Manling01 Pendahuluan
Manling01 Pendahuluan
Manajemen Environmental
Mohamad Satori
Kuliah 1
KONTRAK KULIAH
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Deskripsi Kuliah
KODE/NAMA TI606W/MANAJMEN ENVIRONMENTAL
MATAKULIAH
Ringkasan Kuliah Deskripsi : Kuliah dimulai dengan mendiskusikan tentang pentingnya pengelolaan lingkungan
dalam dunia industri, masalah akibat polusi, disusul konsep tentang “ecoefficiency”, “cleaner
production”, “waste reduction” dll, dilanjutkan tentang energi, pelanggan jangka pendek dan
jangka panjang, pemasaran hijau, “environental assurance survey”, serta “green quality function
development” lengkap dengan pembuatan “ quality” yang memperhatikan suara pelanggan
jangka pendek dan jangka panjang, serta benchmarking, berikutnya mendiskusikan aneka hal di
sistem manajemen lingkungan kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja sesuai aneka klausul ISO
14001, dan diakhiri diskusi tentang “Total Cost Assessment”
Standar Kompetensi : Mahasiswa mampu mengkaji environmental aspects and impacts dalam
dunia industri
Hasil 1. Memahami konsep ecoefficiency, clenaer production, green company, green quality
pembelajaran function development, dan environmental, health and work safety environmental
management
2. Mampu mengkaji aneka environmental aspects and impacts di dunia nyata industri dan
sistem manajemen lingkungan, kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja
3. Mampu mengkaji green quality function deployment dengan memperhatikan suara
pelanggan jangka pendek dan jangka panjang
Materi Kerusakan lingkungan di darat, laut dan udara serta pada diri manusia, Ajaran Islam tentang
kewajiban menjaga lingkungan hidup, Konsep dasar “ecoefficiency” dan peran manusia sebagai
“khalifatullah Fil ‘ardh, serta makna “green company”, Prinsip pendukung “Cleaner Production”,
Faktor Energi dan Green Customers, Benchmarking dan pembuatan House of Quality, Sistem
Manejemen LK3, Implementasi dan evaluasi SMLK3, Total Cost Assessment (TCA), Studi kasus
perancangan Green QFD
Buku Rujukan
KODE/NAMA TI606W/MANAJMEN ENVIRONMENTAL
MATAKULIAH
Buku Rujukan 1. Denton, D.K., 1994, Environmental Management (How Smart Companies Turn Environmental
Utama Costs into Profits), first edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey
2. Kristanto, Philip, 2013. Ekologi Industri. Andi Yogyakarta.
Buku Pendukung 1. T.E. Graedel and B.R. Allenby, 2010. 'Industrial Ecology and Sustainable Engineering',
International Edition, Prentice Hall.
2. Evans,J.R and Lindsay,W.M., 2002, The Management and Controll of Quality, fifth edititon,
South-Western Thomson Learning, Cincinati, Ohio
3. Foster, S.T., 2004, Managing Quality an Integrative Approach, second edition, Pearson
(Prentice Hall) Education International, Boise
4. Sarwono, E (editor), 2002, Green Company (Pedoman Pengelolaan Lingkungan, Keselamatan
dan Kesehatan Kerja (LK3)), PT Astra International (Tbk), Jakarta.
5. Stahel,W.R. and Jackson,T., 1993, Clean Production Strategies, Lewis Publisher, Bocarotan,
USA
6. Olson, Eric G, 2010. Beter Green Business, Handbook for Environmentally Responsible and
Profitable Business Practices. Published by Pearson Education, Wharton School Publishing
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
7. Djajadiningrat, Surna Tjahja; Hendriani, Yeni; Famiola, Melia. 2011. Ekonomi Hijau. Rekaya
Sains, Bandung.
8. Keraf, A Sony. 2010. Etika Lingkungan Hidup. Penerbit Kompas.
Jadwal dan materi kuliah dapat dilihat di : http://elearning.unisba.ac.id/
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Penilaian
Quiz :
Tugas :
UTS :
UAS :
E-Learning
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Kuliah 1
PENDAHULUAN
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Definisi Environmental :
− Berkaitan dengan kondisi eksternal/lingkungan
− Terkait dengan efek ekologi mengubah lingkungan
− Lingkungan adalah segala sesuatu yang ada di sekitar kita dan
mempengaruhi sikap dan perilaku kita
Manajemen Lingkungan :
Sistem Manajemen Lingkungan adalah suatu kerangka kerja yang
dapat diintegrasikan ke dalam proses-proses bisnis yang ada untuk
mengenal, mengukur, mengelola dan mengontrol dampak-dampak
lingkungan secara efektif, dan oleh karenanya merupakan risiko-
risiko lingkungan
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Kerusakan Lingkungan
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©IWMI, 2001
The threshold for ‘water stress’ is a per capita availability of 1700m3 of water for
annual consumption
For water scarcity the threshold is 1000m3 of water for annual consumption
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• 40% of world’s
population (3 billion
people) will live in
countries classified as
water stressed by
hydrologists by 2015
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Hydrologic Cycle
Population Growth
http://www.wmo.int
Poverty
Use Patterns
Contamination
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http://www.thespiritans.org
http://www.apec-vc.org.cn
About 1.8M people, mostly children, die annually from diarrhea and related
diseases with many deaths preventable if water were not contaminated
The combination of safe drinking water, adequate sanitation and good
hygiene can reduce the number of deaths caused by diarrhoeal diseases by
an average of 65%
The simple act of washing hands with soap and water can reduce diarrhoeal
diseases by over 40%
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Reservoir
(1) BANDUNG DISTRICT, (2) WEST BANDUNG DISTRICT (3) CIANJUR DISTRICT, (4)
PURWAKARTA DISTRICT, (5) KERAWANG DISTRIC, (6) Bekasi DISTRICT, (7) SUBANG
DISTRICT (8) INDRAMAYU DISTRICT, (9) SUMEDANG DISTRIC, (10) BEKASI CITY, (11)
BANDUNG CITY, (12) CIMAHI CITY
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9.000 SURPLUS
8.000
Availability
7.000
Average requirement:
6.000 7 billion m3/year and
tend to increase
5.000
MINUS
4.000
Average avaiability (13% of Max):
3.000 1,4 billion m3/year and
2.000 tend to decrease
1.000
0
RAINY SEASON DRY SEASON
•Abundance of water •Water scarcity
•Not stored •Unaviability of stock
•Flood •Drought Source : BPLHD Jabar
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POLLUTION
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1%
5% Agriculture, Construction, and
30% 16% Mining (ACM)
Commercial
Power Plant
Industry
11% 33%
Residential
4%
Process
Transportation
Source : Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) Energy sector, 2008 with BPPT prediction,
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Artisanal and small-scale mining refers to mining activities that use rudimentary
methods to extract and process minerals and metals on a small scale.
Artisanal miners also frequently use toxic materials in their attempts to recover
metals and gems. Such miners work in difficult and often very hazardous
conditions and, in the absence of knowledge or any regulations or standards, toxic
materials can be released into the environment, posing large health risks to the
miners, their families and surrounding communities1. In this context, gold mining
operations are particularly dangerous, as they often use the mercury
amalgamation process to extract gold from ores.
Every human needs about 20 liters of freshwater a day for basic survival (drinking
and cooking) and an additional 50 to 150 liters for basic household use.1 With
growing populations and an overall increase in living standards, not only is the
overall demand for freshwater pushing limits (one third of world now lives in areas
of “water stress) but increasing pollution from urban, industrial and agricultural
sources is making available resources either unusable or – if there is no alternative –
dangerous to health. Almost5 million deaths in the developing world annually are
due to water related diseases, much of this being preventable with adequate
supplies of safe water3.
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Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) describes the adverse ambient air conditions inside
households, schools, places of work and other indoor spaces. This can be
caused by a range of sources, including stoves, smoking and
machinery. Most IAP occurs in the developing world.
Industrial Mining Activities refers to mines that are currently engaged in mineral
and metal extraction operations. The materials can range from common to
precious, and from inert to hazardous. The mines themselves can be small or
very large in size.
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Groundwater Contamination
Groundwater is water located beneath the surface in soil pore spaces and in
permeable geological formations. Sources of groundwater include seepage
from the land surface, such as rainwater, snowmelt and water also that permeates
down from the bottom of some lakes and rivers.1 Fossil groundwater
is water that has been trapped in rock formations over geological time scales.
Groundwater is a very important source of freshwater, making up 97 percent
of the world’s accessible freshwater reserves.2 In addition, about two billion urban
and rural people depend on groundwater for everyday needs.
Metal processing plants and smelters are facilities that extract various
metals from ore to create more refined metal products. Metals include
copper, nickel, lead, zinc, silver, cobalt, gold, cadmium, etc. Smelting
specifically involves heating the ore with a reducing agent such as coke,
charcoal or other purifying agents. Primary smelting processes mine ore
and concentrates, whereas secondary smelting processes recover scrap.
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Radioactive Materials and Wastes covers materials from a wide range of sources
that emit radiation of different types, at levels that impact human health.
Radioactive materials are used for power generation, military purposes, for
treatment and analyses in the medical sector, for material control and treatment
in industry, products of daily life and in scientific applications.
Radioactivity is the sign that matter is decaying in order to reach, according to the
law of physics, a better energetical state. As materials decay, they emit radiation,
eventually disintegrating entirely and becoming innocuous. For some materials,
this process can happen in a fraction of a second. For others however, it can take as
long as millions of years. There are four basic types of radioactivity that affect
human health: Alpha, Beta and Gammy decay and Neutron radiation. Each poses a
particular type of threat to human health.
Untreated Sewage
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Lead acid batteries are rechargeable batteries made of lead plates situated
in a ‘bath’ of sulfuric acid within a plastic casing. They are used in every
country in world, and can commonly be recognized as “car batteries”.
The batteries can be charged many times, but after numerous cycles of
recharging, lead plates eventually deteriorate causing the battery to lose its
ability to hold stored energy for any period of time.1 Once the lead
acid battery ceases to be effective, it is unusable and deemed a used lead
acid battery (ULAB), which is classified as a hazardous waste under the Basel
Convention.
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N Lead Smelter
Legacy
Used Battery
Disposal
Map of ULAB Hotspots in Jabodetabek
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50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
Pinggir Jalan
Pinggir Jalan
Pinggir Jalan
Depan Sekolah SD01
Industri
Depan Jalan
Konsentrasi Timbel (Pb) di Tanah (ppm) > 400 ppm Konsentrasi Timbel (Pb) di Tanah (ppm) < 400 ppm
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
PT Muhtomas PT Non Ferindo Utama PT IMLI
Average (ppm) Max (ppm) WHO safe level 400 ppm Min (ppm)
2005-2012 2014
Min Average Sample
Average (ppm) Pop at Risk Max (ppm) Est. Pop at Risk
No Name (ppm) (ppm)
1 PT Muhtomas 1,935 7,000 12 25,074 3,936 7,000 50
2 PT Non Ferindo Utama 10,050 10,000 76 45,697 4,868 10,000 50
3 PT IMLI 26,058 9,900 18 167,308 4,177 11,000 100
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80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
Tangerang, Tangerang, Tangerang, Tangerang, Tangerang, Tangerang, Tangerang, Tangerang, Tangerang, Tangerang, Tangerang, Tangerang,
Cengareng Cengareng Dadap, HI Pasar kemis, Pasar kemis, Dadap, Cipondoh Pasar kemis, Pasar kemis, Lebak Cengareng Cipondoh,
AD BC HN IM Kosambi LE OY Wangi, TS WT-TS YS
Average (ppm) Max (ppm) WHO safe level 400 ppm Min (ppm)
2005-2012 2014
Min Average Sample
Average (ppm) Pop at Risk Max (ppm) Est. Pop at Risk
No Name (ppm) (ppm)
1 Tangerang, Cengareng AD 71 1,000 13 75 35 1,000 20
2 Tangerang, Cengareng BC 1,555 300 16 2,429 195 300 14
3 Tangerang, Dadap, HI 107 100 16 477 80 100 20
4 Tangerang, Pasar kemis, HN 7,931 500 68 83,892 7,480 1,500 50
5 Tangerang, Pasar kemis, IM 38,181 300 136 35,260 4,443 1,500 50
6 Tangerang, Dadap, Kosambi 166 600 20 425 97 600 15
7 Tangerang, Cipondoh 389 1,000 15 5,481 530 1,500 50
8 Tangerang, Pasar kemis, LE 17,018 200 18 19,576 8,259 500 50
9 Tangerang, Pasar kemis, OY 11,674 500 662 14,897 7,259 1,000 50
10 Tangerang, Lebak Wangi, TS 443 600 41 1,639 479 600 50
11 Tangerang, Cengareng WT-TS 738 400 20 747 330 700 50
12 Tangerang, Cipondoh, YS 976 1,000 28 4,536 587 1300 50
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70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
Average (ppm) Max (ppm) WHO safe level 400 ppm Min (ppm)
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200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
Lamongan - Desa Warukulon Tegal - Desa Pasarean
Average (ppm) Max (ppm) WHO safe level 400 ppm Min (ppm)
2005-2012 2014
Min Average Sample
Average (ppm) Pop at Risk Max (ppm) Est. Pop at Risk
No Name (ppm) (ppm)
1 Lamongan - Desa Warukulon NA NA 67 232,678 32,642 2,500 78
2 Tegal - Desa Pasarean NA NA 130 50,294 8,208 TBA 36
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Theologi Lingkungan
• Definisi “theologi” : Cara“menghadirkan”
Tuhan dalam setiap aspek kegiatan
manusia, termasuk dalam kegiatan
pemanfaatan sumberdaya alam dan
pengelolaan ingkungan.
• Dalam aspek praktis, teologi bisa
dimaknai bebagai pedoman normatif bagi
manusia dalam berperilaku dan
berhubungan dengan alam dan
lingkungannya
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Pilar Tauhidiyah
Pertanyaan mendasar “dari
mana alam semesta ini berasal
dan memperoleh
eksistensinya?”. Kemudian
setiap sesuatu ciptaan Allah itu
mempunyai “ukuran” (qadr),
dan oleh karena itu bersifat
relatif dan tergantung kepada
Allah (QS: Al-Qamar: 49, Al -
A’raf: 54, Al-A’la: 2-3, Ya-sin:
38-40). Jikasesuatu ciptaan
Allah (termasuk manusia) itu
melanggar hukum hukum yang
telah ditetapkan baginya dan
melampaui “ukuran”nya, maka
alam semesta ini akan menjadi
kacau balau.
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Pilar Khilafah
Konsep khilafah ini dibangun atas dasar
pilihan Allah dan kesediaan manusia
untuk menjadi khalifah (wakil atau wali)
Allah di muka bumi (QS. Al-Baqarah: 30,
Al-Isra : 70, Al-An’am: 165 dan Yunus:
14).
Salah satu sifat Allah tentang alam ini
adalah pemelihara atau penjaga alam (al-
rab al’alamin), manusia harus bisa
mewakili Tuhan untuk memimpin dan
memelihara keberlangsungan kehidupan
semua makhluk Q.S. Al-Ahzab:72),
sebagai pemimpin, manusia harus bisa
memelihara dan mengatur
keberlangsungan fungsi dan kehidupan َأَلََ ُكلُّ ُكمَ َراع. َو ُكلُّ ُكمَ َمسئُولَ َعنَ َر ِعيَّتِ َِه.
semua makhluk, sekaligus mengambil
keputusan yang benar pada saat terjadi
konflik kepentingan secara adil (QS. “Semua orang
Shaad: 26; An-Nisa: 58). Adalah pemimpin, dan akan diminta
pertanggungjawaban
atas kepemimpinannya”
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َ يم
ون ِ ِِ ِ ِ َِ السم
َّ َالزيُُْونَ )( ُهوَ الَّ ِذي أنْ زلَ ِمن َّ ت ل ُك َْم بَِِه
َُ ِيُ ْنب
ُ اء ماءَ ل ُك َْم م ْن َهُ شرابَ وم ْن َهُ شجرَ في َه تُس َّ الزْرعَ َو
ف ذلِكَ َليةَ لِقَ ْوٍَ ي ُ ف َّك ُرون َِ َّخيلَ و ْاْل ْعنابَ وِم َْن ُك َِل الثَّمر
َ ِ ات إِ ََّن ِ والن
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Pilar Amanah
Bumi sebagai bagian dari alam
semesta juga merupakan amanah
dari Allah swt Sang Pencipta (Q.S.
Al-Ahzab: 72). Untuk menjaga
keberlangsungan dan memenuhi
hajat hidupnya, manusia
mempunyai hak untuk ” Sesungguhnya Aku (Alloh) menawarkan
memanfaatkan apa-apa yang ada di amanat atas langit tujuh dan bumi dan
muka bumi (sumberdaya alam) gunung-gunung (tapi Ruh tidak ikut
bumi. Akan tetapi manusia baik ditawari), maka langit dan bumi serta
secara individu maupun kelompok
gunung-gunung enggan memikulnya dan
tidak mempunyai hak mutlak untuk
menguasai sumberdaya alam yang takut menerima amanat tersebut,
bersangkutan. Hak penguasaannya kemudian manusia sanggup membawa
tetap ada pada Tuhan Pencipta. amanat itu. Sesunggguhnya manusia itu
Manusia wajib menjaga kepercayaan dholim dan bodoh “.
atau amanah yang telah diberikan
oleh Allah tersebut.
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Pilar Keseimbangan
❖ Alam diciptakan Allah dalam keberagaman kualitatif maupun kuantitatif.
Walaupun alam dan ekosistem ciptaan Allah sangat beragam akan tetapi
berada dalam keseimbangan, baik keseimbangan kuantitas maupun
kualitas (QS: Al-Mulk: 67)
❖ Keseimbangan ini merupakan hukum Allah yang juga berlaku atas alam
termasuk manusia. Keseimbangan ini bisa mengalami gangguan (dis-
harmoni) jika salah satu atau banyak anggota kelompok atau suatu
kelompok mengalami gangguan baik secara alamiah (karena sebab-
sebab yang alamiah) maupun akibat campur tangan manusia.
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Pilar Kemaslahatan
(Istihlah)
Secara tegas dan eksplisit Tuhan melarang manusia untuk melakukan
perbuatan yang bersifat merusak lingkungan termasuk merusak
kehidupan manusia itu sendiri, setelah Tuhan melakukan perbaikan
(istihlah). Istishlah ini bahkan tidak hanya sepanjang umur dunia akan
tetapi sampai ke kehidupan akherat (QS: Al-A’raf: 56). Tujuan tertinggi
dari perlindungan alam dan ekosistem ini adalah kemaslahatan dan
kesejahteraan (istishlah) universal (bagi seluruh makhluk) baik dalam
kehidupan masa kini (di dunia) maupun kehidupan dimasa depan (di
akhirat)
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ACTION
SOCIAL SYSTEM
DECISION
PROCESS
ECOSYSTEM
INTERPRETATION
PERCEPTION
INFORMATION
Sumber : Prof. Ukan, 2013
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Prod. Forest
Plantations
Title Here
Placeholder text 1
Placeholder text 2
Placeholder text 3
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Chart
(Default Color Scheme)
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16
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Series 1
12
Series 2
10
Series 3
8
Series 4
6 Series 5
4 Series 6
2
0
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3
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