7856-01, Session 1 using APHRODITE’s analysis system and this PR-RG climatology, we
analyze daily grid precipitation over South Asia. PR-RG climatology
GRIP field experiment shows reasonable precipitation patterns over rain-gauge sparse
areas, such as the Himalayas, west Tibet and desert areas, which
R. K. Kakar, NASA Headquarters (United States) helps interpolating daily precipitation patterns over those areas.
Improvements for the coastal areas are also shown.
No abstract available
7856-04, Session 1
7856-02, Session 1
Diurnal variation of Indian summer Instantaneous vertical profiling of
monsoon rainfall as perceived from TRMM precipitation using passive microwave
observations radiometers
Z. S. Haddad, Jet Propulsion Lab. (United States); K. Park, Joint
R. S. Nanjundiah, Indian Institute of Science (India); S. Sahany, Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Science (India) and Univ. of California, Los (United States)
Angeles (United States); V. Venugopal, Indian Institute of Science
(India) Several methods have been proposed to train microwave
radiometers to retrieve precipitation rates estimated by a radar
We have studied the diurnal variation of rainfall during the June- which observed the same location at the same time. These radar-
September season over the Indian region using TRMM 3B42v6 trained passive-microwave algorithms differ in the quantities that
dataset for the period 1999-2007. Using harmonic analysis, modified are estimated: some estimate the vertically-integrated liquid water,
to remove Gibbs oscillations, we have extracted the diurnal signal while others estimate the near-surface precipitation. Since it is
and identified the 3-hour time-interval over which maximum rainfall no more or less credible to estimate the rain rate at the surface
tends to occur (referred to as “Peak Octet”). We find that peak octet than it is to estimate the rain rate at any discrete altitude, it is
over Bay of Bengal varies from about noon over the northern part to particularly interesting to quantify the accuracy with which vertical
early evening over the southern region. profiles of precipitation can be estimated from a passive microwave
In contrast diurnal cycle of rainfall over Arabian Sea shows a radiometer, what the obstacles are, and what vertical resolution
single coherent peak at 1430 IST over a region where it rains for would be achievable. To that end, we conducted several studies
atleast 30% of time during JJAS. Over the Gangetic plain the peak to 1) establish that the main impediment to the vertical profiling is
octet is also around 1430 IST while over the Himalayan region the the unknown signature of the sea surface in the non-precipitating
peak occurs during late night/early morning. Interestingly coastal portions of the field of view, and 2) use surface-insensitive principal
orography such as the Western Ghats and Burmese mountains show components of the brightness temperatures to retrieve the vertical
a peak during late afternoon/early evening, implying that diurnal principal components of the precipitation. We report on the results
cycle over land-locked Himalayas are different from that of coastal of our studies in the case of mid-latitudes regions, in the case of the
orographic regions. Atlantic Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone during May 2009 where
We have conducted extended integrations of about a month with a we produced unique estimates that quantify the vertical structure
regional model (WRF) to study its ability to simulate the diurnal cycle. of the convection in which flight AF447 disappeared, and in the
Results from this study will also be presented. case of polar precipitation where the dearth of instruments and the
radiometrically cold frozen surface present additional challenges.
7856-03, Session 1
7856-05, Session 1
A daily precipitation analysis by using A principal component-based radiative
TRMM/PR and a dense network of rain- transfer forward model (PCRTM) for
gauge over South Asia vertically inhomogeneous cloud
A. Yatagai, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (Japan)
H. Li, X. Liu, NASA Langley Research Ctr. (United States);
There are increasing demands for accurate high resolution P. Yang, Texas A&M Univ. (United States); D. P. Kratz, NASA
precipitation products over the land areas. Indirect precipitation Langley Research Ctr. (United States)
estimates must be verified or calibrated by direct observations,
so that gauge-based products are useful for this purpose. Some A principal-component based radiative transfer model (PCRTM)
satellite-based products have incorporated gauge data, however, is developed for simulating the infrared spectral radiance at the
the gauges used in such products are attributed to the Global top of the atmosphere (TOA). The PCRTM approach removes the
Telecommunication System (GTS) archive. This affects underestimate redundancy in radiative transfer calculation in high-resolution infrared
of precipitation estimates over most part of Asian monsoon regions. spectra, and saves significant amount of computational time with
great accuracy.
Hence, APHRODITE project is developing daily gridded precipitation
datasets for the whole of Asia (http://www.chikyu.ac.jp/precip/) by In PCRTM, both ice and water clouds are treated as effective
collecting, quality control of the original database, and analyze them. transmissivity and reflectivity stored in a pre-calculated lookup
Further, we compared TRMM3B42 with APHRODITE product over tables. These quantities are calculated using cloud single scattering
Iran and China in detail and found that 3B42 performs generally well properties such as cloud optical depth, cloud particle size, cloud
except for estimation of rainfall around the coastal areas and for phase, etc. The cloud can be inserted into any pressure layer in the
reproducing extreme events. PCRTM model (up to 100 layers). The effective temperature of each
cloud layer is treated as a function of its optical depth.
In spite of the importance due to high population, coastal area is
one of the challenging areas to estimate precipitation. Hence, we To test the accuracy of this approximation, the results are
use TRMM/PR, which detects the rainfall peaks/maxima along the compared with the more rigorous DISORT model, which treats cloud
coastal lines. as a plane parallel layer. The root-mean-square error of PCRTM, with
respect to DISORT results, is generally less than 0.5 K in brightness
Now, according to Yatagai and Kawamoto (2008), a 12-year PR2A25 temperature. However, the CPU time required by PCRTM was
data and APHRODITE’s rain-gauge data are used to make 0.05 approximately two orders of magnitude less than that required by
degree monthly precipitation climatology over South Asia. Then, DISORT.
customerservice@spie.org · +1 360 676 3290 3
Conference 7856: Remote Sensing and Modeling of the Atmosphere,
Oceans, and Interactions III
7856-06, Session 1 A ground-based lidar observation was carried out in the northwest
of China to validate the space-borne lidar CALIOP on 23 March
Detection of Cirrus based on the refractive 2009. Combining backscatter profiles of the ground-based lidar
and CALIOP, lidar ratio (extinction to backscattering ratio) was
index retrieval using MODIS data retrieved for 532nm and 1064nm wavelengths by using performance
S. Hong, I. Shin, W. Yun, Korea Meteorological Administration function that minimizing the difference between the ground-based
(Korea, Republic of) lidar and CALIOP for backscattering coefficient. The correlation
coefficients between them were 0.98 for 532nm and 0.95 1064nm,
Cirrus plays an important role in the energy balance of the Earth- respectively. Using the retrieved lidar ratio, the color ratio and aerosol
atmosphere system through their interactions with solar and optical depth (AOD) were calculated. The observed aerosols and
terrestrial radiation. Many previous researches are based on the clouds were classified into three groups (boundary layer dust, free
forward models, which require a priori information on the clouds. tropospheric aerosol and cirrus cloud) according to a relationship
between color ratio and 532nm-backscattering coefficient.
Physically, the refractive index information is crucial to determine
the characteristics of objects and discriminate between them. In this
study, we propose a simple inversion method to detect the cirrus
using the characteristics of the refractive index of ice and water 7856-10, Session 2
at 1.375 μm channel. We use data from the Moderate Resolution
Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) to study the spatial distribution and Spatio-temporal structure of SST in El Niño
occurrence frequency of thin cirrus. In addition, we also validate the regions and its relationships with zonal
findings, and seek a systematic procedure for estimating cirrus.
displacement anomaly of western Pacific
warm pool
7856-08, Session 2 C. Xue, Q. Dong, Ctr. for Earth Observation and Digital Earth
(China); J. Xie, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural
Dissecting the satellite observed Resources Research (China)
aerosol indirect effect: implication to
Using the monthly averaged NOAA AVHRR sea surface temperature
parameterizing aerosol indirect effect in data from January 1985 to December 2008, this paper adopted
GCMs the empirical orthogonal function and power spectral density to
analyzing the SST fields’ spatial-temporal structure of El Niño1, El
G. Liu, G. Shaheen, H. Shao, The Florida State Univ. (United Niño2, El Niño3 and El Niño4, respectively. The first modal analysis
States) has shown that: (1) time coefficients of El Niño1, El Niño2 and El
It is commonly known that the increase of anthropogenic aerosols Niño3 are well associated with zonal displacement anomalies at
enhances clouds’ reflectance to solar radiation by increasing cloud eastern edge of western Pacific warm pool, and the main cycle
drop number concentration while decreasing cloud drop size. While time of the coefficients are almost same as ENSO with about 44.5
this aerosol first indirect effect has long since been realized by months. But the time coefficient of El Niño4 does not show this
observational facts such as the bright ship tracks or the systematic characteristic in term of time cycle; (2) the corresponding spatial
smaller drop size of over-land than over-ocean clouds, the structure of SST fields of El Niño1 and El Niño2 distributes along
magnitude of this effect in terms of radiative forcing on global climate the Northwest 45° with the positive center at Southwest and the
still remains unclear. In fact, this effect is considered to be a main negative center at Northeast, and the spatial structure of El Niño3
uncertain element of the anthropogenic climate forcing according region distributes longitudinally along 0.75°S with the positive center
to the IPCC 2007 report. One example illustrating this uncertainty at (0.75°S, 107°W).
is the disparity reported between the global climate model (GCM) Considering the El Niño sensitive regions, we calculated the ENSO
estimates of the aerosol indirect forcing from “forward” calculations index jointedly with Niño1.2 and Niño3 regions, and constructed the
based on the “state-of-the-art” physics of aerosol-cloud interactions zonal displacement anomalies at eastern edge of western Pacific
and “inverse” calculations in which aerosol indirect forcing is derived warm pool along the equatorial Pacific. The correlation analysis
as the missing forcing to match GCM simulations with observed between zonal displacement anomalies at eastern edge of western
temperature changes. The former is much stronger and its values Pacific warm pool and ENSO indices has shown that the former is
span a range twice larger than the latter. Satellite determination of ahead of about a 2-month leading of El Niño indices in the duration
this effect has so far been inconclusive as well, primarily due to of El Niño, while during the La Niña, the former lags behind about a
the entangling factors associated with satellite data. By analyzing 4/5-month of La Niña indices.
satellite data from multiple platforms, we noticed that the satellite
observed so-called aerosol first indirect effect is temporally/spatially
very variable, and we attributed the variability to the influences 7856-11, Session 2
by several competing factors that are not only the drop number
effect (i.e., Twomey effect), but also temporal/spatial variability of Red tide detection by means of peak
adiabaticity among clouds studied, variation of the activation ability
of aerosols with aerosol type, the differences in updraft velocity shift of remote sensing reflectance and
among clouds studied, etc. In this talk, we will describe our recent possibility of red tide detection with
works on this subject, including (1) developing a method to assess
the magnitude of the identified factors using available data from polarized radiance measurements
satellite observations; (2) studying the seasonal/regional variability of K. Arai, Y. Terayama, Saga Univ. (Japan)
these factors; and (3) making recommendations how to include the
effects of these factors in climate models. A method for detection of red tide by means of remote sensing
reflectance peak shift is proposed together with suspended solid
influence eliminations. Although remote sensing reflectance peak
7856-09, Session 2 is situated at around 550nm for sea water without contaminated
with red tide, the peak is shifted to the longer wavelength when sea
water is contaminated with red tide. Based on this fact, it is capable
Validation of the dust layer structure to detect red tide using high wavelength resolution of spectral-
over the Taklimakan Desert, China by the radiometers. The proposed system uses web camera with sharp-cut
CALIOP space-borne lidar using ground- filter on the optics surface. Acquired imagery data can be transmitted
through wireless LAN to Internet terminal and can be archived
based lidar in server through Internet. Validity of the proposed method is
Y. Jin, K. Kai, T. Shibata, Nagoya Univ. (Japan); K. Zhang, Cold confirmed with the system deployed in Ariake sea which is situated
and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research in northern Kyushu, Japan.Also a method for red tide detection with
Institute (China); H. Zhou, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and satellite imagery data is attempted with suspended solid influence
eliminations. Furthermore, a possibility of red tide detection with
Geography (China)
polarized radiance measurements is discussed through polarization
7857-01, Session 1 opaque cloudy conditions. However, recent studies indicate that
hyperspectral infrared sounders have the ability to detect cloud
Eight years of AIRS on Aqua effective optical and microphysical properties and to penetrate
optically thin clouds in observing the atmosphere and surface to
S. Lee, T. S. Pagano, Jet Propulsion Lab. (United States) a certain degree. We have developed a retrieval scheme dealing
with atmospheric conditions with cloud presence. This scheme
The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the EOS Aqua can be used to analyze the retrieval accuracy of atmospheric and
Spacecraft was launched in May of 2002. The AIRS is a grating surface parameters under clear and cloudy conditions. In this
spectrometer covering the 3.7-15.4 μm region with spectral resolving paper, we present the surface emissivity results derived from IASI
power better than 1200, but with some spectral gaps. The AIRS global measurements under both clear and cloudy conditions. The
Sounding Suit, AIRS along with AMSU-A and HSB, were designed accuracy of surface emissivity derived under cloudy conditions is
to measure the atmospheric temperature and water vapor profiles, statistically estimated in comparison with those derived under clear
the surface and the cloud parameters for climate research and for sky conditions. The retrieval error caused by the clouds is shown
improvement in weather forecast. Over the last 8+ years AIRS has as a function of cloud optical depth, which helps us to understand
been operating extremely stable, far surpassing original design life how well infrared sounders can observe the atmosphere and surface
of 4-5 years. All engineering parameters related to the health of through clouds.
AIRS are still excellent and show little effect of harsh environment in
space. Many more years of this excellent data are expected.
Currently the AIRS Level 1B Radiance Products are assimilated 7857-04, Session 1
by most NWP centers and have shown considerable improvement
in forecast skill. Many researchers have also demonstrated
considerable forecast impact assimilating the cloud cleared
Testing NPOESS CrIMSS EDR performance
radiances and the Level 2 (L2) geophysical products. Many using proxy data from IASI and AMSU
researches have been performed using AIRS data to study the X. Liu, NASA Langley Research Ctr. (United States); S. Kizer,
performance of other space borne infrared instruments. AIRS
Science Systems and Applications, Inc. (United States); A. M.
Level 1/2/3 products are widely used for studying critical climate
Larar, D. K. Zhou, NASA Langley Research Ctr. (United States);
processes related to water vapor feedback, atmospheric 3
dimensional transport and cloud microphysics. In addition to these W. L. Smith, Sr., Hampton Univ. (United States); C. Barnet, M. G.
original purposes, AIRS data have been used to study atmospheric Divakarla, G. Guo, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and
gases like CO, CO2, CH4, SO2, atmospheric dust and OLR. In this Information Service (United States); W. J. Blackwell, V. Leslie,
paper, we will also discuss current research activities as well as L. Jairam, MIT Lincoln Lab. (United States); K. St. Germain,
planned upgrade to the operational software. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (United
States); R. J. Lynch, Atmospheric and Environmental Research,
Inc. (United States)
7857-02, Session 1 The MetOp-A satellite was successfully launched on 19 October
2006 and has been providing excellent data for more than 3 years.
IR ultraspectral remote sensing: an The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) aboard of
efficient physical-statistical nonlinear MetOP-A is a Fourier Transform ultraspectral instrument with 8461
channels covering the spectral range from 645 to 2760 cm-1. The
sounding retrieval algorithm IASI spectra can be converted into proxy data for the NPOESS
W. L. Smith, Sr., Hampton Univ. (United States) and Univ. of Crosstrack Infrared Sounder (CrIS) through a rigorous mathematical
Wisconsin-Madison (United States); S. V. Kireev, Hampton Univ. transformation by taking into account of instrument characteristics
(United States); E. Weisz, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison (United of both the IASI and the CrIS. The 15-channel AMSU temperature
States); A. M. Larar, NASA Langley Research Ctr. (United States); sounder, and the 5-channel and Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS)
H. E. Revercomb, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison (United States) aboard of MetOP-A can be used to generate proxy data for the
NPOESS Advanced Technology Mircrowave Sounder (ATMS). The
A non-linear solution to the radiative transfer equation for profiling CrIS and ATMS make up the Cross-track Infrared and Microwave
the atmosphere using ultraspectral infrared radiance measurements Sounder Suite (CrIMSS). CrIMSS will primarily provide global
is described. The physical-statistical solution is very efficient, temperature, moisture, and pressure profiles. We will describe the
requiring only one radiative transfer spectrum computation per method used in generating the proxy data and show results of using
iteration. Time-consuming Jacobian computations are avoided. the proxy data for evaluation of the NPOESS CrIMSS Environmental
Climate trend and mesoscale meteorological results from satellite Data Record (EDR) retrieval algorithm.
(AIRS/IASI), airborne (NAST-I), and groundbased (AERI/ASSIST)
measurements are presented to illustrate the accuracy and vertical
resolution characteristics of products derived using the non-linear 7857-05, Session 1
physical-statistical solution.
Spectral resolution and coverage impact
7857-03, Session 1 on advanced sounder information content
A. M. Larar, X. Liu, D. K. Zhou, NASA Langley Research Ctr.
How well can infrared sounders observe (United States); W. L. Smith, Sr., Hampton Univ. (United States)
the atmosphere and surface through Advanced satellite sensors are tasked with improving global
clouds? measurements of the Earth’s atmosphere, clouds, and surface to
enable enhancements in weather prediction, climate monitoring
D. K. Zhou, A. M. Larar, X. Liu, NASA Langley Research Ctr. capability, and environmental change detection. Achieving
(United States); W. L. Smith, Sr., Hampton Univ. (United States); such measurement improvements requires instrument system
L. Strow, Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore County (United States); P. advancements. This presentation focuses on the impact of spectral
Yang, Texas A&M Univ. (United States) resolution and coverage changes on remote sensing system
information content, with a specific emphasis on thermodynamic
Infrared sounders such as the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), state and trace species variables obtainable from advanced
the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), and the atmospheric sounders such as the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding
Cross-track Infrared sounder (CrIS) have a cloud-impenetrable Interferometer (IASI) and Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) systems
disadvantage in observing the atmosphere and surface under on the MetOp and NPP/NPOESS series of satellites.
Retrieval of minor constituents from Infrared ultraspectral and multispectral imaging and sounding
measurements, collected by geosynchronous and sun synchronous
thermal infrared spectra observed by environmental satellites, provide prodigious amounts of information
GOSAT TANSO-FTS sensor about Earth and its atmosphere. More than 99% of the input data
required for sophisticated numerical weather prediction models
R. Imasu, Y. Hayashi, A. Inagoya, The Univ. of Tokyo (Japan); are collected by such satellite systems. The so called “Tsunami”
N. Saitoh, Chiba Univ. (Japan); K. Shiomi, Japan Aerospace of data to be generated by the next generation of satellite systems
Exploration Agency (Japan) has forced scientists and engineers scramble to find appropriate
technologies and architectures to process and fully utilize such huge
The main sensor of the greenhouse gas observing satellite (GOSAT) amounts of invaluable data.
is the “thermal and near infrared sensor for carbon observation
Fourier transform spectrometer (TANSO-FTS)”. It has been
functioning normally after the launch of the satellite on 23 January In this paper we will use an end-to-end direct broadcast processing
2009. The thermal infrared band (Band 4) of the sensor, which and application system to illustrate the recent process in using
was designed to dedicate to observe CO2 concentration in the high performance computing technology, streamline processing
upper troposphere, covers a wide range spectrum from 5.5 um to architecture, and intelligent science algorithms to demonstrate
14.0 um. It was found that the spectra have a systematical bias various real-time applications in weather forecasting, air pollution
through the comparison with AIRS spectra and synthesized ones monitoring, and resource management. Case studies using products
based on the meteorological analysis data. It can not be removed derived from infrared ultraspectral and multispectral imaging and
only through the normal calibration process but can be reduced sounding observations will be the centerpiece of this invited talk.
by using interferograms which were produced considering the
temperature variation of the optics during the duration between
calibrations carried out six times on one orbital cycle. Atmospheric 7857-10, Session 2
minor constituents such as O3, CH4, CO2, SO2, as well as water
vapor are retrieved from the calibrated spectra. These results are
validated using the data obtained by ozone sondes, airplane (JAL-
Preprocessing of hyperspectral imagery
CONTRAIL), and other satellites. Also detected are signals from with consideration of smile and keystone
Chlorofluorocarbons such as CFC-12 and Hydrofluorocarbons. properties
These data are analyzed and concentrations obtained are compared
with data provided from the World Data Centre for Greenhouse N. Yokoya, N. Miyamura, A. Iwasaki, The Univ. of Tokyo (Japan)
Gases (WDCGG).
Satellite hyperspectral imaging sensors suffer from “smile” and
“keystone” properties, which appear as distortions of spectrum
image. The smile property is the center wavelength shift and
7857-08, Session 1 the keystone property is the band-to-band misregistration.
These distortions degrade the spectrum information and reduce
Aerosol optical properties derived from classification accuracies. Furthermore, these properties may
solar spectrum measurements and their change after the launch. Therefore, in the preprocessing of satellite
hyperspectral image, the onboard correction of the smile and
application to atmospheric correction of keystone properties only from the observed images is important
satellite data issue as well as the radiometric and geometric correction.
N. Manago, S. Miyazawa, K. Masuda, H. Kuze, Chiba Univ. The main objective of this work is to build up the prototype of the
(Japan)
7857-19, Session 4
7857-17, Session 3 On-orbit absolute temperature
Tuning of hyperspectral biooptical calibration using multiple phase change
algorithms in the Peter the Great Bay materials: overview of recent technology
P. A. Salyuk, V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute (Russian advancements
Federation); O. A. Bukin, I. Stepochkin, Maritime State Univ. F. A. Best, D. P. Adler, C. Pettersen, H. E. Revercomb, J. H.
named after G.I. Nevelskoi (Russian Federation); A. N. Pavlov, Perepezko, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison (United States)
Institute for Automation and Control Processes (Russian
Federation) NASA’s anticipated plan for a mission dedicated to Climate
(CLARREO) will hinge upon the ability to fly SI traceable standards
Ship-based remotely sensed hyperspectral data of sea surface that provide irrefutable absolute measurement accuracy. As an
reflectance (Rrs) obtained in the Peter the Great Bay in 2009 and example, instrumentation designed to measure spectrally resolved
2010 during different seasons were used in the work. Data were infrared radiances will require high-emissivity calibration blackbodies
measured by FieldSpec® HandHeld ASD spectrometer in spectral that have absolute temperature uncertainties of better than 0.045K
range 400-850 nm with 1 nm resolution. Procedure of Rrs spectra (3 sigma). A novel scheme to provide absolute calibration of
retrieving were based on NASA protocols. Sum total more than 150 temperature sensors on-orbit, that uses the transient melt signatures
Rrs spectra were obtained. Every spectrum was fitted by analytical from multiple phase change materials, has been demonstrated in
biooptical algorithm with five unknown variables: C - chlorophyll-a the laboratory at the University of Wisconsin and is now undergoing
concentration, ag(440) - absorption coefficient by detritus and
Remote Hyperspectral and Multispectral sensors have been Vegetation reflectance spectra curve in field with spectrometer to
developed and are possible using modern CCD and CMOS be tested in this study, used eight kinds of spectral parameters
fabrication techniques. The resulting sensors are more cost effective to analysis spectral curve of vegetation, six kinds of heavy metal
while maintaining the high performance needed in remote sensing content in plant leaves to be measured, then the regression model
applications. from the spectral characteristic parameters to the heavy metal
content can be built, according to this can inverse heavy metal
A single device can contain multiple imaging areas tailored to content with spectral parameters, further analysis the pollution
different multispectral bandwidths in a highly cost effective and extent of mine vegetation. Sampling areas were polluted by Cr more
reliable package. By placing advanced dichroic filters applied seriously, secondly was Ni. The 4 point was polluted most seriously
directly in the imaging path a highly efficient multispectral sensor is by the heavy metal. The regression equations of Pb, Cu, Zn heavy
achieved. metals had high correlation coefficient. The red valley area and the
Sensors are able to combine advanced filter technology with the high water absorption area with the Zn content in leaves had a high linear
resolution sensors, available 12,000 pixel linear arrays are proposed. correlation, the red valley depth and the water absorption depth with
Each imaging area on the device can be designed to have its own the Cu content in leaves had a high linear correlation.
pixel size and clocking to enable optimal imaging performance for
the individual spectral bands. Individual elements are also based
on high resolution Time Delay and Integration technology (TDI) to 7857-35, Session 5
maximize sensitivity and throughput. For high sensitivity back side
illuminated (BSI) processes can achieve nearly 100% quantum
efficiency thereby achieving signal to noise ratios that at the
Performances of frequency-based
theoretical maximum. contextual classifier in land use/cover
classification using high resolution satellte
7857-27, Session 5 images
M. R. Mustapha, H. S. Lim, M. Z. Mat Jafri, F. M. Hassan, Univ.
Remotely based monitoring of the Sains Malaysia (Malaysia)
mangroves over Penang Island, Malaysia Remote sensing sensors are now able to deliver greatly increased
B. C. Beh, M. Z. Mat Jafri, H. S. Lim, Univ. Sains Malaysia amount of information with the used of high resolution sensor.
(Malaysia) But high or very high resolution sensors lead to noise in generally
homogeneous classes as the data contains increased information
Mangrove vegetation is characteristically present in river estuaries with more internal variability. Conventional classification methods
and along the coast where the land meets the sea. Remote commonly cannot handle the complex landscape environment in
sensing can be used to obtain mangrove distribution information. the image. The result of each method has often “a salt and pepper
The objective of this study was to detect, assess and monitor the appearances” which is a main characteristic of misclassification. It
changes in the mangrove ecosystem using remote sensing over seems clear that information from neighboring pixels should increase
Penang Island, Malaysia. An attempt has been made based on the discrimination capabilities of the pixel based measured, and thus,
onscreen visual interpretation techniques various land use and land improve the classification accuracy and the interpretation efficiency.
cover classes have been mapped and classified. A RGB-NDVI was This information is referred to as the spatial contextual information.
used to display and quantify mangrove forest distribution using three In this paper, we shall present a contextual classification method
dates THEOS satellite imagery. Reference data was based on ground based on a frequency-based approach for the purpose of land cover
truth and visual verification of very high resolution autopilot images.. mapping. Additionally, classification maps are produced which have
High accuracy was obtained in mapping of mangrove cover. significantly less speckle error.
7858-01, Session 1 algorithm was employed using the multi-band data for retrieval of
the water constituent. Digital numbers corresponding to the water
Coastal ocean atmospheric correction for sample locations were determined for algorithm calibration. Various
types of algorithms were tested; R and RMS value were noted. The
AVNIR-2 high resolution images proposed algorithm is considered superior based on the values of
H. Murakami, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (Japan); the correlation coefficient and root-mean-square The algorithm was
C. Dupouy, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (New used to generate the TSS map for the Penang Island, Malaysia.
Caledonia) Geometric correction was performed to the TSS map and colour-
coded for visual interpretation. This study shows the potential
Coastal ocean-color estimation needs to retrieve not only molecular application of THEOS satellite images for TSS mapping using the
and aerosol scattering (Ra), but also sea-surface reflection (Rsf) proposed multispectral algorithm.
accurately because Rsf has fine temporal and spatial scales
due to variable winds and air-sea stability caused by the coastal
geographical structure. Murakami and Frouin 2008 showed a 7858-04, Session 1
possibility of sun-glint correction by using near infrared (NIR)
and shortwave infrared (SWIR) channels of MODIS. This study Precision improvement of chlorophyll-a
investigates the atmospheric correction for AVNIR-2 which has 10-m
resolution but doesn’t have SWIR, and targets the New Caledonia remote sensing inversion by data
coast. Rayleigh correction and simple subtraction of NIR reflectance, transformation in turbidity water under low
assuming white Rsf and Ra, can remove most part of Rsf and Ra.
However, that is not enough accuracy for qualitative use such as concentrations: a case of Taihu lake, China
time-series analysis of water optical characteristics. Practically we Y. Wei, Nanjing Normal Univ. (China)
can use optically stable area (e.g., oligotrophic areas outside of the
lagoon) to estimate spectral slope of aerosol because generally Estimation and monitoring chlorophyll-a concentration (CHLA),
we focus on specific areas (e.g., less than 50km x 50km) in the especially low chlorophyll-a concentration of lake using remote
analysis of high resolution images. We can also use in-situ optical sensing data is very important to early warning for blue-green
observations to estimate spectral characteristics of Ra and Rsf in algal bloom. In spite of better overall goodness fit in three-band
the target area. This study evaluates the above methods through chlorophyll-a inversion model of turbidity water proposed by
analysis of in-situ observations and AVNIR-2 images around the New Gitelson, the estimation errors of samples with low CHLA are
Caledonia, and investigates agreement with the standard ocean- often higher, and this kind of error has great influence on the
color atmospheric correction methods such as MODIS ones. evaluation of lake nutritional status. In this paper, two methods of
data transformation-logarithm of CHLA and continuum removal of
spectrum-were used to decrease model error. Data set includes
the routine monitoring sampling data collected from June to
7858-02, Session 1 September, 2004 in Taihu lake and field data in March, 2010 in
Mei Liangwang of Taihu lake. Water surface spectrum data were
Statistical inference in atmospheric measured synchronously by ASD FieldPro. Comparative analysis
correction of ocean color showed that both logarithm transform (LT) and continuum removal
transform (CRT) can increase model’s accuracy. For all sample
B. Pelletier, Univ. de Rennes 2 (France); R. J. Frouin, Univ. of data, the average relative accuracy of model built by data after LT
California, San Diego (United States) increased by 30%, and that of model built by data after LT plus CRT
We present an atmospheric correction algorithm over ocean increased by 35%. For the samples with Chla lower than 50ug/L, the
surfaces defined as the solution of a statistical inference problem. average relative error decreased from 76% of model built by data
The definition of the inversion algorithm relies on an estimate of without transformation to 36% after LT and 27% after LT plus CRT.
the distribution of the uncertainties on the top-of-atmosphere The paper concluded that data transform is a simple and effective
reflectance, corrected for molecular effects. This distribution is method to improve precision of CHLA remote sensing inversion.
estimated from an in-situ match-up dataset. The forward operator
is discretized using a radiative transfer code, and the theoretical
solution is approximated numerically. 7858-05, Session 1
Empirical nonlinear determination of the
7858-03, Session 1 diffuse attenuation coefficient Kd(490) in
TSS monitoring by using THEOS satellite coastal waters from ocean color images
imagery over Penang Island, Malaysia C. Jamet, H. Loisel, D. Dessailly, Lab. d’Océanologie et de
Géosciences (France)
H. S. Lim, M. Z. Mat Jafri, K. Abdullah, Univ. Sains Malaysia
(Malaysia) The diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance,
Kd, is a very important parameter for ocean studies. For the vast
Traditional sampling method for marine environment monitoring ocean, the only mean to study this parameter at large scale is by
is time consuming and needs a high cost to carry out the survey. ocean color remote sensing. Several empirical and semi-analytical
Remote sensing data have been widely used for monitoring marine inversion schemes have been developed for the past years, mainly
environment and remote sensing is an efficient method to overcome for open ocean. The SeaWiFS/MODIS empirical algorithm is very
the problem. This paper assesses the use of multispectral satellite suitable for open ocean but highly under-estimated this parameter
imagery from THEOS for mapping spatial distribution of TSS in in turbid waters. We present a purely empirical method using neural
a coastal zone. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility networks to retrieve Kd at 490 nm from the SeaWiFS/MODIS remote
of using THEOS satellite image for the water quality studies. sensing reflectance on the entire visible spectrum (412 to 670 nm). A
Simultaneous in situ measurements of total suspended solids (TSS) comparison with the SeaWiFS/MODIS standard algorithm and semi-
concentration and acquisition of satellite imageries were carried out analytical methods will be presented. Compared to previous studies,
over Penang Island, Malaysia. The locations of in situ sample were this new inverse method based on a non-linear scheme provides a
determined using a handheld Global Positioning System (GPS). The better estimation of Kd(490) in turbid waters and a slightly similar
algorithm used is based on the reflectance model which is a function retrieval in clear waters.
of the inherent optical properties of water and this in turn can be
related to the concentration of its constituents. Multiple regression
7860-14, Session 3
7860-12, Session 3
Carbonyl compounds and dial monitoring
Development of dual-wavelength high- of tropospheric ozone generation and
spectral-resolution lidar dynamics
T. Nishizawa, N. Sugimoto, I. Matsui, National Institute for T. Gasmi, Saint Louis Univ., Madrid Campus (Spain)
Environmental Studies (Japan)
Measurements spanned over several days between 10:00 and 20:00
A two-wavelength (532 and 355nm) High-Spectral-Resolution Lidar with a standard deviation that varied between 1% and 7%. The
(HSRL) system for the next-generation aerosol-monitoring lidar standard deviation of 7% is an equivalent measurement uncertainty
network is being developed. Depolarization measurement functions of almost 2-ppb when averaging 200 pulse pairs.
at two wavelengths (532 and 1064nm) are also added to this lidar
system. This lidar system provides 2α+3β+2δ data: extinction Ethylene and ozone behaviours show a high degree of coincidence.
coefficients (α) at 355 and 532 nm, backscatter coefficients (β) at The two gases start to increase, reaching a peak and then
355, 532, and 1064 nm, and depolarization ratios (δ) at 532 and 1064 decaying to a plateau, which lasts 3 hours. The net difference in
nm. This system combines use of the previously developed HSRL ethylene concentration (C2H4) versus that of ozone (O3) for the
techniques with an iodine absorption filter for 532nm and a Fabry- two successive days is depicted in figures. (O3) duplicates to a
Perot etalon for 355nm. The 532nm HSRL and 1064nm receiver good extent the behaviour of (C2H4) and hence revealing a good
systems of this lidar have been constructed. We also developed correlation between ethylene and ozone. There is also a time shift
a system to tune the laser wavelength to an iodine absorption of more than an hour between the peaks of the two curves that is
line in this lidar system and conducted preliminary measurements attributed to the ozone build up time. It is however well established
using the constructed systems. The temporal and vertical variation that in the lower troposphere, especially in urban areas, chemical
of aerosols could be determined. The constructed 532nm HSRL reactions of biogenic, anthropogenic VOC (Volatile Organic
system could measure molecule Rayleigh backscatter signals by Compounds) and anthropogenic NOX emissions dominate over
blocking aerosol Mie backscatter signals with the iodine absorption those of methane and its degradation products.
filter, indicating that the developed laser wavelength tuning system Basically, the role of this alkene is the efficient conversion of NO to
worked well. Thus, we reached to the preliminary conclusion that we NO2 and subsequently, the increase of tropospheric ozone.
could construct appropriate the 532nm HSRL and 1064nm receiver
systems. We further develop an algorithm to retrieve the vertical
and temporal distributions of the concentration and particle sizes So according to our basic photochemical smog model, one should
of sulfate, black carbon, dust, and sea salt, which are the principal expect a direct correlation between the C2H4 evolution and that of
aerosol components in the atmosphere, using the 2α+3β+2δ data O3 under similar meteorological conditions for urban atmospheres
from the developed HSRL. In the conference, we present the multi- and UVB radiation that prevailed during the days of the campaign.
wavelength HSRL system as well as the four-aerosol component Our new experimental data asserting the direct correlation between
classification algorithm. ozone generation and ethylene in urban atmospheres is both
demonstrated and supported by a photochemical smog model.
7860-13, Session 3
7860-15, Session 4
Development of a new multi-wavelength
lidar facility for studies on the mixed layer ISS/JEM-LOVES (lidar for observation of
dynamics vegetation environment from space)
Y. Bhavani Kumar, National Atmospheric Research Lab. (India) K. Asai, A. Sato, T. Terasaki, Tohoku Institute of Technology
(Japan); N. Sigimoto, National Institute for Environmental Studies
For the first time, a new lidar facility with multi-wavelength (Japan)
capability has been realized at the National Atmospheric Research
Laboratory (NARL), Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E, 375 m AMSL), India As well known, the earth is called “a blue planet”. But it may be
for understanding the mixed layer (ML) dynamics and its structure called “a green planet” because it is covered by plants, trees and
in detail. The lidar facility was developed with state-of-the art grasses, i.e. vegetation. Most every aspect of our lives depends
technology to improve the scope of understanding of aerosol upon them, namely vegetation. Not only they make us relaxant, feed
particle structure, their depolarization properties and the water us, but also they absorb carbon dioxide, and provide us with oxygen.
vapor dynamics in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). In the PBL, Therefore, it is very important to watch the spatial distribution of
aerosols and pollutants are mixed during daytime, when the local vegetation biomass and changes in biomass over time, representing
forcing causes turbulence generation. The local boundary layer invaluable information to improve present assessments and future
top is marked with a gradient in aerosol particle concentration, projections of the terrestrial carbon cycle. The Normalized Difference
which leads to a gradient in the backscattering and extinction from Vegetation Index1) (NDVI) is used to present quantitatively the
lidar measurements. This gradient may be enhanced by the effect density of green on vegetation, to monitor changes in vegetation
of relative humidity (RH), and so do their optical properties. Lidar and to understand how they affect the environment using mostly
backscatter measurements can be used directly to derive the ABL satellite’s data taken by imaging spectro-radiometer, e.g. AVHRR/
height using different mathematical methods. Backscattering lidar NOAA2), MODIS/Terra, Aqua3), AVNIR/ALOS4). This paper describes
measurements during daytime can be reinforced by Raman lidar an ISS-JEM?EF borne novel vegetation lidar named LOVES (Lidar for
measurements after sunset periods. The newly installed lidar facility Observation of Vegetation Environment from Space) to take
operates three different lidars such as Infrared (IR) lidar at 1064 nm, actively the range-resolved NDVI value and to measure the canopy
Dual Polarization Lidar (DPL) at 532 nm and Elastic-Raman Lidar with height simultaneously using dual wavelength (@660nm/@1320nm)
multi-wavelength capability (355, 387 and 408nm) for measurements laser transmitter and an imaging detection system with a 2D array
on boundary layer aerosol and atmospheric water vapor. The lidar detector for information of vegetation biomass.
facility operates three independent Nd: YAG pulsed laser sources
at 10 and 20 Hz repetition rate. The receive system consists of a
Newtonian telescope with 350 mm diameter and two Schmidt-
Cassegrain telescopes with 150 mm diameter. All the lidar systems
are operated using the analog and photon counting data acquisition
techniques with Ethernet based control. The Mie lidar systems are
7861-02, Session 1
7861-04, Session 1
In-orbit solar diffuser characterization for Analysis anomaly to set up stabilized
radiometric calibration of geostationary operation of GOCI during trial test and in-
ocean color imager orbit test
S. Cho, Y. Ahn, H. Han, J. Ryu, Korea Ocean Research &
Development Institute (Korea, Republic of) J. M. Ryu, S. Lee, H. Han, Y. Ahn, Korea Ocean Research &
Development Institute (Korea, Republic of)
Geostationary Ocean Color Imager(GOCI) is the world’s first
ocean color observation satellite in geostationary orbit. GOCI The world’s first space-borne ocean color observation geostationary
was developed to accomplish the ocean monitoring mission of satellite was launched on June 27, 2010. Systems and Korea
Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite(COMS). Ocean Satellite Center was established for receiving, processing
and distributing images captured Geostationary Ocean Color
In June 2010, COMS is scheduled to be launched at Kourou Space Imager (GOCI) since 2005. The system trials had been conducted
Center in French Guiana by Ariane 5 ECA Launch Vehicle. After continuously for stabilized operation since 2009. Systems in KOSC
successful launch, in-orbit test of GOCI are conducted by Korea were set up to operate from receiving image to distributing data
Ocean Satellite Center(KOSC) in KORDI, Korea Aerospace Research nonstop. Because this means that stabilized operation of each
Institute(KARI), and EADS Astrium in France. system and relation of them is important, it is crucial to figure out
Solar calibration which uses sun as a reference light source is GOCI problem when anomaly occurred and analyze effect on each system.
in-orbit calibration method. For the degradation monitoring of Solar Also it is very significant to figure out additional unexpected problem
Diffuser(SD) due to solar UV radiation, galactic cosmic rays and during in-orbit test period, analyze it and then propose solutions to
space debris, 2nd diffuser, DAMD(Diffuser Aging Monitoring Device) it, because operation of geostationary satellite for ocean is the first in
is also equipped in the GOCI. The SD and DAMD of GOCI are same the world.
QVD(Quasi Volumic Diffuser) type which were made of fused silica. In conclusion, we artificially make emergencies and propose
Diameter of the SD and DAMD is 14cm, 7cm respectively. solutions responding to them before lunching satellite. Also we
Because in-orbit calibration method of GOCI is solar calibration, analyze anomalies which are occurred during in-orbit test period,
in-orbit characterization of Solar Diffuser(SD) and Diffuser Aging then seek solutions responding them for setting up stabilized
Monitoring Device(DAMD) during In-Orbit Test(IOT) period is planned operation. The results drawing from the paper was source to KOSC
for the determination of initial diffusion factor for the nominal GOCI which operate system of GOCI and agencies concerned for 7 years
radiometric calibration operation. In this paper, we present the from now.
characterization result of SD and DAMD for GOCI in-orbit solar
calibration.
7861-05, Session 2
7861-03, Session 1 Introduction of atmospheric correction
In-orbit performance assessment of day technics for geostationary ocean color
and night operation of GOCI imager (GOCI)
J. H. Ahn, Korea Ocean Satellite Ctr./KORDI (Korea, Republic
S. Cho, Y. Ahn, H. Han, J. Ryu, Korea Ocean Research & of); J. Ryu, J. Moon, Y. B. Son, J. Min, Korea Ocean Research &
Development Institute (Korea, Republic of) Development Institute (Korea, Republic of)
7861-16, Session 4
The ocean colour advanced permanent
imager (OCAPI) geostationary ocean colour
mission: science rationale and preliminary
mission concept
D. Antoine, Lab. d’Océanographie de Villefranche (France)
The Ocean Colour Advanced Permanent Imager (OCAPI) mission
proposes an ocean colour instrument imaging the entire oceanic
and coastal zones from a geostationary orbit positioned over Europe
and the Atlantic ocean. The presentation includes an overview of the
science rationale for this mission, the mission requirements deriving
from the science objectives,and a preliminary mission design.
7862-27, Session 6
7862-31, Poster Session
ASTER cloud coverage reassessment
using MODIS cloud mask products Precise spaceborne SAR image formation
H. Tonooka, Ibaraki Univ. (Japan); K. Omagari, Earth Remote
technique based on the analysis of critical
Sensing Data Analysis Ctr. (Japan); H. Yamamoto, National errors using the spaceborne SAR simulator
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (Japan); S. Shim, Y. M. Ro, KAIST (Korea, Republic of)
T. Tachikawa, M. Fujita, Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Ctr.
(Japan); Z. Paitaer, Ibaraki Univ. (Japan) This paper proposes the precise spaceborne synthetic aperture
radar (SAR) image formation technique based on the analysis of
In the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection critical error factors that severely degrade the SAR image quality.
radiometer (ASTER) Project, scene cloud coverage is assessed by These are error factors related to the antenna beam pointing, the
the ASTER cloud cover assessment algorithm (ACCAA) based on effective velocity, and the Doppler centroid. We newly developed the
the Automatic Cloud Cover Assessment (ACCA) algorithm of the spaceborne SAR system simulator which is able to analysis effects
LANDSAT Project, and is used in image search and some higher-level that critical errors of the user-designed spaceborne SAR induce
processing. The ACCA, however, does not work well for nighttime on a focused image. Using it, effects of critical errors are analyzed
images, and daytime images observed in the VNIR-only observation for spaceborne SAR image formation. Analysis results show that
mode, because a part of spectral bands useful for cloud assessment these cause phase distortion of rawdata, distort the symmetry
are not available, and also cannot distinguish clouds over snow/ice of the azimuth impulse response function (IRF) of point targets in
covered areas after April 2008 when the shortwave infrared (SWIR) the focused image, and defocus the SAR image. To resolve these
bands developed trouble. In addition, the ACCA performs less well problems, we suggest to make use of the phase gradient algorithm
for some combinations of surface type and sun elevation angle. (PGA) to compensate phase distortion induced by antenna beam
Thus, we have developed the ASTER cloud coverage reassessment pointing errors. Also, the effective velocity of the illuminated beam
system using MODIS cloud mask (MOD35) products. The system and the Doppler centroid of spaceborne SAR rawdata are exactly
was applied for all the ASTER archived scenes (>1.6 million scenes), calculated by proposed methods using both orbit state vectors
and is applied for daily upcoming scenes (about 400 scenes per day) and the rawdata acquisition geometry based on the newly defined
every day. All the reassessment results are transferred to ASTER two-way slant range equation model. Furthermore, azimuth block
Ground Data System (GDS) and NASA’s Land Process Data Active processing is used to reduce signal level of ambiguities produced
Archive Center (LP DAAC), and available in ASTER product search at by sidelobes of antenna beam. The experimental results on the
each web site. We also evaluated a part of generated cloud masks simulated SAR data show that proposed methods are able to reduce
using ASTER browse images, which indicates that most of them error effects as well as improve the focused SAR image quality
showed good agreement with browse images, while only a few greatly.
scenes from Antarctica etc. have some problems.
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