Sim Report

Mid Sweden University
The Department of Information Technology and Media (ITM)

Author: Muhammad Ashfaq Malik
E-mail address: mama0926, mius0902, miun0901@student.miun.se
Study programme: Simulation of Communication System, 7.5 credit
points
Examiner: Dr. Magnus Eriksson, Magnus.Eriksson@miun.se
Tutors: Dr. Magnus Eriksson, Magnus.Eriksson@miun.se
Scope: 0 words inclusive of appendices
Date: 2011-02-07
M.Sc. project report

within Computer Engineering D, course, 7.5 points
WiMAX
MISO & MIMO SIMULINK Model
Muhammad Ashfaq Malik

Muhammad Islam
Mudassir Iqbal
WiMAX - MISO & MIMO Acknowledgements /
SIMULINK Model Foreword
Muhammad Ashfaq Malik 2011-02-07
Abstract
The 4G track at among the technologies for mobility, broadband
wireless access, and QoS (Quality of Service) is becoming the
preferred technology for reliable, flexible, standardized, low cost,
very efficient and convenience. The WiMAX (Worldwide
interoperability for Microware Access) is an IP based (support to
mobility), BWA (Broadband Wireless Access) technology which
provide the performance, flexibility, reliability, standardization and
Internet access by the cellular technology with long coverage and
QoS. The WiMAX is a standard of IEEE 802.16, which is a wireless
digital communication system. It is intended for WMAN (Wireless
Metropolitan Area Network), which can provide BWA up to 30 miles
for fixed station and 3 to 10 for mobile station. WiMAX in LoS (Line
of Sight), it have to the air directly from transceiver, operating
frequency at weather / atmospheric parameters that can reach
longer distance with better signal strength and higher throughput
and Non-LoS (Non-Line of Sight) is proportionally converse. The
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is pillar of
WiMAX that multicarrier modulation, ISI (Inter-symbol Interference).
WiMAX vs LTE will play the important role of LTE in the future of
wireless cellular network technology that will be providing and
ideal backhaul technology for 4G standards. In the eye of WiMAX vs
LTE, which will be promising to deliver the internet your cell phone
at the speed of your at home broadband internet.
We have calculate the technical point that WiMAX implementation

which use the MIMO and MISO transceiver technology improve the
reception and allows the data rate as well as transmission power.
The WiMAX is almost here the competing technologies, such as
HSPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access), LTE, IEEE 802.20, IEEE
802.22 are also trying to catch up fast and the next generation
WiMAX is already being designed.
ii
The most precious goal of the project, we have compared the

performance of WiMAX-MISO & MIMO by different SIMULINK models
at the various parameters. In both type of transceiver technique,
which we have implemented the OFDM with the various value of
QPSK (Quadrate Phase Shift Keying), BPSK (Binary Phase Shift
Keying) and APSK (Amplitude Phase Shift Keying). After that we
have modification of the standard WiMAX-MISO & MIMO SIMULINK
model, blocks which as AWGN (Additive white Gaussian noise)
fading (Rician & Rayliegh) channels, Modulation and Demodulation.
For the purpose of better perfection of the WiMAX-MISO & MIMO
SIMULINK model, which we have got the result of the physical
media transceiver. The antennas RF (Radio Frequency) has been
used the STBC (Space Time Block Code) technique to transceiver
the data. Our analytical report will show to us, which types of
WiMAX have effective and reliable result at the low BER at the SNR
series.
Keywords: WiMAX (Worldwide interoperability for Microware

Access), BWA (Broadband Wireless Access), WMAN (Wireless
Metropolitan Area Network), OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing), ISI (Inter-symbol Interference), WiMAX-MISO & MIMO
Simulink model and STBC (Space Time Block Code) technique.
iii
Acknowledgements / Foreword
All praises to ALLAH, the most compassionate most merciful.
We wish to express my deepest gratitude Prof. Dr. Magnus
Erikson for his interest and encouragement for this work. We
would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Dr. Magnus Erikson
for his supervisor, support, and invaluable help for this project
and report.

Muhammad Islam
Mudaissir Iqbal
iv
WiMAX - MISO & MIMO
SIMULINK Model Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Abstract....................................................................ii
Abstract....................................................................ii
Acknowledgements / Foreword..................................iv
Acknowledgements / Foreword..................................iv
Table of Contents.......................................................v
Terminology / Acronyms...........................................vii
Terminology / Acronyms...........................................vii
Mathematical notation...........................................................viii
Introduction..............................................................9
Introduction..............................................................9
1.1 Background and problem motivation................................10
1.2 Overall aim / High-level problem statement......................11
1.3 Scope 11
1.4 Outline...............................................................................11
1.5 Contributions.....................................................................12
Theory / Related work..............................................13
Theory / Related work..............................................13
1.6 Overview of WiMAX............................................................13
Example of level 3 heading.....................................................14
1.7 Standard of WiMAX ..........................................................14
1.8 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing.....................15
Principles of OFDM...................................................................15
1.9 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access................16
Advantages of OFDMA.............................................................16
OFDMA Protocols......................................................................17
The difference and the benefit of OFDM & OFDMA..................18
1.10 Line Of Sight....................................................................18
1.11 Non-Line of Sight.............................................................18
1.12 MIMO (Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output).....................19
Receive diversity with two antennas......................................21
Receive diversity with N receive antenna..............................22
Methodology / Model................................................24
Methodology / Model................................................24
Design / Implementation..........................................31
Design / Implementation..........................................31
v
WiMAX - MISO & MIMO
SIMULINK Model Table of Contents
4.1.1IEEE 802.16-2004 OFDM PHY link, including Space-Time

Block Coding (WiMAX-MISO)..........................31
4.1.2IEEE 802.16e-2005 OFDM PHY link, (WiMAX-MIMO) with
two fading channel........................................32
4.1.3IEEE 802.16e-2005 OFDM PHY link, (WiMAX-MIMO) with
single fading channel.....................................33
4.2.1Bernoulli Binary generator...............................................34
4.2.2Forward Error Correction (FEC) and Modulator Bank......35
4.2.3IFFT packaging.................................................................36
4.2.4Space Time Diversity Encoder.........................................36
4.2.5OFDM Transmitter............................................................37
4.2.6MISO Fading Channel with AWGN....................................37
4.2.7Rician Fading...................................................................38
4.2.8AWGN Channel.................................................................38
4.2.9AWGN block.....................................................................39
4.2.10OFDM Receiver..............................................................40
4.2.11Space Time Diversity Combiner....................................40
4.2.12 Orthogonal Space Time Block Combiner (OSTC)..........40
4.2.13Extract Data Carrier.......................................................41
4.2.14Demodulator and FCE Bank...........................................41
4.2.15ALAMOUTI Transmitter and Receiver.............................42
4.2.16Bit Error Rate Calculation..............................................44
Results....................................................................45
Results....................................................................45
Conclusions / Discussion...........................................50
Conclusions / Discussion...........................................50
References.............................................................52
References.............................................................52
Appendix A: Documentation of own developed program
code..................................................................53
Appendix A: Documentation of own developed program
code..................................................................53
Example of Appendix subheading.........................................53
Appendix B: Mathematical deductions.......................54
Appendix B: Mathematical deductions.......................54
Appendix C: User manual.........................................55
Appendix C: User manual.........................................55
Appendix D: Result of questionnaire survey..............56
Appendix D: Result of questionnaire survey..............56
vi
WiMAX - MISO & MIMO
SIMULINK Model Terminology / Acronyms
Terminology / Acronyms
STBC Space-Time Block Coding
4G fourth Generation
3GPP Third-Generation Partnership Project
TDD Time Division Duplexing
LOS Line Of Sight
TDM Time Division Multiplexing
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
WAN Wide Area Network
WAP Wireless Access Protocol
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
Wi-Fi wireless fidelity
WiMAX Worldwide interoperability for Microwave
Access
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
WMAN Wireless Metropolitan Area Network
NLOS Non–Line-Of-Sight
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
QoS Quality of Service
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
MAC Medium Access Control layer
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
BWA Broadband Wireless Access
MISO Multiple-input and Single-output
MIMO Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
WMAN Wireless Metropolitan Area Network
FDD Frequency-Division Duplexing
AM Agile Modeling
FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
SISO Single Input, Single Output
SIMO Single Input, Multiple Output
BER Bit Error Rate
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
OSTBO Orthogonal Space Time Block Coding
FEC Forward Error Correction
RS Reed-Solomon
vii
WiMAX - MISO & MIMO
SIMULINK Model Terminology / Acronyms
CC Convolution Code
IFFT
FFT Fast Fourier Transform
HDL High Density Lipids
OSTBC Orthogonal Space Time Block Combiner
LTE Long Term Evolution
Mathematical notation
Symbol Description
G(x) CRC generator polynomial
kISI Degree of Inter-symbol-interference
viii
WiMAX - MISO & MIMO References
SIMULINK Model 2011-02-07
Introduction
During the 1998, the IEEE 802.16 group was developed an air
interface standard for wireless broadband. The group was
report that the development of a LOS-based point-to-
multipoint wireless broadband system operate on the 10 GHz
to 66GHz mm wave band. The wireless network standards-
based interoperable solution is emerging for wireless
broadband which the WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access) and compliance with a standard. The
WMAN (Wireless Metropolitan Area Network) is the
development of WiMAX standards which provide the guaranty
of quality of service, security, and mobility. The OFDM
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)-based physical
layer is used for Non-LoS application with data rate 2 GHz to
11 GHz.
The WiMAX solution as IEEE 802.16-2004 OFDM physical layer

SIMULINK model, which is replace all prior WiMAX basics of the
fixed application. When the mobile WiMAX, define to it as the
IEEE 802.16e-2005 physical SIMULINK model which
amendment to the IEEE 802.16-2004 standards of the
characteristics add the nomadic and mobility support.
We have studied the multiple collections of IEEE 802.16

standards; there are multiple physical-layer choices and
multiple MAC architecture choices. In the order, we have
Wireless MAN (Metropolitan Aria Network)-OFDM which based
on OFDM-based physical layer and Wireless-OFDMA which
based on OFDMA physical layer. Further more over, the WiMAX
expand MAC architecture, duplexing and frequency band.
9
Table 1. The IEEE 802.16 standards
1.1 Background and problem motivation

The motivation of the project is that to design the smart
cellular device that embed the characteristics of power full
wireless network qualities. If, we survey the public market
there are need to be reduced, and a smaller set of design
choices for implementation need to be defined. This
requirement it may be by the WiMAX defining a limited
number of system profiles and certification profiles which has
IEEE 802.16-2004 or IEEE 802.16e-2005 standard to IEEE
802.16-2009, OFDM PHY based. Currently, the WiMAX Forum
has two different system profiles: one based on IEEE 802.16-
2004, OFDM PHY, called the fixed system profile; the other one
based on IEEE 802.16e-2005 scalable OFDMA PHY, called the
mobility system profile. More over the, the IEEE 802.16-2009
standard is Vs the prior WiMAX standards. It has to cover the
air interference for fixed and mobile broadband wireless
access system.
Motivation of the report which has the WiMAX focus on the

mobility, broadband wireless access, and QoS (Quality of
Service) is becoming the preferred technology for reliability,
flexibility, standardized, low cost, and very efficient and
convenience. The WiMAX is an IP based (support to mobility),
BWA (Broadband Wireless Access) technology which provide
the performance, flexibility, reliability, standardization and
Internet access by the cellular technology with long coverage
and QoS. The WiMAX is a standard of IEEE 802.16, which is a
wireless digital communication system. It is intended for
10
WMAN (Wireless Metropolitan Area Network), which can

provide BWA up to 30 miles for fixed station and 3 to 10 for
mobile station. WiMAX in LoS (Line of Sight), it have to the air
directly from transreceiver, operating frequency at weather /
atmospheric parameters that can reach longer distance with
better signal strength and higher throughput and Non-LoS
(Non-Line of Sight) is proportionally converse. The OFDM
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is pillar of WiMAX
that multicarrier modulation, ISI (Inter-symbol Interference).
1.2 Overall aim / High-level problem statement

The obligation of the project “WiMax (Evolution and Simulator
Development)” is Development in MATLAB/ SIMULINK with
using the SIMULINK IEEE 802.16-2004 OFDM PHY SIMULINK
standard model. After long analytical study, we have to be
Implemented of “WiMax (Evolution and Simulator
Development) MISO & MIMO” based on OFDM PHY layer,
SIMULINK model using the some MATLAB/SIMULIN methods
and block functions, which WiMax mode land to find the result
that is the more suited for our aim which one we want to
develop.
1.3 Scope
This is the research oriented implementation of the WiMax
(MISO & MIMO)-OFDM PHY SIMULINK Model. The IEEE 802.16
group subsequently produced 802.16a, 802.16d and 802.16e,
enhancement to the standard, to include Non-LOS and LOS
applications in the 2GHz–11GHz band, using an orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based physical layer.
Additions to the MAC layer, such as support for orthogonal
frequency division multiple access (OFDMA). All of the research
in the field of Wireless network is a backbone of the 4G. It will
be more effective, reliable, and perfect for the growth of
human beings.
1.4 Outline
Chapter 2 will explore to the properties and Implementation of
“WiMax (Evolution and Simulator Development)-MISO &
MIMO”.
Chapter 3 will explain the methodology of the project
Chapter 4 will describe the methods of simulink model the
project implementation
Chapter 5 has the result of the project
Finally, we have the list of reference, where we get the ideas.
11
1.5 Contributions
In this project, we equally participate to complete the whole
project as well as its documentation and also do the group
study that support to resolve the many problems those we
have faced. The strategy of our study, we read the research
papers and get idea from web media and also study the books
than we get “WiMax (MISO & MIMO)-OFDM PHY Simulink
Model”.
12
Theory / Related work

In the report's theory study, sometimes called Related work,
there may be additional facts required for the reader's
understanding of the report. At this point a summary of
background material in the area should be provided, i.e.
standards, scientific articles, books, magazines, documents on
the web, technical reports and user manuals. Explain
pedagogically with clear examples and many illustrations.
It should be demonstrated that you have an awareness of the

context and the background of your work in addition to that
carried out by you within the project. Explain the aim of the
technology that you describe, and not only how the technology
works. For D-level you should display an awareness of the key
research within the area, in order to ensure that your work has
certain news worthiness. However it is vital that you do not
deviate too much from your research problem.
Your assignment is not to write a textbook. It is important to

find an appropriate balance between related work and your
own results. The theory study should only constitute a minor
portion of a thesis.
Instead of “Theory” or “Related work”, the heading may very

well be a specific topic, for example “The GSM standard” or ”A
survey on the research field of X".
If the theoretical study section is rather brief then it is possible

to include it within the Introduction chapter.
1.6 Overview of WiMAX

The overview of WiMAX is a standard-based wireless
technology that makes available high throughput broadband
connections over long distance. The WiMAX can be used for a
number of several distributed or central applications, as well
as including the mile to mile broadband connections, hotspots
and high-speed connectivity for business customers. It has to
provide WMAN (wireless metropolitan area network)
connectivity at the data rate up to 70 Mbps and on the
average can cover between 5-to-10 km.
13
Example of level 3 heading

Avoid too many heading levels.
1.7 Standard of WiMAX

WiMAX technology is based on the IEEE 802.16 standard, its
2nd name is WMAN (Wireless Metropolitan Area Network). The
basic data on IEEE 802.16 Standard is shown below
S.No. Properties 802.16 802.16-2004 802.16e-2005
1 Status Completed dec, Completed june, Completed dec, 2005
2001 2004
2 Frequency 10Gz-66GHz 2GHz-11GHz for 2GHz-6GHz for mobile
band 2GHz-11GHz fixed app.
3 Application Fixed LOS Fixed Non-LOS Fixed and Mobile Non-LoS
4 MAC Point to Multipoint Point to Multipoint Point to Multipoint mesh
architecture mesh mesh
5 Transmission Singel carrier only Singel carrier256 Single carrier, 256 OFDM
Scheme OFDMor or scalable OFDM
2,048OFDM with128, 512, 1,024 or
2,048 sub carrier
6 Gross data rate 32Mbps- 1Mbps-75Mbps 1Mbps-75Mbps
134.4Mbps
7 Multiplexing Burst TDM/TDMA Burst TDM/TDMA/ Burst TDM/TDMA/ OFDMA
Duplexing OFDM
8 Channel TDD and FDD TDD and FDD TDD and FDD
bandwidths
9 Air-Interface WirelessMAN-SC WirelessMAN-SCa WirelessMAN-SCa
designation WirelessMAN- WirelessMAN-OFDM
OFDM WirelessMAN-OFDMA
WirelessMAN-
OFDMA
10 WiMAX None 256 – OFDM as Scable OFDMA as Mobile
implementatio Fixed WiMAX WiMAX
n
Table 2.1: WiMAX Standard
14
1.8 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDM (Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) is a FDM
(frequency division multiplexing) modulations technique for
transmitting the large amounts of digital data over a radio
wave, which is divided into several parallel lower bit rates into
high bit rate data stream flew, and operation in different
modulation stream and sub carriers. Therefore, high data rate
system of small symbol duration is inversely proportional to
data rate, which is split into many parallel streams which
increases the flow of data symbols for each data. More over
OFDM works by splitting the system into multiple smaller sub-
signals on a different frequency that are transmitted to the
receiver while receiving the signal continuously. OFDM reduces
the large amount of crosstalk in signal broadcast 802.11a,
802.16 and WiMAX technologies which used in OFDM.
Fig.2.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Principles of OFDM
OFDM is also a block transmission method. In this technique
the complex-valued data symbols adjust a large number of
strongly grouped carrier waveforms. The major benefit of this
concept in a radio environment is that each of the data
streams experiences an almost flat fading channel.
• Signal characteristics
• OFDM with a cyclic prefix
• Channel noise and Doppler spread
• Design of OFDM signals
• Coding
15
1.9 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

OFDM is a modulation technique but a signal access approach
and created many independent users can be used by different
data streams. The earlier OFDM systems such as DSL, 802.11 /
G and 802.16/WiMAX earlier versions, use the single-user
OFDM. In this scheme all the sub carriers are used by a single
user at a time. For example, in 802.11a/g, collocate many
users which are dividing the 20MHz bandwidth by transmitting
at different times after contending for the channel. WiMAX
(802.16e-2005) obtain a different approach, known as OFDMA
(orthogonal frequency division multiple access), in which users
distribute sub carriers and time slots. OFDMA technique is
more costly as compare to OFDM, such as overhead in both
directions: First transmitter which needs the channel
information for its users, and the second one is receiver which
needs to know sub carriers it has been assigned.
Figure 2.2: orthogonal frequency division multiple accesses.
Advantages of OFDMA
After the large study, we have observed there are following
advantage of OFDMA.
• OFDMA basically the mixture of FDMA and TDMA.
• OFDMA is a flexible multiple-access technique.
• Using the same power the OFDMA approve the same
data rate to be sent.
• In OFDMA Users are dynamically collected sub carriers
(FDMA) in different time slots (TDMA).
• It is possible to minimize interface from neighbouring cell
by using different carrier in a cellular system.
• Major advantage of OFDMA is reduce the transmit power
and to solve the problem of peak-to-average-power ratio.
16
Fig. 2.3: In OFDMA, the base station allocates to each user
Fig. 2.4: OFDM with 256 and OFDMA with only 64 of the 256 sub
carriers
OFDMA Protocols
The main basic protocols of OFDMA are described in the
following Mainer as
• Sub-channelization
• Mapping messages
• Ranging
17
The difference and the benefit of OFDM & OFDMA

The main benefits and differences have been described as
following
• One of the main differences is that IEEE 802.16d uses
OFDM.
• And IEEE 802.16e (mobile) uses OFDMA.
• OFDM is better suited to fixed application and less
complex than OFDMA.
• OFDMA is more flexible due to managing different user
device.
• The operator is easier to managing the bandwidth and
transmits power.
Fig. 2.5: OFDM AND OFDMA
1.10 Line Of Sight

Line of sight (LOS) is a fixed dish antenna point’s which is
straight at the WiMax tower from a root top. Its frequency rang
normally 66 GHz and radius is 30-mile.
1.11 Non-Line of Sight
18
Non-line of sight (Non-LOS) is a small antenna on computer

which is connects to the tower and it is used to explain the
radio transmission which across partially obstructed a path
between the location of the signal transreceiver. Many kinds of
radio transmission which is depend to unstable degrees, on
line of sight between the transreceiver. Normally the common
conditions which are include buildings, tress, hill, mountain
and other natural object. NLOS is normally less refereed to as
loose line of sight. Its frequency range is normally 2 GHz to 11
GHz and radius is 4 to 6 mile
1.12 MIMO (Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output)

We can improve and make strong communication from end to
end wireless communication by using the multiple power
antennas mechanism. We have make logical design, which are
1 to 1, 1 to many, many to 1 and many to many. In this, we
have discussed about the use of antennas MIMO. In addition of
radio frequency, multiple-input and multiple-output, is used to
improve the communication performance between multiple
antennas at both the transceiver. MIMO can be divided into
three main categories which is point out in given below.
• Preceding
• Spatial multiplexing
• Diversity coding
Further more, we have explain of MIMO channel (many to

many) by using the mathematical terms as, in a 2×2 MIMO
channel, probable usage of the available 2 transmit antennas
can be as follows
 Consider that we have a transmission sequence, for

example
 In normal transmission, we will be sending in the first
time slot, in the second time slot, and so on.
 However, as we now have 2 transmit antennas, we may
group the symbols into groups of two. In the first time
slot, send and from the first and second antenna.
In second time slot, send and from the first and
second antenna, send and in the third time slot
and so on.
 Notice that as we are grouping two symbols and sending
them in one time slot, we need only time slots to
complete the transmission – data rate will be doubled.
19
 This forms the simple explanation of a probable MIMO

transmission scheme with 2 transmit antennas and 2
receive antennas.
AWGN & Receiver Diversity
WiMAX with SISO, MISO, SIMO and MIMO is a series of increase

the Antennas with the method Xi=x1+x2+………….+xn. Where Xi is
the antennas i=1,2,3,……..n. this design strategy is to make a strong
multiple antenna’s at the transceiver improves the bit error rate
(BER) performance. In this technique, let us describe to understand
the BER improvement with (mathematical way to) receive
diversity. We are just getting started, let us limit ourselves to
additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel (i.e assume that the
channel gains are unity).
Single receive antenna case

 Let us start with the mathematical prove that there is one transmit
antenna, sending signals with energy and one receive antenna.
 Since, we are taking only BPSK modulation, and the signals

which are sent out are either or .
20
 Let assume that there will be a single receive antenna having a

thermal noise (either Rician or Rayliegh fading) AWGN with
MEAN and VARIANCE
 The probability for the density function of noise is,
 The received signal equation is, , where
 is the received symbol,

 Is the transmitted symbol (taking values ’s and ’s)
and is the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN).
 In the scenario, BER for BPSK modulation in AWGN, that
probability of bit error is,
Receive diversity with two antennas

 Now, we consider with the two transceiver antennas each one
have thermal noise (AWGN) with MEAN and
VARIANCE and the noise on each antenna is

independent from each other, and transmitter is sending symbols
with energy
 The received signal is, , where , are the

received symbols from receive antenna 1, 2 respectively,
is the transmitted symbol (taking values ’s and ’s)
and , is the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) on
receive antenna 1, 2 respectively
 For simplicity, let us assume that the signal was transmitted.

At the receiver, we now have and
 To decode, the simplistic is to take the mean of , and perform
hard decision decoding, and if implies the

transmitted bit is 1 and implies transmitted bit is 0.
21
 Now, let us find out if there is any receive diversity gain by

performing this averaging. Splitting into signal term and noise
term
 In the discussion perspective, we have sum of Gaussian random

variables, if is a Gaussian random variable with mean ,
variance and is another independent Gaussian random
variable with mean , variance , then is another
Gaussian random variable with mean , variance
Furher, from the discussion on functions of Gaussian random
variables, if is a Gaussian random variable with mean ,
variance , then is another Gaussian random
variable with mean , variance
 Using the above two equations, the noise term is another
Gaussian random variable with mean and v riance
 When compared with the single antenna case, we can see the
variance of the noise term is scaled by a factor of 2. This implies that
the effective bit energy to noise ratio in a two receive antenna case is
twice the bit energy to noise ratio for single antenna
So, the bit error probability for two receive
antenna is, .
 Expressing in decibels, with two receive antennas, we need
only lower bit energy .
Receive diversity with N receive antenna

With a general N transceiver antenna, the received symbol is,
, where , ,… are the received symbols from
22
receive antenna 1, 2 respectively, is the transmitted symbol (taking

values ’s and ’s) and
, ,… is the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) on receive
antenna 1, 2,… N respectively.
For demodulation, we compute which is the mean of all the N received

symbols, and if implies the transmitted bit is 1 and implies
transmitted bit is 0.
 The variance of the noise term is .
 Effective bit energy to noise ratio in an N receive antenna case is N

times the bit energy to noise ratio for single antenna.
 .
 So the bit error probability for N receive antenna is,
23
Methodology / Model
WiMAX is the technology brand name for the implementation
of the standard IEEE 802.16, which specifies the air
interface at the PHY (Physical layer) and at the MAC (Medium
Access Control layer). As we specifying the support of various
channels, bandwidths, adaptive modulation and MATLAB
coding is a pillar of our project goal. It is specifies the support
for MISO & MIMO antennas to provide good Non-line-of-sight
(NLOS) characteristics. The WiMAX MISO model use the
standard parameter, on the other side for WiMAX MIMO we
have write a code, which can take the dynamic parameter of
the MIMO model that dynamic parameter automatically select
the some our required parameter values, which are written in
the following code as Channel Bandwidth, delay spread
spectrum, Channel SNR, Modulation Scheme.
//code.m file
%simulate the model for different SNR values
%close the model if it is open
clear
clc
BW=input('Required channel bandwidth in MHz(max 20 MHz)=');
disp('choose cyclic prefix to overcome delays spreads')
disp(',1/4 for longest delay spread ,1/8 for long delay spreads ,')
disp('1/16 for short delays spreads ,1/32 for very small delay spread
channels')
G=input('= ');
channels=[1.75 1.5 1.25 2.75 2.0];
oversampling=[8/7 86/75 144/125 316/275 57/50 8/7];
for i=1:5
y(i)=rem(BW,channels(i));
if y(i)==0
n=oversampling(i);
end
end
y=(y(1))*(y(2))*(y(3))*(y(4))*(y(5));
if y~=0
n=8/7;
end
if ((G~=1/4)&(G~=1/8)&(G~=1/16)&(G~=1/32))
error('you have choosed a guard period thats not valid in the
ieee 802.16')
end
Nused=200; Nfft=256;
fs=(floor((n*BW*1e6)/8000))*8000; %sampling freqency
freqspacing= fs/Nfft; %freqency spacing
Tb= 1/freqspacing; %usfel symbol time
Tg= G*Tb ;%Guard time
Ts=Tb+Tg ;%symbol time
samplingttime= Tb/Nfft;
%adaptive encoding and decoding depending on the channel SNR
24
genpoly=gf(1,8);
for idx=0:15
genpoly=conv(genpoly,[1 gf(2,8)^idx]);
end
primepoly=[1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1];
convvec=poly2trellis(7,[171,133]);
cSNR=input('Enter the channel SNR in dB(it should be above 6.4
dB)=');
if cSNR<6.4
error('not a valid channel for transmission ,use another channel
with better SNR')
end
%BPSK 1/2
if (6.4<=cSNR&cSNR<9.4)
inputsize=88;
seqafterrand=inputsize+8;
shortening=[1:12];
shorteningRx=[1:11];
punvec=reshape([1 , 1],2,1);%convolutional of rate 1/2
Ncbps=192;%selctor of RS 12*8
k=0:Ncbps-1;
mk=(Ncbps/12 )*mod(k,12)+floor(k/12);
s=ceil(Ncbps/2);
jk=s*floor(mk/s)+mod(mk+Ncbps-floor(12*mk/Ncbps),s);
[x,int_idx]=sort(jk);
Ry=[+1 -1];
Iy=[0 0];
qamconst=complex(Ry,Iy);
qamconst=qamconst(:);
bitspersymbol=1;
CPsel=[(256-G*256+1):256 1:256];
CPremove=[(256*G+1):(256+G*256)];
coderate=1/2;
disp('Modulation scheme of BPSK with Coding rate 1/2 is chosen');
elseif (9.4<=cSNR&cSNR<11.2)
inputsize=184;
shortening=[1:32];
punvec=reshape([1 0 , 1 1],4,1);%convolutional of rate 2/3
Ncbps=384; %selctor of RS 48*8
k=0:Ncbps-1;
s=ceil(Ncbps/2);
Ry=ones(2,1)*[+1 -1];
Iy=([+1 -1]')*ones(1,2);
qamconst=qamconst(:)/sqrt(2);
bitspersymbol=2;
CPsel=[(256-G*256+1):256 1:256];
CPremove=[(256*G+1):(256+G*256)];
coderate=1/2;
disp('Modulation scheme of QPSK with Coding rate 1/2 is chosen');
inputsize=280;
shortening=[1:40];
punvec=reshape([1 0 1 0 1, 1 1 0 1 0],10,1);%convolutional of
rate 5/6
25
k=0:Ncbps-1;
s=ceil(Ncbps/2);
Ry=ones(2,1)*[+1 -1];
Iy=([+1 -1]')*ones(1,2);
bitspersymbol=2;
CPsel=[(256-G*256+1):256 1:256];
CPremove=[(256*G+1):(256+G*256)];
coderate=3/4;
disp('Modulation scheme of QPSK with Coding rate 3/4 is chosen');
inputsize=376;
shortening=[1:64];
punvec=reshape([1 0 , 1 1],4,1);%convolutional of rate 2/3
k=0:Ncbps-1;
s=ceil(Ncbps/2);
Ry=ones(4,1)*[+1 +3 -1 -3];
Iy=([+1 +3 -3 -1]')*ones(1,4);
bitspersymbol=4;
CPsel=[(256-G*256+1):256 1:256];
CPremove=[(256*G+1):(256+G*256)];
coderate= 1/2;
disp('Modulation scheme of 16-QAM with Coding rate 1/2 is
chosen');
inputsize=568;
shortening=[1:80];
punvec=reshape([1 0 1 0 1, 1 1 0 1 0],10,1);%convolutional of rate
5/6
k=0:Ncbps-1;
s=ceil(Ncbps/2);
Ry=ones(4,1)*[+1 +3 -1 -3];
Iy=([+1 +3 -3 -1]')*ones(1,4);
bitspersymbol=4;
CPsel=[(256-G*256+1):256 1:256];
CPremove=[(256*G+1):(256+G*256)];
coderate= 3/4;
chosen');
inputsize=760;
shortening=[1:108];
26
punvec=reshape([1 0 1 , 1 1 0 ],6,1);%convolutional of rate3/4
k=0:Ncbps-1;
s=ceil(Ncbps/2);
Ry=ones(8,1)*[+3 +1 +5 +7 -3 -1 -5 -7 ];
Iy=([+3 +1 +5 +7 -3 -1 -5 -7 ]')*ones(1,8);
bitspersymbol=6;
CPsel=[(256-G*256+1):256 1:256];
CPremove=[(256*G+1):(256+G*256)];
coderate= 2/3;
chosen');
elseif 24.4<=cSNR
inputsize=856;
shortening=[1:120];
punvec=reshape([1 0 1 0 1, 1 1 0 1 0],10,1);%convolutional of
rate 5/6
k=0:Ncbps-1;
s=ceil(Ncbps/2);
Ry=ones(8,1)*[+3 +1 +5 +7 -3 -1 -5 -7 ];
Iy=([+3 +1 +5 +7 -3 -1 -5 -7 ]')*ones(1,8);
bitspersymbol=6;
CPsel=[(256-G*256+1):256 1:256];
CPremove=[(256*G+1):(256+G*256)];
coderate= 3/4;
chosen');
end
choice=input('Enter 1 for inculding mimo in the system and 0
otherwise');
if choice==1
MimoOFDM=-10;
Pulse=2;
delayswitch=2;
delayBER=2*inputsize;
else
MimoOFDM=10;
Pulse=1;
delayswitch=0;
delayBER=0;
end
Further In this, we have implement and analysis with different
angles, which are describe in this chapter. In this, we go
behind the strategy is, Bit Error Rates are compared against
the Signal to Noise Ratio values. So, the analytic view of the
MISO & MIMO on the several changing the Signal to Noise Ratio
of the AWGN fading channels (Rician & Rayleigh) of the
27
models and recording the BER values by sending the values to

the workspace instead of port. A small script is written to set
the SNR value each time and simulate the model for the
specified SNR values.
//matlabcode1.m file
// in this code we call the code.m file and wimac_ashfaqq.mdl
file
%bdclose('wimax_Ashfaq.mdl');
clear all;
clc;
run code;
open wimax_Ashfaq1.mdl;
cSNR = 1:1:30;
BitErrorRate = zeros(length(cSNR));
ber = zeros(length(cSNR));
%set the model parameters

for i = 1:1:length(cSNR)
set_param('wimax_Ashfaq1/AWGN Channel3','SNRdB',
num2str(i));
num2str(i));
%run the simulation
simout = sim('wimax_Ashfaq1');
meanber = BER.signals.values(end, 1);
ber(i) = meanber(1);
end
%save the output in *.mat file

save ashfaq1.mat;
//matlabcode0.m file
//in this code we call the code.m file and wimac_ashfaqq.mdl
file
%bdclose('wimax_Ashfaq.mdl');
clear all;
clc;
run code;
open wimax_Ashfaq0.mdl;
cSNR = 1:1:30;
BitErrorRate = zeros(length(cSNR));
ber = zeros(length(cSNR));
%set the model parameters

for i = 1:1:length(cSNR)
num2str(i));
%run the simulation
simout = sim('wimax_Ashfaq0');
meanber = BER.signals.values(end, 1);
28
ber(i) = meanber(1);
end
%save the output in *.mat file

save ashfaq0.mat;
//Plot the single graph

%plot the graph by loading the *.mat file
clear all;
clc;
load ashfaq1.mat
NR = 1:1:30;
figure(1);
semilogy(NR,ber,'g');
axis([1 30 .11 1])
hold on;
% for y=1:1:length(NR)
% %semilogy(SNR(y),ber(y),'b*');
% semilogy(NR(y),ber(y),'g*');
% hold on;
% end
xlabel('SNR');
ylabel('BER');
grid on;
//Plot the combine graph
%plot the graph by loading the *.mat file

load ashfaq0.mat
NR = 1:1:30;
figure(2);
semilogy(NR,ber,'b');
axis([1 30 .0001 1])
hold on;
xlabel('SNR');
ylabel('BER');
grid on;
load ashfaq1.mat
NR = 1:1:30;
semilogy(NR,ber,'g');
xlabel('SNR');
ylabel('BER');
grid on;
The Multipath Rician & Rayleigh Fading Channel block implements a
baseband simulation model of a multipath Rician & Rayleigh fading
propagation channel. We have use “Rician & Rayleigh Fading Channel
block” to WiMAX simulink MISO & MIMO model. This block accepts a
scalar value or column vector input signal. The block inherits sample time from
the input signal. The input signal must have a discrete sample time greater than
0. Relative motion between the transmitter and receiver causes Doppler shifts in
the signal frequency. In this scenario, we are specifying the Doppler spectrum
29
of the Rician & Rayleigh process using the Doppler spectrum type parameter,
each of which may have differing lengths and associated time delays.
30
Design / Implementation
4.1 WiMAX with MISO & MIMO

We have implement WiMAX with MISO (Multiple-input and
Single-output) and MIMO (Multiple-input and Multiple-output).
The both MATLAB/simulink model are shown below
simultaneously. In first part, we have design and implement
the WiMAX-MISO after that WiMAX (MIMO) as following
4.1.1 IEEE 802.16-2004 OFDM PHY link, including Space-
Time Block Coding (WiMAX-MISO)
This model shows the main components of the WMAN 802.16-
2004 OFDM physical layer using with STBC. We have explained
the main parts of the model, which have discussed in later.
Some of MISO and MIMO have the common model block that
block we have explain together. In both model we have use
the OSTBO (Orthogonal Space Time Block Coding) technology.
The WiMAX-MISO, we have taken the standard model from
MATLAB/ Simulink model and modify it, as shown in the
following.
Fig.4.1: IEEE 802.16-2004 OFDM PHY link
31
We have the common part of the both model, which tasks

performed in the communication system models included as
 Both models are beginning with the generation of
random bit data that models a downlink burst consisting of
an integer number of OFDM symbols.
 After that we have use the Forward Error Correction
(FEC), consisting of a Reed-Solomon (RS) outer code
concatenated with a rate-compatible inner convolution code
(CC).
 Data interleaving.
 Modulation, using one of the BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM or
64-QAM constellations specified.
 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (OFDM)
transmission using 192 sub-carriers, 8 pilots, 256-point
FFTs, and a variable cyclic prefix length.
 In the STBC (Space-Time Block Coding) using an
Alamouti code. This implementation uses the OSTBC
Encoder and Combiner blocks in the Communications
Blockset™.
 A single OFDM symbol length preamble that is used
as the burst preamble. For the optional STBC model, both
antennas transmit the single symbol preamble.
 An optional memoryless nonlinearity that can be
driven at several backoff levels.
 An optional digital pre-distortion capability that
corrects for the nonlinearity.
 A Multiple-Input-Single-Output (MISO) fading channel
with AWGN for the STBC model.
 OFDM receiver that includes channel estimation using
the inserted preambles.
4.1.2 IEEE 802.16e-2005 OFDM PHY link, (WiMAX-MIMO)

with two fading channel
In the designing of the following model, we have followed the
standard model of IEEE 802.16e-2005 OFDM PHY link with
OSTBC. We have explained the main parts of the model in
previous section and some are additional which use in WiMAX-
MIMO model have explained in this portion. We have design
two type of model in the scenario of WiMAX-MIMO. In first
model, we use two fading channel with each antenna and in
second model, we use one fading channel, before it we
combine the both transmitted data.
32
Fig4.2: IEEE 802.16e-2005 OFDM PHY link, (WiMAX-MIMO) with two

fading channel
4.1.3 IEEE 802.16e-2005 OFDM PHY link, (WiMAX-MIMO)
with single fading channel
In this model, we have combine the both antenna data and
than apply the fading channel, which have shown in the
following. In this model, we also use the standard model of
IEEE 802.16e-2005 OFDM PHY link with OSTBC.
33
Fig.4.3: IEEE 802.16e-2005 OFDM PHY link, (WiMAX-MIMO) with single

fading channel
4.2 WiMAX (MISO & MIMO) Components
The models contains the following modules which are used in
the IEEE 802.16-2004 and IEEE 802.16e-2005, physical layer
MATLAB/simulation model. Each module consists of many sub
modules as over in the following etc.
4.2.1 Bernoulli Binary generator
The model generates the random data using the Bernoulli
Binary generator which generates data bits by uniform
distribution. The random source generates a continuous
waveform which is sampled to convert to frames.
Fig.4.4: Bernoulli Binary Generator
34
4.2.2 Forward Error Correction (FEC) and Modulator Bank

This module consists of the Forward Error Correction sub
module and the other Modulator sub modules as shown below.
Forward Error correction is used to correct errors in bits at the
receiver side without the need for re-transmission.
Fig.4.5. Modulation Bank and FEC

As the model uses a rate adaptive scheme all the modulation
schemes are implemented and the used depending on the SNR
value. The Forward Error correction code is a Reed Solomon
code outer concatenated with the convolution code
35
4.2.3 IFFT packaging

This module is used to break the complex waves into multiple
simple waves that can be easily transmitted. It converts the
input frequency domain signal into Time domain signal as
shown in the following diagram.
Fig.4.6: IFFT Input Packing
4.2.4 Space Time Diversity Encoder

This module contains the blocks that are used for space time
diversity coding which is used to reduce the effect to noise and
increase the bandwidth by reducing the Bit Error Rate. The
module and its code is shown below
Fig.4.7: Space-Time Block Encoder

// code for data divided into two parts (signal per antenna)
36
function [ant1, ant2] = stbcenc(u)

% STBCENC Space-Time Block Encoder
% Outputs the Space-Time block encoded signal per antenna.
N = 2;
ant1 = complex(zeros(size(u)));
ant2 = ant1;
% Alamouti Space-Time Block Encoder, G2, full rate

% G2 = [s0 s1; -s1* s0*]
for i = 1:size(u,2)/2
s0 = u(:, 2*i-1); s1 = u(:, 2*i);
ant1(:, [2*i-1 2*i]) = [s0 -conj(s1)];
ant2(:, [2*i-1 2*i]) = [s1 conj(s0)];
end
4.2.5 OFDM Transmitter

This model implements a simple OFDM transmitter and
receiver. The OFDM receiver part contains a 512-point to
convert signal back to the frequency domain. There are two
FFT implementations in this model: The Simulink SP
Blockset FFT block is the FFT block in Signal Processing Block
set library. It calculates a 512-point vector input each sample
and works at a sample rate of 512.
The HDL Streaming FFT block is a serialized, streaming I/O
FFT block. This implementation accepts streaming complex
input data and generates streaming complex results
continuously after the initial pipelining latency.
Fig.4.8: OFDM Transmitter
4.2.6 MISO Fading Channel with AWGN
37
The STBC link model uses a MISO fading channel to model a

two transmitter, one receiver (2x1) system. The fading
parameters are identical for the two links. The Space-Time
Diversity Combiner block uses the channel estimates for each
link and combines the received signals. The combining
operation performs simple linear processing using the
orthogonal signaling employed by the encoder.
Fig.4.8: MISO Fading Channel with AWGN
4.2.7 Rician Fading

The Multipath Rician Fading Channel block implements a
baseband simulation of a multipath Rician fading propagation
channel. You can use this block to model mobile wireless
communication systems when the transmitted signal can
travel to the receiver along a dominant line-of-sight or direct
path.
Fig.4.9: Rician Fading
4.2.8 AWGN Channel

The AWGN Channel block adds white Gaussian noise to a real
or complex input signal. When the input signal is real, this
block is adds real Gaussian noise and produces a real output
signal. When the input signal is complex, this block adds
complex Gaussian noise and produces a complex output
signal. This block inherits its sample time from the input signal.
38
Fig.4.10: AWGN Channel
4.2.9 AWGN block

This block uses the Signal Processing Blockset Random Source
block to generate the noise. Random numbers are generated
using the Ziggurat method. The Initial seed parameter in this
block initializes the noise generator. Initial seed can be either
a scalar or a vector whose length matches the number of
channels in the input signal.
Fig.4.11: AWGN Block
This block accepts a scalar-valued, vector, or matrix input

signal with a data type of type single or double . The output
signal inherits port data types from the signals that drive the
block.
39
4.2.10 OFDM Receiver

The serialize block generates the streaming input data for the
FFT block. The original 512-point vector input is converted to
one data point per sample by the Unbuffer block. This FFT
block implements the Decimation-in-Time FFT algorithm which
requires bit reverse-ordered input data. So the natural-ordered
input data will pass through the stage Start_BitReverse in
the beginning.
Fig.4.12: OFDM Receiver
4.2.11 Space Time Diversity Combiner

The Space-Time Diversity Combiner block uses the channel
estimates for each link and combines the received signals
Fig.4.13: Space-Time Diversity Combiner
4.2.12 Orthogonal Space Time Block Combiner (OSTC)

The OSTBC Combiner block combines the input signal (from all
of the receive antennas) and the channel estimate signal to
extract the soft information of the symbols encoded by an
OSTBC. The input channel estimate may not be constant
during each codeword block transmission and the combining
algorithm uses only the estimate for the first symbol period
per codeword block. A symbol demodulator or decoder would
follow the Combiner block in a MIMO communications system.
40
Fig.4.14: AWGN Channel
4.2.13 Extract Data Carrier

We can "split up" the received signal by Separate Data & Pilots
block, in this block, terminate the Pilots data and real data
forward it, to the next portion.
Fig.4.15: Extract Data Carrier
4.2.14 Demodulator and FCE Bank

It is inverse of “Modulation and FCE bank” and shown in the
following diagram. The explanation have been explained in the
previous parts
41
Fig.4.16: Demodulator and FCE Bank
4.2.15 ALAMOUTI Transmitter and Receiver

This demo introduces Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO)
systems, which use multiple antennas at the transmitter and
receiver ends of a wireless communication system. MIMO
systems are increasingly being adopted in communication
systems for the potential gains in capacity they realize when
using multiple antennas. Multiple antennas use the spatial
dimension in addition to the time and frequency ones, without
changing the bandwidth requirements of the system.
42
This demo introduces Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO)

systems, which use multiple antennas at the transmitter and
receiver ends of a wireless communication system. MIMO
systems are increasingly being adopted in communication
systems for the potential gains in capacity they realize when
using multiple antennas. Multiple antennas use the spatial
dimension in addition to the time and frequency ones, without
changing the bandwidth requirements of the system.
Fig.4.17: Alamouti Transmitter
Fig.4.18: Alamouti Receiver
43
4.2.16 Bit Error Rate Calculation

The Error Rate Calculation block compares input data from a
transmitter with input data from a receiver. It calculates the
error rate as a running statistic, by dividing the total number
of unequal pairs of data elements by the total number of input
data elements from one source. Use this block diagram to
compute either symbol or bit error rate, because it does not
consider the magnitude of the difference between input data
elements. If the inputs are bits, then the block computes the
bit error rate. If the inputs are symbols, then it computes the
symbol error rate.
Fig.4.19: Bit Error Rate Calculation
44
Results
The results of the WiMAX (MISO & MIMO)-OFDM PHY SIMULINK
Model are plotting with the different perspective and
parameter values.
5.1 The standard WiMAX MISO with BER vs. SNR

The plots that are generated from the recorded BER for
various SNR values for model with MISO channel with OSTBC
are shown below
Fig.5.1: The standard WiMAX MISO with BER vs. SNR
The more description of the shown plotted graph as BER

decreases with the increase in SNR values. The BER is
inversely proportional to the SNR with a constant factor and a
constant Doppler shift. The BER is decreasing with the increase
in SNR values as the modulation scheme changes with the
increase in SNR from BPSK to 64-QAM. The BER is plotted in a
logarithmic scale. The unit of SNR is in DeciBels.
5.2 WiMAX MISO BER of QPSK Modulation with

Rayliegh fading
45
We have took the following graph after the changing in the

WiMAX MISO in the block of modulation and AWGN then the
performance measurement of high data rate modulation
schemes at those channels which are subjected to Multipath
Rayleigh Fading and Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN)
with the 64QAM & QPSK, which are shown bellow
5.3 WiMAX MISO BER of QPSK Modulation with

Rician fading
We have took the following graph after the changing in the

WiMAX MISO in the block of modulation and AWGN then the
performance measurement of high data rate modulation
schemes at those channels which are subjected to Multipath
Rician Fading and Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) with
the 64QAM & QPSK, which are shown bellow
46
5.4 WiMAX MIMO BER of QPSK Modulation with

Rayliegh fading
In the WiMAX MIMO SIMULINK Model, we have plots that are

generated from the recorded BER for various SNR values for
model with Alamouti transceiver MIMO channel with OSTBC
and Rayliegh fading and AWGN are shown below
47
Fig.5.6: WiMAX MIMO BER of QPSK Modulation with Rayliegh fading

Rician fading
model with Alamouti transceiver MIMO channel with OSTBC
and Rician fading and AWGN are shown below
Fig.5.6: WiMAX MIMO BER of QPSK Modulation with Rician fading

Rician & Rayliegh fading
model with Alamouti transceiver MIMO channel with OSTBC,
Rayliegh & Rician fading and AWGN are shown below
48
Fig.5.6: WiMAX MIMO BER of QPSK Modulation with Rayliegh & Rician
fading
The above plotted graph shows the comparison of WiMAX

MIMO with Rayliegh and Rician fading with the different value
of SNR. The blue lines indicate the MIMO with Rician fading for
the model with the AWGN channels. The red line indicates the
Rayliegh for the model with the AWGN channels. As, the
models implement an adaptive rate scheme of BER decreases
with increases in SNR at the QPSK of the 64QAM.
49
Conclusions / Discussion
The Wireless Communication System WiMAX is a top level
MATRLAB/SIMULINK model with all Wireless Communication system
details has been implemented for analysis purpose, which one scenario is
perform the perfection. There are a lot of developments going on in
this area and it is still in nascent stages. With enhancements
and improved physical layer and MAC layer model design the
IEEE could bring a new standard which possibly could meet all
the specification of LTE. The model used for study was
IEEE802.16-2004 and IEEE802.16e-2005 which are much older
and contains the basic details for the Air Interface for
Fixed/mobile Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN).
This research report has focused on channel estimation MISO & MIMO with
different interpolation approaches for fixed/mobile OFDM system with
parameters from WiMAX standards. The AWGN fading channel (Rician &
Rayliegh), which has the Doppler shift, had a greater impact on the relative
performance between the different channel estimators and interpolation
approaches. There are two main tasks: One of them is analyze to compare the
performance on the 64-QAM of MISO & MIMO on the SNR db values then we
get the BER db values. In the result chapter, there are shows the graph, MIMO
performance perfact then MISO on the different BPSK. The second part, we
have test the MIMO SIMULINK model by using the different AWGN fading
channel (Rician & Rayliegh) at the most interesting properties that were
discovered is the big impact shown in the result chapter, there is Our results
indicate that a performance degradation can be expected in such an
environment relative to Rayleigh/Rician fading, however, the degradation is
significant only at very low values average SNR. At average SNR levels that
provide 10 percent outage or better the simpler analytic model for Rayleigh
fading may be used if the mean value of the desired signal is high relative to the
required minimum signal level at the receiver.
50
Finally, the SIMULINK models with MISO & MIMO channel has
been studied and simulated for varying Signal to Noise Ratio.
The different modulation schemes that were used in the
models contribute to a better throughput. The models have
been compared with the models of different properties with
the multiple transmit antennas. The SIMULINK model with
multiple transmit antennas is found to be less prone to
interference and noise than the model without MIMO channel.
So further is that the Doppler shift effect has been reduced by
adding multiple antennas. The model has been modified and
improved for the next specification of IEEE802.16e for mobile
Wireless Broadband by using the MIMO.
51
References
[1] www.wikipedia.org
[2] www.google.com
[3] http://dspace.bracu.ac.bd/bitstream/1036
1/192/1/Study%20of%20WiMAX%20Simulation.pdf
[4] http://www.conniq.com
[5] http://www.wimax.com
[6] http://www.tutorialspoint.com
[7] http://www.dsplog.com/2008/08/19/recei
ve-diversity-in-awgn/
[8] http://www.dsplog.com/2007/08/05/bit-
error-probability-for-bpsk-modulation/
[9] http://d.yimg.com/kq/groups/21439157/7
97502892/name/WIMAX.pdf
52
WiMAX - MISO & MIMO Appendix D: Result of
SIMULINK Model questionnaire survey
Appendix A: Documentation of own

developed program code
Example of Appendix subheading
53
Appendix B: Mathematical
deductions
54
Appendix C: User manual
55
Appendix D: Result of questionnaire

survey
56

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Mid Sweden University

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M.Sc. project report

Muhammad Ashfaq Malik

We have calculate the technical point that WiMAX implementation

The most precious goal of the project, we have compared the

Keywords: WiMAX (Worldwide interoperability for Microware

Muhammad Ashfaq Malik

4.1.1IEEE 802.16-2004 OFDM PHY link, including Space-Time

G(x) CRC generator polynomial

kISI Degree of Inter-symbol-interference

The WiMAX solution as IEEE 802.16-2004 OFDM physical layer

We have studied the multiple collections of IEEE 802.16

Table 1. The IEEE 802.16 standards

1.1 Background and problem motivation

Motivation of the report which has the WiMAX focus on the

WMAN (Wireless Metropolitan Area Network), which can

1.2 Overall aim / High-level problem statement

Theory / Related work

It should be demonstrated that you have an awareness of the

Your assignment is not to write a textbook. It is important to

Instead of “Theory” or “Related work”, the heading may very

If the theoretical study section is rather brief then it is possible

1.6 Overview of WiMAX

Example of level 3 heading

1.7 Standard of WiMAX

1.8 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Fig.2.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

1.9 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

Figure 2.2: orthogonal frequency division multiple accesses.

Fig. 2.3: In OFDMA, the base station allocates to each user

The difference and the benefit of OFDM & OFDMA

Fig. 2.5: OFDM AND OFDMA

1.10 Line Of Sight

1.11 Non-Line of Sight

Non-line of sight (Non-LOS) is a small antenna on computer

1.12 MIMO (Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output)

Further more, we have explain of MIMO channel (many to

 Consider that we have a transmission sequence, for

 This forms the simple explanation of a probable MIMO

WiMAX with SISO, MISO, SIMO and MIMO is a series of increase

Single receive antenna case

 Since, we are taking only BPSK modulation, and the signals

 Let assume that there will be a single receive antenna having a

MEAN and VARIANCE

 The probability for the density function of noise is,

 The received signal equation is, , where

 is the received symbol,

probability of bit error is,

Receive diversity with two antennas

VARIANCE and the noise on each antenna is

 The received signal is, , where , are the

 For simplicity, let us assume that the signal was transmitted.

 To decode, the simplistic is to take the mean of , and perform

hard decision decoding, and if implies the

 Now, let us find out if there is any receive diversity gain by

 In the discussion perspective, we have sum of Gaussian random

 Using the above two equations, the noise term is another

Gaussian random variable with mean and v riance

So, the bit error probability for two receive

Receive diversity with N receive antenna

, where , ,… are the received symbols from