Kelas4 Pintar Matematika Irwan
Kelas4 Pintar Matematika Irwan
Pintar Bermatematika
Matematika untuk SD Kelas 4
372.7
IRW IRWAN Kusdinar
p Pintar Matematika 4: Untuk SD/MI Kelas 4,
penulis, Irwan Kusdinar, Zikri ; penyunting, Effendi
-- Jakarta : Pusat Perbukuan, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, 2009.
viii, 210 hlm. : ilus. ; 30 cm.
ii
Kata Sambutan
Puji syukur kami panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT, berkat rahmat dan karunia-Nya,
Pemerintah, dalam hal ini, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, pada tahun 2009, telah
membeli hak cipta buku teks pelajaran ini dari penulis/penerbit untuk disebarluaskan
kepada masyarakat melalui situs internet (website) Jaringan Pendidikan Nasional.
Buku teks pelajaran ini telah dinilai oleh Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan dan telah
ditetapkan sebagai buku teks pelajaran yang memenuhi syarat kelayakan untuk digunakan
dalam proses pembelajaran melalui Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional Nomor 9 Tahun
2009 tanggal 12 Februari 2009
Kami menyampaikan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada para penulis/
penerbit yang telah berkenan mengalihkan hak cipta karyanya kepada Departemen
Pendidikan Nasional untuk digunakan secara luas oleh para siswa dan guru di seluruh
Indonesia.
Buku-buku teks pelajaran yang telah dialihkan hak ciptanya kepada Departemen
Pendidikan Nasional ini, dapat diunduh (down load), digandakan, dicetak, dialihmediakan,
atau difotokopi oleh masyarakat. Namun, untuk penggandaan yang bersifat komersial
harga penjualannya harus memenuhi ketentuan yang ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah.
Diharapkan bahwa buku teks pelajaran ini akan lebih mudah diakses sehingga siswa dan
guru di seluruh Indonesia maupun sekolah Indonesia yang berada di luar negeri dapat
memanfaatkan sumber belajar ini.
Kami berharap, semua pihak dapat mendukung kebijakan ini. Kepada para siswa
kami ucapkan selamat belajar dan manfaatkanlah buku ini sebaik-baiknya. Kami menyadari
bahwa buku ini masih perlu ditingkatkan mutunya. Oleh karena itu, saran dan kritik sangat
kami harapkan.
iii
Kata Pengantar
iv
Bagaimana menggunakan buku
ini?
Pendahuluan, merupakan
Bab pertanyaan pengantar anak untuk
1 Sifat Operasi
Hitung Bilangan mempelajari bab tersebut dan
tujuan pembelajarannya
v
Terapan Matematika
Sumber: www.google.co.id
Sumber: www.google.co.id
memahami kehidupannya tidak
jauh dari matematika
vi
Daftar Isi
Kata Sambutan ........................................................................................... iii
Kata Pengantar ........................................................................................... iv
Bagaimana menggunakan buku ini? ............................................................ v
Daftar Isi ...................................................................................................... vii
Bab 3 Pengukuran
A. Sudut ...................................................................................... 70
B. Waktu ..................................................................................... 85
C. Panjang .................................................................................. 89
D. Berat ....................................................................................... 92
E. Permasalahan yang Berkaitan dengan Waktu, Panjang,
dan Berat ................................................................................ 94
F. Satuan Ukuran Kuantitas ......................................................... 96
Mari Mengulang Bab 3 ................................................................ 99
vii
Uji Kemampuan 1 ..................................................................................... 121
viii
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60" Dgtfcuctmcp"wtckcp"fk"cvcu."ocmc"mcow"fcrcv"ogpwnkumcp"dkncpicp"ugtkdw"
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" Ectcp{c<
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-"52"-"6" " """"""" ?"540456
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C0" C{q"vwnku"ncodcpi"dkncpicp"dgtkmwv0
30" Vkic"dgncu"tkdw"fwc"tcvwu"?"350422
40" Fwc"rwnwj"nkoc"tkdw"gorcv"tcvwu"fwc"rwnwj"fwc"?"”0
50" Vkic"rwnwj"vkic"tkdw"nkoc"tcvwu"vwlwj"rwnwj"gpco"?"”0
60" Gorcv"rwnwj"tkdw"fwc"tcvwu"nkoc"rwnwj"nkoc"?"”0
70" Nkoc"rwnwj"tkdw"ucvw"?"”0
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30" 30224"?"”0" 80"" 320522"?"”0"
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50" 50898"?"”0" :0" 470;:9"?"”0"
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40" 340765"?"”"rwnwj"tkdwcp"-"”"tkdwcp"-"”"tcvwucp"-"”"rwnwjcp"-"”"ucvwcp
50" 350564"?"”"rwnwj"tkdwcp"-"”"tkdwcp"-"”"tcvwucp"-"”"rwnwjcp"-"”"ucvwcp
60" 370;:9"?"”"rwnwj"tkdwcp"-"”"tkdwcp"-"”"tcvwucp"-"”"rwnwjcp"-"”"ucvwcp
70" 430789"?"”"rwnwj"tkdwcp"-"”"tkdwcp"-"”"tcvwucp"-"”"rwnwjcp"-"”"ucvwcp
80" 450567"?"”"rwnwj"tkdwcp"-"”"tkdwcp"-"”"tcvwucp"-"”"rwnwjcp"-"”"ucvwcp
90" 530:98"?"”"rwnwj"tkdwcp"-"”"tkdwcp"-"”"tcvwucp"-"”"rwnwjcp"-"”"ucvwcp
:0" 560987"?"”"rwnwj"tkdwcp"-"”"tkdwcp"-"”"tcvwucp"-"”"rwnwjcp"-"”"ucvwcp
;0" 63078:"?"”"rwnwj"tkdwcp"-"”"tkdwcp"-"”"tcvwucp"-"”"rwnwjcp"-"”"ucvwcp
320" 6;0;:;"?"”"rwnwj"tkdwcp"-"”"tkdwcp"-"”"tcvwucp"-"”"rwnwjcp"-"”"ucvwcp
50" Ogodcpfkpimcp"Dkncpicp
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302230
30222 30223
30222 30223
Dcd"3"/"Ukhcv"Qrgtcuk"Jkvwpi"Dkncpicp 43
Dkncpicp"30223"ngdkj"dguct"fctkrcfc"dkncpicp"30222"mctgpc"dkncpicp"30223"
ogoknkmk"mwdwu"ucvwcp"ngdkj"dcp{cm"fctkrcfc"dkncpicp"302220"
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4202220
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320222"?"3"rwnwj"tkdwcp"-"2"tkdwcp"-"2"tcvwucp"-"2"rwnwjcp"-"2"ucvwcp
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30" Rgtkmucncj" pknck" vgorcv" rwnwj" tkdwcpp{c0" Lkmc" pknck" vgorcv" rwnwj" tkdwcp"
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vgtugdwv"ugdcick"{cpi"vgtdguct0
40" Crcdknc" pknck" vgorcv" rwnwj" tkdwcpp{c" ucoc." rgtkmucncj" pknck" vgorcv"
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nckp."ocmc"vgvcrmcp"dkncpicp"vgtugdwv"ugdcick"{cpi"vgtdguct0
50" Crcdknc" pknck" vgorcv" rwnwj" tkdwcp" fcp" tkdwcpp{c" ucoc." rgtkmucncj" pknck"
vgorcv"tcvwucpp{c0"Lkmc"pknck"vgorcv"tcvwucp"dkncpicp"vgtugdwv"ngdkj"dguct"
fctk"{cpi"nckp."ocmc"vgvcrmcp"dkncpicp"vgtugdwv"ugdcick"{cpi"vgtdguct0
60" Crcdknc"pknck"vgorcv"rwnwj"tkdwcp."tkdwcp."fcp"tcvwucpp{c"ucoc."rgtkmucncj"
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70" Crcdknc"pknck"vgorcv"rwnwj"tkdwcp."tkdwcp."tcvwucp"fcp"rwnwjcpp{c"ucoc."
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440556" 440557
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44 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
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30" 3077:"”"307:;" 60" 709:;"”"80;23
40" 40678"”"30:98" 70" :0345"”":0453
50" 50987"”"60;:8" 80" 320678"”"320679
90" 330567"”"340567" ;0" 4607;3"”"4707;3"
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vgtmgekn"ocwrwp"fctk"{cpi"vgtdguct0
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30
30223 30224 30225 30226 30227 30228
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320322 320422 320522 320622 320722 320822 320922
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30 30553 3054; 30547 30542 30537 30535 30532
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40" 330222="370222="340222="350222="390222="380222="360222
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30" Ogpiwtwvmcp"nwcu"mgdwp0"
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40" Ogpiwtwvmcp"vkpiik"iwpwpi0
" Iwpwpi"Ngwugt"fk"Pcpitqg"Cegj"Fctwuucnco"ogoknkmk"mgvkpiikcp"50626"o"
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50" Ogpiwtwvmcp"jctic"dctcpi0
" Dw"Oct{cvk"ogplwcn"dctcpi"fcicpicpp{c"fk"rcuct0"Jctic"dctcpi/dctcpi"
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fgpicp" HRD" dgtkmwv" kpk0" Mgowfkcp." mgtlcmcp" ncvkjcpp{c" cict" mcow" ngdkj"
ogocjcokp{c0
Eqpvqj
Dw"Uctcj"cmcp"ogodcikmcp"42"dwmw"fcp"47"rgpukn"mgrcfc"owtkf/owtkfp{c0"
Dwmw"fcp"rgpukn"kvw"cmcp"fkvgtkoc"qngj"ugvkcr"owtkfp{c"fgpicp"ucoc"dcp{cm0"
Dgtcrc"dcp{cm"owtkf"Dw"Uctcj"{cpi"fcrcv"ogpgtkoc"dwmw"fcp"rgpukn"fgpicp"
ucoc"dcp{cmA
Lcycd
Wpvwm" ogp{gnguckmcp" ocucncj" kpk." iwpcmcp" mqpugr" HRD." {ckvw" fgpicp"
ogpectk"HRD"fctk"42"fcp"470
Hcmvqt"fctk"42"cfcncj"3."4."6."7."32."420
Hcmvqt"fctk"47"cfcncj"3."7."470
HRD" fctk" 42" fcp" 47" cfcncj" 70" Lcfk." dcp{cm" owtkf" Dw" Uctcj" {cpi" cmcp"
ogpgtkoc"dwmw"fcp"rgpukn"fgpicp"ucoc"dcp{cm"cfcncj"7"qtcpi0
Ncvkjcp
C{q"ugnguckmcp"uqcn/uqcn"dgtkmwv"kpk0
30" Qocp" ogoknkmk" 52" mgngtgpi" ogtcj" fcp" 42" mgngtgpi" dktw0" Kc" cmcp"
ogp{korcpp{c"mg"fcnco"mcngpi/mcngpi"fgpicp"lwoncj"mgngtgpi"ogtcj"fcp"
dktw"ucoc"dcp{cm0"Dgtcrc"lwoncj"mcngpi"{cpi"fkrgtnwmcp"qngj"QocpA
40" [wnk"ogodgnk"3:"fwu"ok"fcp"54"dwpimwu"rgtogp0"Kc"cmcp"ogocuwmmcp"
dgncplccpp{c"kvw"mg"fcnco"dgdgtcrc"fwu"dguct"fgpicp"ucoc"dcp{cm0"
Dgtcrc"fwu"{cpi"fkrgtnwmcp"qngj"[wnkA
50" Dw" Gtk" ogoknkmk" 58" rqvqpi" dclw" fcp" 66" egncpc" {cpi" cmcp" fkdcikmcp"
mg" cpcm/cpcm" hcmkt" okumkp0" Ugvkcr" cpcm" jctwu" ogorgtqngj" dcikcp"
{cpi"ucoc0"Dgtcrc"dcp{cm"cpcm"{cvko"rkcvw"{cpi"cmcp"ogorgtqngj"
rgodgtkcp"Dw"GtkA
60" Uwmoc"ogodgnk"46"mwg"fqpcv"fcp"62"mwg"mkuoku0"Mwg"kvw"cmcp"fkuclkmcp"
fcnco" rktkpi/rktkpi" fgpicp" lwoncj" ucoc" dcp{cm0" Dgtcrc" rktkpi" {cpi"
fkrgtnwmcp"qngj"UwmocA
70" Ukpcic"ogorwp{ck"62"kmcp"jkcu"dgtyctpc"ogtcj"fcp"6:"kmcp"jkcu"dgtyctpc"
jkvco0"Kc"ogp{korcpp{c"mg"fcnco"dgdgtcrc"cmwctkwo"fgpicp"lwoncj"{cpi"
ucoc"dcp{cm0"Dgtcrc"dcp{cm"cmwctkwo"{cpi"fkrgtnwmcp"qngj"UkpcicA
84 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
40" Ocucncj"{cpi"Dgtmckvcp"fgpicp"MRM
Rgtjcvkmcpncj"eqpvqj"ogp{gnguckmcp"ocucncj"ugjctk/jctk"{cpi"dgtmckvcp"
fgpicp" MRM" dgtkmwv" kpk0" Mgowfkcp." mgtlcmcp" ncvkjcpp{c" cict" mcow" ngdkj"
ogocjcokp{c0"
Eqpvqj
Rcm" Lwocfk" dgtqpfc" ocnco" ugvkcr" 4" jctk" ugmcnk0" Rcm" Fctocp" dgtqpfc"
ocnco"ugvkcr"5"jctk"ugmcnk0"Lkmc"rcfc"3"Ugrvgodgt"4229"ogtgmc"dgtqpfc"ocnco"
dgtucoc/ucoc."ocmc"rcfc"vcpiicn"dgtcrc"ogtgmc"dgtqpfc"ocnco"dgtucoc/
ucoc"ncik"wpvwm"{cpi"mgfwc"mcnkp{cA
Lcycd
Wpvwm"ogp{gnguckmcp"ocucncj"kpk."mcow"fcrcv"ogpiiwpcmcp"mqpugr"MRM0
Ugmctcpi."mcow"ectk"MRM"fctk"4"fcp"50
Mgnkrcvcp"4"cfcncj"4."6."8.":."32."34."”
Mgnkrcvcp"5"cfcncj"5."8.";."34."37."3:."”
MRM"fctk"4"fcp"5"cfcncj"80"
Lcfk." ogtgmc" cmcp" mgodcnk" dgtucoc/ucoc" dgtqpfc" ocnco" wpvwm" {cpi"
mgfwc"mcnkp{c"ugvgncj"8"jctk"mgowfkcp."{ckvw"rcfc"9"Ugrvgodgt"42290
Ncvkjcp
C{q"iwpcmcp"MRM"wpvwm"ogp{gnguckmcpp{c0
30" Dw" Octpk" fcp" Dw" Ycvk" dgtockp" dcfokpvqp" dgtucoc/ucoc" rcfc" jctk"
ugncuc0"Dw"Octpk"dgtockp"dcfokpvqp"ugvkcr"5"jctk"ugmcnk."ugfcpimcp"
Dw"Ycvk"ugvkcr"6"jctk"ugmcnk0"Mcrcp"ogtgmc"cmcp"dgtockp"dcfokpvqp"
ugectc"dgtucoc/ucoc"ncik"wpvwm"{cpi"mgfwc"mcnkp{cA
40" Rcfc"ugdwcj"ncorw"jkcu."ncorw"dgtyctpc"ogtcj"ogp{cnc"ugvkcr"5"fgvkm."
ugfcpimcp"ncorw"yctpc"mwpkpi"ogp{cnc"ugvkcr"7"fgvkm0"Lkmc"fkjkvwpi"
ownck"fctk"2"fgvkm."ocmc"rcfc"fgvkm"mg"dgtcrc"mgfwc"ncorw"cmcp"ogp{cnc"
ugectc"dgtucoccp"ncikA
Dcd"4"/"Hcmvqt"fcp"Mgnkrcvcp 85
50" Tkpk"dgtqncjtcic"rcik"ugvkcr"7"jctk"ugmcnk."ugfcpimcp"Cpvqp"ugvkcr"9"jctk"
ugmcnk0"Lkmc"ugmctcpi"ogtgmc"dgtqncjtcic"dgtucoc/ucoc."dgtcrc"jctk"
mgowfkcp"ogtgmc"cmcp"dgtucoc/ucoc"dgtqncjtcic"ncikA
60" Fkpk" ogpikmwvk" ngu" ocvgocvkmc" ugvkcr" :" jctk" ugmcnk." ugfcpimcp" Tqpk"
ogpikmwvk"ngu"ocvgocvkmc"ugvkcr"9"jctk"ugmcnk0"Lkmc"rcfc"4"Ciwuvwu"4229"
ogtgmc" ngu" ocvgocvkmc" dgtucoc/ucoc." ocmc" rcfc" vcpiicn" dgtcrc"
ogtgmc"cmcp"ngu"ocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"{cpi"mgfwc"mcnkp{cA
70" Jcfk"dgtockp"ugrcm"dqnc"ugvkcr"9"jctk"ugmcnk."ugfcpimcp"Fqpk"dgtockp"
ugrcm"dqnc"ugvkcr"6"jctk"ugmcnk0"Lkmc"ugmctcpi"ogtgmc"dgtockp"ugrcm"
dqnc"dgtucoc/ucoc."ocmc"rcfc"jctk"mg"dgtcrc"ogtgmc"cmcp"dgtockp"
ugrcm"dqnc"dgtucoc/ucoc"ncikA
Vgtcrcp"Ocvgocvkmc
Sumber: Gpectvc"4227
" Octu"fcp"lwrkvgt"cfcncj"rncpgv/rncpgv"{cpi"ogpignknkpik"ocvcjctk"ugrgtvk"
dwok0"Rncpgv"octu"ogpignknkpik"ocvcjctk"ugvkcr"4"vcjwp"ugmcnk."ugfcpimcp"rncpgv"
lwrkvgt"ogpignknkpik"ocvcjctk"ugvkcr"8"vcjwp"ugmcnk0"Lkmc"ugmctcpi"ogtgmc"uglclct"
ucvw"ucoc"nckp"fgpicp"ocvcjctk"*vgtngvcm"rcfc"ucvw"ictku"nwtwu+."ocmc"rcfc"
vcjwp"mg"dgtcrc"ogtgmc"cmcp"uglclct"mgodcnk"rcfc"rqukuk"kpkA
Wpvwm"ogp{gnguckmcpp{c."mcow"fcrcv"ogpiiwpcmcp"MRM0"MRM"fctk"4"fcp"
8"cfcncj"80"Lcfk."rcfc"vcjwp"mg"gpco"fctk"ugmctcpi."mgfwc"rncpgv"kvw"cmcp"
uglclct"mgodcnk"rcfc"rqukuk"vgtugdwv0
Sumber: Gpectvc"4227
86 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
Tcpimwocp
30" c"î"d"?"e.""c"fcp"d"fkugdwv"hcmvqt/hcmvqt"fctk"e0
40" Hcmvqt"rgtugmwvwcp"cfcncj"hcmvqt/hcmvqt"dkncpicp"{cpi"dgtjctic"ucoc0
50" Mgnkrcvcp"uwcvw"dkncpicp"cfcncj"dkncpicp/dkncpicp"{cpi"jcdku"fkdcik"
qngj"dkncpicp"mgnkrcvcpp{c0
60"" Mgnkrcvcp" rgtugmwvwcp" cfcncj" mgnkrcvcp" fctk" dkncpicp" vgtvgpvw" {cpi"
ucoc"fgpicp"mgnkrcvcp"dkncpicp"nckpp{c0
70" Hcmvqt" rgtugmwvwcp" vgtdguct" cfcncj" hcmvqt" rgtugmwvwcp" fctk" fwc"
dkncpicp"cvcw"ngdkj"{cpi"ogoknkmk"pknck"vgtdguct0
80" Mgnkrcvcp"rgtugmwvwcp"vgtmgekn"cfcncj"mgnkrcvcp"rgtugmwvcp"fctk"fwc"
dkncpicp"cvcw"ngdkj"{cpi"ogoknkmk"pknck"vgtmgekn0
Tghngmuk
Dcd"4"/"Hcmvqt"fcp"Mgnkrcvcp 87
Octk"Ogpiwncpi"Dcd"4
C0" Kukncj"vkvkm/vkvkm"rcfc"uqcn"dgtkmwv"fgpicp"ukpimcv0
30" Hcmvqt"fctk"34"cfcncj"3."4."”."”."”."340
40" Mgnkrcvcp"fctk":"cfcncj":."38."”."”."”."”."”."”."”."”0
50" Vgtfcrcv"fwc"mgnkrcvcp"dgtkmwv<
" 6"?"6.":."34."38."42."46."4:."54."58."62."”
" 7"?"7."32."37."42."47."52."57."62."67."”
" Mgnkrcvcp"rgtugmwvwcp"fctk"6"fcp"7"cfcncj"42."”."”0
D0" Dgtkncj"vcpfc"*Z+"rcfc"lcycdcp"{cpi"dgpct0
30" Mgnkrcvcp"rgtugmwvwcp"fctk"4"fcp"9"cfcncj"”0
c0" 3."4."”" " "
d0" 3."36."”" "
e0" 3."43."”
40" Hcmvqt"rgtugmwvwcp"vgtdguct"fctk"3:"fcp"36"cfcncj"”0
c0" 4" " " "
d0" 9" " " "
e0" 36
50" 32."42."52."62."”0
" Mgnkrcvcp"fk"cvcu"cfcncj"mgnkrcvcp"rgtugmwvwcp"fctk"0”
c0" 4"fcp"7" "
d0" 9"fcp";" " "
e0" 33"fcp"36
60" MRM"fctk"42"fcp"46"cfcncj"”0
c0" :2" " " "
d0" 342"" " "
e0" 362
70" HRD"fctk"34"fcp"3:"cfcncj"”0
c0" 8" " " "
d0" :" " " "
e0" 32
80" HRD"fcp"MRM"fctk"3:"fcp"6:"cfcncj"”0
c0" 8"fcp"366" " d0" :"fcp"342" " e0" 32"fcp"442
88 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
90" Fwc"dwcj"ncorw"ocukpi/ocukpi"ogp{cnc"ugvkcr"8"fgvkm"fcp":"fgvkm."ocmc"
rcfc"fgvkm"”"ogtgmc"cmcp"dgtucoc/ucoc"ogp{cnc"ncik"wpvwm"{cpi"rgtvcoc"
mcnk0
c0" 42" " " "
d0" 46" " " "
e0" 52
E0" Lcycdncj"uqcn/uqcn"dgtkmwv"fgpicp"dgpct0
30" Vgpvwmcpncj"hcmvqt"rgtugmwvwcp"fctk<
c0" 3:"fcp"47" "
d0" 4:"fcp"78" "
e0" 54"fcp"78
40" Vgpvwmcpncj"mgnkrcvcp"rgtugmwvwcp"fctk<
c0" 6"fcp"7" " "
d0" 5"fcp"7" " "
e0" 7"fcp"9
50" Ectkncj"MRM"fctk"dkncpicp/dkncpicp"dgtkmwv<
c0" 44"fcp"47" " "
d0" 36"fcp"46" " "
e0" 42"fcp"52
f0" 46"fcp"4:
g0" 54"fcp"56
60" Ectkncj"HRD"fctk"dkncpicp/dkncpicp"dgtkmwv<
c0" 36"fcp"38" " "
d0" 38"fcp"44" " "
e0" 46"fcp"48
f0" 56"fcp"62
g0" 82"fcp":2
70" Ectkncj"HRD"fcp"MRM"fctk"dkncpicp/dkncpicp"dgtkmwv<
c0" :"fcp"36" " "
d0" 32"fcp"34" " "
e0" 8"fcp"42
f0" 46"fcp"58
g0" 62"fcp"6:
Dcd"4"/"Hcmvqt"fcp"Mgnkrcvcp 89
F0" Ugnguckmcpncj"uqcn/uqcn"dgtkmwv"kpk0
30" Rcm" Octfk" cmcp" ogodcikmcp" 52" mwg" fcp" 37" okpwocp" mgrcfc" owtkf/
owtkfp{c0"Mwg"fcp"okpwocp"kvw"jctwu"fkvgtkoc"qngj"owtkf/owtkfp{c"fgpicp"
ucoc"dcp{cm0"Dgtcrc"dcp{cm"owtkf"Rcm"Octfk"{cpi"cmcp"ogpgtkoc"mwg"
fcp"okpwocp"fgpicp"ucoc"dcp{cmA
40" Ucpftc" ogoknkmk" 62" dwmw" rgnclctcp" fcp" 52" dwmw" egtkvc0" Kc" cmcp"
ogocuwmmcpp{c"mg"fcnco"dgdgtcrc"mcpvqpi"fgpicp"ucoc"dcp{cm0"Dgtcrc"
mcpvqpi"{cpi"fkrgtnwmcp"qngj"UcpftcA
50" Nkpfc"ogpikmwvk"ncvkjcp"vctk"ugvkcr"4"jctk"ugmcnk."ugfcpimcp"Koc"ugvkcr"7"jctk"
ugmcnk0"Lkmc"rcfc"6"qmvqdgt"4229"ogtgmc"dgtucoc/ucoc"dgtncvkj"vctk."ocmc"
rcfc"vcpiicn"dgtcrc"ogtgmc"cmcp"dgtncvkj"vctk"dgtucoc/ucoc"ncikA
60" Fgpk"ogpcdwpi"ugvkcr"9"jctk"ugmcnk."ugfcpimcp"Dwdwp"ugvkcr"6"jctk"ugmcnk0"
Lkmc"ugmctcpi"ogtgmc"dgtucoc/ucoc"ogpcdwpi"fk"Dcpm"Jgocv."ocmc"
rcfc" jctk" mg"dgtcrc" ogtgmc" cmcp" dgtucoc/ucoc"ogpcdwpi" ncik" wpvwm"
{cpi"mgfwc"mcnkp{cA
70" Dgtcrc"lwoncj"dclw"fcp"ugrcvw"ugnwtwjp{c."lkmc"fgncrcp"cpcm"ogorgtqngj"
4"rcucpi"ugrcvw"fcp"8"dclwA
8: Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
Dcd
5 Rgpiwmwtcp
C{q"rgtjcvkmcp"icodct"fk"cvcu0
Fk"fcnco"twcpicp"vgtfcrcv"dgpfc/dgpfc"{cpi"dgtiwpc0
Crc"hwpiuk"lco"fkpfkpi"{cpi"ogpgorgn"fk"fkpfkpiA
Dgpfc/dgpfc"crc"uclc"{cpi"ogoknkmk"uwfwvA
Dgpfc"crc"uclc"{cpi"ogoknkmk"rcplcpiA
Mcow"cmcp"dgnclct
Ogncmwmcp"rgpiwmwtcp"uwfwv."rcplcpi."fcp"dgtcv0
Dcd"5"/"Rgpiwmwtcp 8;
C0 Uwfwv
Crcmcj"mcow"rgtpcj"ogpfgpict"mcvc"uwfwvA"Crcmcj"mcow"vcjw"ctvk"mcvc"
uwfwvA"Ugmctcpi."mcow"cmcp"dgnclct"vgpvcpi"uwfwv"fcp"rgpiwmwtcpp{c0"C{q"
egtocvk"wtckcpp{c"cict"mcow"fcrcv"ogocjcokp{c0
30" Ogpigpcn"Uwfwv
Fk"mgncu"5."mcow"ogorgnclctk"ocvgtk"vgpvcpi"uwfwv0"Ugmctcpi."ocvgtk"vgtugdwv"
cmcp"fkdcjcu"mgodcnk0"Pcowp."jcp{c"ugmcfct"wpvwm"ogpikpicvmcpow"uclc0"
C{q"cocvk"twcpi"mgncuow0"Vgpvw"cfc"{cpi"fkpcocmcp"rqlqm"twcpicp0
Rqlqm"twcpicp"fkugdwv"lwic"uwfwv0"Rqlqm"twcpicp"fkdcvcuk"qngj"fwc"fkpfkpi"
{cpi"dgtvgow"rcfc"uwcvw"vkvkm"rqlqm"*vkvkm"uwfwv+0"
Wpvwm" rgpcoccp." dkcucp{c" pcoc" uwfwv" fkdgtkmcp" uguwck" fgpicp" vkvkm"
uwfwvp{c" cvcw" uguwck" fgpicp" ukpct" {cpi" ogodgpvwmp{c0" Rgodgtkcp" pcoc"
uwfwv"fkcycnk"fgpicp"ncodcpi"∠0"C{q"rgtjcvkmcp"eqpvqj"dgtmwv"kpk0
C
uwfwv ukpct uwfwv
D E T
S
*c+ *d+
/" Uwfwv" rcfc" icodct" *c+" fkdgtk" pcoc" ∠ D" *fkdcec" uwfwv" D+" cvcw" ∠ CDE"
*fkdcec"uwfwv"CDE+0
/" Uwfwv"rcfc"icodct"*d+"fkdgtk"pcoc"∠ S"*fkdcec"uwfwv"S+"cvcw"∠ RST"
*fkdcec"uwfwv"RST+0
Uwfwv"ogtwrcmcp"fcgtcj"{cpi"fkdcvcuk"qngj"fwc"ukpct"
*mcmk"uwfwv+"{cpi"dgtrqvqpicp"rcfc"uwcvw"vkvkm0
92 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
Ncvkjcp
C{q"vwnkumcp"pcoc"uwfwv/uwfwv"dgtkmwv0
30" " D 40" " R 50 U
C E S T V W
∠"CDE ∠"000 ∠"000
60" "W 70 Z \
X Y [
∠"000 ∠"000
40" Ogpigpcn"Uwfwv"Ukmw/Ukmw."Ncpekr."fcp"Vworwn
c0" Ogpigpcn"Uwfwv"Ukmw/Ukmw
Rgtjcvkmcp"uwfwv"oglcow0"Dcickocpcmcj"ukhcv/ukhcvp{cA
Uwfwv"kvw"dgtdgpvwm"
ukmw/ukmw0
Dcd"5"/"Rgpiwmwtcp 93
Vgmwmcp"vcpicpow"
ugrgtvk"kvw"ogodgpvwm"
ukmw/ukmw0
Cict"mcow"ngdkj"ogocjcok"rgpigtvkcp"uwfwv"ukmw/ukmw."ncmwmcp"mgikcvcp"
dgtkmwv"kpk0
Cmvkxkvcu"Ocvgocvkmc
30" Ugfkcmcpncj"ugngodct"mgtvcu0
40" Nkrcvncj"mgtvcu"vgtugdwv"ogplcfk"fwc"dcikcp"ucoc"dguct0
50" Mgtvcu"{cpi"vgncj"fknkrcv"vgtugdwv."mgowfkcp"nkrcv"mgodcnk"ogplcfk"gorcv"
dcikcp"{cpi"ucoc"dguct0
60" Ugncplwvp{c."dwmcncj"nkrcvcp"mgtvcu"vgtugdwv0"Crc"{cpi"mcow"vgowmcpA
94 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
70" Fctk"jcukn"nkrcvcpow"kvw"fkrgtqngj"gorcv"ictku"ukmw/ukmw"{cpi"ucnkpi"vgicm"
nwtwu."{cpi"fkvcpfck"fgpicp"""""0
Dgtfcuctmcp" mgikcvcp" {cpi" vgncj" fkncmwmcp" " fk" cvcu." fcrcv" fkukorwnmcp"
dcjyc"fwc"ictku"{cpi"ucnkpi"vgicm"nwtwu"cmcp"ogodgpvwm"uwfwv"ukmw/ukmw0
Uwfwv""ukmw/ukmw
d0" Ogpigpcn"Uwfwv"Ncpekr"fcp"Vworwn
Crcmcj"mcow"rgtpcj"ogpgowmcp"dgpfc"ugrgtvk"fk"dcycj"kpkA"
C{q" rgtjcvkmcp" uwfwv" dcpiwp" fk" cvcu" {cpi" fkvcpfck" qngj" jwtwh"C0" Uwfwv"
dcpiwp"vgtugdwv"ngdkj"mgekn"lkmc"fkdcpfkpimcp"fgpicp"uwfwv"ukmw/ukmw0"Ugogpvctc"
kvw."uwfwv"{cpi"fkvcpfck"fgpicp"jwtwh"D."ngdkj"dguct"fctkrcfc"uwfwv"ukmw/ukmw0
Dcd"5"/"Rgpiwmwtcp 95
Ncvkjcp
C{q"vwplwmmcp"ocpc"uwfwv"ncpekr."ukmw/ukmw."fcp"vworwn0
30" 40" " 50" " 60
e0" Ogpiicodct"Uwfwv"Ukmw"/"Ukmw
Cict"mcow"fcrcv"ogpiicodct"uwfwv"ukmw/ukmw."ncmwmcpncj"mgikcvcp"dgtkmwv"
kpk0
Cmvkxkvcu"Ocvgocvkmc
Ugfkcmcp<"3"dwcj"lcpimc="3"dwcj"rgpukn="fcp"3"dwcj"rgpiictku0
30" Fgpicp"ogpiiwpcmcp"rgpukn"fcp"okuvct."vctkmncj"ugdwcj"ictku"ugrcplcpi"
8"ugpvkogvgt0"Dgtk"pcoc"ictku"CD0
C D
40" Fgpicp"ogpiiwpcmcp"okuvct."vgpvwmcpncj"vkvkm"vgpicj"ictku"CD"vgtugdwv0"
Vcpfck"vkvkm"vgtugdwv"fgpicp"jwtwh"E0
C E D
96 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
50" Ugmctcpi."iwpcmcpncj"lcpimc0"Dwmcncj"lcpimc."vcpecrmcp"wlwpi"vclcop{c"
rcfc"vkvkm"C"fcp"wlwpi"rgpuknp{c"rcfc"vkvkm"D0"Mgowfkcp."nkpimctmcpncj"fk"
cvcu"ictku"CD"kvw0
C E D
60" Ugncplwvp{c."wlwpi"lctwo"lcpimc"fkvcpecrmcp"mg"vkvkm"D"fcp"rgpukn"mg"vkvkm"C0"
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nkpimctcp"{cpi"rgtvcoc0"Vcpfckncj"vkvkm"rgtrqvqpicp"kvw"fgpicp"jwtwh"F0
C E D
70"" Mgowfkcp"vctkmncj"ictku"fctk"vkvkm"F"mg"vkvkm"E0
F
C E D
80" Rgtjcvkmcpncj"dcjyc"rcfc"vkvkm"E"cfc"fwc"uwfwv0"Uwfwv/uwfwv"vgtugdwv"
cfcncj"ukmw/ukmw0"Pcoc"uwfwv/uwfwvp{c"cfcncj"∠DEF"fcp"∠CEF0
Dcd"5"/"Rgpiwmwtcp 97
Vwicu
Dgtucoc"mgnqorqmow."fkumwukmcpncj"dcickocpc"ectc"ogodwcv"uwfwv"ukmw/
ukmw"fgpicp"ogpiiwpcmcp"fwc"dwcj"okuvct"ugikvkic"ugrgtvk"icodct"fk"dcycj"
kpk0"Ncpimcj/ncpimcjp{c"fcrcv"fkectk"fk"dwmw"nckp"{cpi"cfc"fk"rgtrwuvcmccp"
cvcw" vcocp" dceccp0" Mcow" lwic" fcrcv" ogpectkp{c" fk" kpvgtpgv0" Wpvwm" kvw."
dgtmwplwpincj"mg"vgorcv/vgorcv"vgtugdwv"wpvwm"ogpfcrcvmcp"kphqtocukp{c0
50" Ogpiwmwt"fcp"Ogodcpfkpimcp"Dguct"Uwfwv"
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1) Mengukur Besar Sudut dengan Sudut Satuan
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kmwvk"mgikcvcp"dgtkmwv"kpk0
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F E F E F E
C D C C
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dgtkmwv0
R R
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T T
98 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
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kvw0
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50" mgeknA
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30 40
50 60
70
Dcd"5"/"Rgpiwmwtcp 99
2) Mengukur Sudut Lancip dan Sudut Tumpul dengan Kertas Lipat Siku-
Siku
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9: Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
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fk"dcycj"kpk"vgtocuwm"uwfwv"ukmw/ukmw."uwfwv"ncpekr."cvcw"uwfwv"vworwn0
30 40 50
60 70 80
90 :0 ;0
320
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82"fgvkm"?"3"ogpkv
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3"lco"" ?"82"ogpkv"?"82"î"3"ogpkv"?"82"î"82"fgvkm"?"50822"fgvkm
Eqpvqj
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" Lcfk." Cpfk" ogpigtlcmcp" rgmgtlccp" twocjp{c"
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70" 9"lco" ?"”"fgvkm" 320" 582"ogpkv" ?"”"lco"
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ugectc"dgtfgtgv."ocmc"rcplcpip{c"fkugdwv"3"mknqogvgt."fkukpimcv"3"mo0
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;2 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
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*oo+0
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fkmcnk"32
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3"fco"?"32"o"?"322"fo"?"30222"eo"?"320222"oo
3"o"?"32"fo"?"322"eo"?"30222"oo
3"fo"?"32"eo"?"322"oo
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40"" :"jo"?"”"fo
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50"" 50822"eo""?"”"o
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" " ?"82"î"3"o"?"82"o
Dcd"5"/"Rgpiwmwtcp ;3
Ncvkjcp
C0" C{q"kuk"vkvkm/vkvkm"dgtkmwv"kpk0
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40" 4"mo"?"”"oo" 90" 722"mo"?"”"jo
50" 52"eo"?"”"oo" :0"" 40222"o"?"”"mo
60" 72"jo"?"”"eo" ;0" :0222"oo"?"”"eo
70" 62"fco"?"”eo" 320" 70222"eo"?"”"fco
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60" Rcplcpi"twcpicp"mgncu"KX"cfcncj"37"ogvgt0"Dgtcrc"oknkogvgt"rcplcpip{cA
70" Fkmk"ogodgnk"fwc"twcu"dcodw"{cpi"rcplcpip{c"ocukpi/ocukpi"9"o0"
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30" Ogpigpcn"Cncv"Wmwt"Dgtcv"
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vgtugdwv"fk"cpvctcp{c"cfcncj"ugdcick"dgtkmwv0
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nckpp{c0"Eqdc"mcow"rkmktmcp0
40" Jwdwpicp"Cpvctucvwcp"Dgtcv
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3"mi"" ?"32"qpu"?"32"ji
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3"mi"" ?"4"rqp
3"rqp" ?"7"qpu"?"7"ji
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" Lcfk."70222"i"ucoc"fgpicp"72"ji0
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C{q"kukncj"vkvkm/vkvkm"dgtkmwv0
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40" 622"mi"?"”"mwkpvcn" 90" 70222"itco"?"”"mwkpvcn
50" :2"rqp"?"”"qpu" :0" 70222"i"" ?"”"qpu
60" 367"mi"?"”"rqp" ;0" 50222"mi" ?"”"rqp
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ogp{gnguckmcp"ocucncj"{cpi"dgtmckvcp"fgpicp"ycmvw."rcplcpi."fcp"dgtcv0
30" Rgtocucncjcp"{cpi"Dgtmckvcp"fgpicp"Ycmvw
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Dgtcrc"fgvkm"kc"rgtik"mg"ugmqncjA
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dgtdgncplc"mg"rcuctA
40" Octycn"ogpigtlcmcp"RT"ownck"fctk"lco"9022"ocnco"ucorck"lco":"ngdkj"
37"ogpkv0"Dgtcrc"ogpkv"Octycn"ogpigtlcmcp"RTA
50" Cpcm"mgncu"6"UF"Ycpiwp"Uctk"dgtockp"dqnc"xqnk"ownck"fctk"lco";"ngdkj"47"
ogpkv"rcik"jkpiic"lco"32"ngdkj"67"ogpkv0"Dgtcrc"ogpkv"ogtgmc"dgtockp"
dqnc"xqnkA
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ycmvw"rwncpip{cA
70" Tkpc" vkdc" fk" ugmqncj" dgtdgfc" 45" ogpkv" fgpicp" Cfk0" Dgtcrc" fgvkm"
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40" Rgtocucncjcp"{cpi"Dgtmckvcp"fgpicp"Rcplcpi
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42"ogvgt0"Dgtcrc"ugpvkogvgt"rcplcpi"jcncocp"twocj"Rcm"Dgpk"vgtugdwvA
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3"o"?"322"eo
42"o"?"42"î"322"eo"?"40222"eo
Lcfk."rcplcpi"jcncocp"twocj"Rcm"Dgpk"cfcncj"40222"eo0
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30" Fqpk"ogpikmwvk"qncjtcic"nctk0"Kc"ogpgorwj"lctcm"5"mknqogvgt0"Dgtcrc"
ogvgt"lctcm"{cpi"fkvgorwj"FqpkA
40" Lctcm"cpvctc"twocj"Jgnok"fcp"ugmqncjp{c"cfcncj"6"mknqogvgt0"Ugogpvctc"
kvw." lctcm" twocj" Fkpc" mg" ugmqncj" 4" mknqogvgt0" Dgtcrc" mknqogvgt" lctcm"
cpvctc"twocj"Jgnok"fcp"FkpcA
50" Rcm" Mct{q" ogpiicnk" uwowt" ugfcnco" 42" ogvgt0" Dgtcrc" ugpvkogvgt"
mgfcncocp"uwowt"Rcm"Mct{qA
60" Ugdwcj"vqpimcv"oknkm"Cnk"rcplcpip{c"7"ogvgt0"Kc"ogoknkmk"8"vqpimcv0"Lkmc"
fkucodwpimcp."dgtcrc"ugpvkogvgt"rcplcpi"ugnwtwj"vqpimcv"kvwA
Dcd"5"/"Rgpiwmwtcp ;7
70" Lctcm" fctk" Dcpfwpi" mg" Lcmctvc" cfcncj" 3:2" mknqogvgt0" Ugogpvctc" kvw."
lctcm"fctk"Lcmctvc"mg"Dcpvgp"cfcncj"82"mknqogvgt0"Dgtcrc"jgmvqogvgt"
lctcm"fctk"Dcpfwpi"mg"DcpvgpA
50" Rgtocucncjcp"{cpi"Dgtmckvcp"fgpicp"Dgtcv
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Tkpk"ogorwp{ck"iwnc"rwvkj"ugdgtcv"5"mknqitco"4"qpu."ugfcpimcp"Fctykp"
ogorwp{ck"iwnc"rwvkj"ugdgtcv"6"mknqitco"5"qpu0"Dgtcrc"qpu"ugnkukj"dgtcv"iwnc"
rwvkj"ogtgmcA
Lcycd
6"mknqitco"5"qpu"?"6"mknqitco"-"5"qpu"?"62"qpu"-"5"qpu"?"65"qpu
5"mknqitco"4"qpu"?"5"mknqitco"-"4"qpu"?"52"qpu"-"4"qpu"?"54"qpu
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Lcfk."dgfc"dgtcv"iwnc"rwvkj"Tkpk"fcp"Fctykp"cfcncj"33"qpu0
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Ugogpvctc"kvw."Rcm"Lcokp"ogorgtqngj"jcukn"rcpgpp{c"9"mwkpvcn0"Dgtcrc"
mwkpvcn"dgfc"jcukn"rcpgp"ogtgmcA
40" Ikpc"ogorwp{ck"okp{cm"iqtgpi"ugdgtcv"4"mknqitco"6"qpu."ugfcpimcp"
[gpk"ogorwp{ck"okp{cm"iqtgpi"ugdgtcv"5"mknqitco"3"qpu0"Dgtcrc"rqp"
ugnkukj"okp{cm"iqtgpi"ogtgmcA
50" Dgtcv"ugdwcj"vtwm"cfcncj"37"vqp"4"mwkpvcn0"Dgtcrc"mknqitco"dgtcv"vtwm"
vgtugdwvA
60" Rcm" Vqpk" ogplwcn" ugogp" ugdgtcv" 7" mwkpvcn." mgowfkcp" ogplwcn" ncik" 8"
mwkpvcn0"Dgtcrc"vqp"ugogp"{cpi"fklwcn"qngj"Rcm"VqpkA
70" Fkvc" ogoknkmk" dwmw" {cpi" dgtcvp{c" dgtdgfc" 4" rqp" fgpicp" oknkm" Yknk0"
Dgtcrc"dgtcv"dwmw"Fkvc"lkmc"dgtcv"dwmw"Yknk"cfcncj"3"miA
H0 Ucvwcp"Wmwtcp"Mwcpvkvcu
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fcp" tko" wpvwm" ogpwplwmmcp" dcp{cm" dgpfc0" Ucvwcp/ucvwcp" vgtugdwv" fkmgpcn"
ugdcick" ucvwcp" mwcpvkvcu" cvcw" ucvwcp" lwoncj0"C{q" rgtjcvkmcp" wtckcp" dgtkmwv"
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;8 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
mwcpvkvcu0
30" Tqpk"ogoknkmk"mgtvcu"ugdcp{cm"5"tko0"Mgowfkcp."kc"ogpijkvwpi"ngodctcpp{c0"
Vgtp{cvc."fkrgtqngj"dcjyc"3"tko"mgtvcu"ogoknkmk"722"ngodct0"Lcfk."5"tko"
mgtvcu"cfc"30722"ngodct0
" Tko"dkcucp{c"fkiwpcmcp"wpvwm"ogpwplwmmcp"dcp{cmp{c"ngodctcp"mgtvcu0
40" Kdw"ogodgnk"igncu"ugdcp{cm"3"nwukp0"Vgtp{cvc."dcp{cm"igncu"vgtugdwv"cfc"
34"dwcj0
" Lkmc"dcp{cm"igncu"vgtugdwv"cfc"34"nwukp."ocmc"dcp{cm"igncu"fkmcvcmcp"3"itqu0
" Nwukp" fcp" itqu" dkcucp{c" fkiwpcmcp" wpvwm" ogpwplwmmcp" dgpfc" ugrgtvk"
igncu."rktkpi."fcp"ugpfqm0
50" Fqpk"dgtlwcncp"dclw"fk"rcuct0"Ugvkcr"ugvgpicj"jctk."kc"ocorw"ogplwcn"dclw"
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" Mqfk"dkcucp{c"fkiwpcmcp"wpvwm"ogpwplwmmcp"dcp{cm"mckp"fcp"rcmckcp0"
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3"nwukp"?"34"dwcj"3"mqfk"?"42"jgnck
3"itqu"?"34"nwukp"3"tko""?"722"ngodct
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C{q"mgtlcmcp"uqcn/uqcn"dgtkmwv"kpk0
30" 6"nwukp" ?"”"dwcj" 80" 94"dwcj" ?"”"nwukp
40" 8"mqfk" ?"”"jgnck" 90" :2"jgnck" ?"”"mqfk
50" 40222"ngodct"?"”"tko" :0" 32"tko" ?"”"ngodct
60" 7"itqu" ?"”"dwcj" ;0" 322"mqfk" ?"”"jgnck
70" 622"ngodct" ?"”mqfk" 320" 50222"jgnck"?"”"mqfk
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Tcpimwocp
30" Uwfwv"cfcncj"fcgtcj"{cpi"fkcrkv"qngj"fwc"ukpct"{cpi"vkvkm"rcpimcnp{c"
dgtkorkv0"Ukpct"kpk"fkpcocmcp"mcmk"uwfwv0
40" Ucvwcp"uwfwv"cfcncj"fgtclcv."fkvwnku"fi£fi0
50" Uwfwv"ukmw/ukmw"cfcncj"uwfwv"{cpi"dguctp{c";2£0"Uwfwv"ncpekr"cfcncj"
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dguctp{c"ngdkj"fctk";2£0
60" Cfc"gorcv"ctcj"ocvc"cpikp."{ckvw"vkowt."ugncvcp."dctcv."fcp"wvctc0"Dguct"
uwfwv"cpvctc"ctcj"ocvc"cpikp"{cpi"vgtfgmcv"cfcncj";2£0
70" Dguct"uwfwv"ucvw"rwvctcp"cfcncj"582£."ugvgpicj"rwvctcp"cfcncj"3:2£."
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" 3"itqu"?"34"nwukp" 3"tko""?"722"ngodct
" 3"itqu"?"366"dwcj
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ugvgncj"ogorgnclctkp{cA
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f0" Crcmcj"mcow"fcrcv"ogpgpvwmcp"jwdwpicp"rcplcpi"fcp"dgtcvA
;: Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
Octk"Ogpiwncpi"Dcd"5
C0" Kukncj"vkvkm/vkvkm"rcfc"uqcn"dgtkmwv"fgpicp"ukpimcv0
30" 7"mo"?"72"jo"?"”"o"?"”"eo
40" 6"nwukp"?"”"dwcj
50" 5"tko"?"”"ngodct
D0" Dgtkncj"vcpfc"*z+"rcfc"lcycdcp"{cpi"dgpct0
30"
3 4 5
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40"
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50" 3"jo"?"”"eo0
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60" 3"itqu"?"”"dwcj0
c0" 366"" " " d0" 367"" " " e0" 368
70" 622"mi"?"”"mwkpvcn0
c0" 4" " " " d0" 5" " " " e0" 6
80" 34"okpiiw"?"000"jctk0
c0" 6:" " " " d0" :6" " " " e0" ;8
90" 322"vqp"?"”"mwkpvcn0
c0" 322"" " " d0" 30222" " " e0" 320222
Dcd"5"/"Rgpiwmwtcp ;;
E0" Mgtlcmcp"uqcn/uqcn"dgtkmwv0
30" Dgtcrc"ogvgtmcj"rcplcpi"lcncp"82"mknqogvgtA"Lgncumcp0
40" Cfkm"ugmctcpi"vgncj"dgtwowt"32"vcjwp0"Dgtcrc"ykpfw"wowt"cfkmA
50" F E
" Fctk" icodct" fk" ucorkpi." uwfwv" ocpc" {cpi"
vgtocuwm" uwfwv" vworwn" fcp" uwfwv" ocpc" rwnc"
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C D
60"
" Dgtcrc"nwukp"igncu"fk"cvcuA
70"
" Dgtcrc"ngodct"mgtvcu"fk"cvcuA
F0" Lcycdncj"uqcn/uqcn"fk"dcycj"kpk"fgpicp"dgpct0
30" Jcfk"dgtockp"ugrcm"dqnc"ugncoc"3.7"lco0"Mgowfkcp."kc"dgtucoc"vgocp/
vgocpp{c"ogpqpvqp"VX"ugncoc"3"lco0"Dgtcrc"fgvkm"kc"dgtockp"ugrcm"dqnc"
fcp"ogpqpvqp"vgngxkukA
40" Rcm"Jcfkocp"ogocpgp"rcfk"fk"ucycj0"Kc"ogoknkmk"vkic"rgvcm"ucycj0"Rgvcm"
rgtvcoc"ogpijcuknmcp"rcfk"4"vqp."rgvcm"mgfwc"ogpijcukn"rcfk":"mwkpvcn."
fcp"rgvcm"mgvkic"ogpijcuknmcp"rcfk"3.7"vqp0"Dgtcrc"mknqitco"jcukn"rcpgp"
rcfk"Rcm"Jcfkocp"ugnwtwjp{cA
50" Lctcm"fctk"Cegj"mg"Lcmctvc"cfcncj"30222"mo0"Lctcm"Lcmctvc"mg"Ugoctcpi"
cfcncj"622"mo0"Dgtcrc"ogvgt"lctcm"fctk"Cegj"mg"UgoctcpiA
60" Dw"[cpvk"ogodgnk"rktkpi"5"nwukp."ugpfqm"6"nwukp."fcp"igncu"ugvgpicj"nwukp0"
Dgtcrc"dwcj"dgncplccp"Dw"[cpvk"ugnwtwjp{cA
70" Twocj"Cpfk"dgtlctcm"4"mo"fctk"ugmqncj0"Ugogpvctc"kvw."lctcm"twocj"Tkpc"
mg"ugmqncj"cfcncj"3"mo0"Dgtcrc"ogvgt"lctcm"twocj"Tkpc"mg"twocj"CpfkA"
Lgncumcp#
322 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
Dcd
6 Lclctigplcpi"fcp"
Ugikvkic
Sumber: yyy0iqqing0eq0kf
Rgtjcvkmcp"icodct"twocj"fk"cvcu0
Vwplwmmcp"ocpc"{cpi"dgtdgpvwm"ugikvkic"fcp"lclctigplcpi0"Fcrcvmcj"mcow"
ogpijkvwpi"mgnknkpi"fcp"nwcup{cA"Dcickocpcmcj"ectc"ogpijkvwpi"mgnknkpi"fcp"
nwcup{cA"C{q"dgtucoc"fkrgnclctk0
Mcow"cmcp"dgnclct
Ogpijkvwpi"mgnknkpi"fcp"nwcu"lclctigplcpi"fcp"ugikvkic0
Dcd"6"/"Lclctigplcpi"fcp"Ugikvkic 323
C0 Mgnknkpi"fcp"Nwcu"Lclctigplcpi
Crc"lclctigplcpi"kvwA"Fk"twocjow"owpimkp"cfc"dcpiwp"{cpi"dgtdgpvwm"
lclctigplcpi0"Eqdc"mcow"rgtjcvkmcp"dgpvwm"dcpiwp"lclctigplcpi"dgtkmwv"kpk0
Kvw"lclctigplcpi0
ukuk"oktkpi vkpiik
cncu
30" Ogpgowmcp"Mgnknkpi"Lclctigplcpi
Crc"{cpi"fkocmuwf"fgpicp"mgnknkpiA"Mgnknkpi"cfcncj"rcplcpi"ugowc"ukuk"
{cpi"ogodcvcuk"uwcvw"dkfcpi"fcvct0"Dkfcpi"fcvct"wpvwm"rgodcjcucp"mcnk"kpk"
cfcncj" lclctigplcpi0" Wpvwm" ogpgowmcp" mgnknkpi" lclctigplcpi." eqdcncj" mcow"
ncmwmcp"mgikcvcp"dgtkmwv0
Cmvkxkvcu"Ocvgocvkmc
Ugfkcmcp<"ugdwcj"dgpcpi."ugngodct"mgtvcu"mctvqp."fcp"gorcv"dwcj"
lctwo"rgpvwn0
30" Fk"cvcu"mgtvcu"mctvqp."dwcvncj"ugdwcj"lclctigplcpi"fgpicp"rcplcpi"cncu"
32"eo"fcp"vkpiik"8"eo0
40" Mgowfkcp."rcfc"vkcr/vkcr"rqlqmp{c"fkvcpecrmcp"ugdwcj"lctwo"rgpvwn0
50" Wmwtncj"ugnwtwj"ukuk"lclctigplcpi"kvw"qngj"dgpcpi"fgpicp"dcpvwcp"lctwo"
rgpvwn"vcfk0
60" Fgpicp"ogpiiwpcmcp"okuvct."wmwtncj"rcplcpi"vcnk"vcfk0
70" Dgtcrcmcj"rcplcpi"vcnkA"Rcplcpi"vcnk"cfcncj"mgnknkpi"lclctigplcpi0
324 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
Fctk"mgikcvcp"vcfk."mcow"uwfcj"ogpgowmcp"rgtucoccp"mgnknkpi"lclctigplcpi"
ugdcick"dgtkmwv0
F E
CD"?"FE"fcp"CF"?"DE
C D
Mgnknkpi"lclctigplcpi"?"CD"-"DE"-"EF"-"CF
" " ?"CD"-"EF"-"DE"-"CF
" " ?"CD"-"CD"-"CF"-"CF
" " ?"*4"î"CD+"-"*4"î"CF+
Mctgpc"CD"cfcncj"rcplcpi"cncu"fcp"CF"cfcncj"rcplcpi"ukuk"oktkpi."ocmc<
Mgnknkpi"lclctigplcpi"?"*4"î"rcplcpi"cncu+"-"*4"î"rcplcpi"ukuk"oktkpi+
Vwicu
Dgtucoc"mgnqorqmow."ectkncj"dcpiwp/dcpiwp"fk"ugmqncjow"{cpi"ogp{gtwrck"
lclctigplcpi0"Mgowfkcp."wmwtncj"mgnknkpip{c0
Eqpvqj
Vgpvwmcpncj"mgnknkpi"lclctigplcpi"dgtkmwv0
Lcycd
7"eo
9"eo
Rcplcpi"cncu"?"9"eo="rcplcpi"ukuk"oktkpi"?"7"eo
Mgnknkpi"lclctigplcpi" ?"*4"î"rcplcpi"cncu+"-"*4"î"rcplcpi"ukuk"oktkpi+
" ?"*4"î"9"eo+"-"*4"î"7"eo+
" ?"36"eo"-"32"eo"?"46"eo
Lcfk."mgnknkpi"lclctigplcpi"cfcncj"46"eo0
Dcd"6"/"Lclctigplcpi"fcp"Ugikvkic 325
Ncvkjcp
C{q"jkvwpi"mgnknkpi"lclctigplcpi"dgtkmwv"kpk0
30" 40" " " " "
8"eo 8"eo
:"eo 32"eo
42"eo
40" Ogpgowmcp"Nwcu"Lclctigplcpi
Crc"{cpi"fkocmuwf"fgpicp"nwcuA"
Fcnco" mgjkfwrcp" ugjctk" jctk." mcow" owpimkp" rgtpcj" ogpfgpict" kuvkncj"
ugorkv"fcp"nwcu."ugrgtvk"icpi"ugorkv"cvcw"ncrcpicp"ugrcm"dqnc"{cpi"nwcu0"
Nwcu"cfcncj"wmwtcp"ugorkv"cvcw"vkfcmp{c"uwcvw"dkfcpi"fcvct0"Dkfcpi"fcvct"{cpi"
fkocmuwf"fcnco"rgodcjcucp"ugmctcpi"cfcncj"lclctigplcpi0
Dcickocpcmcj"ectc"ogpectk"nwcu"lclctigplcpiA"Ncmwmcpncj"mgikcvcp"dgtkmwv0
Cmvkxkvcu"Ocvgocvkmc
30" Ugfkcmcp"ugdwcj"mgtvcu"dgtrgvcm0
40" Dwcvncj"ugdwcj"lclctigplcpi0
vkpiik
cncu
326 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
" Cfc"dgtcrc"rgvcm"rcplcpi"lclctigplcpi"vgtugdwvA"Dgtcrc"rgvcm"vkpiikp{cA
50" Iwpvkpincj"dcikcp"ugikvkic"ugdgncj"mktk"lclctigplcpi0"Mgowfkcp."rkpfcjmcp"
mg"dcikcp"ugdgncj"mcpcp0
Iwpvkpi"fk"ukpk
" Dcpiwp"crcmcj"{cpi"mcow"fcrcvmcp"ugmctcpiA
" Dgtcrc"rcplcpi"dcpiwp"vgtugdwvA"Dgtcrc"ngdctp{cA
60" Nwcu"dcpiwp"vgtugdwv"ucoc"fgpicp"nwcu"lclctigplcpi0
cncu rcplcpi
vkpiik ? ngdct
" Rcplcpi"?"cncu"fcp"Ngdct"?"vkpiik
" Nwcu"lclctigplcpi"?"""000"î"000
Ugrgtvk"rcfc"mgikcvcp"vcfk."nwcu"lclctigplcpi"fcrcv"fkectk"fctk"nwcu"rgtugik"
rcplcpi0"Rcfc"lclctigplcpi."rcplcpi"?"cncu"fcp"ngdct"?"vkpiik."ugjkpiic"twowu"
wpvwm"ogpectk"nwcu"fcrcv"fkvwnku<
Nwcu"lclctigplcpi"?""cncu"î"vkpiik
Eqpvqj
30" Cfk" ogoknkmk" ugdwcj" dcpiwp" lclctigplcpi" ugrgtvk"
icodct"fk"ucorkpi0"Vgpvwmcpncj"dgtcrc"nwcup{c0
6"eo
Lcycd
cncu"?":"eo="vkpiik" ?"6"eo
Nwcu"lclctigplcpi"?"Cncu"î"vkpiik :"eo
" ?":"eo"î"6"eo
" ?"54"eo4
Dcd"6"/"Lclctigplcpi"fcp"Ugikvkic 327
Ncvkjcp
C0" C{q"jkvwpi"nwcu"lclctigplcpi"dgtkmwv"kpk0
30 6"eo 60 8"eo
4"eo 5"eo
40 :"eo 70 32"eo
6"eo
7"eo
50 42"eo
8"eo
D0" C{q"mgtlcmcp"uqcn/uqcn"dgtkmwv"kpk0
30" Fk"ugdwcj"twocj"vgtfcrcv"tcpimc"mc{w"{cpi"dgtdgpvwm"lclctigplcpi."
cncup{c"62"eo"fcp"vkpiikp{c"32"eo0"
" Dgtcrcmcj"nwcu"lclctigplcpi"vgtugdwvA
328 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
40" Kjucp"ogoknkmk"mgdwp"fk"fgrcp"twocjp{c"ugrgtvk"icodct"dgtkmwv0
34"eo
50" [gpk"dgtlcncp/lcncp"mg"ugdwcj"vcocp0"Fk"vcocp"kc"ognkjcv"ugdwcj"icycpi"
{cpi" uwfcj" oktkpi" mg" mcpcp0"Crcdknc" fkrgtjcvkmcp" fgpicp" ucmucoc."
icycpi"vgtugdwv"dgtdgpvwm"lclctigplcpi"*nkjcv"icodct"dgtkmwv+0
" Lkmc"cncu"icycpi"7"ogvgt"fcp"vkpiikp{c"4"ogvgt."dgtcrcmcj"nwcu"icycpi"
vgtugdwvA
D0 Mgnknkpi"fcp"Nwcu"Ugikvkic
Crc"ugikvkic"kvwA"Ugrgtvk"crc"dgpvwmp{cA"Crcmcj"fk"twocjow"cfc"dgpfc"
{cpi"dgtdgpvwm"ugikvkicA"Ugdwvmcpncj0
Dgtkmwv"kpk"cfcncj"eqpvqj"icodct"ugikvkic0
vkpiik
vkpiik
vkpiik
Dcd"6"/"Lclctigplcpi"fcp"Ugikvkic 329
Vwicu
30" Ugdwvmcpncj"ukhcv/ukhcv"fctk"ugikvkic"ucoc"mcmk0
40" Ugdwvmcpncj"ukhcv/ukhcv"fctk"ugikvkic"ukmw/ukmw0
50" Ugdwvmcpncj"ukhcv/ukhcv"fctk"ugikvkic"ucoc"ukuk0
30" Ogpgowmcp"Mgnknkpi"Ugikvkic
Wpvwm"ogpgowmcp"twowu"mgnknkpi"ugikvkic."ncmwmcp"mgikcvcp"dgtkmwv0
Cmvkxkvcu"Ocvgocvkmc
30" Ugfkcmcp"ugngodct"mgtvcu"mctvqp."vcnk"dgpcpi."fcp"lctwo"rgpvwn0"
Mgowfkcp."dwcvncj"ugdwcj"ugikvkic"ukmw/ukmw"rcfc"mgtvcu"mctvqp"
vgtugdwv0
40" Nknkvmcp"dgpcpi"ogpignknkpik"ukuk/ukuk"ugikvkic0"Vcjcpncj"dgpcpi"rcfc"ucvw"
rqlqmcp"ogpiiwpcmcp"lctwo"rgpvwn0
50" Ugvgncj" ugnguck" rgpiwmwtcp." wmwtncj" rcplcpi" dgpcpi" ogpiiwpcmcp"
dgpcpi
okuvct0"Dgtcrc"rcplcpi"dgpcpi"vgtugdwvA"Rcplcpi"dgpcpi"cfcncj"mgnknkpi"
ugikvkic0
Fctk"mgikcvcp"vcfk."fcrcv"fkukorwnmcp"dcjyc"twowu"mgnknkpi"wpvwm"ugikvkic"
cfcncj<
32: Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
Mgnknkpi"ugikvkic"?"Lwoncj"rcplcpi"mgvkic"ukukp{c
Eqpvqj"
30" Vgpvwmcp"mgnknkpi"ugikvkic"dgtkmwv0
8"eo ;"eo
32"eo
" Lcycd
" Mgnknkpi"ugikvkic"?"lwoncj"rcplcpi"mgvkic"ukukp{c
" " ?"32"eo"-";"eo"-"8"eo
" " ?"47"eo
" Lcfk."mgnknkpi"ugikvkic"cfcncj"47"eo0
40" Dgtcrcmcj"mgnknkpi"ugikvkic"ucoc"ukuk"dgtkmwvA
7"eo 7"eo
7"eo
Ncvkjcp
C0" C{q"jkvwpi"mgnknkpi"ugikvkic"dgtkmwv0
30 40
;"eo 9"eo 9"eo 32"eo
:"eo ;"eo
Dcd"6"/"Lclctigplcpi"fcp"Ugikvkic 32;
50 60
9"eo 8"eo 5"eo 7"eo
33"eo 6"eo
70
:"eo
D0" Eqdc"ugnguckmcp"uqcn/uqcn"dgtkmwv0
30" Ugdwcj" ugikvkic" ogoknkmk" rcplcpi" ukuk" 34" eo." 36." eo" fcp" 42" eo0"
Mgnknkpip{c"cfcncj"”"eo0
40" Rcm"Fctocp"ogoknkmk"mgdwp"dgtdgpvwm"ugikvkic"fgpicp"rcplcpi"ukuk"7"
o."9"o."fcp";"o0"Mgnknkpi"mgdwp"Rcm"Fctocp"cfcncj"”"o0
50"
37"eo 37"eo
C
60" Cokp"ogoknkmk"ockpcp"ugikvkic"ugrgtvk"icodct"dgtkmwv0
72"eo
42"eo
52"eo
" Mgnknkpi"ugikvkic"oknkm"Cokp"vgtugdwv"cfcncj"”"eo0
332 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
70" Rgtjcvkmcp"icodct"twocj"dgtkmwv0
4"o
" Mgnknkpi"ugikvkic"rcfc"twocj"vgtugdwv"cfcncj"”"o0
40" Ogpgowmcp"Nwcu"Ugikvkic
Fk"mgncu"vkic."mcow"uwfcj"dgnclct"vgpvcpi"nwcu"rgtugikrcplcpi0"Twowu"nwcu"
rgtugikrcplcpi"cfcncj"ugdcick"dgtkmwv<
Nwcu"rgtugik"rcplcpi"?"rcplcpi"î"ngdct
Fctk"nwcu"rgtugik"rcplcpi"vgtugdwv."mcow"fcrcv"ogpgowmcp"nwcu"ugikvkic0"
Dcickocpcmcj"ectcp{cA"Wpvwm"ogpigvcjwkp{c."ncmwmcpncj"mgikcvcp"dgtkmwv0
Cmvkxkvcu"Ocvgocvkmc
30" Ugfkcmcpncj"ugngodct"mgtvcu"dgtrgvcm0"Mgowfkcp."dwcvncj"ugdwcj"
rgtugikrcplcpi""fgpicp"rcplcpi"9"rgvcm"ucvwcp"fcp"ngdct"6"rgvcm"
ucvwcp0"Dgtcrc"rgvcm"ucvwcp"nwcup{cA
ngdct"?"vkpiik
rcplcpi"?"cncu
" Cfc"dgtcrc"dcp{cm"rgvcm"ucvwcp"{cpi"ogpwvwrk"rgtugikrcplcpiA
Dcd"6"/"Lclctigplcpi"fcp"Ugikvkic 333
40" Dwcvncj" ugdwcj" ictku" fkciqpcn" rcfc" rgtugikrcplcpi" {cpi" vgtdgpvwm"
ugjkpiic"vgtdgpvwm"ugdwcj"ugikvkic"ukmw/ukmw"*nkjcv"icodct+0
Dcpiwp"kpk"
vkpiik cfcncj"ugdwcj"
ugikvkic"ukmw/
ukmw
cncu
" Dcpiwp"{cpi"fkjkvcomcp"cfcncj"ugikvkic0"
50" Jkvwpincj"nwcu"ugikvkic"fgpicp"ectc"ogpijkvwpi"dcp{cm"rgvcm"ucvwcp"{cpi"
ogpwvwrk"ugikvkic"vgtugdwv0"Cfc"dgtcrc"rgvcmmcjA
60" Dcpfkpimcp"nwcu"ugikvkic"vgtugdwv"fgpicp"nwcu"rgtugikrcplcpi0"Ocpc"{cpi"
ngdkj"nwcuA"Dgtcrc"mcnk"nwcu"ugikvkic"fctk"nwcu"rgtugikrcplcpiA
Fctk"mgikcvcp"vcfk"fcrcv"fkukorwnmcp"dcjyc"nwcu"ugikvkic."{ckvw<
3
Nwcu"ugikvkic"?"¤"î"cncu"î"vkpiik
4
Cict"mcow"fcrcv"ngdkj"ogocjcokp{c."rgtjcvkmcpncj"eqpvqj"dgtkmwv"kpk0
Eqpvqj
30" Jkvwpincj"nwcu"ugikvkic"dgtkmwv"kpk0
8"eo
:"eo
Lcycd
cncu"?":"eo="vkpiik"?"8"eo
3
Nwcu"ugikvkic"?"¤"î"cncu"î"vkpiik
4
3
" ?"¤"î":"eo"î"8"eo
4
" ?"6"eo"î"8"eo"?"46"eo4
Lcfk."nwcu"ugikvkic"cfcncj"46"eo40
334 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
40" Jkvwpincj"nwcu"ugikvkic"dgtkmwv0
Lcycd
8"eo
32"eo
cncu"?"32"eo="vkpiik"?"8"eo
3
Nwcu"ugikvkic"?"¤"î"cncu"î"vkpiik
4
3
" ?"¤"î"32"eo"î"8"eo
4
" ?"7"eo"î"8"eo
" ?"52"eo4
Lcfk."nwcu"ugikvkic"cfcncj"52"eo40
Ncvkjcp
Jkvwpincj"nwcu"ocukpi/ocukpi"ugikvkic"dgtkmwv0
30 40
6"eo
7"eo
32"eo
:"eo
50 60
8"eo 32"eo
:"eo
33"eo
70 80
36"eo
;"eo
9"eo
8"eo
Dcd"6"/"Lclctigplcpi"fcp"Ugikvkic 335
90 33"eo :0
43"eo
37"eo
52"eo
44"eo
42"eo
E0 Ocucncj"{cpi"Dgtmckvcp"fgpicp"Mgnknkpi"fcp"Nwcu"
Lclctigplcpi"fcp"Ugikvkic
Fcnco" mgjkfwrcp" ugjctk/jctk." dcp{cm" ocucncj" {cpi" dgtmckvcp" fgpicp"
mgnknkpi"fcp"nwcu"fctk"lclctigplcpi"fcp"ugikvkic0"Dgtkmwv"kpk"cfcncj"eqpvqjp{c0
Eqpvqj
Dwfk"dgtwncpi"vcjwp"{cpi"mg/;0"Kc"fkdgtkmcp"mwg"wncpi"vcjwp"qngj"kdwp{c0"Mwg"
vgtugdwv"dgtdgpvwm"lclctigplcpi0"Ugrgtvk"{cpi"fkvwplwmmcp"qngj"icodct"dgtkmwv0"
Dgtcrcmcj"mgnknkpi"fcp"nwcu"rgtowmccp"cvcu"mwg"wncpi"vcjwp"DwfkA
34"eo 37"eo
3;"eo
Lcycd
cncu"?"3;"eo="vkpiik"?"34"eo="ukuk"oktkpi"?"37"eo0
c0" Mgnknkpi" ?"4"î"*rcplcpi"cncu"-"rcplcpi"ukuk"oktkpi+
" " ?"4"î"*3;"eo"-"37"eo+
" " ?"4"î"56"eo"?"8:"eo
336 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
d0" Nwcu" ?"cncu"î"vkpiik
" " ?"3;"eo"î"34"eo
" " ?"44:"eo4
Ncvkjcp
Mgtlcmcpncj"uqcn/uqcn"dgtkmwv"kpk0
30" Cfk"ogoknkmk"ockpcp"{cpi"dgtdgpvwm"lclctigplcpi0"Rcplcpi"cncup{c"8"
eo"fcp"ukuk"oktkpi"6"eo."ugfcpimcp"vkpiikp{c"5"eo0"Dgtcrcmcj"mgnknkpi"
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Mqfk" <" ucvwcp"lwoncj"42"rqvqpi
Mqowvcvkh"" <" ukhcv"rgtvwmctcp"vgorcv0
Mqpitwgp"" <" ucoc"fcp"ugdcpiwp0
Nwcu"" <" wmwtcp"fcgtcj"{cpi"fkdcvcuk"qngj"ukuk0"
Nwukp" <" ucvwcp"lwoncj"ugdcp{cm"34"dwcj
Qrgtcuk"jkvwpi" <" rgpigtlccp"jkvwpicp
Qrgtcuk"jkvwpi"
ecorwtcp"" <" rgpigtlccp"jkvwpicp"fgpicp"fwc"cvcw"ngdkj"ukhcv"rgpigtlccp0"
Eqpvqjp{c<"67"-"44"z"4"<"6"?"p0
Rgecjcp"" <" dkncpicp"{cpi"ogpiicodctmcp"dcikcp"fctk"uwcvw"mgugnwtwjcp"
cvcw"mwcnkvcu0"
Rgodwncvcp"" <" ogodwncvmcp"dkncpicp"mg"rwnwjcp"cvcw"ucvwcp"vgtfgmcv0
Rgpcmuktcp"" <" ogp{gdwvmcp"dkncpicp"mgnkrcvcp"32."322."30222."fcp"ugvgtwup{c"
{cpi"vgtfgmcv."fctk"ucvw"dkncpicp0"
Rgpegtokpcp"" <" ogpiicodctmcp"dc{cpicp"uwcvw"dcpiwp"rcfc"egtokp"dgtwrc"
ugdwcj"ictku"rgpegtokpcp0"
Rgtdcpfkpicp"" <" fkugdwv"lwic"tcukq0
Rgtokn"" <" ctvkp{c"rgtugtkdw."fkvwnkumcp"'2"0
Rgtugp"" <" ctvkp{c"rgtugtcvwu."fkvwnkumcp"'0
Rqjqp"hcmvqt"" <" uwcvw"dcicp"{cpi"ogpiicodctmcp"hcmvqt/hcmvqt"rtkoc"uwcvw"
dkncpicp0
Tcukq"" <" rgtdcpfkpicp
Tcfkwu"" <" lctk/lctk0
Twuwm"" <" ictku"rgtvgowcp"fwc"ukuk"*rcfc"dcpiwp"twcpi+0
Mqpitwgp" <" fwc"dcpiwp"fkmcvcmcp"mqpitwgp."lkmc"mgfwc"dcpiwp"kvw"fcrcv"
ucnkpi"dgtkorkv0
Ugdcpiwp"" <" fwc"dcpiwp"fcvct"fkmcvcmcp"ugdcpiwp"lkmc"mgfwc"dcpiwp"kvw"
rcplcpi"ukuk/ukukp{c"ugpknck."vcrk"vkfcm"ucoc"rcplcpi0
Ukhcv"fkuvtkdwvkh"" <" nkjcv"ukhcv"rgp{gdctcp0
Ukhcv"rgp{gdctcp"" <" ukhcv" {cpi" ogpijwdwpimcp" rgpigtlccp" rgtmcnkcp" fcp"
rgplwoncjcp."cvcw"rgpiwtcpicp."fcp"rgodcikcp0
Ukogvtk"" <" cfc"mgugkodcpicp"ugvkcr"dcikcpp{c."rcfc"dcikcp"cvcu."dcycj."
mcpcp"fcp"mktk0
Ukuk"" <" dkfcpi"cvcw"rgtowmccp"{cpi"ogodcvcuk"dcpiwp"twcpi0
Uwfwv"" <" fcgtcj"{cpi"fkdcvcuk"qngj"dwcj"ictku"nwtwu"{cpi"dgtjkorkv"fk"
uwcvw"vkvkm
Vcdwpi"" <" dcpiwp" twcpi" {cpi" fkdcvcuk" qngj" ugdwcj" cncu" fcp" ugdwcj"
vwvwr" dgtdgpvwm" nkpimctcp" ugtvc" ugdwcj" ugnkowv" {cpi"
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426 Rkpvct"Dgtocvgocvkmc"wpvwm"UF1OK"Mgncu"6
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ISBN 978-979-068-567-3 (no. jilid lengkap)
ISBN 978-979-068-571-0