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a. Virtue
-excellence in the nature of a thing (an excellent knife cuts well) ±final cause
b. End / telos
the internal final cause; external final cause
c. Purpose
-goal of something artificially imposed on by an outside agent
d. Form / essence
-ties in with formal cause
e. Substantial change
-change from one kind of thing to another (hamburger--> human when you digest
burger, or tree into table).
f. Accidental change (wearing glasses/contacts; painting a table;
inside/outside the room)«.quality of changes (still a human, table, etc)
g. Necessary vs. contingent
-flame/water«heat cannot fail to heat the water--necessary
-if you water a plant, it won¶t necessarily grow and is contingent on other factors

h. Chance
-(Aristotle II.8)-things that happen by chance (meeting someone in the
market place who has money to pay you back, but you¶re only there to buy eggs).
Neither cause explains the encounter or that you ended up getting money out of it,
but both causes come together (intersection) of that is the cause of chance.
  '!
! - intersection of two or more causes

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. The Republic
‡| ëefinitions of justice
Thrasymachus: advantage of the stronger
Polemarchus: do good to friends and bad to enemies
Cephalus: paying your debts and telling the truth
Socrates: having and doing one¶s own, and doing it well.

‡| The three parts (classes) of the city; their characteristics; their four virtues
| .

ü
| c&  - Auxiliary/warrior
| 


 | All parts of soul combined: JUSTICE
|
‡| The parts of the soul and the four virtues in the soul
Rational- Moderation; disciplined desire
Spirited-
Irrational/Appetitive-

! : all parts of the soul working perfectly together.

‡| aappiness: individuals and society (this would include the Second Wave)
‡| -can't focus ALL the happiness in society on the best part (guardians). have to
focus on getting it to the WHOLE to make all individuals as happy as they can be.
individual happiness is maximized once we make the whole thing beautiful.
‡| Eyes of statue are painted most beautiful color but it¶s only one part that¶s
extraordinarily happy but not the rest of them.
‡| Have to be just happy enough to fulfill their place in society
‡| (Sharing of guardians/families«festivals) selecting best mates for eachother (because
it¶ll be the most unified b/c everyone will share everything which will allow for happiness
because there won¶t be strife * the|antithesis|of|happiness *

‡| Education and the Cave

-looking up to the truth of what things are
-contemplating something you can¶t see or know
-there¶s nothing in the world that S justice or beauty
-understand from experience what justice is (turn away from images in cave and
turn interior eye towards what those abstract ideas ARE)
-definition vs. descritption/example
-education is learning to understand WaAT something is rather than just identify.

2. The Problem of Essences (and the solutions that Plato and Aristotle outline)
-what makes a ë
a dog.
-RE: Jonathan Swift ± dissecting a human in search of its character; won¶t be able to find what
makes people laugh.
ëescartes/Bacon²there is N essence, it¶s just the sum of all the parts
ëescartes: because a dog is nothing but a machine it doesn¶t actually feel pain
Plato/Aristotle²essences are real; drives the very being of an object
-Plato: dogness is out their somewhere, cosmic µdogness¶; all dogs are images of perfect
dog (like in the Cave)
-Aristotle: dog being is IN every dog; act of being a dog; soul exists within the body itself
and acts as glue for dogness

3. Aristotle¶s Four Causes

*
 
- what it¶s made of, the STUFF
 
±the shape, being, the ³dog-ness´ of it,
! - who/what made it

- what it¶s for; it¶s end
-artificial objects have no end, but a purpose, placed on them by an agent
-must be a first mover or the other movers are invalid
-^this is why there cannot be infinite regress

4. Substantial vs. accidental change

5. Necessity vs. ³always or usually´ vs. chance

-
 falls that ruins the guys crops (accidentally/contigentally/chance); no purpose or end
involved. Not falling for the sake of ruining the crops, it¶s just falling.
-  coming in: teeth come up for the sake of chewing; for an end.

-
" has both construction and music talents; music skill doesn¶t help him build a
house, and when he goes back home to play piano, his construction skills don¶t matter
-relevancy

5. Two different philosophical views of life: Natures and Ends vs. Materialism / Mechanism
Socrates vs Bacon/ëescartes

6. Human good and technology

-1
!
'what is knowledge for«just for the sake of producing stuff or for its own sake?
-does technology serve some broader sake for the human good?
-arts vs. technology

ƒ. What is the goal of our quest for knowledge?

-the CAVE: ultimate search for understanding
Socrates: goal of knowledge is to experience knowledge as understanding
Bacon: knowledge as a tool for production NLY; utilitarian

8. Aquinas¶s ³Five Ways´ or Arguments for the existence of God

-fourth way= like Plato¶s forms
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