Contents (i)

Preface

This book is the result of years of dedicated efforts of compilation

by the author. Author had always felt during his many years of
experience of Civil works that site personnel (Engineers and
Supervisors) spend lot of their time and energy in searching various
data, details even for the routine jobs. This time and energy could be
easily saved if all the normally required information is available to
them in the form of ready made tables/charts/figures and notes.

This is what prompted the author to prepare a book of this type.

The special feature of the book is that all the information is presented
in form of tables, charts, figures and short notes and any information
can be easily picked up just by looking at index without too much mind
straining. The book has been thoroughly indexed for this purpose.
This has made this book a real practical handbook for reference unlike
the mind boggling text books of theory.

I would like to apologize for any mistakes left inadvertantly and will
welcome the comments/suggestions of the readers.

I may also remind you that this book is a general reference guide
for normal building construction works. However, for specialized jobs,
one must consult experts.

Wish you a nice journey through this book.

AUTHOR
(ii) Contents

Contents

SECTION-1 : COMMON TERMINOLOGY 1-22

1-1 Abbreviations Commonly Used 3

1-2 Short Forms of Words Commonly Used 7
1-3 Symbols Commonly Used 9
1-4 Meaning of Mix Proportions 10
1-5 Some Hindi Words and their English Equivalents 11
Commonly Used at Site
1-6 Building Parts Terminology 17
1-7 Building Area Terminology 19
1-8 Unit of Measurements of Common Items of Work 21
1-9 Units of Procurement of Common Materials 22

SECTION-2 : MATERIAL, LABOUR & COST ESTIMATE 23-66

2-1 Material Quantities Calculation 25

(A) Quantities for 1 m3 of Concrete Work 25
(B) Quantities for 1 m3 of Brick Work 25
(C) Quantities for 100m2 of Plastering 26
(D) Quantities for 1 m3 of Cement Mortar (Wet) 27
(E) Estimation of Quantity of Reinforcement 27
vis-a-vis % of Reinforcement
(F) Brick Paving 28
(G) Pointing Work (in C.M. 1:3) 29
2-2 Cement Consumption-Ready Reckoner 30
2-3 Rate Analysis Factors for Important Items 33
(A) M 15 Concrete (1:2:4) upto plinth level 34
(B) M 20 Concrete (1:1.5:3) upto plinth level 35
(C) 1st Class Brickwork in C.M. 1:3 (in Foundation & Plinth) 35
(C1) Extra for 1st Class Brickwork in C.M. 1:3 (in Superstructure) 36
(D) 1st Class Brickwork in C.M. 1:4 (in Foundation & Plinth) 36
(D1) Extra for Brickwork in C.M. 1:4 in Superstructure 37
(E) 1st Class Brickwork in C.M 1:6 (in Foundation & Plinth) 37
(E1) Extra for 1st Class Brickwork in C.M 1:6 in Superstructure 38
(F) Cement Concrete 1:3:6 in Foundation & Plinth 38
(With 40mm Graded Stone Aggregate)
(F1) Cement Concrete 1:3:6 in Foundation & Plinth 39
(With 20 mm Graded Stone Aggregate)
(G) Reinforcement Steel 39
(H) 12mm Thick Plaster in C.M. 1:4 on Interior Wall 40
12 mm Thick (Single Coat)
Contents (iii)

(I) 20 mm Thick Exterior Cement Plaster in C.M. 1:3 40

(J) I.P.S. Flooring 40 mm Thk. 41
(K) Random Rubble Masonry in C.M. 1:6 (In Foundation 42
& Plinth)
2-4 Labour and Material Estimate For Misc. Works 43
(A) Material and Labour Components in Various 43
Types of Works (Cost-wise) in Percentage
(B) Labour Estimate 43
2-5 Steel Work 47
(A) Wire & Sheet Metal Gauges (Dia. & Thik.) 47
(B) Available Thickness of Plates, Sheets & Flats 48
(C) Weight of M.S. Sheets and Plates 48
(D) Areas, Perimeters and Weights of Round and 49
Square Bars
(E) Weights of Commonly Used Rolled Steel Sections 49
(F) Sizes and Properties of Steel Tubes for Structural 50
Purposes
(G) Hollow Mild Steel Sections for Structural Use 51
(H) Dimensions and Weight of Hard Drawn Steel Wire 51
Fabric (as per IS : 1566)
2-6 Useful Tips on Costing of Buildings 54
(A) Percent Cost of Different Components of Building 54
(B) Percentage Cost of Various Materials and Labour 55
(C) Cost vs. Time in a Project 55
(D) Material Required on Plinth Area Basis for Single 55
Storey Load Bearing Residential Building
(E) Material and Labour Required on Plinth Area Basis for 56
Various Buildings
2-7 Useful Formats 59
Format - 1 : Mesurement Sheet 59
Format - 2 : Abstract of Quantity and Cost 60
Format - 3 : Bill Abstract Sheet 61
Format - 4 : Completion Certificate 62
Format - 5 : Bar Bending Schedule 63
Format - 6 : Calculation of Escalation as per CPWD 10 C.C. Clause 64
Format - 7 : Secured Advance Statement 65
Format - 8 : Proforma for Material Receipt and Issue by Deptt. 66

SECTION-3 : READYMADE R.C.C. DESIGN TABLES 67-98

3-1 General Notes and Assumptions 69

3-2 Minimum Thickness (or Depth) of Slabs & Beams 71
3-3 Minimum Reinforcement in Slab and Beams 72
(A) Min. Reinforcement in Slabs 72
(B) Min. Reinforcement in Beams 72
3-4 Design Tables for Slabs 73
(A) Simply Supported Slabs 73
(B) Two Way Slabs (Simply Supported) 73
(C) Cantilever Slab 75
(D) Continuous Slab (One Way) 76
(E) Design of Slabs for Various Loadings and Spans 78
(F) Design of Slabs for given Moments 79
(G) Misc. notes relating to Slab Design 80
(iv) Contents

3-5 Tables for Design of Beams 81

(A) Simply Supported Beams 81
(B) Design of Lintels over Door and Window Openings 84
(C) Minimum Shear Reinforcement for Beams 85
3-6 R.C.C. Columns 86
(A) Axial Load Carrying Capacity of R.C.C. Columns 86
(B) Arrangement of Ties or Transverse Reinf. in Columns 88
(C) Typical Foundation of R.C.C. Col. 89
3-7 Design of RCC Foundations 90
3-8 Slenderness Limits for Columns and Beams 92
3-9 Tables for Calculation of Areas of Bars 92
(A) Areas of Bars for Given Spacing of Reinforcement (For Slab) 93
(B) Areas of Given Numbers of Bars in Beams (in cm2) 94
3-10 Showing Reinforcement Detailing in Drgs. 95
3-11 Permissible Stresses in Concrete (kg/cm2) 98

SECTION-4 : USEFUL INFORMATION ON BASIC BUILDING 99-128

MATERIALS

4-1 Cement 101

(A) Constituents 101
(B) Tests for Cement 101
(C) Types of Cement 103
(D) Common Cement Admixtures 104
(E) Miscellaneous Useful Tips 106
4-2 Sand 108
(A) Types of Sand 108
(B) Tests for Sand 108
(C) Grading of Sand (or Fine Aggregates) 109
(D) Miscellaneous Useful Data on Sand 110
(E) Note on Bulking of Sand 111
4-3 Aggregates 112
(A) Characteristics of Good Aggregate 112
(B) Grading of Aggregates 112
(C) Some Useful Data About Aggregates 114
4-4 Bricks 115
(A) Constituents of Good Brick Earth 115
(B) Types of Bricks 116
(C) Tests for Bricks 119
(D) Miscellaneous Useful Data About Bricks 119
4-5 Lime 121
4-6 Steel 124
(A) Types of Steel and I.S. Codes For Steel Work 124
(B) Composition and Properties of Steel 124
(C) Measures for Preventing Corrosion of Steel 125
(D) Miscellaneous Useful Notes on Steel 126
4-7 Miscellaneous Materials 127

SECTION-5 : CONCRETE WORK (Including RCC) 129-188

5-1 Glossary of Terms 131

5-2 General Information Regarding R.C.C. Work 137
5-3 Removal of Formwork for Beams, Slabs and Columns 140
Contents (v)

5-4 Curing Periods 141

5-5 Workability and Slump 142
5-6 Quality Control Tests for Concrete 143
5-7 Construction Joint 144
5-8 Movement Joints in Concrete 147
5-9 Spacing of Expansion and Control Joints in Building 149
Structures
5-10 Details of Expansion Joints 150
(A) Expansion Joints in RCC Slabs Supported on 150
Intermediate Walls
(B) Expansion Joints in RCC Slabs with Twin Beams 151
5-11 Types of Contraction Joint 152
5-12 Shrinkage of Concrete 154
5-13 Useful Data on Shrinkage 156
5-14 Factors Governing Quality and Strength of Concrete 157
5-15 Defects Normally Observed in Execution of R.C.C. Work 159
5-16 Defects Normally Noticed in Form Work 160
5-17 Check List for Ensuring Quality of R.C.C. Work 161
5-18 Check List for Points Before Allowing Concrete Pouring 162
5-19 Some Modern Compounds Used for Improving Concrete 163
Quality and Various Characteristics
(A) Concrete Admixtures 163
(B) Curing Compounds 165
(C) Bonding & Repairing Aids 165
(D) Ready Made Repair Mortars 167
(E) Grouting Material 169
(F) Floor Hardeners, Dust Proofers 170
(G) Protective Coatings for Concrete and Brickwork 171
(H) Protective Coatings for Underground Concrete 172
5-20 Factors Causing Corrosion of R.C.C. Structures 173
(A) Factors Causing Disintegration of Concrete 173
(B) Corrosion and Rusting of Reinforcement 175
(C) Repair to Concrete Work 177
(D) Materials Used for Repairs of Concrete 179
5-21 Formwork Sizes and Details 180
5-22 Common Makes of Cement and Steel 188

SECTION-6 : BRICK WORK & STONE WORK 189-241

6-1 Glossary of Terms 191

6-2 Tools Used in Brickwork 200
6-3 Types of Cut Bricks 205
6-4 Bonds in Brick Works 208
6-5 Brick Pillars 213
6-6 Brick Piers and Buttresses 214
6-7 Opening in Bricks Wall 215
6-8 Guideline for Cutting Chases in Brick Walls 216
6-9 Notes on Mortar being used in Brick Work 217
(vi) Contents

6-10 Check List for Quality of Brick Work 219

6-11 Common Defects Noticed in Brick Work 220
6-12 Permissible Compressive Stresses in Brick Masonry 221
6-13 Slenderness Ratio of Brick Walls and Columns 222
6-14 Optimum Mortar Mixes for Different Grades of Bricks 223
6-15 A Typical Design of Brick Masonry Walls for Residential 224
BIdgs. Upto 3 Storeys
6-16 Types of Stone Masonry 226
6-17 Tools Used in Stone Masonry 229
6-18 Common Building Stones of India 235
6-19 Check List for Stone Masonry Work 237
6-20 Design of Brick And R.R. Masonry Retaining and 238
Compound Walls
6-21 Typical Foundation Detail of Brick Wall 241

SECTION-7 : WOOD WORK (Including Wooden Doors & Windows) 243-304

7-1 Glossary of Terms 245

7-2 Tools for Carpentry Work 250
7-3 Types of Doors 256
7-4 Types of Wood 262
(A) Primary Species of Wood 262
(B) Secondary Species of Wood 263
7-5 Types of Boards 264
7-6 Miscellaneous Useful Data on Wood Work 268
7-7 Sizes of Members and Design Data in Wood Work 270
7-8 Flush Door Shutters Details 273
7-9 Panel Door Details 278
7-10 Details of a Typical Double Shutter Wooden Window 280
7-11 Details of Door Frames 282
7-12 Various Types of Glasses Used in Doors and Windows 284
7-13 Typical Details of an Ordinary False Ceiling (F.C) 285
7-14. Typical Details of Partitions 287
(A) Typical Single Skin Partition 287
(B) Corresponding Details for Double Partition 288
(C) Alternative Methods for Constructing Single Skin Partition 289
7-15 Typical Wall Panelling Details 290
7-16 Permissible Stresses in Timber 292
7-17 Some General Guidelines About the Size and Span of
Timber Beams 293
7-18 Some Readymade Design Data About Structural Timber 294
7-19 Common Defects Noticed in Wood Work 296
7-20 Check List for Wooden Doors and Windows 298
7-21 Protective Coatings for Wood and Steel 299
7-22 Seasoning of Timber 301
7-23 Common Makes of Wooden Products 303
Contents (vii)

SECTION-8 : STRUCTURAL STEEL WORK 305-378

8-0 Glossary of Terms 307

8-1 Some Features of Steel Doors/Windows/Ventilators/Louvres 311
8-2 Steel Doors 313
(A) A Typical Steel Door With M.S. Sheet 313
(B) A Typical Double Leaf Steel Door With Jali 314
Self Supported Frame)
(C) A Typical Grill Door 314
(D) Grill Gate 315
8-3 Types of Rolling Shutters 316
8-4 Design of a Typical Window Grill 320
8-5 Design of Steel Roof Trusses 322
8-6 Design of Tubular Roof Trusses 324
8-7 Connections in Steel Trusses 325
8-8 Weld Length for Angle Sections for Full Tension 332
Capacity (for use in trusses)
8-9 Weld Lengths for Channels for Full Tension Capacity 333
(for use in trusses)
8-10 Some Useful Data Relating to Trusses 334
8-11 Miscellaneous Design Tips and Other Practical Information 335
Regarding Structures With Steel Roof Trusses
8-12 Sample Designs for Scooter/Car Covered Parking 337
8-13 Sizes of Main Pipes and Cross Pipes (Purlins) in a Typical 339
Parking Structure or Shed Structure Made of M.S. Pipes
8-14 Railing and Grill Details 340
(A) Hand Rails for Stairs, Ramps, Retaining Walls, Parapet 340
(B) Boundary Wall Grill 342
(C) Road Side Grills 343
(D) Fixing of Railing and Grills 344
8-15 Design of Typical Steel Stairs 345
8-16 Load Carrying Capacity of M.S. Plates and Gratings 347
(A) Load Carrying Capacity of M.S. Plate/Cheqd. Plate 347
(B) Load Carrying Capacity of 6 mm Thk. Cheqd. Plate 348
With Stiffeners
(C) Load Carryings Capacity of M.S. Gratings 349
8-17 Connection Between Beams and Columns 351
8-18 Design of Erection Cleats or Brackets for Connection 358
(A) Erection Cleats for Shear Connection 358
(B) Erection Bkt. in Moment Connection 359
(C) Erection Holes for Beam to Beam Connection 359
(D) Capacities of Bkts from Weld Considerations 360
8-19 Design Chart for Moment Connections 361
8-20 Design Chart for Shear Connection 362
(A) For MB 150 to MB 600 & MC 150 to MC 250 362
(B) For MB 1000, MC 100 and MC 125 362
8-21 Plate Girders 363
8-22 Moment and Shear Capacity of Beams 364
8-23 Safe Load Carrying Capacity of Channels and Beam (in t/m)
for Various Spans 366
(viii) Contents

8-24 Safe Load Carrying Capacity of M.S. Pipes (in kg/m)

for Various 367
8-25 Spans Welds and their Capacities
8-26 Splicing Details
8-27 Anchor Bolts Embedment Details (for full tension capacity)
8-28 Permissible Stresses in Structural Steel Work
8-29 Check List for Steel Doors and Windows
830 Check List for Miscellaneous Structural Steel Work
8-31 Defects Normally Noticed in Structural Steel Work
8-32 Common Makes of Structural Steel

SECTION-9 : DOORS & WINDOWS FITTINGS 379-406

9-1 Pictorial Views of Various Kinds of Hardwares

9-2 Some Useful Data on Door and Window Fittings
9-3 Mortice Lock Details
9-4 Night Latch Details
9-5 Types of Door Closers
9-6 Miscellaneous Types of Locks
9-7 Check List for Door and Window Fittings
9-8 Reputed Makes of Hardwares

SECTION-10 : FLOORING 407-434

10-1 Some Useful Notes on Flooring Work

10-2 Suggested Floorings at Different Locations
Various Types of Floorings and their Suggested
Specifications
Notes on Terrazzo Flooring
Notes on Crazy Marble Stone Flooring
Notes on Ceramic Tiles Flooring
Some Special Types of Flooring
Check List for Cement Concrete Flooring
Check List for Mosaic Flooring
Reputed Makes of Flooring

SECTION-11 : PLASTERING 435-446

11-1 Types of Plasters

11-2 Some Useful Data for Plastering Work
11-3 Notes on Doing Plastering Work
11-4 Defects Commonly Observed in Plastering 442
11-5 Remedies for Minimising the Defects in Plastering Work 444

SECTION-12 : PAINTING 447-468

12-1 Pamt Composition 449

12-2 Vehicles for Paints 450
12-3 Bases for Points 451
12-4 Types of Paints and their Usage 452
12-5 Paint Coverage (in m2) per Litre of Paint 543
Contents (ix)

12-6 Multipliers for Converting Uneven Surfaces into Equivalent

Plain Area for Measurement of Painting Work 454
12-7 Effect of Colours and Colour Scheme 455
12-8 Painting Process 457
12-9 Painting Defects 459
12-10 Check List for Painting Work 460
12-11 Some Useful Practical Notes on Painting Works 461
12-12 Some Common Makes of Paint 467

SECTION-13 : PVC WORKS 469-496

13-1 Advantages of PVC Sections 471

13-2 PVC Sections 473
13-3 Some Typical Specifications for Various PVC Works 476
13-4 P.V.C. Partitions 479
13-5 Cost Comparison Between PVC and Other Partitions 481
13-6 PVC Windows 482
13-7 PVC Doors 485
13-8 Miscellaneous PVC Works (Pictorial Views) 487
13-9 Comparison Chart Between PVC vs. Other Materials 490
(A) Comparative Advantages of PVC Partitions 490
(B) Comparative Advantages of PVC False Ceilings 490
(C) Comparative Advantages of PVC Wall Panelling 491
(D) Technical Comparison of PVC Products With 491
Commercial Ply/Teak Ply & Laminates
13-10 Solid PVC Sections 492
13-11 Reputed Makes of P.V.C. Sections and Panels 495

SECTION-14 : WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE 497-614

14-1 Glossary of Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage Terms 499

14-2 Space Parameters for Plumbing and Sanitary Fittings 506
14-3 Parameters for Safe Drinking Water 508
14-4 Tools for Plumbing Work 510
14-5 Some Useful Information on Water Supply and Sewerage Work
516
14-6 Bathroom Fittings 522
14-7 G.I. Fittings 526
14-8 Some Useful Data Relating to Water Supply 527
(A) Delivery From Different Sizes of Taps 527
(B) Recommended Sizes of Service Mains for Housing 527
(C) Relative Discharge Capacities of Full Pipes 527
(D) Number of Connections of Various Sizes that 528
can be Fed from a Main Line
(E) Recommended Velocities for Water Pipes 528
(F) Valves in Water Pipe Line 529
(G) Frictional Losses Caused by Fittings and Valves 529
14-9 Plumbing and Sewerage Schematic for a Typical Building 530
(A) Typical Line Diagram of Water Supply of a 4-Storeyed 530
Building for One Wing of 4 Flats
(B) Typical Line Diagram of 15 mm. Dia G.I. Pipes for 531
Internal Water Supply in Toilet & Kitchen of a Flat
(x) Contents

(C) Typical Line Diagram of Sewerage in the Toilet of a Flat 532

14-10 C.I. Fittings 533
14-11 Systems of Building Sewerage 536
(A) One Pipe System 537
(B) Two Pipe System 538
(C) End Connections of Vent Pipe 539
(D) Single Stack System 540
14-12 Types and Usage of Traps 541
14-13 Type of Pipes 543
14-14 Jointing of Pipes 546
(A) Joints of Concrete Pipes 546
(B) Jointing of Cast Iron & Stoneware Pipes (S & S Joint) 547
(C) Procedure for Lead Caulking in C.I. Joint 548
(D) Quantity of Lead for Different Sizes of Pipes 549
14-15 Cast Iron Concrete Manhole Covers and Gratings 550
14-16 Sanitary Appliances 555
14-17 Sectional Details of Various Fittings 558
14-18 I.W.C. or O.W.C. Installation Details 561
14-19 E.W.C. Installation Details 566
14-20 Antisiphonage Pipe Connection Details 573
14-21 Wash Basin Installation 575
14-22 Urinals Installation 576
14-23 Shower Installation Details 578
14-24 Connections and Fittings on Water Storage Tanks on Terraces 580
14-25 Air Locking in Pipe 583
14-26 Septic Tanks and Soak Pit 585
(A) Capacities and Sizes of Septic Tanks According 585
to the I.S. Recommendations
(B) A Typical Design of Domestic Tank for 10 Users 586
(C) Design of a Typical Septic Tank for a Hostel of 587
50 Users
(D) A Typical Design of Soak Pit For Hostel (For 50 Users) 590
14-27 Details of Sewer Manholes 591
(A) Manhole of Size 600 x 450 mm 591
(B) Manhole of size 900 x 450 mm 592
(C) Manhole of dia 1.2 m 594
(D) Manhole of dia. 1.5 m 597
14-28 Notes on Borewell 600
14-29 Important Points Relating to Maintenance and Installation 602
of Pumps
(A) Maintenance of Existing Pumps 602
(B) Installation of New Pumps 602
14-30 General Notes on Plumbing, Sanitary and Sewerage Work 606
14-31 Width of Excavation in Trenches for Pipes Cables etc. 609
14-32 Common Defects Observed in Plumbing and Sanitary Work 612
14-33 Common Makes of Plumbing and Sanitary Materials 613

SECTION-15: ROOFING, WATER PROOFING & DAMP 615-652

PREVENTION IN BUILDINGS

15-1 Useful Notes on Flat Roofs 617

Contents (xi)

15-2 Useful Notes on G.I./A.C. Sheet Roofing 620

15-3 Connections of A.C./G.I. Sheeting With Purlin 623
15-4 Roof Drainage (For Flat Roofs) 624
15-5 Sources of Leakages or Dampness in Buildings and 627
their Prevention 627
15-6 Water Proofing of Roofs 631
15-7 Water Proofing of Expansion Joints 634
15-8 Water Proofing of W.Cs./Toilets 635
15-9 Dampness Prevention Measures in Buildings at 637
Miscellaneous Locations
15-10 Some Modem Water Proofing Coatings 642
15-11 Coatings Which can be done Over Damp Ceilings 644
and Damp Walls to Prevent Seepage
15-12 Instant Leak Plugging Compounds 645
15-13 Some Flexible Sealants (To seal Gaps/Joints/Cracks etc. 646
which Exhibit Movements)
15-14 Rigid Sealants (to fill Holes/Gaps/Joints/Cracks which don’t 648
Exhibit Movements)
15-15 Check List for Roofing Work 649
(A) Check List for Flat Roofing 649
(B) Defects Commonly Observed in Flat Roofing 649
(C) Defects Commonly Observed in A.C. & G.I. Sheet Roofing 650
(D) Check List for Rain Water Pipes 650
15-16 Some Reputed Makes of Roofing Sheets 651

SECTION-16 : THERMAL AND SOUND INSULATION OF BUILDINGS 653-666

16-1 Sound Insulation 655

(A) Types of Absorbent Materials 655
(B) Methods of Sound Insulation 656
16-2 Thermal Insulation 662
(A) General Information 662
(B) Insulating Materials 662
(C) Methods of Thermal Insulation 664

SECTION-17 : FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF BUILDINGS 667-720

17-1 Space Parameters for Various Parts of Buildings 669

17-2 More Details about Kitchen 672
(A) Space Parameters for Kitchen Facilities 672
(B) Typical Layout of an L-Shaped Kitchen 673
(C) Layout Parameters of a U-Shaped Kitchen (Schematic) 674
(D) Kitchen Cabinet Height Dimensions 675
(E) Pictorial View of Some Top and Bottom Kitchen Cabinets 676
17-3 Staircases 677
(A) Glossary of Terms 677
(B) Slope of Stairs, Ramps and Roads 680
(C) Width of Stairs, Passages etc. 680
(D) Stair Case Design 682
17-4 Orientation of Building 684

17-5 Guidelines for Layout of Buildings according to Vastu-Shashtra 687

17-6 Bye-Laws and Building Controls Regarding Coverage, 689
Set Back, Heights, Lighting, Ventilation
(xii) Contents

(A) Plot Coverage for Residential Bungalows 689

(B) Frontage of Plots 690
(C) Setbacks 690
(D) Height of Building for Proper Ventilation and Lighting 690
(E) Building Controls as per MPD-2001 for Institutional BIdgs. 691
17-7 Check List for Minor Points often Missed During Building 693
Construction
17-8 Functional Requirements of a Computer Room (or any 702
Clean Room)
17-9 Space Requirements for Misc. Jobs 705
17-10 Principles of Signage 712
17-11 Furniture Work 714
17-12 Some Reputed Makes of Furniture Item 719

SECTION-18 : CAUSES, PREVENTION AND REPAIR OF CRACKS

IN BUILDINGS 721-742

18-1 Introduction 723

18-2 Types of Cracks (Their causes and prevention) 724
18-3 Repair of Cracks already Occurred in a Structure 741

SECTION-19 : ROAD WORK 743-772

19-1 Glossary of Terms Related to Roadwork 745

19-2 Some Useful Practical Data on Roadwork 754
19-3 Types of Bituminous Materials 756
19-4 Typical Cross Section of a Bituminous Road (Premix Bitumen
Macadam) 759
19-5 Equipments/Machines required in Road Work (For Premix
Bitumen Macadam) 760
19-6 Types of Bituminous Roads 761
19-7 Tests for Asphalt or Bitumen 762
19-8 Typical Cross Sections of Various Types of Roads 764
19-9 Typical Drainage Arrangements for Roads 766
19-10 Some Practical Useful Notes on Bitumen Road Work 768
19-11 General Defects Observed on Asphalt Roads 770
(A) Defects on Treated Surfaces 770
(B) Defects of Materials 771
(C) Defects in Mix 771
19-12 Makes of Bitumen/Tar Products 772

SECTION-20 : MISCELLANEOUS READYMADE DESIGN 773-810

SKETCHES

20-1 Sketch of Large Size Road Sign Board 775

20-2 Sketch of Small Size Road Sign Boards 776
20-3 Typical Steel Ladder Detail 777
20-4 Details of Holdfasts for Doors & Windows 778
20-5 Fan Hook Fixing in RCC Slab During Casting 779
20-6 Fan Hook Fixing in Existing R.C.C. Slab 780
20-7 Hook for Lifting a Plate 780
20-8 Rung Ladder Fixing Details 781
20-9 Design of a Typical Brick Masonry Surface Drain 781
20-10 Typical Details for Cement Godown 782
20-11 Parapet Coping Detail & Typical Window Sill Detail 783
Contents (xiii)

20-12 Precast Hold Covers for Open Drains of Smaller Width 784
20-13 Cooler Supporting Arrangement 785
20-14 M.S. Holder Bat Clamp for C.I. Rain Water Pipe 786
20-15 Cement Concrete Khurra, Gola & Coping 787
20-16 Design of a Wooden Kitchen Cabinet 788
20-17 A Typical Design of Wooden Almirah 790
20-18 A Masonry Wardrobe 791
20-19 Street Light Pole-7 m Ht. 793
20-20 Street Light Pole 9.5 m. Ht. 794
20-21 Details for Post Top Lantern and Pole Mounting 795
20-22 Bedding/Encasing Stoneware Pipes 796
20-23 Speed Breaker Details 797
20-24 Fixing of Marble Slab Urinal Partition 797
20-25 Anti-Termite Treatment in Foundations 798
20-26 Barbed Wire Fencing 799
20-27 Precast R.C.C. Shelves for Cupboards/Almirahs 800
20-28 Grouting of a Self Supporting Pipe or Pole in Concrete or Earth 801
20-29 Typical Detail of a Small Masonry Dust Bin 802
20-30 Masonry Chambers & Surface Boxes 803
20-31 Supporting Details of Wooden Shelves Fixed on Wall 805
20-32 Kitchen Counter Slab 806
20-33 Design of Chhajjas or Overhang 806
20-34 Installation of Room Air Conditioner 807
20-35 Typical Design of a Feeder Pillar Enclosure of Size 1.5m (L) 810
x 0.45m(D) x 0.9m (Ht.) for Housing an Elect. Control Panel

SECTION-21 : ENGINEERING & MATHEMATICAL TABLES 811-836

21-1 Unit Conversions 813

21-2 Unit Weights of Materials 816
21-3 Specific Gravity of Engg. Stones & Other Materials 817
21-4 Coefficient of Linear Expansion per 100°C (Change in
Length per unit length) 818
21-5 Electrical & Thermal Conductivity of Different Metals (Relative) 818
21-6 Co-Efficients of Friction 819
21-7 Approximate Bearing Capacity of Soils 819
21-8 Approximate Angles of Internal Friction 820
21-9 Heat Reflectivity Co-efficients of Some Common
Building Materials 820
21-10 Properties of Metals 821
21-11 Vol. Changes due to Moisture in Some Common
Building Materials 822
21-12 Temperature Conversion Chart 823
21-13 Standard Wire Gauges, their Dia. and C.S. Area 824
21-14. Sizes of Papers & Drawings 825
21-15 Slope, Angle and Length of Slope 825
21-16 Geometric Figures (Areas and Volumes) 826
21-17 Moment of Intertias 828
21-18 Resultant of Forces at Different Angle 829
21-19 Load Distribution from Slab to Beams 831
21-20 Calculation of Standard Deviation, Weighted Average, 832
Escalation and Sum of Numbers in Arithmetic. Series
21-21 Calculation of Extended Length in a Turn 833
21-22 Common Names of Chemical Substances 834
21-23 Definitions of Some Common Technical Terms 835
(xiv) Contents

SECTION-22 : ELECTRICAL WORK 837-907

22-1 Symbols for Electrical Fittings and Installations 839

22-2 Electrical Tools 843
22-3 Testing and Measuring Instruments 846
22-4 Space Parameters for Electrical Fittings 848
22-5 Electrical Wiring 849
(A) House-Wiring Rules as per the ISI Specifications 849
(B) Current Carrying Capacity of Wires 849
(C) Some Tipes on Electrical Wiring 850
(D) Some Definitions Pertaining to Electrical Wiring 850
(E) Colours of Insulations for Various Types of Wires 851
(F) Point & Circuit Wiring 851
22-6 Notes on Earthing 852
22-7 Applications of Ordinary Test Lamps in Testing 853
22-8 Illustration of Types of Connections in Electrical Wiring 855
22-9 Tests in Wiring Circuits 856
(A) Types of Tests 856
(B) Method of Conducting Tests 856
22-10 Faults in Electrical Circuits 861
(A) Types of Faults in Electrical Fittings 861
(B) Testing of Faults in Electrical Circuits by 861
Series Test Lamp
(C) Testing of Faults in Electrical Circuits by Multimeter 863
(D) Electric Shock & Leakage of Current 865
22-11 Electrical Distribution 869
(A) From Pole to House D.B. 869
(B) Inside the House 869
(C) Busbars 870
22-12 Electrical Transmission 871
22-13 Notes on Lighting 873
(A) Some Definitions 873
(B) Lumen Output of Some Fittings 873
(C) Types of Lighting Fixtures 874
(D) Classification of Fixtures Depending on Mounting, 874
Location or Shape
22-14 Functioning of Tube Light 875
22-15 Ceiling Fan 877
22-16 Installation and Maintenance of Storage Type Water
Geyser (Pressure Type) 879
(A) General Outline Specification 879
(B) Geyser Parts and Installation 879
(C) Some Useful Notes regarding Geyser Installation 883
(D) Safety Requirements 885
(E) Guidelines for Maintenance and Testing of Geyser Parts 885
(F) Some Do’s and Don’ts regarding Use of Geyser 887
(G) Some Problems Observed in the Geyser 888
22-17 Notes on Motors and 3-Phase Connections 890
(A) Motor Starter 890
(B) Motor & Pump Electrical Panel 891
(C) Power Consumption 891
(D) Measurement of Voltage and Current in 3-Phase Circuits 892
(E) Finding Current if Power is known 892
(F) Notes on Star & Delta Connection 893
22-18 Calculations for Exhaust Fan 894
Contents (xv)

(A) Fans for Outlet 894

(B) Fans for Inlet 894
22-19 Energy Saving Tips 896
(A) Energy Saving Tips for Lighting Fixture 896
(B) Energy Saving Tips for Electrical Motors 898
22-20 Switchgear 900
22-21 Some Misc. Notes on Electrical Work 902
22-22 Check List for Internal Electrical Wiring Work 904
22-23 Check list for Cable Laying 905
22-24 Some Common Makes of Electrical Materials 906

SECTION-23 : EARTHQUAKE SAFETY 909-933

23-1 Glossary of Terms 911

23-2 How Does Earthquake Occur 915
23-3 Factors for Earthquake Safety of Buildings 918
23-4 Building Sizes, Shapes etc. for Earthquake Protection 919
23-5 Building Materials & Construction Practices for Earthquake
Protection 921
23-6 Openings in Load Bearing Masonry Walls 924
23-7 Soil and Foundation 925
23-8 R.C.C Bands for Earthquake Protection 927
23-9 Vertical Reinforcement at Critical Points 929
23-10 Seismic Zoning Map of India 932

SECTION-24 : FIRE SAFETY OF BUILDINGS 935-949

24-1 Causes and Effects of Fire 937

24-2 How to Limit Fire Spread 938
24-3 Fire Resistance of Buildings 939
24-4 Fire Resistance of Concrete Buildings 942
24-5 Fire Prevention 943
24-6 Fire Detection 945
24-7 Fire Fighting Systems in the Buildings 946
24-8 Use of Different Types of Fire Extinguishers 949

SECTION-25 : NOTES ON MISCELLANEOUS WORKS 951-983

25-1 New and Alternative Building Materials 953

(A) Wood Substitutes 953
(B) Building Materials from Recycled Waste 957
(C) Details of Some Alternative Building Materials 961
25-2 Notes on Layout 968
(A) Layout of Building 968
(B) Making the Radious of a Road at a turning 969
(C) Making steps or doing pitching along the slope 970
25-3 Notes Relating to Foundation Work 971
(A) Notes Regarding Settlement in Soil 971
(B) Notes on Bearing Capacity of Soil 972
(C) Some Special Notes about Cohesive or Clayey Soil 975
(D) General Points 976
25-4 Specifications for Anti-Termite Treatment (in Built up Strs.) 980
25-5 Notes on Use of Adhesives for Misc. Jointing and Repairing
Works 982

Subject Index 985-999