OSI Model

• OSI means Open System Interconnect model.

• Developed by the International Organization for

Standardization in 1974.

• It consists of seven layers.

• Each layer has a different but specific processing

function.
OSI Model Layers

Layer - 7 Application
Application
Upper Layer
Layer - 6 Presentation
Presentation or
Software Layer
Layer - 5 Session
Session

Layer - 4 Transport
Transport Heart of OSI

Layer - 3 Network
Network
Lower Layer
Layer - 2 Data
Data Link
Link or
Hardware Layer
Layer - 1 Physical
Physical
Application Layer

Application Layer is
Application
Application
Application
Application responsible for providing
Networking Services to the
Presentation
Presentation user. It is also known as
Desktop Layer. Identification of
Session
Session Services is done using Port
Numbers.
Transport
Transport
Ports are Entry and Exit Points
Network
Network to the Layer

Data
Data Link
Link Total No. Ports 0 – 65535
Reserved Ports 0 – 1023
Physical
Physical Open Client Ports 1024 – 65535
Example of HTTP request
http://www.tvtc.gov.sa

Client Web Server

Example of HTTP request
http://www.tvtc.gov.sa

HTTP Request
Received
HTTP HTTP Reply
Request Listen on
http://www.tvtc.gov.sa/
http:// www.tvtc.gov.sa / Port 80
Webpage
Webpage Sending HTTP Reply
Webpage

Client Web Server

Example of FTP request
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com

Client FTP Server

Example of FTP request

FTP Request
FTP Request
Received FTP Reply Listen on
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com Port 21
Sending FTP Reply

Client FTP Server

Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195]
(C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp.
C:\> telnet 192.168.1.150
Connecting .....
================================
Welcome to Cairo Router
================================
User Access Verification
password :
http://mail.yahoo.com

xyz@yahoo.com

xyz

******
Examples of Networking Services

Service Port No.

HTTP 80

FTP 21

SMTP 25

TELNET 23

TFTP 69
Examples of Networking Services
Data flow from Application Layer

Application
Application Data

80 21 25 53 67 69

Presentation
Presentation

Session
Session

Transport
Transport

Network
Network

Data
Data Link
Link

Physical
Physical
Data flow from Application Layer

14
Presentation Layer

Presentation Layer is
Application
Application responsible for converting data
into standard format.
Presentation
Presentation
Presentation
Presentation
Examples : ASCII, EBCDIC,
Session
Session JPEG, MPEG, BMP, MIDI, WAV,
MP3
Transport
Transport
Following tasks are perform at
Network
Network Presentation layer :
Data
Data Link
Link
Encoding – Decoding
Physical Encryption – Decryption
Physical
Compression – Decompression
http://www.microsoft.com
Data flow from Presentation Layer

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session

Transport
Transport

Network
Network

Data
Data Link
Link

Physical
Physical
Session Layer

Session Layer is responsible for

Application
Application establishing, maintaining and
terminating session.
Presentation
Presentation Session ID works at Session
Layer.
Session
Session
Session

Transport
Transport
Examples :
Network
Network
RPC  Remote Procedure Call
Data
Data Link
Link SQL  Structured Query Language
NFS  Network File System
Physical
Physical
Data flow from Session Layer

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

Transport
Transport

Network
Network

Data
Data Link
Link

Physical
Physical
Transport Layer

Transport Layer is
Application
Application responsible for end-to-end
connectivity. It is also known as
Presentation
Presentation the heart of OSI Layers.
Following tasks are performed at
Session
Session the Transport Layer : -

Transport
Transport
Transport • Identifying Service

Network • Multiplexing & De-multiplexing

Network
• Segmentation
Data
Data Link
Link • Sequencing & Reassembling
Physical
Physical • Error Correction
• Flow Control
Identifying Service

TCP UDP

• Transmission Control • User Datagram

Protocol Protocol
• Connection Oriented • Connection Less
• Acknowledgement • No Acknowledgement
• Reliable • Unreliable
• Slower • Faster
• Port No. 6 • Port No. 17
• e.g. HTTP, FTP, SMTP • e.g. DNS, DHCP, TFTP
Multiplexing & De-multiplexing

Application
Application

Presentation
Presentation

Session
Session
80 21 25 53 67 69

Transport
Transport
TCP - 6 UDP - 17

Network
Network

Data
Data Link
Link

Physical
Physical
Segmentation

Hello! Hello! How are you ?

How are
you ? Hello! How Are You ?

A B
Sequencing & Reassembling

you
Hello! Hello! HowHow
You Hello! are ?
you
Are? Hello!
How are
How ?
you ? You Hello! How ? Are
Hello! How Are You ? are

A B
Sequencing & Reassembling

Hello! Hello! How are you ? Hello!

How are How are
you ? Hello! How Are You ? you ?
1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5

You Hello! How ? Are

4/5 1/5 2/5 5/5 3/5

A B
Error Correction

Segment Missing
Hello! Hello! How are you ? Hello!
How are How are
you ? Hello! How Are You ? you ?
1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5

You Hello! How ? Are

4/5 1/5 2/5 5/5 3/5

A B
Flow Control - Windowing

Ack-Rec- PC-A
PC-A
Ack.
Sending
3 Received
Received- can send 4 Segment
can send 4 Segment
3-window
Sending 3-window
4-window
4
5-window at
at aa time
time to
to
PC-B
PC-B

A B
Data flow from Transport Layer

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

Transport TH
Segment
Data
Transport

Network
Network

Data
Data Link
Link

Physical
Physical
Network Layer

Network Layer is
Application
Application responsible for providing best
path for data to reach the
Presentation
Presentation destination. Logical Addressing
works on this layer. Router is a
Session
Session Network Layer device.

Transport
Transport It is divided into two parts
• Routed Protocols
Network
Network
Network
Network
e.g. IP, IPX, Apple Talk.
Data
Data Link
Link • Routing Protocols

Physical e.g. RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EIGRP

Physical
Network Layer
Routed Protocols

Segment

Hello! Hello!
How are How are
you ? Source IP
192.168.1.1
you ?
Destination
Segment IP
192.168.1.2

A B

192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2
Routing Protocols

www.proleaders.net

A
Data flow from Network Layer

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

e.g. Router Transport

Transport Segment

Network
Network NHPacket
Segment

Data
Data Link
Link

Physical
Physical
Datalink Layer

Datalink Layer is
Application
Application divided into two Sub Layers :

Presentation
Presentation • LLC – Logical Link Control

Session It talks about Wan protocols e.g.

Session PPP, HDLC, Frame-relay
Transport
Transport
• MAC – Media Access Control
Network
Network It talks about Physical Address.
It is a 48 bit address i.e. 12 digit
Data Hexadecimal Number.
DataLink
Data
Data Link
Link
It is also responsible for Error
Physical Detection
Physical
Devices working on Data Link
Layer are Switch, Bridge, NIC.
Error Detection – CRC Check

PC-A
Packet
PC-A
CRC
CRC No. No. 33333
33333
Hello!
How are PC-B
PC-B
you ? CRC
Source MAC
No. 11114
CRC
Error
No.
33333
11114
46323
99434
43434
99323
55434
89696
22222
32434
00000
Detected
11114
00-20-18-C0-07-71

Error
Error Detected
Detected
Destination
Packet MAC
00-20-18-C0-07-72
For
For Error
Error Correction
Correction
Contact
Contact Source
Source Transport
Transport layer
layer
A B

192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2
00-20-18-C0-07-71 00-20-18-C0-07-72
Error Detection – CRC Check

Packet

Hello!
How are
Source MAC
00-20-18-C0-07-71
you ?
20202
11114
46323
99434
43434
99323
55434
89696
22222
32434
00000
Destination
Packet MAC
00-20-18-C0-07-72

A B

192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2
00-20-18-C0-07-71 00-20-18-C0-07-72
Data flow from Data Link Layer

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

Transport
Transport Segment

e.g. Switch Network

Network Packet

Data
Data Link
Link DH Frame
PacketDT

Physical
Physical
Data flow from Data Link Layer

Network Interface
Card (NIC)

Bridge

38
Data flow from Data Link Layer
Physical Layer

Physical Layer is
Application
Application responsible for electrical,
mechanical and procedural checks.
Presentation
Presentation Data will be converted into Binary
0’s & 1’s. Data will be in the form
Session
Session of electrical pulses if it is Coaxial or
Twisted Pair cable and in the form
Transport
Transport of Light if it is Fiber Optic Cable.

Network
Network Devices working at Physical Layer
are Hubs, Repeaters, Cables,
Data
Data Link
Link Modems etc.

Physical
Physical
Physical
Physical
Physical Layer Example

Frame

Hello!
How are
you ?
1010101010101010
Frame

A 0101011010101010101010101
1010101101010101010101010
0101011010101010101010101 B
Data flow from Physical Layer

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

Transport
Transport Segment

Network
Network Packet

e.g. Hub Data

Data Link
Link Frame

Physical
Physical Bits
Data flow from Physical Layer

10 Base 2 – Co Ax 10 Base 5 – Thicknet

Fibre Optic UTP

Connectors
Data flow from Physical Layer

Repeater

Modem
Data Encapsulation & De-capsulation

A B

Application Data Data Application

Application Application

Presentation
Presentation Data Data Presentation
Presentation

Session
Session Data Data Session
Session

Transport
Transport
TH Data
Segment TH
Segment
Data TransportTH
Transport

Network
Network NHPacket
Segment NHPacket
Segment Network NH
Network

Data DHFrameDT
Packet DTFrameDH
Packet
Packet DH
DT
DataLink
Link DataLink
Data Link

Physical
Physical Bits Bits Physical
Physical
Encapsulation

Source Destination

Segments

Packets IP Address

Frames MAC Address

Bits
TCP/IP Layers

• DOD Model was develop by the

(Department of Defense) in the late 60s’
to ensure data communications would
not be interrupted even under the worse
circumstances.

• Since then, TCP/IP has become the de

facto method we use for data
communications on the Internet etc.

47
Comparing OSI with TCP/IP Layers

OSI Layers TCP/IP Layers

Application
Application

Presentation
Presentation Application
Application

Session
Session

Transport
Transport Transport
Transport

Network
Network Internet
Internet

Data
Data Link
Link Network
Network
Access
Access
Physical
Physical
TCP/IP Model

• The figure illustrates some of the common

protocols specified by the TCP/IP reference model
layers.
Why are there 2 models?

• TCP/IP is the most popular “protocol specific”

model used on the Internet.
• However, TCP/IP does not cover all the protocols
and standards we will be exploring.
• The OSI Model is “protocol independent.”
Therefore, all topics covered in the curriculum can
fit into its framework.

50
QUESTION 1

The LAN needs are expanding at the Cisco

corporate office, which is quickly growing. You are
instructed to enlarge the area covered by a single LAN
segment on the Cisco network. Which of the following are
layer 1 devices that you can use? (Choose all that apply.)

A. A switch
B. A router
C. A network adapter card
D. A hub
E. A repeater

Answer
QUESTION 2

What information can DHCP provide to clients?

Choose the 3 best answers.)

A. Clock information
B. IP information
C. DNS information
D. Gateway information

Answer
QUESTION 3

Which of the protocols are used by email?

(Choose the 2 best answers.)

A. POP3
B. SMTP
C. SNMP
D. DHCP

Answer
QUESTION 4

What is the OUI of the MAC address

01:AB:4D:F2:89:10?

A. 01
B. F2:89:10
C. 01:AB
D. 01:AB:4D

Answer
QUESTION 5

A MAC address is… (Choose the 2 best answers.)

A. A unique hardware address in a broadcast domain

B. A unique IP address in a broadcast domain
C. Provided by the manufacturer of the NIC
D. Configured manually by the network administrator

Answer
QUESTION 6

At what layer of the OSI model do you find

MAC addresses?

A. Transport
B. Network
C. Data Link
D. Physical

Answer
QUESTION 7

At what layer of the OSI model do you find

sequence numbers?

A. Application
B. Presentation
C. Session
D. Transport

Answer
QUESTION 8

At what layer of the OSI model do you find

IP addresses??

A. Transport
B. Network
C. Data Link
D. Physical

Answer
QUESTION 9

What kind of PDU is used at the Data Link layer

of the OSI model?

A. Bit
B. Segment
C. Packet/Datagram
D. Frame

Answer
QUESTION 10

What kind of PDU is used at the Network layer

of the OSI model?

A. Bit
B. Segment
C. Packet/Datagram
D. Frame

Answer
QUESTION 11

What kind of PDU is used at the Transport layer

of the OSI model?

A. Bit
B. Segment
C. Packet/Datagram
D. Frame

Answer
QUESTION 12

What is the correct order for data encapsulation?

A. Segment, packet, frame, data, bit

B. Data, segment, packet, frame, bit
C. Bit, frame, packet, segment, data
D. Data, packet, segment, frame, bit

Answer
QUESTION 13

Routers look at the ________________ when

making a routing decision.?

A. Destination IP address
B. Source IP address
C. Destination MAC address
D. Source MAC address

Answer
QUESTION 14

What protocol is assigned to port numbers

20 and 21?

A. DNS
B. Telnet
C. FTP
D. SMTP

Answer
QUESTION 15

What protocol is assigned to port number 80?

A. SNMP
B. HTTP
C. POP3
D. DHCP

Answer
QUESTION 16

Which of the following are TCP?

(Choose the 2 best answers.)

A. Telnet
B. HTTP
C. TFTP
D. NTP

Answer
QUESTION 17

Which of the following are UDP?

(Choose the 2 best answers.)

A. DHCP
B. SMTP
C. SNMP
D. POP3

Answer
QUESTION 18

What commands use ICMP?

(Choose the 2 best answers.)

A. Show cdp neighbor

B. Traceroute
C. Telnet
D. Ping

Answer
QUESTION 19

What protocol maps a known MAC address to

an IP address?

A. RARP
B. ARP
C. ICMP
D. Proxy ARP

Answer
QUESTION 20

What TCP/IP protocol provides terminal emulation

to a remote host?

A. HTTP
B. VPN
C. Telnet
D. SNMP

Answer