C ll l
Cellular and Physiological Sciences
d Ph i l i l S i
Muscle Tissue
Presented by: Dr. M. Alimohammadi
E
E‐mail: majidad@interchange.ubc.ca
il jid d@i t h b
Phone: (604) 822 ‐ 7545
Lecture Outline
1. Terminology of muscular tissue.
2. Classification of muscular tissue.
3. Major histological features of skeletal and smooth muscle
h l lf f k l l d h l
tissues.
4. Contraction mechanism (sliding filament theory)
Muscular Tissue
• Originates from
Mesoderm and is
di id d i t t
divided into two
major groups:
• Striated; found as:
Striated; found as:
1. Skeletal muscle
(voluntarily)
2. Cardiac muscle
• Smooth;
• f
found in the wall of
d i th ll f
hollow viscera, blood
vessels, and dermis of
the skin. F. 4.1
• Sarcolema Cell membrane
• Sarcoplasm Cytoplasm
• Sarcoplasmic Reticulum E.R
• Sarcosome Mitochondria
• Myofila e t
Myofilament Mi ofila e t
Microfilament
• Myoglobin Pigment
Skeletal Muscle & Myofibrils
• Is composed of long cylindrical, multinucleated cells.
• Muscle fibers are individually surrounded by a layer of CT
(endomysium) to form a muscle bundle which is invested by
(endomysium) to form a muscle bundle which is invested by
another layer of CT (perimysium). Finally the whole muscle is
wrapped by a third layer of CT (epimysium).
• Within each muscle fiber there are bundles (myofibril) of
myofilaments
• Each myofibril is surrounded by an interconnected network
Each myofibril is surrounded by an interconnected network
of ER (sarcoplasmic reticulum).
• Also among these myofibrils, numerous mitochondia
(sarcosomes) are found
(sarcosomes) are found.
• The myofibrils show light (I) and dark (A) bands (striations).
F. 4.3
F. 4.4
Myofilaments
• There are two types of
h f
myofilaments:
1. Thick (myosin); 1.6 μm
l
long and 15 nm in
d 15 i
diameter, made up of
myosin molecules with
heavy and light subunits
heavy and light subunits
(meromyosins).
2. Thin (actin); 1 μm long
and 5 nm in diameter
and 5 nm in diameter,
made up of actin (f),
troponin, and
p y
tropomyosin.
• Both filaments are
attached ( actin, directly
and myosin, indirectly)
y y
to “Z” disks.
F. 4.8
• That part of the myofibril
which is occupied by both
hi h i o u ied by both
types of myofilaments
p
represent the “A” band, ,
while those parts which
contain just the thin or
thick
filaments are known as “I”
p
and “H” bands respectively. y
• During muscle contraction,
the width of I, and H bands
reduce leading to
reduce leading to
shortening of sarcomeres.
F. 4.8
Sarcotubular System
• The two ends of
reticular network
surrounding the
surrounding the
myofibrils, enlarge
to form terminal
cisternae.
i te ae
• The two adjacent
cisternae are
separated by a F. 4.7
transverse tubule
(continuous with
(continuous with
the sarcolemma),
and all together
referred to as
f d
“Triad”.
Sliding Filament Theory
• Is explained as the following sequences:
1. An impulse is transmitted into the interior of the fiber via
t
transverse tubule.
t b l
2. Calcium ions leave the terminal cisterna and enter the
cytosole.
3. Conformational changes in troponin in the presence of
calcium ions, causes the tropomyosin to sink down,
exposing the active site of actin.
4 Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and a phosphate group at the
4. H d l i f ATP ADP d h h h
presence of Mg ions.
5. Formation of a strong bond between actin and myosin
while the myosin molecule bends.
hil th i l l b d
6. Another ATP molecule binds to the myosin, leading to its
detachment from actin.
Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types
1. Red (type I), aerobic, slow twitch with high endurance.
Contain numerous mitochondria, and myoglobin (postural
muscles).
muscles)
2. White (type IIB),
anaerobic, fast
anaerobic, fast
twitch, and capable of
producing high
force. Contain
few mitochondria
3. Intermediate
(type IIA).
F. 4.12
Smooth Muscle
• Fusiform (spindle shaped) mono‐nucleated cells with no
striation.
• Smooth muscle cells lack “T”
Smooth muscle cells lack T tubule system. Cytoplasm is
tubule system Cytoplasm is
acidophilic and the nucleus is centrally located.
• Each cell is individually surrounded by a thin layer of CT
(external lamina)
(external lamina).
• The most important
function of smooth
muscle tissue is
peristaltic
movements of GI
f GI
tract and also
constriction of
constriction of
blood vessels.
F. 4.25
Smooth Muscle Contraction
• This contraction is slower, more
Thi t ti i l
energy efficient, more sustainable ,
and shows less fatigue compared to
skeletal muscle tissue.
k l t l l ti
• There are three different types of
y
myofilaments:
Thick (myosin), Thin (actin), and
Intermediate (desmin / vimentin). F. 4.26
• Th
These filaments are
fil t
attached to each other
y p
inside the cytoplasm and
also to the cell membrane
by means of Dense Bodies
( b d
(Z band equivalent).
l )