AFOSR

COMBUSTION AND DIAGNOSTICS

17 March 2011
Dr. James R. Gord
Principal Research Chemist
Propulsion Directorate
Air Force Research Laboratory
Distribution A: Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. 88ABW-2011-0804
 2011 AFOSR SPRING REVIEW
2308BX PORTFOLIO OVERVIEW

NAME: DR. JULIAN TISHKOFF

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PORTFOLIO:

RESEARCH TO UNDERSTAND, PREDICT, AND CONTROL MULTIPHASE,
TURBULENT, REACTING FLOWS REPRESENTATIVE OF AIR FORCE
CHEMICAL PROPULSION SYSTEMS
LIST SUB-AREAS IN PORTFOLIO:
2308/BX COMBUSTION AND DIAGNOSTICS
5094/RS MURI
3484/US DURIP
STTR/TX STTR

TOTAL NUMBER OF PROJECTS 09/10: Resources 09/10:

39/35 AF 6.1 $8.04M/$9.17M
DURIP $0.60M/$0.28 M
STTR $0.48M/$0.40M
MURI $3.50M/$2.96M
 COMBUSTION AND DIAGNOSTICS
Overall Portfolio Strategy Is To Understand, Predict, And Control
Multiphase Turbulent, Reacting Flows Representative Of Air Force
Chemical Propulsions Systems
Research Thrusts
• Supersonic Combustion
• Supercritical Fluids
- Atomization And Sprays
• Turbulence
- LES/SGS
• Diagnostics
• Plasmas
• Fuels
• Radiation

Rocket Propulsion Gas Turbines Hypersonics

• Access To Space • Global Reach
• Fuel economy
• Supercritical Combustion • Thermal Management
• Signature Reduction
• Propellant Injection • Fuel Injection
• Fuel Thermal Stability
• Combustion Modeling • Combustion Modeling
• Environmental Compliance
• Design And Testing • Design And Testing
• Ignition/Combustion Enhancement
• Thermal Management • Ajax
 2011 AFOSR SPRING REVIEW
2308BX PORTFOLIO OVERVIEW
RESEARCH THRUST TRENDS

OTHER INTERESTED
THRUST DIRECTION AF UNIQUE? AGENCIES COMMENTS

Supersonic Combustion No NASA FY09 National Hypersonic

Fundamental Research Center
New Star Team

Supercritical Fluids Yes FY11 Star Team Renewal

Turbulence No NASA, NSF, DOE FY11 Star Team Renewal

Diagnostics No DOE

Plasmas No NASA 2009 MURI Topic

Fuels No DOE, NASA, NSF, Army Multi Agency Coordination,

Navy, SERDP, FAA, NIST, FY08 Energy IPT Funding
DARPA Add

Radiation No NASA
 MULTI AGENCY COORDINATION COMMITTEE
FOR COMBUSTION RESEARCH (MACCCR)

PARTICIPATING AGENCIES
- AFRL AGENCY BENEFITS
- Department of Energy
- National Science Foundation • Coordination And Leveraging Of
- National Institute Of Standards Agency Resources
And Technology
- Air Force Office Of • Combined Activities Not Feasible
Scientific Research Individually
- Army Research Office
- SERDP
- NASA
- FAA
- Office Of Naval Research

FY 2010 COMBINED ACTIVITIES

• Fuels Summit Held At Princeton, 20-22 Sep (http://kinetics.nist.gov/RealFuels/macccr/)
• National Academies Study Of The Application Of Cyber Infrastructure To Combustion
Research (to Be Completed In 2011)
OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS AND
COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES
FOR EXPLORING FUNDAMENTAL
COMBUSTION PHENOMENA
AFOSR Spring Review Meeting
Thursday 17 March 2011

Dr. James R. Gord

Principal Research Chemist
Director, Combustion and Laser
Diagnostics Research Complex
Air Force Research Laboratory
Propulsion Directorate
 Acknowledgments

• Spectral Energies: Sukesh Roy, Waruna

Kulatilaka,
• Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc.: Anil Patnaik,
Kyle Frische
• NRC Senior Associate: Hans Stauffer
• NRC Post Docs: Jamie Gengler, Paul Hsu
• Purdue University: Bob Lucht, Paul Kinnius,
Daniel Richardson
• Michigan State University: Marcos Dantus, Paul
Wrzesinski, Dmitry Pestov, Tissa Gunaratne
• Air Force Office of Scientific Research: Julian
Tishkoff, Tatjana Curcic, Mitat Birkan, Arje
Nachman 7
 Combustion Branch Mission

• Improved Propulsion-System Performance

(Thrust/Weight, SFC, etc.)
• Reduced Pollutant Emissions
• Enhanced Maintainability, Reliability, Affordability
• High Pressure, Dynamics, Sprays, Optical Access
8
 Phased Diagnostics Approach

Combustion Research
in the Laboratory

Performance Evaluation
in the Engine Test Cell

Real-Time Control on the

Flight Line and in the Air
9
 Diagnostics Across the Spectrum

NO Diode-Laser Absorption
Ultraviolet OH LIF, PITLIF, Pump/Probe
H-Atom PS
Multi-Pump CARS

Wavelength (meters)
TGS
Frequency (Hertz)

1015
Visible 10-6
High-Speed Imaging
LDV
PIV
Thermal Paints
PRS
Flame Emission Spectroscopy
Infrared LII
H2O Diode-Laser Absorption
1012
CO OPO Absorption
10-3
Hydrocarbon Fuel Absorption
CO Diode-Laser Absorption
Microwaves THz (T-Ray) Absorption
10
Propulsion Applications of Ultrafast Lasers

• High Peak Powers

– Nonlinear Phenomena
• Ultrashort Pulses
– Collision-Free Measurements
– Time Dynamics
• High Repetition Rates
– Data-Acquisition Bandwidth
– Time Series, PSDs, Correlations
11
 Propulsion Applications of Ultrafast Lasers

• Ballistic Imaging – dense fuel sprays

• CARS – temperature, species
• LIF – species
• PS – species
• THz-TDS – temperature, species, NDE
• Interfacial/Nanoparticle Heat Transfer
• Ultraintense Laser/Matter Interactions
– radiography, SAXS, NDE, machining
12
 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering

• Conventional “Single-
Pump” CARS pump CARS
• Noninvasive
Stokes
• Coherent Laser-Like
Signal pump
• Spatially and Temporally V
Resolved
• Excellent Gas- CARS
Temperature Data
• Nonresonant
Background
• Collisional Effects
Stokes
• Data-Acquisition Rates
• Major Species Pump1
• Optical Access Pump1 13
 N2 Excitation Dynamics

N2 CARS ns-Laser-Based fs-Laser-Based

Excitation Diagram Multiplex Excitation Coherent Excitation

2330 cm-1 2330 cm-1

2420 cm-1
CARS

2330 cm-1
pr
St
pu

2200 cm-1
2330 cm-1
v’, J’
b
rab ~ 0.005 rab ~ 0.2 - 0.4
2330 cm-1
v”, J”
a
540 560 580 600 620 650
640 660 670 680 690 780
700 790 800 810 82
Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm)

Approximately 10% of the population

is transferred to the excited states during
impulsive femtosecond excitation
14
 fs-CARS Schematic Diagram

Dnpump : 220 cm-1

DnStokes: 160 cm-1

15
fs-CARS Gas-Phase Thermometry

1.5
800 K
1500 K
2500 K

CARS Signal (arb. Units)

v' = 1 to v" = 0
1

v' = 2 to v" = 1

0.5
v' = 3 to v" = 2

0
2240 2260 2280 2300 2320 2340
Raman Shift (cm-1)

16
 fs-CARS in C2H4-Air Flame
100 100
=0.6 ethylene =1.0 ethylene
Best-Fit 1775K Best-Fit 2400K
CARS Signal (arb. units)

CARS Signal (arb. units)

10 T :1835 K 10 T :2373 K
ad ad

1 1

0.1 0.1

0.01 0.01
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Probe Delay (ps) Probe Delay (ps)

= 0.6 2400

Best-Fit 1775K
CARS Signal (arb. units)

Theory 1725K
Theory 1825K

Temperature (K)
1

2000
T set 1
expt
T set 2
expt
T
ad

0.1
1600
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 17
Probe Delay (ps) Equivalence Ratio
Single-Shot fs-CARS

SF-10 Rod

18
Single-Shot Experiment and Model

19
Single-Beam CARS Schematic Diagram

Incoming Pulse to Waveguide Output Pulse from Waveguide

 <35 fs pulse duration  5-7 fs time duration
 340 µJ pulse energy  200 µJ pulse energy
 -500 fs2 Chirp
 1-m focal Length 20
 Single-Beam CARS Pulse Shaping

Oron, D., N. Dudovich, and Y. Silberberg, Femtosecond phase-and-polarization control for background-free coherent anti-Stokes
Raman spectroscopy. Physical Review Letters, 2003. 90(21).

21
 Single-Beam CARS Pulse Shaping

Oron, D., N. Dudovich, and Y. Silberberg, Femtosecond phase-and-polarization control for background-free coherent anti-Stokes
Raman spectroscopy. Physical Review Letters, 2003. 90(21).

22
 Single-Beam CARS Pulse Shaping

Oron, D., N. Dudovich, and Y. Silberberg, Femtosecond phase-and-polarization control for background-free coherent anti-Stokes
Raman spectroscopy. Physical Review Letters, 2003. 90(21).

23
 Single-Beam CARS Pulse Shaping

Oron, D., N. Dudovich, and Y. Silberberg, Femtosecond phase-and-polarization control for background-free coherent anti-Stokes
Raman spectroscopy. Physical Review Letters, 2003. 90(21).

24
 Single-Beam CARS Pulse Shaping

Oron, D., N. Dudovich, and Y. Silberberg, Femtosecond phase-and-polarization control for background-free coherent anti-Stokes
Raman spectroscopy. Physical Review Letters, 2003. 90(21).

25
 Single-Beam CARS Pulse Shaping

Oron, D., N. Dudovich, and Y. Silberberg, Femtosecond phase-and-polarization control for background-free coherent anti-Stokes
Raman spectroscopy. Physical Review Letters, 2003. 90(21).

26
 Single-Beam CARS Pulse Shaping

Oron, D., N. Dudovich, and Y. Silberberg, Femtosecond phase-and-polarization control for background-free coherent anti-Stokes
Raman spectroscopy. Physical Review Letters, 2003. 90(21).

27
Single-Beam CARS Spectral Features

28
 Single-Beam CARS of N2 and CO2
v  0  v  1 band of N2 Fermi Dyads of CO2
2-pixel: 4.2 ps
4-pixel: 2.1 ps

• Spectrum: averaged over 250 laser shots • Spectrum: averaged over 10 laser shots
• Signal Count: 2-pixel (4 counts/shot); 4-pixel • Signal Count: 2-pixel (2000 counts/shot)
(40 counts/shot ) • At 2000K, ~1000 to 2000 counts/shot required
• At 2000K, ~1000 to 2000 counts/shot required

Roy et al. “Single-beam coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy of N2 using a
shaped 7-fs laser pulse,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 (7), 074102 (2009).

Roy et al. “Single-beam coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy of gas-phase CO 292
via phase and polarization shaping of a broadband continuum,” J. Raman Spectrosc., available online.
N2 and O2 Selection in Ambient Air

30
 Isolated CO2 Spectra
(A=1388 cm-1 & B=1285 cm-1)

31
CO2–N2 Mixture

32
 CO2 Jet Imaging w/o & w/ BPS

Wrzesinski et al. “Binary phase shaping for selective single-beam CARS spectroscopy and imaging of
33
gas-phase molecules,” J. Raman Spectrosc., accepted.
 Summary and Continuing Work

• Frequency-spread coherence dephasing rate

yields temperature measurements (independent
of nonresonant background, collisions, etc.)
• Ratio of resonant to nonresonant signal could be
used for concentration measurements (minor
species?)
• During multi-species excitation the modulation
depth could be used to determine concentration
of other molecules
• Single-shot fs-CARS demonstrated with potential
for high-bandwidth (1-100 kHz) thermometry
• Enhanced/tailored spectroscopic signals possible
with pulse-shaped fs-CARS (single-beam fs-
CARS)
34
 Better Engines through Light!

Ultrafast Pump/Probe Measurements Transient-Grating Spectroscopy

of Combustion Kinetics & Dynamics in a High-Pressure Combustor

Triple-Pump Coherent Anti-Stokes Terahertz (T-Ray) Transmitter

Raman Scattering (CARS) Courtesy Picometrix, Inc. 35