DATA (INPUT): Are raw facts that are fed into the computer for processing into
meaningful information. Example; keyboard, mouse, scanner, joystick, flash
drive, CD-Rom
INFORMATION (OUTPUT)
It is the process data of which definite meaning can be achieved. Example:
Monitor, Printer, Speaker, etc
ELECTRONIC DEVICE
Are the gadgets/peripherals that use electricity to accomplish the mission of
the computer and the user as well.
STORAGE
Is an area where information is kept over a period of time and it can be either
internal (primary) or external (secondary).
BOOTING
Is the act of causing the major components within the computer to initialize
and operate as it was.
COOL BOOTING
It is the situation whereby the computer is witch on for the first time while it
was at rest.
WARM BOOTING
The process of restarting the computer with the reset button on the system
unit, the keyboard (ctrl + Alt + Del) or the mouse.
KEYBOARD
It is an input device used to feed data to the CPU for processing. There are
different types of keyboard as shown below;
Standard Keyboard: 5 pins din male connector
PS/2 / USB Connector: PS – Place Station.
Enhanced Keyboard: 6 pins/mini din male connector.
KEYBOARD KEYS
Functional Keys (F1 – F12)
Special Keys
Typing Keys/ Alpha-numeric Keys
Home Page Keys
Cursor Ctrl Keys
Numeric Keypad
INSIDE THE PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC)
Most Computers contains the following inside a case;
• System Board: Containing CPU, Memory and other components.
• Drives: floppy drive, hard disk, CD-ROM, Tape drive, etc.
• Power Supply with power cables supplying electricity to all the devices.
• Circuit Boards: are boards that hold microchips or integrated circuits (ICs)
and the circuitry that connect these chips. It is used by the Central
Processing Unit (CPU) to communicate with the devices inside and outside.
Core Cable, which also supply power from the power supply to the drives and
are round and small in size. However, the best way to identify the cables is to
tract it source and destination.
SYSTEM BOARD
It is the largest and most important circuit board in a computer and it is
sometimes called System Board, Main board or Mother Board that contains;
micro CPU, the component that processes all data. This board is one of the
complicated peaces of equipment inside a case. All devices must either have
direct or indirect link to this board through a port on the system board or by
expansion cards to communicate with the CPU on the system board.
PROCESSORS SPEED
It is the speed at which the CPU is operating internally. If the CPU operates at
150MHz internally but 75MHz externally. The processors speed is 150MHz and
the memory speed is 75MHz. the CPU is operating twice the speed of a bus and
this factor is called MULTIPLIER.
Processors Speed = Memory bus speed × the multiplier
CLASSIC PENTIUM
The first Pentium chip introduced in March, 1993 and has now become
affectionately known as Classic Pentium but early problems on this PC was
attributed to a spreadsheet calculation error which was later resolved. This
processor is no longer manufactured.
PENTIUM II
It was design for graphical intensive workstations and service. It works well
with 3D graphic manipulations (Computer Aided Design) and MMX
presentations. It is classified within the range of 200 – 450MHz. Pentium III was
later introduced with much faster system bus and later to Pentium IVs. Intel’s
two competitors, AMD and CYRIX Company have the goals to produce CPUs
that are just faster and powerful as Intel’s but at a lower cost. Intel’s processors
operate in a real and protected mode. Celeron, Athlon, Duron, Ceptron are a
few types of other processors in modern PCs.
The 486 and early Pentium uses Pin Grid Array (PGA) socket where pins are
alive in uniform row around the socket. Socket 370 is used by two types of
processors with two types of package form factors PPGA (Plastic PGA) and
FCPGA (Flip Chip PGA). Both have pins on the under side of the processor that
insert into the pin hole on the socket 370. Current sockets are referred to as
Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) because less force is exerted on the processor.
SYSTEM CLOCK.
It keeps e beat for many system boards’ activities. Unit called HERTZ are used
in defining the frequency of the clock. It can be express in Megahertz
(106/sec), Gigahertz (109/sec) or even Tetra hertz (trillion times/sec). We can
now realise how fast the computer processes signals.
FLASH BIOS: Are BIOS provided within the circuitry of the system board and
they are sometimes difficult to be identified since they are provided in tiny
microchips. The software in this can be upgraded using the requisite (require)
upgrade, which can be obtained from the manufacturer or it website.
ROM BIOS: Is a chipset encoded with software that keep the system
configuration that is mounted on a BIOS socket and it is replaceable. It can be
found in various versions depending on the manufacturer. There are different
types of ROM BIOS, some can be assigning to specific component to perform
specific task. E.g. Keyboard and Video bios. Some BIOS will display on the
screen what key to press to get into the setup.
USES OF BIOS
It contains or stored system software programs
To determine the compatibility of a PC
BIOS WRITERS
PROM blasters and EPROM programmer
2. DYNAMIC RAM (DRAM): DRAM has a memory cell with a paired transistor
and capacitor requiring constant refreshing.
3. FAST PAGE MODE DRAM (FPMDRAM): This type of memory was the
original form of DRAM. It waits through the entire process of locating a bit
of data by column and row and then reading the bit before it starts on the
next bit. The maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is approximately 178MB/s
4. EXTENDED DATA-OUT DRAM (DO DRAM): it does not wait for all the
processing of the 1st bit before continuing to the next one. As soon as the
address of the 1st bits is located, EDO DRAM begins locating for the next bit.
It is also about five times faster than FPMDRAM with the maximum transfer
rate to L2 cache of 264MB/s.
6. DOUBLE DATA RATE SDRAM (DDR SDRAM): It is just like SDRAM except
that it has higher bandwidth meaning greater speed with transfer rate to L2
cache of 1,064MB/s (133MHz).
7. Rambus DRAM (RDRAM) isa radial departure from the previous DRAM
architecture designed by Rambus. RDRAM uses a RAM bus In-line Memory
Module (RIMM) which is similar in size and pin configuration to a standard
DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Module). What makes RDRAM so different is
similar is, it use of special high-speed data bus called Rambus Channel.
RDRAM memory chip operate at a speed of 800MHz / 1,600MB/s, which is
faster than all the available RAMs. Due to that, it generate much more heat
than the other types of chips and to help dissipate the excess heat,
Rambus chips are filtered with a heat spreader (sink) which look like a long
thin wafer. in real
MEMORY BANK
It determines the types of memory chips located on the system board. The
types of banks that hold memory chips are;
SIPP: Single In-line Pin Package – this is outmoded – zero cut.
SIMM: Single In-line Memory Modules – 30 and 72 pin SIMM
DDRAM: Dual Data RAM – 184 pin DDRAM
RIMM: Rambus In-line Memory Modules – 184 pins RIMM
RDRAM: Rambus Dynamic RAM
What ever is stored in the primary memory is lost because RAM need a
continues supply of power to hold data stored in them is called
VOLATILE/UNSTABLE. By contrast, memory that holds it data permanently such
as that of the etched into ROM Chips is NON-VOLATILE/STABLE.
PROTOCOL: A Set of rules and standards that any two entities used for
communication.
BIT(b)
A bit (b) is a binary digit, the smallest increament of data on a computer. A bit
can hold only one of two values; either 0 or 1, off or on. Bits are usually
assembled into a group of eight to form a byte (B). Mathematically, 8.192b =
1B.
BYTE (B)
A byte contains enough information to store characters, example ‘A’, ‘m’, etc. A
kilobyte (KB) is 1,024bytes (1,024B) not one thousand bytes (1000B) because
computers uses binary (base two) and not decimal (base ten) system.
One megabytes (1MB) is 1,024kilobytes (1,024KB) or 1,048,578bytes
(1,024x1,024B).
Interface cards/expansion cards
Circuit other than the system board on the computer are called Adaptor
board/Cards, Expansion Card/Interface cards or simply cards are mounted on
the system board. Some cards include Video, Sound,Network, Modem, etc that
enable the CPU to connect to an external device. The easiest way to identify an
expansion card is to look at the port on the end of the card. The type of
expansion slot found on the motherboard determines the type of interface card
to bemounted on them as well as the data path and the speed of transmission.
MODEM
Is an abbreviated word means Modulation and Demodulation. Modulation is the
act of transmitting signal for a source while Demodulation is the act of
receiving a signal from a transmitted source. This interface is normally linked
with a telephone line for communication to establish within a computer and the
internet(International Network). The modem can be integrated or on an
interface card in a form of PCI, ISA/EISA. The rael of this card has a line-in, line-
out port called RJ11 and RJ13 as well as 1/18th inche RJ for microphone and
earphone. The RJ11 has four terminals.
NETWORK CARD/ADAPTOR
Is a card used for computer networking by way of sharing informations on a
Local Area Network (LAN) where concerntration of computers are arranged with
the view that/ of sharing information as well as resources. The port associated
withthis is RJ45 which has eight (8) terminals and it’s bigger than RJ11. it
canbe integreated on the system board or separeat on an interface card which
also can be found on ISA/EISA depending on the data path.
MONITOR
It is the main basic output device that display information on the screen and
also enable the user to monitor exactly what was input into the computer..
Monitors may be of various sizes (8”, 12”, 14”, 15”, 17”, 19”, 21”, 222, 24” and
above) the port attached to the cable is DB 15 Male in 3 rows. Those VDU’s
that has the number of pins less than 10 are Black and White There are two
types of monitors namely CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) and FPD (Flap Panel
Display). The CRTs is also in two groups; Digital and Analog
ANALOG CRT
VGA – Video Graphic Adaptor (16, 32, 64 colours : 640×480 pixels)
SVGA – Super Video Graphic Adaptor support upto 256 colours (800×600
pixels)
XGA – eXtra Graphic Adaptor
UXGA – Ultra eXtra Graphic Adaptor
USVGA – Ultra SVGA
RESOLUTIONS
It’s the quality representation of video signal. The higher (bigger) the resolution
the clearer (quality) the graphics. These resolutions are set of colours available
for viewing on the screen and the colours represent themselves in a tiny dot on
the screen which is highly invisible and these dots are called PIXELS. As such
are said to be picture element of the monitor. The more the pixels on the VDU’s
the sharper the image would be displayed and so on. Most oftern the graphic
card helps to produce such quality graphics. Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) is
the fastest GA which gives advanced colours.
POWER SUPPLY.
This is a black box located at the back of the system unit that convert AC to
DC. We have the older AT power supply and the new ATX as well.
AT power supply = 5v, 12v.
ATX power supply = 5v, 3.3v and 12v
POWER CABLES
They are cables that extend from the power supply to the drives and are called
Molex and Berg respectively.
MOLEX – It’s the most commonly and larger connector used by most drives
which have four relatively thick wires extending from its back, One yellow, one
red, and two black wires..
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
The most common threat tohardware is electricity discharge (ESD) commonly
known as Static Electricity Discharge . Damage by ESD can cause catastrophic
failure that produce unpresentable malfunction of components whch are often
difficult to detect/diagnose.
LABEL COMMAND
Is used in assigning names to various drives for identification purposes. E.g.
C:\> label D: Saints
VER COMMAND
To display the parameter/properties of a drive.e.g. C:\> ver
SWITCHES COMMAND
C:\> dir D:/p = display D: in a pause form
D:\> dir C:/p/w = display C: in pause and wide form.
A:\> dir C:/w = display C: in a wide form.
TYPE COMMAND
It is used to view the content of a file. Eg. C:\> type filename.extension,e.g.
C:\> type Saint024.wap
COPY COMMAND
Use to copy files from one directory to the other , for exdamplyk
C:\> copy saint024\confidence.mms rasisa\class1.
C:\My Documents\OS\BOOT C:\My Documents, etc.
GLOBAL X’CHARACTERS
*.* = to copy all files. Example
C :\> copy My Documents\OS\BOOT\*.* My Documents\OS
C :\> copy My Documents\Os\*.* My Documents
MOVE COMMAND
To copy all the entire content of a folder to a particular target.
C :\> move My Documents\Os\*.* My Documents
TRY QUESTION
1. a) Create a directory call West Africa on C: under it sub-directories as Ghana,
Nigeria and Togo. Create four files under Ghana namely Volta.bbc, Accra.joy,
Kumasi.fox and Takoradi.sky.
b) Copy Takoradi.sky to Nigeria and rename it as Abuja.joy.
c) Move all files in Ghana toTogo.
CHANGING PROMPT
$Date – Date
$G – Greater than (>)
$L – Less than (<)
$P – Path
$T – Time
Example
C:\> $P Saint $G = C:\Saint>
C:\> Saint $t$d$g = C:\ Saint time date >
SYSTEM FILES
They are the main files that the computer would boot from. They are the
command.com (Ms Dos.sys and I/O.sys), Autoexec.bat and Config.sys.
Command.com - initialise the operating system.
Autoexect.bat - how to boot the operating system by loading the batch files.
Config.sys - load all the system files.
FORMATTING
Is the process of preparing the disk to accept information. We have normal and
quick formatting. There are two types of formatting namely; NTFS and FAT
NTFS is a format the support only higher versions of operating system like Win
2000 and above.
FAT( File Allocation Table)is a type of formatting that support both lower and
higher versions of operating system, i.e. from Win 95 upwards.
INSTALLATION OF WIN 98
Boot the computer with Diskette support and it would send you to A:\>
Make a partition on the disk if necessary, A:\ fdisk>, then follow on screen
message to create the partition.
Format the disk with FAT A:\ format c:, and change the drive A:\> D:
Display the content of D, D:\ dir
Choose Win 98, D:\ cd win98 = D:\win 98
Disk copy, D:\win 98> copy*.* C:\win 98
Go to setup, C:\win 98> setup.
Follow on screen messages to complete the installation.
INSTALLATION OF O/S
Is the method of downloading O/S into the fixed disk of a computer system. We
have typical and custom installation respectively.
STEPS IN INTALLING O/S
Insert your bootable/bootup disk in either drive A: or E:
Follow the screen messages to complete the installeation.
In DOS
C: format A:/s
Then insert a CD which is a copy of windows O/S and select OK,
Wait until it is done successfully and click OK.
Remove the CD (Source) and the floppy disk as well.
VIRUS
Computer virus is a programming bug/fault/defect with this sole aim of
sabotaging efficiency and performance of acomputer. The virus may affect
document, application or worst of all system files. The virus only infects
software of the computer system and not the hardware. In worse of all, where
virus cause irrepairable software but the PC can recovered by reformatting the
FDisk and re-installing or new O/S but all of the information stored on the PC
would be lost forever.
TYPES OF VIRUS
There are many types ofd computer viruses include Boot Sector, Program,
Polymophic, Macro, Trojan horse, Worms, Multipartite, etc.
PROGRAM VIRUSES
They infect executable program files such as those with exention like .bin, .drv,
.exe, .sys. these programs are loaded in memory in their extensions taken the
virus in within. The virus becomes active in memory duplicating itself and
infecting files on disk.
POLYMOPHIC VIRUS
Is a highly breed of boot sector and program virus.
TROJAN HORSE
Although they are not virus but opposes a greater trend to the integrity of
computer system privacy than any other attack. They attack the Pc directly by
huchkers using (floppy disk, flash disk, CD, etc ) or installed using executable
load. Once installed, the virus begins to log every key pressed on keyboard and
subsequently, attack credit card numbers, personal informations, network
which often lead to Trojan horses been label password snippers.
WORMS VIRUS
They posses a greater threat by duplicating themselves independently of
human interaction. They ar e often design to read computer users e-mail and
others. Worms copy themselves from computer to computer rather than files to
files. They spreed easily than regular computer virus and findly they cause PC
to crash or even run very slow.
PRINTERS
Are output devices that enable soft copy to be on a hard copy (paper). Ther are
various types of pdrinters include Dot Matrix, Ink/Desk Jet, Laser and Plotter.
Printers are considered with the following characteristics/factors;
Cost
Speed.
Print quality.
Commercial/Domestic structure.
Cost of upgrading as compared to the earlier one
DISADVANTAGES
Poor print quality since it can be altered/change/erase at any time.
Slow in printing as compare to other printers.
INK/DESKJET PRINTERS
It expensive as compared to that of dot matrix. It also print in colour and black
and white but used ink cartridges in printing. It print out is difficult to alterate
and can be used for all seasons. It print quality is better and faster than dot
matrix.
LASER PRINTER
Is a type of printer that is best used for all occations and used powdered ink
called TONER for printing. It print quality is the best, faster and economical for
commercial and private use. But the problem is cost of maintenance.
PLOTTERSS
Is a commercial and industrial printer used in printing archetechtural drawing
as well as land-scape drawings. It is not for prionting letters, as such can not be
found in various offices. It is most expensive among all and highly industrial.
PRINTERS
FACTORS FOR UPRAING PRINTER
Printers speed.
Qualitity of print out
Cost of upgrading as compared to the earlier one.
Commercial viability of the printer.
Availability of parts replacements, e.g. ribbon, ink cartridges, tonners, etc.
VDUs(MONITERS)
FACTORS FOR UPGRADING
Quality of graphics produces (resolutions).
Sizes and cumbasome nature of it.
Types of work to be done, e.g. Desktopo publishing, Architectural drawings,etc.
BUSES
All buses and it interfaces are also be to looked at carefully since some buses
runs slowly and others faster. Some of the interfaces can be upgraded easily
include Video interface card, Sound blaster interface card, modem (internal and
external) interface card, network interface card(wireless, PCMCIA, internal),
etc.
TROUBLE SHOOTING
This is a state where problems created by the PC is resolved with logical
procesures. All hardware components have a pecuiliar problems to solved them
and be unique.
Keyboard fail
to Broken Change the cable with the pin
respond keyboard pin (plug)
(Plug)
Known working Damage Use volt/digit meter to check
keyboard does not systemboard the voltage that is coming.
work when connected. keyboard If the port is ps/2, try using USB
connector. keyboard.
Dirt or dust on Jerky mouse Clean the dirt on dust, rollers and
rollers, balls & pointer sensors.
sensors.
Mouse won’t Defective mouse Replace the mouse with known
work at all. working one.
Defective port Check from the CMOS if the port is
disable, endable it.
Radio Ctrl mouse Check batteries in mouse, replace it if
had dead battery dead.
Mouse doesn’t Re-install mouse driver.
work properly
stored at
proper
temperature
and humidity
Ink jet Wrong paper Use ink related
type/print paper and
settings mark
resolution
paper
type/size.
Laser and Ink jet Some nossils Re – seat the
are blocked. catridge, run
cleaning utility
White lines Ink jet Some nossils Use nossil
through are block, plug cleaning
printed or chock routine on
text/graphics printer or
replace printer
catridge when
series of texts
looks futal,
service fusing
rollers.
Paper jam Laser and ink jet Incorrect paper Use paper that
loading, paper is in proper
too damp, condition.
wrinkle, too Don’t over fill
heavy for paper trade.
printing
Can’t print All printers No power, no Check power,
communication switch on
cable printer and
connected connect com
cable to the
printer.
AUDIO HARDWARE
The common problems with audio adaptor is no sound/music effect or sound is
repeated over and over or even cause your PC to freeze. This situation is called
device/hardware conflict and its centered around the interrupt request (IRQ)
and the I/O settings.
Symptons Problems Solutions
Skipping, jerky Sound card using For plug and play (PnP) device,
sound/system the same IRQ as disable auto config.
lock another device
ups(freezing)
Incorrect or No sound Plug speakers into correct jacks.
mixing speakers Adjust master vol ctrl settings.
wires Power the system down for
transmission.
Low volume Speakers plug into Use higher powered RJ if
phono jack separate jack are provided.
Adjust the volume.
Scratch sound Audio card i s Move away from the other
picking card/source of interference.
interference
Can’t play DVD Hardware Enable hardware resources or
audio/mp3 files resource not adjust volume for ceorrecet
enable on sound playback devices.
card or volume set
too low.
During sleep mode, the device must not used more than 30W of power. Though
sometimes created overall energy saving about 50%.
ENERGY STAR PC
Computers used power management methods to conserve energy and these
include,
ADVANCE POWER MANAGEMENT (APM) champion by intel and Microsoft.
ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY ATTACHMENT (ATA) for IDE drives.
DISPLACE POWER MANGEMENT SIGNALLY (DPMS) standards for monitors in
video cards.
STANDBYE TIME: Time before the system reduces 92% of its power
consumption.
SUSPEND TIME: Time before the system reduces 99% of its power
consumption. The way the reduction is accomplished varies. The CPU clock
might be stop and the video signal suspended. After entering suspend mode,
the system need a warm up time so that the CPU, Monitor and other
component can reach full activity.
SUMMARY ON NETWORK
NETWORK
It is the way of connecting computers and other devices.
NETWORKING
Is the concept of connecting computers mainly to share resources.
PURPOSE OF NETWORK
To share resources
To share hardware and software.
Centralised administration and support.
CLIENT
Are also computers that access s hared resources on a network provided by a
server.
MEDIA
They are wires that make the physical connections
RESOURCES
Any service/device available for use within a network.
DEDICATED SERVER
Are computers functions only as a server and for complex tasks.
ADVANTAGES
1 Shared resources are centrally All users can share any of their
administrated and controlled. resources in any manner they
choose.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
TOPOLOGY
Is the arrangement/physical layout of computers, calbes and other components
on a network.
STAR TOPOLOGY
The process of whereby connected computers that branch out from a central
point (hub).
RING TOPOLOGY
The method whereby connected computers to a cable that form a loop.
MESH TOPOLOGY
It is the way of connecting all computers in a network to each other with a
separate cable.
HUB
Are device that regenerate and retransmit signals within a network. There are
three types of hub namely; Active, Passive and Hybrid hubs
ACTIVE HUB
They are devices that regenerate and transmit signals as a repeater does
because hubs have eight to twelve or more ports for network computers and its
sometimes called Multiport repeaters. Active hubs require electrical power to
run.
PASSIVE HUB
Is a component that act as a connection points and do not amplifiers or
regenerate the signals that passes through it. All passive hubs do not require
power to run.
HYBRID HUB
Is an advanced hub that will accommodates several different types of cables.
BENEFITS OF A HUB
Wiring systems can be changed/expanded as needed
Different ports cna be used to accommodate a variety of cabling types
Monitoring of network activity and traffic can be centralised.
NETWORK INTERFACE
Buses (ISA, EISA, PCI, USB), BNC/RJ45, Wirless bus
MEDIA
Coaxial cable – 75ohms.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ALL THE TOPOLOGIES
TOPOLOGY ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
BUS Use of cable is economical. Netwrok slow down in heavy
Media is inexpensiveand traffic.
easy to work with. Problems are difficult to isolate.
System is simple and Calbe break can affect many
reliable. users.
Bus is easy to extend.
RING System provides equall Failure of one computer can
accessfor all computers. impact on all.
Failure of one computer
does not affect the entire
network.
STAR Modify8ing system and If the centralised point fails, the
adding new computers is entire network fails.
easy.
Failure of one computer
does not affect the entire
network
MESH System provides increase System is expensive to install
reliability, Easy of since it uses alot of cabling.
troubleshooting.
NETWORK CABLING
Are transmission media that carries signals between computers.
COAXIA CABLE
A cable consists of a core of copper wire surrounded by installation, a braided
metal shielding and an outer cover.
SHIELDING
A woven/other material that surrounds some types of cabling.
CROSSTALK
Signal overflow from an adjacent wire.
ATTENUATION
Is the loss of signal strength as it travels further along a copper cable.
CATEGORY 2
A UTP cable used for data transmissions up to 4mb/s and consist of four(4)
twisted pairs of copper wire.
CATEGORY 3
It is a UTP cable for data transmission upto 16mb/s.
CAGORY 4
A UTP calbe used for data transmission which is upto 20mb/s.
SIMPLEX
Is a process whereby date is sent only in one direction, i.e. from sender to
receiver. E.g. Radio, TV and so on.
HALF-DUPLEX TRANSMISSION
It is the way inwhich data is sent in both directions, but only in one direction at
a time. E.g. Shortwave radios (SW), Walkie-Talkie, etc.
COLOURS
There are four colours in a network cable that mixed/striped with another four
to form eight cables for the RJ- 45 jack/socket. They are as follows;
Orange - Strip with white
Green - Strip with White
Blue - Strip with White
Brown - strip with White
COLOUR ARRANGEMENTS
}
White Orange 1
Orange 2 Transmission (Tx)
White Green 3
}
Blue 4
Not in use
White Blue 5
Green
White Brown
6
7
} Receiving (Rx)
Brown 8
} Not in use
ARRANGING WIRES INTO RJ-45 PLUG
1. STRAIGHT THROUGH (568B)
SYSTEM HUB
White Orange 1 1 White Orange
Orange
White Green
2
} 3 { 2 Orange
3 White Green
Blue 4 4 Blue
} {
White Blue 5 5 White Blue
Green
White Brown } 6
7 { 6
7
Green
White Brown
Brown 8 8 Brown
}
2. CROSS OVER (568A)
{
SYSTEM HUB
White Orange 1 1 White Orange
Orange
White Green
2
} 3 { 2 Orange
3 White Green
Blue 4 4 Blue
} {
White Blue 5 5 White Blue
Green
White Brown } 6
7 { 6
7
Green
White Brown
Brown 8 8 Brown
MODEM } {
It is a hardware component /device that make it possible for computers to
communicate over a telephone line. Modem means Modulation (the act of
transmitting signal) and Demodulation ( the act of receiving signals). All
computers send digital signal/electronic pulse (signals). Telephone line is also
send only analog waves. A sending modem, modulates digital signal into
analogue signals and also the receiving modem too, demodulates analogue
back into digital signals.
TYPES OF MODEMS
ASYNCHRONOUS (ASYNC): is the most wide spread of connectivity in the world
which doesn’t need a circuitory and components involved in it transmission.
E.g. Dial-up connection.
NETWORK ADDRESS
It is an address used to locat a computer within a network.
COOKIES
Are small text files that contains users information related to a website which
can be opened with notepad or any text editor.
CACHE
The process of storing webpages in a folder on a PC (temporary Internet files),
and it is in other words called caching of web pages.
DIAL UP LINES
They uses two types of IP accounts, i.e.
SLIP which is the simplest protocol that can be used to access the internet by
using telephone line. It also doesn’t provide error control and security.
INTERNET SERVICES
Email, Gopher, World Wide Web File Transfer Protocol (FTP).
HYPERTEXT is a method by which text, images, sounds and videos are linked in
a non-sequential web of associates.
GOPHER: It is a tool by the internet to allow the user to browse for information
without bothering about it location.
IMPORTANCE OF INTERNET
Internet is used for many services such as Research, Communication, E.
Commerce (Shopping/doing business online e.g., goods and services can be
purchased on the web), etc.
DIAGRAMATIC EXPLANATION
Setup the IP addresses of the above computers and then use the servers IP
C Server
addressIP:as the default gateway address for the clients so that
1.21.122.118 they can access
D.g: 1.21.122.214 Network Printer IP: 1.21.122.214
the internet through the residential gateway.
CLIENT CONFIGURATION
Go to control panel, internet options, connections, LAN settings (Check proxy
server box), address (default gateway/server IP address), port number
(8080/6588), OK, Ok again. This configuration would be done for all the
computers except the server.