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COMPUTER

An electronic device capable of processing data (input) into meaningful


information (output), stored, and retrieved by the live ware (user) when
needed.

DATA (INPUT): Are raw facts that are fed into the computer for processing into
meaningful information. Example; keyboard, mouse, scanner, joystick, flash
drive, CD-Rom

INFORMATION (OUTPUT)
It is the process data of which definite meaning can be achieved. Example:
Monitor, Printer, Speaker, etc

ELECTRONIC DEVICE
Are the gadgets/peripherals that use electricity to accomplish the mission of
the computer and the user as well.

STORAGE
Is an area where information is kept over a period of time and it can be either
internal (primary) or external (secondary).

BOOTING
Is the act of causing the major components within the computer to initialize
and operate as it was.

COOL BOOTING
It is the situation whereby the computer is witch on for the first time while it
was at rest.

WARM BOOTING
The process of restarting the computer with the reset button on the system
unit, the keyboard (ctrl + Alt + Del) or the mouse.

KEYBOARD
It is an input device used to feed data to the CPU for processing. There are
different types of keyboard as shown below;
Standard Keyboard: 5 pins din male connector
PS/2 / USB Connector: PS – Place Station.
Enhanced Keyboard: 6 pins/mini din male connector.

KEYBOARD KEYS
Functional Keys (F1 – F12)
Special Keys
Typing Keys/ Alpha-numeric Keys
Home Page Keys
Cursor Ctrl Keys
Numeric Keypad
INSIDE THE PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC)
Most Computers contains the following inside a case;
• System Board: Containing CPU, Memory and other components.
• Drives: floppy drive, hard disk, CD-ROM, Tape drive, etc.
• Power Supply with power cables supplying electricity to all the devices.
• Circuit Boards: are boards that hold microchips or integrated circuits (ICs)
and the circuitry that connect these chips. It is used by the Central
Processing Unit (CPU) to communicate with the devices inside and outside.

COMPLEMENTARY METAL OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR (CMOS)


CMOS chips require less electricity to hold data longer after electicity is turn off
and produce less heat. The devices that the CPU communicates, that are not
directly on the system board are called Peripheral devices and are linked to the
CPU through a connection to the system board. Expansion cards are installed in
long narrow slots on the system board called Expansion Slots.

There are two types of cables inside the case,


Data Cable (Ribbon Cables) which connect drives to the system board and all
data cables are flat and wider.

Core Cable, which also supply power from the power supply to the drives and
are round and small in size. However, the best way to identify the cables is to
tract it source and destination.

SYSTEM BOARD
It is the largest and most important circuit board in a computer and it is
sometimes called System Board, Main board or Mother Board that contains;
micro CPU, the component that processes all data. This board is one of the
complicated peaces of equipment inside a case. All devices must either have
direct or indirect link to this board through a port on the system board or by
expansion cards to communicate with the CPU on the system board.

PURPOSE OF SYSTEM BOARD


It is to house the CPU and allow all devices to communicate with it and each
other. The most popular system boards are Older AT and Newer ATX. The AT
board has a power connection of +5V and +12V from the power supply while
the ATX has a connect ion of +5V, +12V and +3.3V power supply.

MAIN COMPONENT OF THE SYSTEM BOARD.


1. CPU and its accompanying chipset
2. System Clock.
3. ROM BIOS
4. CMOS Chip and Battery
5. RAM and ROM Cache
6. System Bus with Expansion slots
7. Jumpers (recognition) and DIP Switches
8. Power Supply.
CPU AND THE CHIPSET
Chipset (Northbridge) is the nervous system of a computer. The Southbridge
also regulates the activities of a computer.
Computer manufacturers today use a microprocessor chip made by “INTEL” or
one of its competitors AMD (Advanced Micro Device). Early CPU by Intel is
identified by model numbers 8088, 80286, 80386 and 80486. The next CPU
introduced after 486 was name ‘PENTIUM’ and all CPUs after that had Pentium
in their names, eg. Dell Pentium IV. The name Pentium comes from ‘PENTE’, a
Greek word for five. AMD, CYRIX are other manufacturers, CYRIX used the X86
names to name their CPUs.

PENTIUM AND IT’S COMPETITORS


The lastest CPU microchip introduced by Intel are the Pentium series. A
Pentium has two arithmetic units meaning that it can perform tow calculations
at a time. It is therefore a true multi-processor Pentiums have a 64bexternal
path size and a 32b internal paths, one for each Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).

PROCESSORS SPEED
It is the speed at which the CPU is operating internally. If the CPU operates at
150MHz internally but 75MHz externally. The processors speed is 150MHz and
the memory speed is 75MHz. the CPU is operating twice the speed of a bus and
this factor is called MULTIPLIER.
Processors Speed = Memory bus speed × the multiplier

CLASSIC PENTIUM
The first Pentium chip introduced in March, 1993 and has now become
affectionately known as Classic Pentium but early problems on this PC was
attributed to a spreadsheet calculation error which was later resolved. This
processor is no longer manufactured.

PENTIUM MMX (Multi Media eXtention)


The Pentium MMX targets the home/market. It speeds up graphical applications
and performs well with games and MMX softwares. It was improved upon by
the production of Pentium Pro, which runs at a maximum speed of 200MHz.

PENTIUM II
It was design for graphical intensive workstations and service. It works well
with 3D graphic manipulations (Computer Aided Design) and MMX
presentations. It is classified within the range of 200 – 450MHz. Pentium III was
later introduced with much faster system bus and later to Pentium IVs. Intel’s
two competitors, AMD and CYRIX Company have the goals to produce CPUs
that are just faster and powerful as Intel’s but at a lower cost. Intel’s processors
operate in a real and protected mode. Celeron, Athlon, Duron, Ceptron are a
few types of other processors in modern PCs.

CPU COOLING FANS


Because micro-CPUs generate much heat, most system uses cooling fans and
aluminium heat sinks to keep the temperature below the maximum allowed
limits of 1800F. Good CPU cooling fan can maintain temperature between 800 –
100F.

CPU SLOTS AND SOCKETS


Slots and Sockets is a physical connection used to connect device (CPU to the
system board). This type of slot/socket provided by the system board to the
processor much with what require by the processor. Slot 1&2 are proprietary
Intel slot and slot A is AMD slot. The processor may be either a socket or a
cartridge type.

Socket Type Pins


4 Classic Pentium 273
5 Classic Pentium (75, 90, 100, 200MHz) 320
7 Pentium MMX, CYRIX M, AMD (K5, K6) 321
8 Pentium Pro. 387
PGA, Pentium III PGA, Celeron 370

Slot Type Pins


1 Pentium II and III 242
A AMD 242
2 Pentium II and III, Xeon 320

The 486 and early Pentium uses Pin Grid Array (PGA) socket where pins are
alive in uniform row around the socket. Socket 370 is used by two types of
processors with two types of package form factors PPGA (Plastic PGA) and
FCPGA (Flip Chip PGA). Both have pins on the under side of the processor that
insert into the pin hole on the socket 370. Current sockets are referred to as
Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) because less force is exerted on the processor.

SYSTEM CLOCK.
It keeps e beat for many system boards’ activities. Unit called HERTZ are used
in defining the frequency of the clock. It can be express in Megahertz
(106/sec), Gigahertz (109/sec) or even Tetra hertz (trillion times/sec). We can
now realise how fast the computer processes signals.

BIOS (BASIC INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM)


BIOS (Basic Input Output System) is presented in a chip/module or integrated
with the system board. It is encoded with instructions/software that is not fed
manually by users. It can be referred to as FIRMWARE (which is a hardware
component encoded with a software that’s not fed manually by the livewire)
and are in two (2) types namely FLASH & ROM BIOS

FLASH BIOS: Are BIOS provided within the circuitry of the system board and
they are sometimes difficult to be identified since they are provided in tiny
microchips. The software in this can be upgraded using the requisite (require)
upgrade, which can be obtained from the manufacturer or it website.
ROM BIOS: Is a chipset encoded with software that keep the system
configuration that is mounted on a BIOS socket and it is replaceable. It can be
found in various versions depending on the manufacturer. There are different
types of ROM BIOS, some can be assigning to specific component to perform
specific task. E.g. Keyboard and Video bios. Some BIOS will display on the
screen what key to press to get into the setup.

BIOS Key for setup


Phoenix F2, Del
Award Del, Ctrl+Alt+Del
AMI F2, Ctl+Alt+Del
Compaq F10
Gateway F2
IBM F1
Zenix F2

USES OF BIOS
It contains or stored system software programs
To determine the compatibility of a PC

BIOS WRITERS
PROM blasters and EPROM programmer

CMOS Chip and Battery


Is a power souce that energised/helps in save guarding and updating
information within the ROM BIOS and it is commonly called the LITHNIUM.
Manufacturers of these cells/batteries include; Sony, Panasonic, Sanyo, etc.
there are various of this type include the THRUM(oldest types of battery found
on XT ands some AT boards always soldered on board), COIN battery (spherical
in shape, different size as DC voltages 3 – 5 volts). The thrum is also called the
Block battery and the Coin (Tablet battery).

RAM and ROM Cache


CACHE MEMORY
Is a small amount of RAM (Static RAM (SRAM)) that is much faster than the
Dynamic RAM (DRAM) because it losses data rapidly and must be refresh often.
A memory cache is included on the CPU micro-chip itself is called Internal
Cache, Primary Cache, Level 1 (L1) Cache. A cache outside the CPU microchip
is called External Cache, Secondary Cache, and Level 2(L2) Cache. L2 caches
are usually 128kb, 512kb, or 1MB in size. Some Pentium III CPU contains L2
cache directly the same size as the processor-core and is called Advance
Transfer Cache (ATC), which make it difficult to distinguish between L1 and L2
cache.

RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)


The CPU uses temporal or primary storage, which is much faster to access than
permanent storage. Primary storage is provided by device on the system board
and other circuit boards called MEMORY. RAM chips can be installed
individually directly in the system board or in banks of several chips on a small
board that plug in the system board.
TYPES OF RAM
There are many different types of RAM. The type of memory bank you have on
the computer determine the type of RAM associate with it.

1. Static Random Access Memory (SDRAM): This kind of memory uses


multiple transistors, typically from six, for each memory cell but do not
have a capacitor in each cell. It is used primarily for Cache.

2. DYNAMIC RAM (DRAM): DRAM has a memory cell with a paired transistor
and capacitor requiring constant refreshing.
3. FAST PAGE MODE DRAM (FPMDRAM): This type of memory was the
original form of DRAM. It waits through the entire process of locating a bit
of data by column and row and then reading the bit before it starts on the
next bit. The maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is approximately 178MB/s

4. EXTENDED DATA-OUT DRAM (DO DRAM): it does not wait for all the
processing of the 1st bit before continuing to the next one. As soon as the
address of the 1st bits is located, EDO DRAM begins locating for the next bit.
It is also about five times faster than FPMDRAM with the maximum transfer
rate to L2 cache of 264MB/s.

5. Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM). This type of RAM takes the advantage of


the burst mode concept to greatly improve performance. It does this by
staying on row containing t he requested bit and moving rapidly through
the columns, reading each bit as it goes. The idea is that, most of the time
the data needed by the CPU will be in sequence. SDRAM is five percent
faster than EDO DRAM, which is the most common form in desktops today
with the maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is 528MB/s.

6. DOUBLE DATA RATE SDRAM (DDR SDRAM): It is just like SDRAM except
that it has higher bandwidth meaning greater speed with transfer rate to L2
cache of 1,064MB/s (133MHz).

7. Rambus DRAM (RDRAM) isa radial departure from the previous DRAM
architecture designed by Rambus. RDRAM uses a RAM bus In-line Memory
Module (RIMM) which is similar in size and pin configuration to a standard
DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Module). What makes RDRAM so different is
similar is, it use of special high-speed data bus called Rambus Channel.
RDRAM memory chip operate at a speed of 800MHz / 1,600MB/s, which is
faster than all the available RAMs. Due to that, it generate much more heat
than the other types of chips and to help dissipate the excess heat,
Rambus chips are filtered with a heat spreader (sink) which look like a long
thin wafer. in real
MEMORY BANK
It determines the types of memory chips located on the system board. The
types of banks that hold memory chips are;
SIPP: Single In-line Pin Package – this is outmoded – zero cut.
SIMM: Single In-line Memory Modules – 30 and 72 pin SIMM
DDRAM: Dual Data RAM – 184 pin DDRAM
RIMM: Rambus In-line Memory Modules – 184 pins RIMM
RDRAM: Rambus Dynamic RAM

What ever is stored in the primary memory is lost because RAM need a
continues supply of power to hold data stored in them is called
VOLATILE/UNSTABLE. By contrast, memory that holds it data permanently such
as that of the etched into ROM Chips is NON-VOLATILE/STABLE.

SYSTEM BUS WITH EXPANSION SLOTS


BUS: Is a pathway along which signal, data, and power and communication are
sent from one component to the other.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF BUSES


 Provide wide seat for expansion slot.
 Determines the speed of a system.
 Signal carriers.
 Channels for communication.
 Major communication component.

PROTOCOL: A Set of rules and standards that any two entities used for
communication.

BINARY DIGITS (O’s or 1’s)


Binary digits travel down this path side by side. Some buses have data paths
that are 8, 16, 32, 63, etc wide. A bus that has 32b/lines that data can travel on
is called 32b. a system can have more than one bus, each using different
protocol, speed, data path, size, etc. the lines of a bus often terminate at
expansion slot. The size and shapes of expansion slot determine the kind of
bus it’s using. Therefore one way to determine the kind of bus you have is to
examine the expanision slot on the system board. The major expansion slot in
modern computers are (PCI – Peripheral Component Interconnect for high
speed of IO devices (64b)), AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port – meant for video
cards only and ISA (Industrial Standard Architecture for older and slower
devices)

BIT(b)
A bit (b) is a binary digit, the smallest increament of data on a computer. A bit
can hold only one of two values; either 0 or 1, off or on. Bits are usually
assembled into a group of eight to form a byte (B). Mathematically, 8.192b =
1B.

BYTE (B)
A byte contains enough information to store characters, example ‘A’, ‘m’, etc. A
kilobyte (KB) is 1,024bytes (1,024B) not one thousand bytes (1000B) because
computers uses binary (base two) and not decimal (base ten) system.
One megabytes (1MB) is 1,024kilobytes (1,024KB) or 1,048,578bytes
(1,024x1,024B).
Interface cards/expansion cards
Circuit other than the system board on the computer are called Adaptor
board/Cards, Expansion Card/Interface cards or simply cards are mounted on
the system board. Some cards include Video, Sound,Network, Modem, etc that
enable the CPU to connect to an external device. The easiest way to identify an
expansion card is to look at the port on the end of the card. The type of
expansion slot found on the motherboard determines the type of interface card
to bemounted on them as well as the data path and the speed of transmission.

SOUND EXPANSION (INTERFACE) CARD


It’s an interface card that convert electronically energy into sound energy. On
this card are various micro-chips that helps in pre-amplifying electrical signals
directed to the loud speaker. This card can either be integrated or separate
and it can either be represented as PCI Sound Interface, ISA/EISA, depending
the type of skirt associated with the card. The sound interface has a game port
that establishes a connection to joysticks and other based station devices. It
can be called as Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) port DB15 Female
in two row. It also contains 1/15th inch RJ that serves as a medium of outputting
sound or a speaker port from the computer which has a GREEN colour in
modern computers. This card also has the Line-input that allows input signal
into the system with a BLUE/SEA-BLUE colour. A microphone port can also be
identified on this card with a REDDISH/PINK colour. Mono and Stero are the
types of speakers. Some speakers have built in amplifiers/boasters which
enhances the sound quality from the computer.

MODEM
Is an abbreviated word means Modulation and Demodulation. Modulation is the
act of transmitting signal for a source while Demodulation is the act of
receiving a signal from a transmitted source. This interface is normally linked
with a telephone line for communication to establish within a computer and the
internet(International Network). The modem can be integrated or on an
interface card in a form of PCI, ISA/EISA. The rael of this card has a line-in, line-
out port called RJ11 and RJ13 as well as 1/18th inche RJ for microphone and
earphone. The RJ11 has four terminals.

NETWORK CARD/ADAPTOR
Is a card used for computer networking by way of sharing informations on a
Local Area Network (LAN) where concerntration of computers are arranged with
the view that/ of sharing information as well as resources. The port associated
withthis is RJ45 which has eight (8) terminals and it’s bigger than RJ11. it
canbe integreated on the system board or separeat on an interface card which
also can be found on ISA/EISA depending on the data path.

VIDEO INTERFACE CARD


The video interface have various types (AGP, PCI, ISA/EISA) and can also
integrate on the sytem board. The AGP(Accellerated Graphic Port) is an
enhanced bus specifically mean’t for video only.it’s enable one connect to a
higher speed of graphics output. It’s for a modern monitor and has (16b, 32b,
64b and above) of data transfer. It enables high quality three dimentionas (3D)
graphics to be produce. Video port is called DB15 female iin three rows.

MULTIFUNCTION (I/O) INTERFACE CARDS


Is an interface that controls both internal I/O and external I/O. the internal i/O’s
are the devices (HD, FD, CD, etc) and the external I/O devices are (printer and
PS/2 mouse, COM1& COM2). This interface are mostly linked by a ribbon cable
(IDE, SCSI, FLOPPY). Modern computers have their I/O interface card integrated
on/within the system board.

MONITOR
It is the main basic output device that display information on the screen and
also enable the user to monitor exactly what was input into the computer..
Monitors may be of various sizes (8”, 12”, 14”, 15”, 17”, 19”, 21”, 222, 24” and
above) the port attached to the cable is DB 15 Male in 3 rows. Those VDU’s
that has the number of pins less than 10 are Black and White There are two
types of monitors namely CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) and FPD (Flap Panel
Display). The CRTs is also in two groups; Digital and Analog

TYPES OF CRTs ( DIGITAL AND ANALOG CRT)


DIGITAL CRT
It have low resolutions eg
MGA – Monochrome Graphic Adaptor (2 colours)
CGA - Colour Graphic Adaptor with 4 colours (320×200 pixels)
EGA – Enhanced Graphic Adaptor with 14-16 colours (640×350 pixels)

ANALOG CRT
VGA – Video Graphic Adaptor (16, 32, 64 colours : 640×480 pixels)
SVGA – Super Video Graphic Adaptor support upto 256 colours (800×600
pixels)
XGA – eXtra Graphic Adaptor
UXGA – Ultra eXtra Graphic Adaptor
USVGA – Ultra SVGA

FLAP PANEL DISPLAY (FPD)


LCD – Liquid Crystal Display
GPD – Gas Plasm Display
ELD – Electron Luminicent Display

RESOLUTIONS
It’s the quality representation of video signal. The higher (bigger) the resolution
the clearer (quality) the graphics. These resolutions are set of colours available
for viewing on the screen and the colours represent themselves in a tiny dot on
the screen which is highly invisible and these dots are called PIXELS. As such
are said to be picture element of the monitor. The more the pixels on the VDU’s
the sharper the image would be displayed and so on. Most oftern the graphic
card helps to produce such quality graphics. Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) is
the fastest GA which gives advanced colours.

POWER SUPPLY.
This is a black box located at the back of the system unit that convert AC to
DC. We have the older AT power supply and the new ATX as well.
AT power supply = 5v, 12v.
ATX power supply = 5v, 3.3v and 12v

POWER CABLES
They are cables that extend from the power supply to the drives and are called
Molex and Berg respectively.
MOLEX – It’s the most commonly and larger connector used by most drives
which have four relatively thick wires extending from its back, One yellow, one
red, and two black wires..

BERG – It is a power cable that supply power to floppy drives only.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
The most common threat tohardware is electricity discharge (ESD) commonly
known as Static Electricity Discharge . Damage by ESD can cause catastrophic
failure that produce unpresentable malfunction of components whch are often
difficult to detect/diagnose.

BEST PRECAUTION ARE


A grounded strap - It contains resistance that prevents currents from flowing
through it.
A grounded mat - It is often equip within a cord plug into ground wall outlet and
attach one end to the ground strap of the case.
A static shielding bag - New components can ship in static shielding bags.

ASSEMBLING AND DISASSEMBLING OF PC


Never touch any components inside while it turns on.
Never touch any component when you are not grounded.
Don’t work on carpet because it collect static electricityespecially in cold
weather.
Check your power supply of the component.
Always turn off PC before moving it.
Don’t touch chips with magnetized screw driver.
Keep disk away from magnet.
Keep notes of components movement.

MS DOS (MICRO-SOFT DISK OPERATING SYSTEM


Is a command driving system which contains various commands both internal
and external. The prompt always indicates the drives in which your find
yourself. To indicate a drive letter, an alphabet followed by a colon should be
specidifed.e.g. A:, B:, C:, D:, etc.
CHANGING DRIVE LETTERS
A:\> C:\> , E:\> A:\>¬

CLS COMMAND (CLEAR SCREEN)


It means clear the screen. Eng. A:\> cls

LABEL COMMAND
Is used in assigning names to various drives for identification purposes. E.g.
C:\> label D: Saints

DATE AND TIME


It’s used to display the current date and time for configureation whennto
correct. A:\> Date, C:\> Time

VER COMMAND
To display the parameter/properties of a drive.e.g. C:\> ver

DIRECTORY COMMAND (DIR)


This is used in displaying the content of a drive as well as a directory. Example
are, C:\> dir D:, D:\> dir C:, etc.

SWITCHES COMMAND
C:\> dir D:/p = display D: in a pause form
D:\> dir C:/p/w = display C: in pause and wide form.
A:\> dir C:/w = display C: in a wide form.

CHANGE DIRECTORY COMMAND (CD)


It is used to moved from a root to parent (Sub) directory. E.g. C:\> cd Saint,
D:\> cd kofi
To come out a directory. cd\ or cd. Takes you from the parent to the root
straight. The cd.. takes you back one after theother. Example are; C:\> cd.,
C:\> cd.., etc.

MAKE DIRECTORY (MD) COMMAND


It’s used in creating directory, as well as sub directories. A directory can be any
name so long as files can be organised under them. Eg. D: :\> md rasisa, C:\>
md saint024, C:\> md confidence, etch

REMOVE DIRECTORY (RD) COMMAND


Is used to/in removing /delecting directory in a parent/sub dir,e.g. C:\> rd
rasisa, C:\> rd political/saint/ legasy/ confidence means remove confidence
under legasy under saint under political

CREATING FILES (EDIT) COMMAND


It is used to creat files under the command prompt
C: :\> edit filename.extension, then press Alt F, the X and y to save.
e.g. C:\> edit confidence.you, D:\> edit Saint024.wap

TYPE COMMAND
It is used to view the content of a file. Eg. C:\> type filename.extension,e.g.
C:\> type Saint024.wap

RENAME (REN) FILE COMMAND


Is used to re-assign a name to a file nor directory, like C:\> Ren D:
saint024.wap rasisa.mms.
C:\> ren fcc\class1\confidence.for saint024.wap

CHECK DISK (CHKDSK) COMMMAND


Used to check disk parameters/properties. Example C:\> chkdsk, D:\> ckdsk,
etc.

COPY COMMAND
Use to copy files from one directory to the other , for exdamplyk
C:\> copy saint024\confidence.mms rasisa\class1.
C:\My Documents\OS\BOOT C:\My Documents, etc.

GLOBAL X’CHARACTERS
*.* = to copy all files. Example
C :\> copy My Documents\OS\BOOT\*.* My Documents\OS
C :\> copy My Documents\Os\*.* My Documents

?.? = To copy one by one. For example


C :\> copy My Documents\Os\?.? My Documents.

MOVE COMMAND
To copy all the entire content of a folder to a particular target.
C :\> move My Documents\Os\*.* My Documents

TRY QUESTION
1. a) Create a directory call West Africa on C: under it sub-directories as Ghana,
Nigeria and Togo. Create four files under Ghana namely Volta.bbc, Accra.joy,
Kumasi.fox and Takoradi.sky.
b) Copy Takoradi.sky to Nigeria and rename it as Abuja.joy.
c) Move all files in Ghana toTogo.

X - COPY (XCOPY) COMMAND


To copy all files from C: to D:. this is also used to create unexisting
files/directories when copying to a target.e.g.
C :\> Xcopy My Documents\Os\*.* C: Documents
D : xcopy win98/*.* C : Win98

DELECT (DEL) COMMAND


It is used to delet a created files/directories.
C:\> del saint024\confidence.mms
To delet all files/directories
C:\> del saint024\confidence.mms\*.*

FORMAT (F) COMMAND


Is is used to erase/clear a disk and prepare it to accept a new information. Eg
C:\> format F: for normal formatting.
C:\> format F:/q for quick formatting.

CHANGING PROMPT
$Date – Date
$G – Greater than (>)
$L – Less than (<)
$P – Path
$T – Time
Example
C:\> $P Saint $G = C:\Saint>
C:\> Saint $t$d$g = C:\ Saint time date >

RESERVE FILES MEANING


.bat Batch file
.bmp Bit Map file (picture)
.com System command file
.dll Data logic link
.doc Document file
.exe Executable file
.ini Initialization
.log Logarithmic file
.pif command file
.tmp Temporal file
.txt Text file
.sys System Configuration file
.wmf Windows Metal file
.xls Spreadsheet file

SYSTEM FILES
They are the main files that the computer would boot from. They are the
command.com (Ms Dos.sys and I/O.sys), Autoexec.bat and Config.sys.
Command.com - initialise the operating system.
Autoexect.bat - how to boot the operating system by loading the batch files.
Config.sys - load all the system files.

PARTITION, FORMATTING AND INSTALLATION OF OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)


PARTITION
Is the process of creating logical on the hard disk so that, different O/Ss can be
found on the same disk.

FORMATTING
Is the process of preparing the disk to accept information. We have normal and
quick formatting. There are two types of formatting namely; NTFS and FAT

NTFS is a format the support only higher versions of operating system like Win
2000 and above.

FAT( File Allocation Table)is a type of formatting that support both lower and
higher versions of operating system, i.e. from Win 95 upwards.

INSTALLATION OF WIN 98
Boot the computer with Diskette support and it would send you to A:\>
Make a partition on the disk if necessary, A:\ fdisk>, then follow on screen
message to create the partition.
Format the disk with FAT A:\ format c:, and change the drive A:\> D:
Display the content of D, D:\ dir
Choose Win 98, D:\ cd win98 = D:\win 98
Disk copy, D:\win 98> copy*.* C:\win 98
Go to setup, C:\win 98> setup.
Follow on screen messages to complete the installation.

INSTALLATION OF O/S
Is the method of downloading O/S into the fixed disk of a computer system. We
have typical and custom installation respectively.
STEPS IN INTALLING O/S
Insert your bootable/bootup disk in either drive A: or E:
Follow the screen messages to complete the installeation.

HOW TO CREATE A START-UP DISK


Open my computer and next to control panel
Go to add/remove progamms and double click on it to produce a dialogue box.
Click on start-up disk, then insert a diskette (floppy disk) and select create. Or

In DOS
C: format A:/s
Then insert a CD which is a copy of windows O/S and select OK,
Wait until it is done successfully and click OK.
Remove the CD (Source) and the floppy disk as well.

VIRUS
Computer virus is a programming bug/fault/defect with this sole aim of
sabotaging efficiency and performance of acomputer. The virus may affect
document, application or worst of all system files. The virus only infects
software of the computer system and not the hardware. In worse of all, where
virus cause irrepairable software but the PC can recovered by reformatting the
FDisk and re-installing or new O/S but all of the information stored on the PC
would be lost forever.
TYPES OF VIRUS
There are many types ofd computer viruses include Boot Sector, Program,
Polymophic, Macro, Trojan horse, Worms, Multipartite, etc.

BOOT SECTOR VIRUSES


They occupies the boot sector of disk (floppy disk, hard disk, CD, etc) and
loadsinto memory during the boot-up process. While in memory it would
attempt to infect the bootsector or any disk that is used on the computer.

PROGRAM VIRUSES
They infect executable program files such as those with exention like .bin, .drv,
.exe, .sys. these programs are loaded in memory in their extensions taken the
virus in within. The virus becomes active in memory duplicating itself and
infecting files on disk.

POLYMOPHIC VIRUS
Is a highly breed of boot sector and program virus.

TROJAN HORSE
Although they are not virus but opposes a greater trend to the integrity of
computer system privacy than any other attack. They attack the Pc directly by
huchkers using (floppy disk, flash disk, CD, etc ) or installed using executable
load. Once installed, the virus begins to log every key pressed on keyboard and
subsequently, attack credit card numbers, personal informations, network
which often lead to Trojan horses been label password snippers.

WORMS VIRUS
They posses a greater threat by duplicating themselves independently of
human interaction. They ar e often design to read computer users e-mail and
others. Worms copy themselves from computer to computer rather than files to
files. They spreed easily than regular computer virus and findly they cause PC
to crash or even run very slow.

ANTI-VIRUS SOFTWARE PROGRAMS


There are various tyupes of anti-virus software programmes include
INNOCULAN, MC AFFEE, NORTON’S DISK DOCTOR(NDD), AVG, KASPEKSY, RAV ,
etc. these programs can be updated on the internet online. Due to various
versions of anti-viruses, it is always adviceable to have an anti-virus intalled
updated.

SOURCES OF ANTI VIRUSES


It can be found on floppy disk, compact disk (CD), flash disk, etc.

PRINTERS
Are output devices that enable soft copy to be on a hard copy (paper). Ther are
various types of pdrinters include Dot Matrix, Ink/Desk Jet, Laser and Plotter.
Printers are considered with the following characteristics/factors;
Cost
Speed.
Print quality.
Commercial/Domestic structure.
Cost of upgrading as compared to the earlier one

DOT MATRIX PRINTER


Is one of the cheapest printers available in a marker whcich can be purchase
by any use and it print s normal. The print out look similar like typewriter which
is used in private and commercial purposed and it medium (means) of printing
is Ribbon Cartridge.

DISADVANTAGES
Poor print quality since it can be altered/change/erase at any time.
Slow in printing as compare to other printers.

INK/DESKJET PRINTERS
It expensive as compared to that of dot matrix. It also print in colour and black
and white but used ink cartridges in printing. It print out is difficult to alterate
and can be used for all seasons. It print quality is better and faster than dot
matrix.

LASER PRINTER
Is a type of printer that is best used for all occations and used powdered ink
called TONER for printing. It print quality is the best, faster and economical for
commercial and private use. But the problem is cost of maintenance.

PLOTTERSS
Is a commercial and industrial printer used in printing archetechtural drawing
as well as land-scape drawings. It is not for prionting letters, as such can not be
found in various offices. It is most expensive among all and highly industrial.

HOW TO ISNTALL PRINTER


Steps:
Connect the power capble of the printer to an AC source.
Connect the communication cable (either USB or LPT) from the printer to it
correspondent port on the system unit.
Click on Start menu and select printers and faxes to display a dialogue box.
Click on add printer to add a hardware component of the particular printer you
want to use.
The follow the add printer wizard to complete the installation.
It is always recommendable to warm boot the computer system after
installation of any hardware.

UPGRADING OF COMPUTER SYSTEM


Upgrading is the process of moving from a lower version of a
hardware/software components to a higher version. Hardware and software
components can be upgraded on the computer. Hardware components are
BIOS, System board, Interface cards, Drives (SCSI, IDE/EIDE, Optical dtc) and
software components too are O/S, Application Softwares, Utility Softwares
(Anti- Virus programmes, etc), etc. various peripherals can also be upgraded
such as VDU, Keyboards, Scanners, Mouse, Printers, Speakers, etc.

BIOS (Basic Input Outpu System)


The BIOS chip on the system board is design to provide the link between
hardware (devices, CPU, chipset, Video) and Software (O/S). The BIOS chip
often called ROM BIOS because it’s read only memory chip whose content
can’t be erased but to upgrade it, there is the need to reprogrammed the
software within it. As such, the need for eraseable, reprogrammable ROM is
called FLASH BIOS. The bios on the system board is known as system BIOS.

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE UPGRADING


When higher version of hardware component are provided, there is always the
need to upgrade the BIOS to comform with the upliftment. E.g Hard disk faster
than 8GB, newer and higher processors and faster IDE/EIDE as well as SCSI
drives.

To determine whether the BIOS needs to be updated because of hardware


capacity, limitation, document according to the limits of the BIOS must be
sorted. E.g. if the computer was assemble before 2000, and there are newer
hardware product manufactured in 2005 to be used on the computer, there is
the need for the BIOS to be compatible/upgraded to suite the newer product.

PROCEDURE OF UPDATING BIOS


There are two things of updating the system BIOS. With the old system chip,
swapping (replacement) is necessary where old system BIOS is remove and the
new chip is inserted in its place. With the newer versions of the system BIOS,
Flashing is necessary, the updated software is downloaded and stored on a disk
which is used to boot the computer. It’ll take about 3 – 5 minutes to complete.
When doing, it is recommended (advisable) to engage the services of UPS (Un-
interrupted Power Supply) i.e. to ensure power stability during t he process.
You have to ensure the old BIOS manufacturer is the same as the new.

UPDATING / UPGRADING OPERATING SYSTEM (O/S)


There are certain tools to acquired, the greatest among them is the source of
the O/S (upgrading O/S, the license and it compatibility). E.g. if win98 is
previously on your computer, you cannot update it with Linux/Unix since they
are highly compatible. The upgrade can be done using Ms Products. If the
product is not having the upgade option/support, then it cannot be upgrade.

PRINTERS
FACTORS FOR UPRAING PRINTER
Printers speed.
Qualitity of print out
Cost of upgrading as compared to the earlier one.
Commercial viability of the printer.
Availability of parts replacements, e.g. ribbon, ink cartridges, tonners, etc.

VDUs(MONITERS)
FACTORS FOR UPGRADING
Quality of graphics produces (resolutions).
Sizes and cumbasome nature of it.
Types of work to be done, e.g. Desktopo publishing, Architectural drawings,etc.

BUSES
All buses and it interfaces are also be to looked at carefully since some buses
runs slowly and others faster. Some of the interfaces can be upgraded easily
include Video interface card, Sound blaster interface card, modem (internal and
external) interface card, network interface card(wireless, PCMCIA, internal),
etc.

TROUBLE SHOOTING
This is a state where problems created by the PC is resolved with logical
procesures. All hardware components have a pecuiliar problems to solved them
and be unique.

KEYBOARD TROUBLE SHOOTING


Keyboards error are usually caused by two (2) simple problems. These are
defective cables and stuck keys. Here are some symptons, problems and their
solutions on keyboard.

Symptoms Problems Solutions

No Keyboard Defective Swap keyboard with working


Operating, Cable ones.
Alls keys produce Replace the cable.
error,
Wrong characters.
Stuck key or Stuck key Look up for the stuck key and
Keyboard error correct it.

Keyboard fail
to Broken Change the cable with the pin
respond keyboard pin (plug)
(Plug)
Known working Damage Use volt/digit meter to check
keyboard does not systemboard the voltage that is coming.
work when connected. keyboard If the port is ps/2, try using USB
connector. keyboard.

TROUBLE SHOOTING MOUSE


If you’re experiencing problems with your mouse, you must look for two (2)
general places; i.e. hardware components or software because mice are
basically simple devices. Looking at the hardware takes very little time.
Detecting and correcting simple problem can take a little longer. Below are
tthe sytems, problems and solutions association with mice.
Symptoms Problems Solutions

Dirt or dust on Jerky mouse Clean the dirt on dust, rollers and
rollers, balls & pointer sensors.
sensors.
Mouse won’t Defective mouse Replace the mouse with known
work at all. working one.
Defective port Check from the CMOS if the port is
disable, endable it.
Radio Ctrl mouse Check batteries in mouse, replace it if
had dead battery dead.
Mouse doesn’t Re-install mouse driver.
work properly

PRINTER TROUBLE SHOOTING


Various printers and the way they are trouble shoot, it becames difficult if one
fail to understand the procesure of printing and identifying the individual
component within them,e.g. heads, fuser lamp, etc.
Symptons Printer type Causes Solution

Laser Jam paper Use paper


Fuzzy printing

stored at
proper
temperature
and humidity
Ink jet Wrong paper Use ink related
type/print paper and
settings mark
resolution
paper
type/size.
Laser and Ink jet Some nossils Re – seat the
are blocked. catridge, run
cleaning utility
White lines Ink jet Some nossils Use nossil
through are block, plug cleaning
printed or chock routine on
text/graphics printer or
replace printer
catridge when
series of texts
looks futal,
service fusing
rollers.
Paper jam Laser and ink jet Incorrect paper Use paper that
loading, paper is in proper
too damp, condition.
wrinkle, too Don’t over fill
heavy for paper trade.
printing
Can’t print All printers No power, no Check power,
communication switch on
cable printer and
connected connect com
cable to the
printer.

OPTICAL DRIVE TROUBLE SHOOTING


If your CD-ROM drive fails to read, try t he following,
Check the scratches on the CDs data surfaces.
Check the drive for dirt and dust.
Make sure the disk drive show as a working device in the system properties.
Try a known good CD.

DVD ROM DRIVES TROUBLE SHOOTING


Check compatibility: Some old drive can’t read, here replace the drive with a
newer faster model.
Many early model of DVD drives can’t read CD-R and CD-RW media because of
lower reflectivity of media.
It is adviceable to replace the drive.

TROUBLE SHOOTING OUTPUT DEVICES


MONITER (VDU – VISUAL/VIDEO DISPLACE UNIT)
Symptons Causes Solutions

No picture Defective video Check VDU and Video data


calbe cables, replace with known
working one.

Check brightness and contrast


ctrls and adjust them when
necessary.
No picture, no No power flowing Check power calbes, surge
power light on VDU through VDU protector, replace them if
faulty.
Loss cable
Plug the cable firm
Gittery picture VDU display not Run the system in safe mode
adjusted to reduce pixel gitter.

AUDIO HARDWARE
The common problems with audio adaptor is no sound/music effect or sound is
repeated over and over or even cause your PC to freeze. This situation is called
device/hardware conflict and its centered around the interrupt request (IRQ)
and the I/O settings.
Symptons Problems Solutions

Skipping, jerky Sound card using For plug and play (PnP) device,
sound/system the same IRQ as disable auto config.
lock another device
ups(freezing)
Incorrect or No sound Plug speakers into correct jacks.
mixing speakers Adjust master vol ctrl settings.
wires Power the system down for
transmission.
Low volume Speakers plug into Use higher powered RJ if
phono jack separate jack are provided.
Adjust the volume.
Scratch sound Audio card i s Move away from the other
picking card/source of interference.
interference
Can’t play DVD Hardware Enable hardware resources or
audio/mp3 files resource not adjust volume for ceorrecet
enable on sound playback devices.
card or volume set
too low.

ENERGY STAR COMOPLIENCE/CONSERVATION


ENERGY STAR COMPUTERS/GREEN STAR
Energy star computers and peripherals are those that satisfied energy
conserving standards of the U.S. Device that can carry the green star labels are
Computers, Monitors, Printers, Fax machines, etc. Such devices are design to
decrease overall consumption of electricity to protect and preserved our
natural resources. These standards are sometimes called the green standards
generally means that, the computer consumption has a standbye program that
switch the device to sleep mode when is not been used.

During sleep mode, the device must not used more than 30W of power. Though
sometimes created overall energy saving about 50%.

ENERGY STAR PC
Computers used power management methods to conserve energy and these
include,
ADVANCE POWER MANAGEMENT (APM) champion by intel and Microsoft.
ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY ATTACHMENT (ATA) for IDE drives.
DISPLACE POWER MANGEMENT SIGNALLY (DPMS) standards for monitors in
video cards.

These energy saving feautures are design to work in increamental steps


depending on how long the PC is idle. The feature seen sometimes be enable
and adjusted using CMOS setup or O/S.
The energy star CMOS features include
DOSE TIME: Time that elapses before the system reduces 80% of it power
consumption.

STANDBYE TIME: Time before the system reduces 92% of its power
consumption.

SUSPEND TIME: Time before the system reduces 99% of its power
consumption. The way the reduction is accomplished varies. The CPU clock
might be stop and the video signal suspended. After entering suspend mode,
the system need a warm up time so that the CPU, Monitor and other
component can reach full activity.

SUMMARY ON NETWORK
NETWORK
It is the way of connecting computers and other devices.

NETWORKING
Is the concept of connecting computers mainly to share resources.

PURPOSE OF NETWORK
To share resources
To share hardware and software.
Centralised administration and support.

TWO MAJOR TYPES OF NEWORK


There are two major types of network namely; Local Area Network (LAN) and
Wide Area Network (WAN). Metropolitan Area Network is a way of connecting
computers within a defined metropolis/geographical area.

LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)


It is a way of sharing resources within a defined geographical area.

WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)


The act of connecting computers and other devices on opposite sides of the
world which has no geographical area.

TYPES OF FILE SHARING


PEER – PEER NETWORK
It is the way of connecting computers whereby they function as both a server
and a client.

SERVER – BASED NETWORK


They are computers within a network provide shared resources to its uses or
client.
SERVER
Are computers that provide shared resources to network (it) users (clients).

CLIENT
Are also computers that access s hared resources on a network provided by a
server.

MEDIA
They are wires that make the physical connections

RESOURCES
Any service/device available for use within a network.

DEDICATED SERVER
Are computers functions only as a server and for complex tasks.

ADVANTAGES

FACTORS FOR CHOOSING A NETWORK


Size of an organisation
Level of security required
Type of business
Level of network administrative support available
Amount of network traffic
Needs of the ntwork users
Network budget
Server-based network Peer – Peer Network

1 Shared resources are centrally All users can share any of their
administrated and controlled. resources in any manner they
choose.

2 Security is the main/primary aim Clients/users set their own


of a server – based network. security

3 Support thousands of users Few number of users (client)

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
TOPOLOGY
Is the arrangement/physical layout of computers, calbes and other components
on a network.

Network STANDARD TOPOLOGIES


BUS/LINEAR BUS TOPOLOGY
The way computers and other devices connect to a common cable.

STAR TOPOLOGY
The process of whereby connected computers that branch out from a central
point (hub).

RING TOPOLOGY
The method whereby connected computers to a cable that form a loop.

MESH TOPOLOGY
It is the way of connecting all computers in a network to each other with a
separate cable.

HUB
Are device that regenerate and retransmit signals within a network. There are
three types of hub namely; Active, Passive and Hybrid hubs

ACTIVE HUB
They are devices that regenerate and transmit signals as a repeater does
because hubs have eight to twelve or more ports for network computers and its
sometimes called Multiport repeaters. Active hubs require electrical power to
run.

PASSIVE HUB
Is a component that act as a connection points and do not amplifiers or
regenerate the signals that passes through it. All passive hubs do not require
power to run.

HYBRID HUB
Is an advanced hub that will accommodates several different types of cables.

BENEFITS OF A HUB
Wiring systems can be changed/expanded as needed
Different ports cna be used to accommodate a variety of cabling types
Monitoring of network activity and traffic can be centralised.

NETWORK INTERFACE
Buses (ISA, EISA, PCI, USB), BNC/RJ45, Wirless bus

MEDIA
Coaxial cable – 75ohms.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ALL THE TOPOLOGIES
TOPOLOGY ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
BUS Use of cable is economical. Netwrok slow down in heavy
Media is inexpensiveand traffic.
easy to work with. Problems are difficult to isolate.
System is simple and Calbe break can affect many
reliable. users.
Bus is easy to extend.
RING System provides equall Failure of one computer can
accessfor all computers. impact on all.
Failure of one computer
does not affect the entire
network.
STAR Modify8ing system and If the centralised point fails, the
adding new computers is entire network fails.
easy.
Failure of one computer
does not affect the entire
network
MESH System provides increase System is expensive to install
reliability, Easy of since it uses alot of cabling.
troubleshooting.

NETWORK CABLING
Are transmission media that carries signals between computers.

MAJOR GORUPS OF CABLES


Coaxial Cables
Twisted-pair (Unshielded and Shielded) cable
Optic Fibre cable.

COAXIA CABLE
A cable consists of a core of copper wire surrounded by installation, a braided
metal shielding and an outer cover.

SHIELDING
A woven/other material that surrounds some types of cabling.

CROSSTALK
Signal overflow from an adjacent wire.

ATTENUATION
Is the loss of signal strength as it travels further along a copper cable.

TYPES OF COAXIAL CABLES


THIN (THINNET) CABLE:
A flexible coaxial cable about 0.25 inches thick which is flexible and easy to
work with.
THICK (THICKNET) CABLE
Is a relatively rigid coaxial cable about o.25inches in diameter and it is
sometimes called as standard Ethernet.

COAXIA CABLE CONNECTIONS


Bothe thin and thick net cables use a connection component called BNC
Connector.

TWISTED PAIR CABLE


It consists of two insulated strands of copper wire twisted around each other.

UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (UTP) CABL


Is a cable, which does not have a woven jacked mainly to protect the
transmitting signals from electromagnetic waves, noise, etc.

SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (STP) CABLE


A cable that uses a woven jacket/other materials to protect the transmitting
signals from disturbances/noise. STP uses a foil wrap around each of the wire
pairs which gives excellent shielding to protect the transmitted data from
outside interference.

CATEGORIES OF CABLES IN NETWORK


CATEGORY 1
It is a UTP telephone cables that can carry voice but not data transmittions.

CATEGORY 2
A UTP cable used for data transmissions up to 4mb/s and consist of four(4)
twisted pairs of copper wire.

CATEGORY 3
It is a UTP cable for data transmission upto 16mb/s.

CAGORY 4
A UTP calbe used for data transmission which is upto 20mb/s.

TWISTED PAIR CABLE COMPONENTS


Twisted pair calbe determine the number of twists and its ability to transmit
data and all twisted pair cabling uses RJ-45 connector (larger and houses 8
pins/terminals).
Jack couplers are single or double RJ-45 jacks snap into patch panels and wall
plates.
Wall plates also support two/more couples.

FIBRE OPTIC CABLE


Is a cable which carry signals in the form of modulated pulse of light and it
transmit signal in 1GB/s.
BROADBAND TRANSMITTION
Band is a collection of frequencies and Duall Band is also a collection of two (2)
bands.
All broadband uses analogue signalling and a range of frequencies. Signals flow
in unidirectional.

SIMPLEX
Is a process whereby date is sent only in one direction, i.e. from sender to
receiver. E.g. Radio, TV and so on.

HALF-DUPLEX TRANSMISSION
It is the way inwhich data is sent in both directions, but only in one direction at
a time. E.g. Shortwave radios (SW), Walkie-Talkie, etc.

FULL DUPLEX TRANSMISSION


It is how data is transmitted and received at the same time. E.g. Telephone.

COLOUR CODING OF CABLES WITHIN A NETWORK


There are two main colour coding within a network which determine the type of
network cabling you have namely; The CROSS OVER (568A) AND STRAIGHT
THROUGH (568B)

CROSS OVER (568A)


Is a way of arranging cables pins in RJ-45 plugs to connect two computers/when
when cascading a hub.

STRAIGHT THROUGH (568B)


This is the process whereby all connected compters networked to a centralised
device called hub.

COLOURS
There are four colours in a network cable that mixed/striped with another four
to form eight cables for the RJ- 45 jack/socket. They are as follows;
Orange - Strip with white
Green - Strip with White
Blue - Strip with White
Brown - strip with White

COLOUR ARRANGEMENTS

}
White Orange 1
Orange 2 Transmission (Tx)
White Green 3

}
Blue 4
Not in use
White Blue 5
Green
White Brown
6
7
} Receiving (Rx)
Brown 8

} Not in use
ARRANGING WIRES INTO RJ-45 PLUG
1. STRAIGHT THROUGH (568B)

SYSTEM HUB
White Orange 1 1 White Orange
Orange
White Green
2
} 3 { 2 Orange
3 White Green
Blue 4 4 Blue

} {
White Blue 5 5 White Blue
Green
White Brown } 6
7 { 6
7
Green
White Brown
Brown 8 8 Brown

}
2. CROSS OVER (568A)
{
SYSTEM HUB
White Orange 1 1 White Orange
Orange
White Green
2
} 3 { 2 Orange
3 White Green
Blue 4 4 Blue

} {
White Blue 5 5 White Blue
Green
White Brown } 6
7 { 6
7
Green
White Brown
Brown 8 8 Brown

MODEM } {
It is a hardware component /device that make it possible for computers to
communicate over a telephone line. Modem means Modulation (the act of
transmitting signal) and Demodulation ( the act of receiving signals). All
computers send digital signal/electronic pulse (signals). Telephone line is also
send only analog waves. A sending modem, modulates digital signal into
analogue signals and also the receiving modem too, demodulates analogue
back into digital signals.

BASIC FUNCTION OF MODEM.


1. Modem at the sending end converts computer’s digital signals into
analogue wave transmitted onto the telephone line.
2. Modem at the receiving end also convert analogue back into digital
signal for the receiving computer.

TYPES OF MODEMS
ASYNCHRONOUS (ASYNC): is the most wide spread of connectivity in the world
which doesn’t need a circuitory and components involved in it transmission.
E.g. Dial-up connection.

SYNCHRONOUS (SYNC): is a modem which lies on timing scheme for its


transmission.
INTERNET PROTOCOL (I. P) ADDRESS
PROTOCOL: it is a way of ensuring that a particular task in done and also the
language use within network area.

OCTETS:They are three sets of numbers multiply by four (4).

NETWORK ADDRESS
It is an address used to locat a computer within a network.

NODE / CLIENT ADDRESS


Is the identification of class where a networked computers belongs to. E.g. A, B,
and C.

COOKIES
Are small text files that contains users information related to a website which
can be opened with notepad or any text editor.

CACHE
The process of storing webpages in a folder on a PC (temporary Internet files),
and it is in other words called caching of web pages.

CLASS INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP) ADDRESS


A xxx xxx xxx xxx

Ranges: 1-127 1-255 1-255 1-255

Name: Net Node/Client Address


Address
Example 010 100 200 210
:

B xxx xxx xxx xxx


Range: 128-191 1-255 1-255 1-255

Name: Network Address Node/Client


Address
Example 172 024 221 025
:

C xxx xxx xxx xxx


Range: 192-225 1-255 1-255 1-255

Name: Network Address Node

Example 198 028 122 211


:

WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)


This medium of communication can either be
Wirelsss: Radio wave, Microwave, Satelite, Bluetooth and
Wire: Cable, e.g. telephone line.

INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER (ISP)


It is an individual or organisation that have the ability/direcet link to the
internet. E.g. Gh telecom, African On-Line, Ucom, Zipnet, Tigo, MTN, Zain,
American Online, etc.

ROMOTE ACCESS: is a medium of communication, the fastest and expensive to


installed.

TRANSCEIVER: Any device capable of transmitting and receiving signals at the


same time. E.g. modem.

INTERNATIONAL NETWORK (INTERNET)


Is a collection of computer networked spread all over the world that uses a
common sets of protocol to link them. Internet is established with Dial-up
lines/ISDN communications, ISP (e.g. MTN, African Online, Zipnet, Ucom, Gh
Telecom, Tigo, Zain, etc) and so on.

DIAL UP LINES
They uses two types of IP accounts, i.e.
SLIP which is the simplest protocol that can be used to access the internet by
using telephone line. It also doesn’t provide error control and security.

PPP is an improved/updated version of SLIP which provide additional functions


like error control, security and dynamic IP addressing.

INTEGRATED SERVICE DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN)


It is a telecommunication service that connects networks using digital lines. It
provides faster connection than dial-up and more economical if the service is
available locally.

INTERNET SERVICES
Email, Gopher, World Wide Web File Transfer Protocol (FTP).

WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)


Is an internet MMS that contains hypertext documents in Hypertext Mark-up
Language (HTML).

HYPERTEXT is a method by which text, images, sounds and videos are linked in
a non-sequential web of associates.

GOPHER: It is a tool by the internet to allow the user to browse for information
without bothering about it location.

FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP)


Is a protocol that allows transfer of documents in the form of files and
supported by TCP/IP.

IMPORTANCE OF INTERNET
Internet is used for many services such as Research, Communication, E.
Commerce (Shopping/doing business online e.g., goods and services can be
purchased on the web), etc.

CONNECTING LAN TO THE INTERNET THROUGH A GATEWAY


It is a method of linking computer to the internet and allows his workgroup
within the LAN browse the internet through him (default gateway).

Telephone line from ISP


IP: 1.21.122.118 IP: 1.21.122.118
D.g: 1.21.122.214 D.g: 1.21.122.214
A B
Hub

DIAGRAMATIC EXPLANATION
Setup the IP addresses of the above computers and then use the servers IP
C Server
addressIP:as the default gateway address for the clients so that
1.21.122.118 they can access
D.g: 1.21.122.214 Network Printer IP: 1.21.122.214
the internet through the residential gateway.

CLIENT CONFIGURATION
Go to control panel, internet options, connections, LAN settings (Check proxy
server box), address (default gateway/server IP address), port number
(8080/6588), OK, Ok again. This configuration would be done for all the
computers except the server.

Network communication can either be;


One (1) - One (1)
One (1) - Mulitple
Multiple - One (1)
Mulitple - Muliple

FIREWALL is the method of implementing security of a network.

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