethernet/DSL
connection throughout their network by either connecting a PC or a hub into the IAD’s LAN port. The
device and the supporting NMS are provided by a company called Innomedia.

One of the important features of IAD is that it can be completely managed remotely at Network
Operations Center thus allowing for quick service delivery and easier service assurance.

The Service Delivery & Service Assurance support is provided via CNOC. The CNOC engineers
coordinate with the field engineers and CMP staff to accomplish the tasks. To complete the process the
NMS used are:

 Innomedia DMS

 Innomedia GVSP

 Netconductor

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TAG server

The TAG is used to bridge the gap between traditional circuit based PSTN and emerging packet-switched
telephony networks.

TAG converts VOIP signals into analog signals. The TAG interfaces with the TDM switch on V5.2 and
converts it to a VOIP, so that all the IP endpoint such as IAD can be transparently controlled by the
traditional TDM switch. The features and services of the TDM switch can be transparently made available
on the IP endpoints.

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GVSP

o GVSP is a system that creates a global view of devices and servers. In this system, servers and
devices are grouped together into "regions". Regions represent a geographic grouping or a logical
grouping. Devices in a region are implicitly associated with the servers in that region.

o A server may be referenced in multiple regions, but there may at most be one of each server type
within a region.

o A web interface provides transparent access to device attributes on associated remote servers. A
SOAP interface provides the ability to edit and query region, server, and device information.

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DMS

InnoMedia’s Device Management System (DMS) is:

• Device Management System providing:

– A network view of device distribution

– Event, alarm, and fault management

• To provide effective device management, remote device monitoring, troubleshooting, as well as

statistic collection to the VoIP service providers.

• To access devices remotely using:

– Telnet

– Web

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STEPS FOR SA & SD

The aim is to check the status of IAD device and thereby check as well as remove the errors (DNS failure
and MGCP failure) using various software.

1. Take the DN (Directory Number) No. and MAC ID from the field engineer.

2. Paste the MAC ID in “Device Management” section under “Device Query”

3. See the status of the IAD Device (green/red or black)

4. The colors correspond to –

a. Green = ONLINE

b. Red = OFFLINE

c. Black = Tag Lost by IAD Device

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 5. If the device is ONLINE, paste the MAC ID in Innomedia GVSP under “Devices” section and
search for “services”

6. Click on “Edit class” to know about the class parameters and the TAG in which the required IAD
is present.

7. The Tag will be like :

MBMUMBXXXXM001TAG001

8. Check the Interface Bundle and click on “IB-1”.

9. Type the DN Number under “Comment” section and click outside to get its details.

10. Check the type of failure.

11. If it is DNS failure, click on “POLL” to restrict it to “MGCP failure”.

12. If it is MGCP failure, click on the checkbox to the left of the device information and click “Edit”.

13. Change the “unblocked” status to the “blocked” status and click on “Apply”.

14. Paste the DN Number Again under “Comment” section and change the status again from
“unblocked” to “blocked”.

15. The MGCP failure gets removed by this method and we see “ok” status on screen.

Certain concepts in Putty:

• To check visibility of Cisco device in BAN

• To reach BAN from IP of IAD

• To trace the network using the spanning tree route( this also in configuring VLAN’s)

• To see the log of the device

MGCP Failure Issue

• MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol) failure occurs due to conflict in the IP address in the
DMS and the TAG servers

• Reason for occurrence in new installations

• Reason for occurrence in faults

• Solution

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SOME EXCEPTIONAL FAULTS

Exceptional Fault – 1

Fault description: Net going down in every 4 hrs

Observation: Told customer to call when problem occurs. When customer called back we checked the log
using “sh log”. It was observed that the frame packet was exceeded in the ARP and the port goes down

Analysis: It was found that there are certain conditions under which the Cisco device port goes into err
disable state and the port is forcefully made down by the device. These conditions are preconfigured in the
Cisco device.

Exceptional Fault – 2

• Issue : Private VLAN not working (new installation)

• Observation: The MAC address was reaching the BAN but still the port was not pinging

• On analysis it was seen that port in the BAN was administratively down

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9. CUSTOMER END APPLICATION –
FIELD VISITS

9.1 TRANSMISSION MEDIA USED IN

INSTALLATIONS

1. CAT 5 CABLE

Category 5 cable is a twisted pair high signal integrity cable type often referred to as Cat5. Many such
cables are unshielded but some are shielded. Category 5 has been superseded by the Category
5e specification structured cabling for computer networks such as Ethernet, and is also used to carry many
other signals such as basic voice services, token ring, and ATM (at up to 155 Mbit/s, over short distances).

Category 5[1] cable includes twisted pairs in a single cable jacket. This use of balanced lines helps preserve
a high signal-to-noise ratio despite interference from both external sources and other pairs (this latter form
of interference is called crosstalk). It is most commonly used for 100 Mbit/s networks, such as 100BASE-
TX Ethernet, although IEEE 802.3ab defines standards for 1000BASE-T - Gigabit Ethernet over category
5 cable. Cat 5 cable typically has three twists per inch of each twisted pair of 24 gauge copper wires
within the cables.

2. OPTICAL FIBRE

An optical fiber (or fibre) is a glass or plastic fiber that carries light along its length. Fiber optics is the
overlap of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers.
Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications, which permits transmission over longer
distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communications. Fibers are used
instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss, and they are also immune
to electromagnetic interference. Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so they

126
can be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in tight spaces.
Specially designed fibers are used for a variety of other applications,
including sensors and fiber lasers.

Light is kept in the core of the optical fiber by total internal reflection. This causes the fiber to act as
a waveguide. Fibers which support many propagation paths or transverse modes are called multi-mode
fibers (MMF), while those which can only support a single mode are called single-mode fibers (SMF).
Multi-mode fibers generally have a larger core diameter, and are used for short-distance communication
links and for applications where high power must be transmitted. Single-mode fibers are used for most
communication links longer than 550 metres (1,800 ft).

In practical fibers, the cladding is usually coated with a tough resin buffer layer, which may be further
surrounded by a jacket layer, usually plastic. These layers add strength to the fiber but do not contribute to
its optical wave guide properties. Rigid fiber assemblies sometimes put light-absorbing ("dark") glass
between the fibers, to prevent light that leaks out of one fiber from entering another. This reduces cross-
talk between the fibers, or reduces flare in fiber bundle imaging applications

3. RJ 45 CONNECTORS

A registered jack (RJ) is a standardized physical network interface — both jack construction and wiring
pattern — for connecting telecommunications, or data equipment (commonly, a telephone jack)
or computer networking equipment to a service provided by a local exchange carrier, a long distance
carrier, or a data network in the case of the RJ45 connector. The standard designs for these connectors and
their wiring are named RJ11, RJ14, RJ45, etc. These interface standards are most commonly used in North
America, though some interfaces are used world-wide

The physical connectors that registered jacks use are of the modular connector type, except RJ21X which
is a 25- pair Amphenol connector. For example, RJ11 uses a 6 pin 4 conductor (6P4C) modular plug and
jack.

4. POWER OVER ETHERNET (POE) DEVICE

POE allows transmission of data along with power over a standard Ethernet cable (CAT5). Out of the 8
wires in the cable 3 are used to transmit data, while the last 2 wires provide power to the Subscriber
Station.

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 Connections to PoE are done as shown:

9.2 WIMAX INSTALLATION

USE OF GOOGLE EARTH

The location of each BS is mapped onto Google Earth. The latitudes and longitudes of the customer
location are fed to Google Earth to locate the nearest BS to the customer location. The exact lat-longs of
the SS can be found using the GPS meter. Google Earth can also be used to find the exact sector (of the 4
sectors) to which the SS could be latched to get a strong LOS signal.

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LOCATION: ANDHERI (EAST)

TYPE OF INSTALLATION: Dynamic IP

TYPE OF CUSTOMER: Residential. It is necessary to know this because installations are not allowed at
Cyber Cafes.

REQUIREMENTS:

i. Telsima Subscriber Station

ii. Laptop to check parameters like CINR, RSSI and type of modulation.

iii. Power over Ethernet box

iv. CAT5 0.5mm Ethernet cable

v. RJ 45 connectors

vi. Crimpling tool

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 NEAREST BTS

STEPS IN INSTALLATION

1. Make connections. Using POE device connect the SS with the laptop (used by field-man for
installation) using the CAT5 0.5 mm cable.

SUBSCRIBER STATION

2. Configure the SS to receive the signal by using following settings:

IP: 192.168.1.10

Gateway: 192.168.1.1

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 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

3. Connect the SS using the command: telnet 192.168.1.1.

4. The latest version of SS software is: 2.2.M.1.A.5

Use login: root; password: telsimawl

5. In case the SS software is of older version it can be upgraded over-the-air using the command:
upgrade 172.16.0.163 ttbwa-ss-2.2.M.1.A.5.img ftp

6. To check the parameters such as d/l CINR, RSSI & modulation use the command ‘sh bs’. The SS
can be made to resynchronize with BS using ‘configure bs resync’.

TERRACE INSTALLATION

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 TELNET SCREEN

7. To check both the uplink as well as downlink parameters, a GUI based software called TSAT can
be used by installers.

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 8. The SS is connected to the CPE once correct parameters are obtained. 0.5mm CAT5 cable is used
for this purpose.

9. The CPE is configured for dynamic IP. The portal 202.138.126.201 is used for speed test. The
default user-id and password is ‘broadnet’.

10. Once the installation is complete, the parameters are verified by calling up CNOC after which the
vendor is given a unique reference no.

9.3 IAD INSTALLATION

1. Using a network cable, connect your PC's NIC to the IAD's LAN 1 port.

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 2. Connect IADs WAN Port to MEN Cisco
port.

3. Power ON IAD.

4. Wait until the MTA is completely

initialized.

5. You will know that he MTA is ready when

the RUN light is solid green.

6. Check the Dial tone.

9.4 DLC INSTALLATION

LOCATION: GREEN PARK SOCIETY (ANDHERI)

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1. Permission has to be taken from building authorities for Earthing ,Tapping existing earth,
Installing Building Fibre termination Box (BFTB) ,Building Approach (Underground), if
applicable

2. DLC Cards / Accessories

FXS Cards - Foreign Exchange Subscribers (nothing but POTS- Plain Old
Telephone System Cards) generally 16 Lines

BRI Cards - ISDN- Basic Rate Interface cards

SCM Card - System Controller Module

SDT-1 - STM-1Transport Module (for Optical backhaul)

PSM - Power Supply Module

Shelf - Mechanical Chassis

Backplane - Motherboard/ backplane (PCB with Connectors for

Signal and power Interconnections)

PDP - Power Distribution Panel

MDF - Main Distribution Frame

FDF - Fibre Distribution Frame

Rectifier - AC 220V to -48V DC Converter (cum Charger)

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3. DLC Cables - Bottom Entry Approach

4. DLC – MDF Cable Termination

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5. DLC – MDF jumper termination

6. Test Setup

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7. Ensure correct routing of cables in MDF door section

8. Ensure cables are not ‘Pinched’ when MDF door is being opened or closed

9. Krone -

10. MDF/IDF/CDP Numbering

14 digit ID contains information of the building & equipments, floor wise Building Location

Example: MCMUMBWRLIB/ 001

Equipment Location: The 6 digit Equipment ID CDP149

The first three digits e.g., IDF – defines the equipment Type Code

Equipment Types coded by GIS include DLC, MDF, IDF and CDP

14 defines the designated Floor Code where the equipment is installed

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 9 is the 9th equipment on the floor. Equipments more than 9 starts with A, B, C, D, onwards. (E.g.
CDP14C)

11. NETWORKING DONE IN GREEN PARK BUILDING

BFTB –

A small wall mounted termination and splice box for fibre optic cable. The fibre gets terminated at
the BFTB.

IDF – INTERMEDIATE DISTRIBUTION FRAME

• A small lockable wall mounted connection/distribution box for in-building wiring.

• Connects the DLC to the CDP’s

• Aggregates many smaller cables into one.

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 • Initial capacity – 32 pairs

• Max’ capacity – 120 pairs

• Feeds 4 CDP’s, 16 commercial customers

• Feeds 32 residential customers

• Indoor & Sheltered Locations

• The IDF should be-

• Set at a height of approximately 1.6 – 2.4m from the ground.

• In a common area, stair well or services area/cupboard.

• In a well lit area and on a solid wall.

CDP
Customer Distribution Point

• A small lockable wall mounted connection box for in-building wiring.

• Connects to the copper cable from the IDF box or DLC cabinet and provides a customer
connection point.

• On average, one on every floor of the building.

• Initial capacity – 8 pairs

• Max capacity – 30 pairs

• Feeds 4 commercial customers

• Feeds 8 residential customers

12. In-Building Wiring-

• CAT 5 copper cables are used for connecting the DLC

cabinet to the other boxes used in the network. CAT5 transmits voice and data at up to 100 Mbps
(Megabits per second) or more.

Cables used (copper capacity)

a. 4 pair (CAT5)

b. 10 pair (CAT5)

c. 25 pair (CAT5)

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13. Now we go at the customers place and install the modem and connect the telephone line and the PC
line to it.

14. We inform at the CNOC that such installation was done so please do the required provisioning

15. In the end we were successful in dlc installation and the telephone lines as well as Internet was
working properly at customer’s premises

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10. VISIT TO NNOC (NATIONAL
NETWORK OPERATIONS CENTER)

National Network Operations Center (NNOC). This operates at the national level. NNOC for Reliance is
at DAKC.
Dhirubhai Ambani Knowledge City (DAKC) is located in Navi Mumbai and houses the central offices of
Reliance Infocomm, project implementation and Operational activities for Infocomm across the entire
country as well as on the Interfaces with the Global communication partners.
Built in year 2002 has over 2 Million sq ft of office and Operations space in multiplex of buildings.

NOC SHOWCASE

• Wall Screens / Displays

o Screen Applications between Network views
o Display Plan for each network view
o Information screens

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 o Event screens
o Emergency handling
o Customer network screens

• Display Space for visitors

o Visitor Reception
o Visitor Gallery
o Products and Services Display

• Security and Access Control to NOC

We learnt about some exitsting and new

technologies at visitor’s gallery nnoc. Some products as well as services offered by reliance were at
display. Whole interior of visitor’s gallery was designed by Nita Ambani (chairman’s wife) beautifully.
Following things were at display –

RELIANCE NETWORK

An integrated telecom service provider:

Reliance is India's most integrated Telecom service provider. It owns the entire end-to-end architecture,
including access systems, the national fiber-optic backbone, the international cable systems, Internet
gateways, and nearly 40,000 sq ft of data centre space.

Reliance provides a single, unified interface that brings you the complete spectrum of e–solutions,
including broadband Internet bandwidth, domain registration, mailing solutions and data centre services.

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1.COMPLETE RANGE OF MOBILE HANDSETS BY
RELIANCE

All categories of handsets like black and white, color, camera, entertainment, fm and business are
provided by reliance to its esteemed customers. Brands of handsets include Blackberry, Nokia, Samsung,
LG, FLY, HTC, Classic, Coolpad and Motorola. Complete ranges of handsets were on display.

2.MOBILE OFFICE SERVICE

Now take your office along with you. On business trips or even when you are travelling in your car. View,
reply and manage your office mailbox. Search for people on your office directory and even send e-
mails/SMS to an entire office group. What's more, you don't need to buy expensive handsets or remember
any complicated SMS codes. This service can be accessed on any Reliance Mobile World enabled
handset.

MOBILE OFFICE SOLUTIONS INCLUDE:

Office Mail Solution

Office Directory Solution

Group Communication Solution

BENEFITS OF MOBILE OFFICE SOLUTIONS:

Respond immediately to important messages, Improve responsiveness, productivity and timely decision-
making .Simple to use, without any tedious process to configure the handset. No additional expenditure.
Available on all Reliance Mobile World enabled Reliance Mobiles. No need to connect your laptop or
PDA to the corporate network, Receive voice calls while accessing Mobile Office, Receive voice calls
while accessing Mobile Office.

3.RELIANCE NETCONNECT

Wireless Broadband for laptop & desktop

20 times faster with speed upto 3.1Mbps in Reliance Broadband + Network.
Fastest uploads at a speed of upto 1.8 Mbps
Downward compatible with Reliance High Speed 1X network to ensure seamless connectivity across
20000 towns & 5 lakh villages, as well as along major highways, railway routes, airport lounges and
remote locations in India
Optimized for running rich media / heavy applications such as video conferencing, video streaming,
electronic surveillance, online multiplayer gaming and heavy file transfers.

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 Simply plug & play

4.RDP(RELIANCE DEVELOPER PROGRAM)

Reliance Developer Programme would focus on creating a developer community that will enrich the
communications experience and drive adoption of the voice and data services through innovative
application design and development.

Reliance Developer Programme is the ideal entry point for those wishing to use Reliance telecom
infrastructure to develop a marketable idea. Reliance is keen to assist anyone with a good idea from
innovative established companies to entrepreneurial individuals - from University community to Business
professionals.

The objective of Reliance Developer Programme is to help unlock the talent and ideas that would
normally struggle to come to fruition. The sharing of knowledge in the Developer Portal, will forge
valuable relationships and help to develop these concepts. Together, these ideas can be converted into
products and services that have great market potential.

It incorporates RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAME. On developing applications that cater to the

rural customers.

5. BIG TV

Imagine a satellite TV service that suits you and your family’s interests, passions and
busy schedules. Picture all of your favorite channels, shows, and movies at your
fingertips —it’s time to step into the BIG world of entertainment.

Reliance is excited to present the next landmark of TV entertainment in India. With

Big TV Digital Service, you can experience spectacular entertainment, blockbuster
movies, up-to-the-minute news, and your favorite programs at the click of a button.

Transform your home with Big TV Digital Service, powered by MPEG – 4

technology for the first time in India. Big TV has fantastic features like pure digital

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viewing experience, more channel choice, many exclusive movie channels, easy
programming guide, interactive services, parental control, 24x7 Customer Service
and lots more — Ensure a never before viewing experience with unlimited hours of
fun and entertainment for your entire family

6.ADLABS

Adlabs, a Reliance ADA Group company is one of the largest entertainment conglomerates in India. What
started as a laboratory for processing ad films over three decades ago, has today become a key player in
the entertainment and media industry through its production, distribution, exhibition and post production
services. It pioneered the concept of multiplexes across the country, gave a corporate face to movie
making, and introduced the IMAX and 6D viewing experiences to India. Adlabs has always been at the
forefront of change and opportunity.

Early 2005, the Adlabs business consisted of a processing laboratory in Mumbai, 21 cinema screens and
select film investments. In June 2005 Reliance ADA Group became majority stake holders of the
company, bringing in the required financial resources and management expertise, which acted as a catalyst
in synergizing various interrelated businesses.

8. BIG CINEMAS

It is India’s largest chain with close to 400 screens spread across India, US, Malaysia and Mauritius.

In the Film & Media Services business Adlabs today has a dominant and comprehensive presence in the
areas of Processing & Post, Studio & Rentals, Restoration & Content Management and Digital Cinema.

9. BIG SYNERGY
A television content production venture is among the top players in the industry.

BIG 92.7 FM –

India’s no.1 FM spread across 44 cities.

10. Reliance World

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Reliance World (formerly Reliance Web World) is a world-class nationwide chain of retail outlets for
products and services of the Reliance – Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group. It is designed to give the customer
a delightful experience of the digital world of information, communication, entertainment and utility
services.

All Reliance World outlets are connected to Reliance’s countrywide optic fibre network. The Broadband
Centre at Reliance World leverages this broadband network to bring you innovative digital services. With
241 Reliance World outlets across 105 cities in the country, you are sure to find one in your vicinity.

11. EMPOWERING INDIAN VILLAGES WITH RURAL

COMMUNICATION

Reliance Communications is committed to bringing about a complete revolution in rural telephony.

With this goal set high on our agenda, we have initiated a mammoth expansion plan to reach out to four
lakh villages across the length and breadth of the country. Our 80,000 kilometers of terabit optic fibre
cable network forms the backbone of our nationwide expansion, facilitating unlimited and uninterrupted
voice, data and video applications.

We stand strongly by our commitment to empower the people of India with the freedom to
communicate by realizing our founder Chairman Dhirubhai Ambani’s dream of heralding a digital
revolution.

Reliance World, our unique infotainment data application, already enjoys 1.5 billion page views a
month. With this roll out, countless more Indians will be able to avail of our services and stay
connected. Rural India will have unlimited access to the Internet through the increasingly popular
Reliance Netconnect. It will surely put India on the fast track to knowledge-led leadership. It is a
recognised fact that each point of increase in tele-density results in a 3 per cent growth in the country’s
GDP.

VILLAGE PUBLIC TELEPHONE

Reliance Communications’ Village Public Telephone (VPT) is a pioneering effort to introduce

telephones in villages that do not have any telephone connections till date. These VPTs with STD
facility are being installed in villages for the convenience of the villagers. As per our license obligation
we have installed VPTs covering 59 talukas. We are receiving subsidy support for 3,599 VPTs every
quarter from the USOF.

RURAL COMMUNITY PHONE (RCP)

After achieving the target of one village public telephone per village, Reliance Communications’ next
plan of action is to provide Rural Community Phones (RCPs) in each of those villages where the
population exceeds 2000. These RCPs, with STD facility, are to be installed in public places including
shops, schools and primary health centres. We are fully committed to installing about 22,000 RCPs

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covering 61 districts across 11 states in India.

RURAL HOUSEHOLD DELS

Reliance Communications' targets to provide Rural Household DELs in those talukas, which have been
declared as rural talukas. Fixed Wireless Phone/Terminal of CDMA technology is being planned for R
Household DELs. We are determined to provide Rural Household DELs in 61 districts covering 203
talukas in India. Our target is to roll out 6,100 of them.

HIGH SPEED PUBLIC TELE-INFO CENTRE (HPTICS)

Reliance Communications is committed to setting up High Speed Tele-Info Centres in block

headquarters and villages with a population exceeding 2000. These centres will provide high-tech
facilities including tele-education as well as tele-medicine. These “information kiosks” will form the
core of the rural broadband connectivity. Our target is to cover one lakh villages in three years which
approximately would cater to 48 per cent of the total rural population.

12. HEALTHCARE DELIVERY AND INTEGRATED

HEALTH

The healthcare services sector is being fundamentally transformed by the changing roles of the
physician, payer and patient. Reliance Health provides services in traditional settings (hospitals, clinics,
domiciliary care, day-care) while providing low cost options, enhanced consumer participation and
empower physicians to make informed cost-benefit evaluations.

We aim to partner with frontline organizations to work together to deliver flexible services that help
them remain in control of their primary goals.

On behalf of the Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group, Reliance Health has developed India's most
advanced landmark tertiary care hospital facility, the Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital & Medical
Research Institute, in the city of Mumbai. As a significant social initiative, this facility is designed to
raise India's global standing as a healthcare destination, with emphasis on excellence in clinical services,
diagnostic facilities and research activities.

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11. STUDY ON 3G TELEPHONY &
LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE)
1G
The first generation (1G) began in the early 80's with commercial deployment of Advanced Mobile Phone
Service (AMPS) cellular networks. Wireless analog technology. Early AMPS networks used Frequency
Division Multiplexing Access (FDMA) to carry analog voice over channels in the 800 MHz frequency
band. Remember analog “brick phones” way, way back in the day? Cell phones began with 1G.

2G
Cell phones received their first major upgrade when they went from 1G to 2G. This leap effectively took
cell phones from analog to digital.

• The second generation (2G) emerged in the 90's.

• Mobile operators deployed two competing digital voice standards.

• In North America, some operators adopted IS-95, which used Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA) to multiplex up to 64 calls per channel in the 800 MHz band.

• Across the world, many operators adopted the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM)
standard, which used Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) to multiplex up to 8 calls per
channel in the 900 and 1800 MHz bands. 2G on GSM standards were first used in commercial
practice in 1991 by Radiolinja, which was a Finnish GSM operator

• However, to get from 2G to 3G, mobile operators had make "evolutionary" upgrades to existing
networks. This lead to the establishment of two distinct 3G families: 3GPP and 3GPP2.

• Before making the major leap from 2G to 3G wireless networks, the lesser-known 2.5G was an
interim standard that bridged the gap.

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3G
Following 2.5G, 3G ushered in faster data-transmission speeds so you could use your cell phone in more
data-demanding ways. This has meant streaming video (i.e. movie trailers and television), audio and much
more.

3RD GENERATION PARTNERSHIP PROJECT (3GPP)

The 2 competing wireless digital voice standards led to the establishment of two distinct 3G families:
3GPP and 3GPP2. Formed in 1998 to foster deployment of 3G networks that descended from GSM. 3GPP
technologies evolved through many interim 2G Technologies.

Stages in the Evolution of GSM

• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) offered speeds up to 114 Kbps. (2000) – 2.5G

• Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) reached up to 384 Kbps. (2003) - 2.5G

• UMTS Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) offered downlink speeds up to 1.92 Mbps. – 3G

• High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and its uplink partner HSUPA boosted the speed
to 14Mbps – 3G

• LTE Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) is aiming for 100 Mbps. – 4G

• A second organization – the 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) -- was formed to help
North American and Asian operators using CDMA2000 transition to 3G.

Stages in the Evolution of CDMA

• One Times Radio Transmission Technology (1xRTT) offered speeds up to 144 Kbps. – 2.5G
(2002)

• Evolution – Data Optimized (EV-DO) increased downlink speeds up to 2.4 Mbps. -3G (2004)

• EV-DO Rev. A boosted downlink peak speed to 3.1 Mbps and reduced latency - 3G (2006)

• EV-DO Rev. B can use 2 to 15 channels, with each downlink peaking at 4.9 Mbps. – 3G (2008)

• Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) was slated to reach 288 Mbps on the downlink – 4G

(The 3GPP2's next-generation technology, UMB, may not catch on, as many CDMA operators are now
planning to evolve to LTE instead)

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The four most common 3G technologies:

• TD-SCDMA - Time-division Synchronous Code-division Multiple Access

• CDMA2000 - based on 2G Code Division Multiple Access WCDMA (UMTS) - Wideband Code
Division Multiple Access

• HSPA

HSPA

High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), collection of two mobile telephony protocols High Speed Downlink
Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), that extend and improve the
performance of existing WCDMA protocols. A further standard, Evolved HSPA (also known as HSPA+),
is soon to be released.

Provides increased performance by Using improved modulation schemes, refining the protocols by which
handsets and base stations communicate. These inturn lead to a better utilization of the existing radio
bandwidth provided by WCDMA. HSPA improves the end-user experience by increasing peak data rates
up to 14 Mbit/s in the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s in the uplink.

UMTS

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is one of the 3G technologies. Currently, the most
common form of UMTS uses W-CDMA.UMTS is sometimes marketed as 3GSM, emphasizing the
combination of the 3G nature of the technology and the GSM standard which it was designed to
succeed.UMTS supports up to 7.2 Mbit/s

BENEFITS OF 3G
Packet-based data provides several advantages over the existing circuit-switched techniques used for
carrying mobile voice. It allows higher call volumes and support for multimedia data applications, such as
video and photography. Users are charged on how much data they transmit, not on how much time they
are connected to the network, because with 3G you are constantly online and only pay for the information
you receive.

Because third-generation packet based networks will allow users to be online all the time the potential for
new applications is vast. 3G opens the door to anything you can imagine. You will be able to do a
multitude of things while going through your daily schedule, whether at work or at leisure.

3G technology will be used for the true multimedia cell phone -- typically called smartphones

Some other applications:

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 • e-commerce services like paying your bills etc

• Global mobility and roaming with small pocket terminals

• Access to many web based applications.

• Hi- speed emailing and communication

• a high degree of commonality of design worldwide, compatibility of services

• Companies outside telecoms today will take advantage of 3G to develop innovative new services.

LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE)

LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the next major step in mobile radio communications, and will be
introduced in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 8. Mobile broadband is becoming a
reality, as the Internet generation grows accustomed to having broadband access wherever they go, and
not just at home or in the office. Out of the estimated 1.8 billion people who will have broadband by 2012,
some two-thirds will be mobile broadband consumers – and the majority of these will be served by HSPA
(High Speed Packet Access) and LTE (Long Term Evolution) networks.

People can already browse the Internet or send e-mails using HSPA-enabled notebooks replace their fixed
DSL modems with HSPA modems and send and receive video or music using 3G phones.

With LTE, the user experience will be even better. It will further enhance more demanding applications

a) Interactive TV

b) Mobile video blogging

c) Advanced games

d) Professional services

LTE BENEFITS

LTE offers several important benefits for consumers and operators:

• Performance and capacity

One of the requirements on LTE is to provide downlink peak rates of at least 100Mbit/s. The technology
allows for speeds over 200Mbit/s. RAN (Radio Access Network) round-trip times shall be less than 10ms.

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• Simplicity

LTE supports flexible carrier bandwidths; from below 5MHz up to 20MHz. LTE also supports both FDD
(Frequency Division Duplex) and TDD (Time Division Duplex). Features like plug-and-play, self-
configuration and self-optimization will simplify and reduce the cost of network roll-out and
management.LTE will be deployed in parallel with simplified, IP-based core and transport networks that
are easier to build, maintain and introduce new services.

• Wide range of terminals

In addition to mobile phones, many computer and consumer electronic devices, such as notebooks, ultra-
portables, gaming devices and cameras, will incorporate LTE embedded modules. LTE supports hand-
over and roaming to existing mobile networks.

SATISFYING CONSUMER REQUIREMENTS

Broadband subscriptions are expected to reach 1.8 billion by 2012. Around two-thirds of these consumers
will use mobile broadband. Mobile data traffic is expected to overtake voice traffic in 2010, which will
place high requirements on mobile networks today and in the future.

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Most people already use mobile phones, and many also connect their notebooks over wireless LANs. The
step towards full mobile broadband is intuitive and simple, especially with LTE that offers ubiquitous
coverage and roaming with existing 2G and 3G networks.

SATISFYING OPERATOR REQUIREMENTS

New business models also mean new opportunities-

1. Efficient reuse of existing assets,(built on existing investments in 2G and 3G networks) including

spectrum

2. LTE adds a unique value by supporting cost-efficient end-to-end Quality of Service, mobility, and
roaming.

3. No impact to the current HSPA roadmap.

5. Work was recently initiated between 3GPP and 3GPP2 (the CDMA standardization body) to optimize
interworking between CDMA and LTE–SAE. This means that CDMA operators will be able to evolve
their networks to LTE–SAE and enjoy the economies of scale

6. Reduced cost per bit

7. Increased service provisioning – more services at lower cost with better user experience

8. Flexible use of existing and new frequency bands

9. Simplified architecture and open interfaces

10. Reasonable terminal power consumption.

Standardization of LTE

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Flat architecture of Long Term Evolution and
System Architecture Evolution

In parallel with the LTE radio access, packet core networks are also evolving to the flat SAE architecture.
This new architecture is designed to optimize network performance, improve cost-efficiency and facilitate
the uptake of mass-market IPbased services.
There are only two nodes in the SAE architecture user plane: the LTE base station (eNodeB) and the SAE
Gateway, as shown in Figure 4. The LTE base stations are connected to the Core Network using the Core
Network–RAN interface, S1. This flat architecture reduces the number of involved nodes in the
connections.

Existing 3GPP (GSM and WCDMA/HSPA) and 3GPP2 (CDMA2000 1xRTT, EV-DO) systems are
integrated to the evolved system through standardized interfaces providing optimized mobility with LTE.
For 3GPP systems this means a signaling interface between the SGSN and the evolved core network and
for 3GPP2 a signaling interface between CDMA RAN and evolved core network. Such integration will
support both dual and single radio handover, allowing for flexible migration to LTE.

Control signaling – for example, for mobility – is handled by the Mobility Management Entity (MME)
node, separate from the Gateway. This facilitates optimized network deployments and enables fully
flexible capacity scaling.

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The Home Subscriber Server (HSS) connects to the Packet Core through an interface based on Diameter,
and not SS7 as used in previous GSM and WCDMA networks. Network signaling for policy control and
charging is already based on Diameter. This means that all interfaces in the architecture are IP interfaces.

Existing GSM and WCDMA/HSPA systems are integrated to the evolved system through standardized
interfaces between the SGSN and the evolved core network. It is expected that the effort to integrate
CDMA access also will lead to seamless mobility between CDMA and LTE. Such integration will support
both dual and single radio handover, allowing for flexible migration from CDMA to LTE.
LTE–SAE has adopted a Class-based QoS concept.

This provides a simple, yet effective solution for operators to offer differentiation between packet services

This new architecture (SAE) is designed to optimize network performance, improve cost-efficiency and
facilitate the uptake of mass-market IPbased services.

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OFDM RADIO TECHNOLOGY

OFDM – Downlink

LTE uses OFDM for the downlink – that is, from the base station to the terminal. OFDM meets the LTE
requirement for spectrum flexibility and enables cost-efficient solutions for very wide carriers with high
peak rates. OFDM uses a large number of narrow sub-carriers for multi-carrier transmission. In the
frequency domain, the spacing between the subcarriers, Δf, is 15 kHz.

SC-FDMA – Uplink

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In the uplink, LTE uses called Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA). This is to
compensate for a drawback with normal OFDM, which has a very high Peak to Average Power Ratio
(PAPR). A low PAPR improves coverage, lowers power consumption and the cell-edge performance.

ADVANCED ANTENNAS

Advanced antenna solutions that are introduced in evolved High Speed Packet Access (eHSPA) are also
used by LTE. Multiple antennas meet next-generation mobile broadband network requirements for high
peak data rates, extended coverage and high capacity. A family of antenna solutions is available for
specific deployment scenarios. For instance, high peak data rates can be achieved with multi-layer antenna
solution such as 2x2 or 4x4 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) whereas extended coverage can be
achieved with beam-forming.

Frequency bands for FDD and TDD

LTE can be used in both paired (FDD) and unpaired (TDD) spectrum. So far, ten different FDD frequency
bands and four different TDD frequency bands have been defined in 3GPP that can be used for LTE. LTE
will therefore be able to reach high economies of scale and global coverage quickly.

All cellular systems today use FDD, and more than 90 per cent of the world’s mobile frequencies
available are in paired bands. With FDD, downlink and uplink traffic is transmitted simultaneously in
separate frequency bands. With TDD the transmission in uplink and downlink is discontinuous within the

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same frequency band. As an example, if the time split between down- and uplink is 1/1, the uplink is used
half of the time. The average power for each link is then also half of the peak power. As peak power is
limited by regulatory requirements, the result is that for the same peak power, TDD will offer less
coverage than FDD

LTE is defined to support flexible carrier bandwidths from below 5MHz up to 20MHz,in many spectrum
bands and for both FDD and TDD deployments. This means that an operator can introduce LTE in both
new and existing bands.

Examples of devices that could use LTE

12. LEARNING AND CONCLUSIONS

The telecom network (21.59 million-lines) of India is extensive and acclaimed as the largest in
Asia as well as in the entire world. India added 113.26 million new customers in 2008, the largest
globally. In fact, in April 2008, India had already overtaken the US as the second largest wireless market.

CNOCs are responsible for monitoring the network for alarms or certain conditions that may require
special attention to avoid impact on the networks performance. NOCs analyze problems, perform
troubleshooting, communicate with site technicians and other NOCs, and track problems through
resolution.

Our work as a part of CNOC team was to provide support to CMP and channel partners on Service
Delivery and Service Assurance tasks, attending to Fault Tickets (FTs), alarm monitoring at DLC
terminal, ATP’S at IAD terminal. Make sure N/w is always up & running, if n/w is down, contact field
engineer and repair it within mean time to restore.

Understanding the technology, hardware and installation of wimax, DLC and IAD at the customer end in
the field visits. Reliance is truly dedicated towards the full satisfaction of its customer’s requirements and
to resolve their grievances within the shortest time possible.

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Study was done on the upcoming technologies like 3G and LTE. These technologies are cost effective,
satisfy operators and consumers requirements, perform better and cater to more demanding applications.

13. BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS AND MANUALS:

1. Starmax manuals for DLC

2. Telsima manuals for Wimax

3. CCNA study guide

4. Communications Systems and Networks by Ray Horak

5. Internetworking Technlogies handbook by Regis J Bates, Cisco Systems Inc.

6. Fundamentals of Wimax – By Jeffery Andrews, Prentice hall publications

7. Internetworking Technologies Hand Book

WEBSITES:

8. www. cisco.com

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9. www. reliancecommunications .com

10.Reliance Gyanmandir Portal

11.www.trai.gov.in TRAI(telecom regulatory authority of india)

12.www.dot.gov.in Department of telecommunications

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