Chapter1

1.1 MaterialsScienceand Engineering

is an interdisciplinary
field concernedwith

inventingnew materialsand improvingpreviouslyknownmaterialsby developinga

deeper understandingof the microstructure-composition-synthesis-processing

relationships.

is the chemicalmake-upof a material

1.2Compostion,

of arrangements
Structure,is a description of atomsor ionsin material.

Synthesis,is the processby which materialsare madefrom naturallyoccurringor

otherchemicals.

Processingmeansdifferentways of shapingmaterialsinto useful componentsor

changingtheirproperties.

grain
is the structuralfeatureof a materialsuchas grainboundaries,
Microstructure,

sizeand structure,subjectto observation

undera microscope.

betweensynthesisand processing,
1.3 MaterialsScience-emphasison relationships

structureand properties.

MaterialsEngineering-emphasison transformingmaterialsinto usefuldevicesor

structures.
Chapter2

make-upof a material
2.1 Chemical

2.2 The term structuremeansa descriptionof arrangements

of atoms,as seen at

differentlevelsof detail.

is in the lengthscaleof 10 to 1000nm whereasmacrostructure

2.5 Microstructure is

-) 100,000
nm or 100pm.

b7 (a) Usingdatain AppendixA, calculatethe numberof iron atomsin oneton (2000

pounds).
Soltttlon: (20001bX454
gflbX6.02x 1d3 atoms/mol)
=9.79 x1027atoms/ton
55.847glmol

(b) Usingdatain AppendixA, calculatethe volumein cubiccentimetersoccupiedby

onemole of boron.
Solutlon: (l molX10.8lg/mol)
=4.7 cm3
2.3 g/cm3

,t8
ln orderto platea steelpart havinga surfaceareaof 200 in.z with a 0.002in. thick
layerof nickel,(a) how manyatomsof nickel arerequiredand (b) how manymoler
ofnickel arerequired?
Solutlon: Volume- (200in.2x0.002in.)(2.54cm/in.)3= 6.555cm3
'.J
(a) (6.ssj cm3xa.ft2g/cmgxe.oz
x t023atomymol)
= 5,9gx 1023
atornr
58.71g/mol
(b) (6.555crn3x8.902
g/cm3)
= 0.gg4mol Ni required
58.71g/mol

I-T-0.002in
 2-g Supposean elementhasa valenceof Z andanatomic numberof 27. Basedonly on
the quantumnumbers,how manyelertronsmustbe presentin the 3d energylevel?
Solutlon: We canlet x be thenumberof elecfionsin the 3d energylevel.Then:
lsz ?sz2po3tz3p63d4s2(mustbe 2 electronsin 4s for valence= 2)
Since27-(2+2+4+2+4+2)= J = a theremust be 7 electrcnsin the 3d
level.

2-\l Bondingin the intermetalliccompoundNirAl is predominantlymetallic.Explain

of
why therewill be little, if any,ionic bondingcomponent.The electronegativity
nickelis about1.8.
Solutlon: TheelectronegativityofAI is 1.5,whilethatof Ni is 1.8.Thesevalues
arerelativelyclose,so we wouldn'texpectmuchionicbonding.Also,
both aremetalsandpreferto give up their electronsratherthanshareot
donatpthem.

2-14 Calculatethe fractionof bondingof MgO that is ionic.

Solutlon: E*"= 1.2 Eo=3.s
=
[o,,r.nt exp[(-O.25X3.S - t.Z)2]= exp(-1.3225)= 0.266
fronic= 1 _ 0.266= 0.734... bondingis mostlyionic

2-19 Wouldyou expectMgO or magnesiumto havethe highermodulusof elasticity?

Explain.
Solution: MgO has ionic bonds, which are strong comparedto the metallic bondl
in Mg. A higher force will be required to causethe sameseparation
betweenthe ions in MgO comparedto the atoms in Mg. Therefore,Mg
should have the higher modulus of elasticity.In Mg, fr,= 6 x 106psi; in
M g O ,f i = 3 0 x 1 0 6 p s i .
2.17 The Van Der Wallsforcesmake PVC rigid or stiffer,as a resultof which its

glass transitiontemperature(at which all translational,vibrationaland rotational

motionceases)is relativelyhigh.

2.22 Designparameters
to be considered

-Thermalcoefficient
of expansion(shouldbe comparable
withsteel)

-Young'sModulusandYieldStrength(shouldbe high)

Problems
thatmightoccur:

-The compositemay developcrackdue to differingthermalcoefficients

of steeland

ceramicsubjectedto temperature
variation.

Chapte13

3.1 Materials, grid likepaftern,in three

in whichthe atomsor ionsforma repetitive,

dimensions.

materialconsistingof onlyone largecrystal.

3.2 Crystalline

a material comprisedof many crystals (as opposed to a

3.4 Polycrystalline-

material
single-crystal thathasonlyonecrystal).

3-6 Amorphous
Material:

Any Materialthatexhibitsonlyshortrangeorderof atomsor ions.

of pointscalledlatticepoints,whichare arrangedin a
3-11A latticeis a collection
periodicpatternso that the surroundingof each point in the latticeare identical.A

Latticemaybe 1,2or 3 dimensional.

of
of a latticethat stillretainsthe overallcharacteristics
The unitcell is the subdivision

entirelattice.

A groupof one or moreatomslocatedin a particularway with respectto eachother

witheachlatticepoint,is knownas the motifor basis.

andassociated

We obtaina crystalstructureby addingthe latticeand bases.

involveswritingand readingof magneticdomains

mediaapplications
3-36Recording

or "bits" by use of a polarizedfocusedlaser beam and a magneticthin film, or

"medium,"on a disk. Focusedlaserlight is used in both the writingand reading

by the sizeof the laserspot.The magnetic

and the bit sizeis determined
processes,

direction,becausethe magnetization
mediummust have an easy magnetization

directionsof the bitsare readby usingnormalincidencegeometryof the laserlight.

It is much easier to magnetizecertain magneticmaterialsin one particular

directioncomparedto the other.So the knowledgeof this direction

crystallographic

willmakethe processing
easier.
 A,
}iL4 Determinethe crystal structurefor the following: (a) a metal with a;.49489
(b) a metal with ao = 0.42906nm'
r= 1.75A and oneatomper latticepoint; and
r = 0.1858nm andoneatomper latticepoint.
'?' in the calculationsbelow equals€
SOltttlOn: Vy'ewant to detqmine if
(for FCC) ot Jl (fot BCC):

A) = (+Xt.zsA)
(a)(x)(4.948e
* = Ji, thereJore
FCC
(b)(x)@'a296nm)= (4)(0.1858
nm)
BCC
x= 43, therefore

3-1E Ametal havinga cubic structurehasa densityof 1.892glcm3,an atomicweightol .

13291glmol, anda latticepararneterof 6.13.4..One atomis associaledwith each
latticepoint. Determinethecrystalsbuctureof the metal.
(x atoms/cellX
132.91glmol)
Solutiont 1.892g/cm3=
(6.13 x 10-8cm)3(6.02x 1023atoms/mol)

x = 2, thereforcBCC

3-20 Bismuthhasa hexagonalstructure,with ao=0.4546nm

and"n = Lig6 n*.
The densitvis 9.808g/cm3andthe atomiJweigtrt
is z0i.9i J*,t. Determine
(a) the volumeof the unit ce[ and(b) the
numberof atomsin eachunit ceil. ]
Soluflon: (a).Ihe volumeof theunit ccll
is I/ = ao2cocos3O.
V = (O.4546nm)2(I . I 86 nm)(cos30)= 0.21226
nm3
=2.1226x 10-22cm3

(b) If "x" is the number of atoms per

unit cell, then:

9.808glem3= g/mol)
(2.1226x
(
x = 6 atomdcell
yU Aluminum firil usedto packagefood is approximately0.001inch thick. Assumeth
all of ttreunit cells of the aluminumaxearrangedso that ao is perpendicularto the
foil surface.For a 4 in. x 4 in. squareof the foil, determine(a) the total numberof
unit cellsin the foil and(b) the thicltnessof the foil in numberof unit cells.(See
AppendixA.)
Solutlon: The lattice paremeterfor aluminumis 4,04958x l0r8 cm. Therefore:
= (4.04958x 10{)3 =6.64@x lF23 cm3,
Vunitcc'

Thevolumeof thefoil is:

V.u = (4 in.X4in.X0.00lin.) = 0.016in.3= 0.262cm3

(a)The numberof unit cellsin thefoil is:

. 0.262^3 =3.945
number=6 x loz.rce's
**ffi
(b) The thicknessof thefoil, in numberof unit cells,is:

number- (0'Q01in'X2'54cm/in')= 6,.27xr0f cens

'
4.04958x 10d cm
3-{0 Determinethe indicesfor the planesin thecubic unit cell shownin Figure3-38.
.r = -1, l l x = - l X 3 = - 3
y= th I l y = Z x J = 6 664) (originat 1,0,0)
z= 3/a' Llz= a A x J - 4

B: x = I llx= 1x3= 3
y--3A lly=-aAx3=4 (340) (origin at 0,t ,0)
Z= oo llZ= 0X3= 0

C: x = 2 !lx= th.XS= 3
y --3h. lly = zAx 6 - 4 (346)
z=l llz; 6-- 6

345 sketch the foilowing pranesanddirectionswithin a cubic

unit ceil.
(a)Il01] (b)t0T0l
G) trz2]t (d)
(e)tZotl
(g)(oTD {tr)(r02) rir t30ll (D IzT3l
ioozj 0i irgoj ci ititi 611srD

Solution:
z

a b d

g
J . e h
2

1t3

i I
'-s2DeterminetheanglebetweenthetllO]directionandthe(110)planeinatetragq
ttre [0ll] directionand the (011)plar
, unit cell; thenatil*ln' the angtebetween
p""*"t"" t" io= i i'and co= 5 A' What is
in a tetragonalcell' The lattice
resPonsible for the difference?
tllol r (110)

a{iln)=2'5 l2= l'25

012=51.34"
0 = 102.68"
same;this
The lattice parametersin the 'r andy directionsarethe
90o' But the lattice'
allowsthe anglebetween[110] and (110)to be
parametersin the y and a directionsaredifferent! l

!|54 Determinethe repeatdistance,Iineardensity,andpackingfractionfor FCC

nickel,
which hasa latticepammelerof 0.35r62 nm, in,the
ttool tt tol, and [l r] direc-
tions.Which of thesedircctionsis closepacked?
Solutlon: t=(.[)fO.ts167) I 4=0.1243nm
For [100]:repeatdistance=ao=0.35167nm
lineardensity- llao= 2.84pointVnm.
linearpackingfraction= (ZXO.lU:3)(2.g4)
=g.7g7

For [110]:repeatdistance= ",li aolT= a,z4g7nm

lineardensity= 2l^12eo= 4.}zpointynm-
linearpackingfraction= (2X0.1243)(4.92)=1,0

For U11l:repeatdistance i 6oo= 0.6091nm

lineardensity= ll 6 oo= L.642points/nm
linearpackingfractioo= (?X0.eail,(1.642)= 0.40g
).. {-
at - ---
- . t / x l
a- | I -r-l I
| | f--n t,
I | \/^' r I
I f M t

a ^ t l a a

t r t ) \ t t . a ^
!
t r
I l -&+-'-g

Only the [110] is close packed;it has a linear Dackingfraction nf I

346 Wouldyou expectNiO to havethecesiumchloride,sodiumchloride,or zinc ble
structure?Basedon your answer,de8ermine(a) the lattice parameter,(b) the derl
and (c) the'packing factor.
ln
Sofution: r*,*t = 0.69A ,o-, = | SZL q4 =o.szcr.f=6fl
fo-"

A coordination number of 8 is expectedfor the CsCl structure,&rd a

coordination number of 4 is expectedfor ZnS. But a coordination nu
ber of 6 is consistentwith the Na Cl structure,

(a) ao= 2(0.69)+ 2(1.32)= 4.02 L

(4 of eachion/cellxs8.7l+ 16g/mol)
(b)p= =J.@, glemt
(4.02 x 10-8 cm)3(6.02x 1023atoms/mol)
(4il3)(4 ions/cell[(0.69)3
+ (t SZ)31
(c) PF = = 0.678
(4.02)3