Anomalies of contractions in labor.

Anomalies of contractions in labor represent a common pathology of delivery.

They are also a common cause of severe consequences, such as gestosis during
pregnancy.
Certain continuity can be noticed: gestosis favors the anomalies of contractile
activity of the uterus, which can lead to the detachment of normally placed
placenta and bleeding.

The frequency of anomalies of contractions is 15-17% on average (as seen from

case histories), but practically, there are more of them.
Let me remind you that the main role in the regulation of the contractions of the
uterus during the delivery belongs to the vegetative nervous system, which
provides the neurohumoral changes in the body of pregnant women before the
delivery.
The uterus is formed by smooth muscular, elastic and connective tissue
(collagen) fibers, which explains the shape of the uterus, its ability to stretch and
contract.

The uterus contracts during the whole life of the woman, but these contractions
can be palpated only when their amplitude is above 15 millimeters of mercury.

During the delivery, the contractions of the uterus are autonomic; they do not
depend on the woman’s awareness and are regulated by the delivery dominant in
the CNS. Unlike the heart, which also contracts autonomously, the uterus
contracts with greater amplitude and periodicity.

The main contractive element of the uterus is the myometrium cell. Under the
influence of calcium ions, potassium ions are released outside of the cell, which
leads to a decrease in membrane potential and in actomyosin, the contractive
protein. In case of calcium deficiency the contractions will weaken. There are 2
types of chemical receptors on the surface of the cell: alpha and beta receptors.
The excitability of alpha-adrenoreceptors leads to contractions of the cell; and
that of beta-adrenoreceptors leads to its relaxation.

Catecholamines (serotonin, adrenalin, noradrenalin, histamine, prostaglandins,

estrogens) stimulate alpha-adrenoreceptors. Their number is determined by the
estrogen influence in the period of pubescence. The number of beta-receptors is
determined by the influence of progesterone. Noradrenalin, stimulating alpha-
adrenoreceptors and increasing the contractions of the uterus, is formed from
dopamine, which is an endorphin itself.

Due to this fact, at the time of fear, stress, anxiety followed by asthenia of the
nervous system and psychic tension, the concentration of endorphins is
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