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Machinery for working and processing non-metallic materials Rolling Bearings
Stationary gears
Motor vehicles
Bearing dimensioning
Lubrication, sealing
Machining tolerances
Bearing selection
Shaft tolerance js5
A simple bearing arrangement is required with stan-
Housing tolerance JS6
dardized bearings which are suitable for very high
speeds and allow accurate shaft guidance. The required
high shaft rigidity determines the bearing bore diame-
ter. Lubrication, sealing
The locating bearing is at the work end in order to keep
heat expansion in the axial direction as small as pos- The bearings are greased for life, e.g. with FAG rolling
sible at this end. The two spindle bearings FAG bearing grease Arcanol L74V.
B7030E.T.P4S.UL are mounted in O arrangement. Good sealing is required due to the dust arising during
The bearings of the UL universal design are lightly pre- sawing. Non-rubbing seals are used due to the high
loaded by clamping the inner rings axially. The bearing speed. Flinger disks prevent the penetration of coarse
pair is suitable for high speeds. contaminants into the gap-type seals.
Operating data
d c b a
Machining tolerances
Bearing Seat Diameter Cylindricity tolerance Axial runout tolerance
tolerance (DIN ISO 1101) of abutment shoulder
Angular contact thrust ball bearings Bevelled disk hubs/ k5 IT2/2 IT2
and thrust ball bearing Sleeve IT3
Input shaft
At the input shaft the radial loads from the gearing are Bearing dimensioning
accommodated by two spherical roller bearings
23248B.MB. The thrust loads in the main sense of ro- Based on the operating data, the following nominal
tation during headway operation are separately accom- fatigue lives are obtained for the different bearings. The
modated by a spherical roller thrust bearing 29434E. minimum value of Lh = 40,000 hours required for clas-
The bearing 23248B.MB on the left side also accom- sification was not only reached but far exceeded.
Shaft Bearing Rolling bearing Equivalent Index of Nominal Viscosity Factor Attainable
location dynamic dynamic fatigue ratio life at
load stressing life k= a23 = utmost
P fL Lh n/n1 a23II · s cleanliness
[kN] [h] Lhna [h]
Coupling shaft
Locating bearing 1 23248B.MB only slightly loaded by deadweight
Floating bearing 2 NU1056M only slightly loaded by deadweight
Input shaft
Radial bearings 3 23248B.MB 242 3.98 49,900 6.3 >114 »200,000
3 new 23048B.MB 242 1.88 4,100 5.8 >114 »200,000
Output shaft
Radial bearings 6 23068MB 158 >6.03 >200,000 2.4 >84 »200,000
7 23068MB 293 4.64 83,500 2.4 >84 »200,000
7 new 23968MB 293 2.70 13,600 2.3 39 »200,000
Spiral bevel-gear drives – with or without intersecting Differentials rely exclusively on oil lubrication. Bear-
axes – are now almost always used for front and rear ings and gears are lubricated with the same oil. Since
axle drives. Very high axial loads arise which, with the lubricant is subjected to severe stressing in the spi-
non-intersecting axes, may be several times the tangen- ral gearing, hypoid oils with EP additives are used.
tial load at the pinion. Due to the limited space and While the splash oil sufficiently lubricates the crown
the elevated torque values, the pinion bearings are very wheel shaft bearings, which have to accommodate low-
heavily loaded. The pinion bearings should provide for er loads, inlets and outlets must be provided for the oil
even meshing of pinion and crown wheel under load; for the pinion shaft particularly for the bearing on the
therefore, the pinion bearing arrangement should be as flange side. Attention should be paid to the oil flow di-
rigid as possible. The pinion is either an overhung or a rection which is always from the small end to the large
straddled arrangement. The overhung arrangement is end of the tapered rollers. The oil ducts have to be ar-
usually fitted with two tapered roller bearings adjusted ranged and dimensioned such as to ensure that oil cir-
against one another. Compact bearing arrangements culates in every speed range.
(double-row tapered roller bearings with an unsplit
cup or a cup with a flange) are common. The pinion shaft is normally sealed by means of radial
The crown wheel is mounted in common with the dif- shaft seals, in some cases in combination with a flinger
ferential. The meshing accuracy of the teeth should sheet.
vary as little as possible and mounting should, there-
fore, be provided with sufficient rigidity. The rigidity
requirements are easier to meet than with the pinion Bearing dimensioning
since more mounting space is available for this applica-
tion and the axial loads are generally lower. Fatigue life analysis of the bearings mounted in diffe-
rentials is based on maximum torque and correspond-
ing speed as is the case with automotive gearboxes. The
percentage times at the individual speeds are based on
Bearing adjustment experience. This information is then used to determine
the mean index of dynamic stressing. The rolling bear-
Rigid pinion and crown wheel guidance is achieved by ings mounted in cars should have an average fLm value
adjusting the bearings against each other with a pre- of 1...1.3.
load. With grey-cast iron housings, thermal expansion
of the shaft increases the preload in nearly all cases af- Wear of these bearings should be minimal since diffe-
ter operating temperature is reached; the preload must, rential drives require a high guiding accuracy and as
however, never be such as to exceed the elastic limit of quiet running as possible. With today's bearing di-
the bearing material. mensioning the service life of differential bearings is ei-
The opposite applies to aluminium housings, which ther terminated by fatigue or wear.
are being used more and more because of their light-
ness. So, the preload has to be selected such as to A detailed calculation of the attainable life is usually
achieve the required rigidity, but the additional bear- not necessary as these bearings have proved their worth
ing loading must not significantly reduce the bearing sufficiently in the automotive sector. Bearing dimen-
life. This is the case if the axial preload does not exceed sioning based on a comparison calculation with the
about half the external axial force Fa applied. index of dynamic stressing fL is sufficient.
34 Final drive of a passenger car
Operating data tapered roller bearings of 38.1 x 68.288 x 20 mm;
C = 39 kN.
Maximum engine torque 160 N m at 3,000 min–1. Both bearing and gear mesh adjustment are achieved by
means of shims.
Bearing selection
Machining tolerances
Pinion shaft
The pinion shaft is fitted with FAG inch-dimensioned Pinion shaft: m6 (larger-size bearing)
tapered roller bearings mounted in O arrangement. h6 (smaller-size bearing)
Dimensions: 34.925 x 72.233 x 25.4 mm (dynamic housing P7
load rating C = 65.5 kN) and 30.163 x 68.263 x
22.225 mm (C = 53 kN). Crown wheel: hollow shaft to r6
The pinion is accurately positioned relative to the housing to H6.
crown wheel by means of shims inserted between
housing shoulder and bearing cup. The cones are cir- To allow the pinion to be adjusted to a certain torque
cumferentially loaded. But only the cone of the larger and to avoid expensive fitting work (for instance ma-
bearing can be press-fitted. The cone of the smaller chining of a solid spacer), a thin-walled preformed
bearing is slide-fitted because the bearings are adjusted sleeve is provided between the bearing cones. The
through this ring. sleeve is somewhat longer than the maximum distance
between the two bearing cones. Depending on the
Crown wheel width tolerance values of the bearings there will be
Crown wheel and differential are mounted on the some elastic deformation of the sleeve (a few microns
same shaft. Fitted are two FAG inch-dimensioned at most).
Bearing selection
Machining tolerances
The wheel bearing arrangement consists of a double-
row FAG angular contact ball bearing which is greased The inner rings and the outer ring of the bearing are
for life. tightly fitted.
a b
39: Shock absorbing strut for the front axle of a car; a: single path solution; b: dual path solution
40 Water pump for passenger car and truck engines
The water pump provides for circulation of the cool- Machining tolerance, bearing clearance
ing water in the engine. Smaller and lighter pump de-
signs are possible with ready-to-mount bearing units. The outer ring is mounted into the housing with an
R7 interference fit. The bearing clearance of the unit is
selected to allow for a small operating clearance.
Bearing selection