MicroAPPS/ PART 2-BUS WIDTH

I will be looking at and comparing 3 different processors, these will be 8-bit from the PIC
microcontroller family, 16-bit from the Motorola 68k family and 32-bit from ARM processor family.

PIC 8-BIT (PIC10F206)

Features
For the PIC 8-bit it has a number of features like 4 I/O (input/output)pins, 3 of which have individual
direction control and one input-only pin. The rest of the features are:

- High current sink/source for direct LED drive

- Wake-on-change
- Weak pull-ups
• 8-bit real-time clock/counter (TMR0) with 8-bit
Programmable prescaler
• 1 Comparator:
- Internal absolute voltage reference
- Both comparator inputs visible externally
- Comparator output visible externally

The PIC10F206 microcontroller also has some special features intended to maximize reliability and minimize cost
by eliminating external components, to provide power-saving operating modes and offer code protection.
These features are:

• Reset:
- Power-on Reset (POR)
- Device Reset Timer (DRT)
- Watchdog Timer (WDT)
- Wake-up from Sleep on pin change
- Wake-up from Sleep on comparator change
• Sleep
• Code Protection
• ID Locations
• In-Circuit Serial Programming™
• Clock Out
ARCHITECTURE
The PIC10F206 devices has architectural features commonly found in RISC microprocessors that gives it its high
performance . The PIC10F206 uses Harvard architecture where program and data are accessed on separate
buses. This helps improve the bandwidth and allows instructions to be sized in different ways other than the 8-bit
wide data word compared to the traditional von Neumann architectures where program and data are fetched on
the same bus. It also implements a two-stage pipeline which overlaps fetch and execution of instructions.
This allows all 33 instructions to be executed in a single cycle (1 s @ 4 MHz) except for program branches.

The PIC10F206 chip can directly or indirectly address its register files and data memory. All Special Function
Registers (SFR), including the PC, are mapped in the data memory. It has a highly symmetrical instruction set
enables it to carry out any operation, on any register, using any addressing mode. This makes the chip simple,
yet efficient. The PIC10F206 also contains an 8-bit ALU and working register. The ALU is a general
purpose arithmetic unit capable of addition, subtraction, shift and logical operations.

Extra components

16-bit 68K micro-pro

Features
32 Bit Data and Address Registers
16 MByte Direct Addressing Range
56 Powerful Instructions
Memory Mapped Input/Output
14 Addressing Modes
2 MIPS at 20MHz
Available in 8, 10, 12, 16 & 20 MHz speeds (MC68HC000 and MC68EC000)
Available in 10, 16 & 20 MHz speeds (MC68SEC000)
Available in 8, 10, 12 & 16 MHz speeds (MC68HC001)

The Motorola microprocessor (MC68000) was a popular CISC microprocessor Introduced in around
1979. It was widely known as the 68K, it had 32-bit registers but used only 16-bit internal data paths
and had a 16-bit external data bus to reduced pin count, and it also only supported 24-bit addresses.
The 24-bit address bus allows the 68000 to access 16 megabytes of external memory; however, only
23 address bits actually are externally available as address pins. The least significant address bit (A0)
is not externally available. Therefore, the 16 megabytes of memory are actually organized
as 8 megawords of 16-bit words located at even-numbered addresses (LSB= 0).Byte addressing
allows the 68000 to access 8-bit byte data on both even and odd address boundaries in memory. The
UDS (upper data strobe) and LDS (lower data strobe) outputs of the 68000 are used for byte-oriented
addressing. It was described by Motorola as a 16-bit processor but had a 32-bit design, and contained
16x 32-bit general purpose registers.
The high performance , large memory and low cost made it the most popular CPU design of its
class, it was also widely used as CPU’s in many computers e.g. Apple MAC and LISA, Atari
ST,HP9000, Sun UNIX machines and Commodore Amiga ,The 68k processors were also used in
various games consoles like the Sega Mega Drive and Genesis, the SNK Neo Geo as main CPU’s or
as processing for audio, input, output, system control or running game logic in consoles such as Sega
Saturn and Atari Jaguar. Their primary competitor was Intel’s X86 microprocessor. Even though
modern computers are not based on the MC68000 anymore, derivative processors like 68HC000 are
still used in different popular embedded applications like the core of microcontrollers like CPU32 and
ColdFire ,which have been used as automotive engine controllers. The MC68000 CPU uses at least 4
clock cycles per instruction, which run at between 4-10MHz.

The 68K CPU has eight 32-bit general purpose data registers, and eight address registers. This number
of registers meant that it was small enough to allow the 68K to respond quickly to the instruction set
and still be large enough to make fast calculations. The two types of registers proved a challenge, but
were not hard to use in practice. As it allowed the CPU designers to achieve a higher degree of
parallelism. Although it only had 56 instructions, this was huge at the time at 16 bits. Many
instructions and addressing modes added extra words at the end for addresses etc. A lot of designers
believed that the 68K architecture had quite compact code for its cost, especially when produced by
compilers.

Extra components

ARM7 32-BIT
Features
 32-bit register bank

 32-bit ALU for RISC performance

 32-bit shifter

 32-bit addressing (no paging required above 64KB)

 32 x 8 DSP multiplier for signal processing

 Thumb instruction set (provides 16-bit code density)

 Excellent code-density for minimal system memory size and cost

 32-bit performance from 8- or 16-bit memory on an 8or 16-bit bus for low system cost

 Extremely low power consumption for portable application

 Embedded in-circuit emulation function support for on-chip debugging

 The ARM7TDMI processor has two instruction sets:

the 32-bit ARM instruction set
the 16-bit Thumb instruction set.

 The ARM7TDMI core has a Von Neumann architecture, with a single 32-bit data bus
carrying both instructions and data. Only load, store, and swap instructions can access
data from memory.
 Data can be:
8-bit (bytes)
16-bit (halfwords)
32-bit (words).
Performance
The ARM7TDMI core is a 32-bit microprocessor from the ARM family, it offers high performance for
very low power consumption, all in a compact size. The architecture is based on Reduced Instruction
Set Computer (RISC) principles. Thumb has extended the architecture by addressing the code size
problem associated with RISC processors. System designers can benefit from the high performance
and wide address range offered by the 32-bit RISC core. The RISC instruction set, and related decode
mechanism are much simpler than those of Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) designs. (7).
This simplicity gives:
• a high instruction throughput
• an excellent real-time interrupt response
• a small, cost-effective, processor macrocell.

The ARM architecture includes the following RISC features:

 Load/store architecture.
 No support for misaligned memory accesses (now supported in ARMv6 cores, with some
exceptions related to load/store multiple word instructions).
 Uniform 16 × 32-bit register file.
 Fixed instruction width of 32 bits to ease decoding and pipelining, at the cost of decreased
code density. Later, "the Thumb instruction set" increased code density.
 Mostly single-cycle execution

External components
The ARM7TDMI™ includes EmbeddedICE™ and on-chip debug logic for the development of
application code when a core is deeply embedded into ASIC or ASSP. Access is via a 5-wire JTAG port
and an ICE interface unit such as ARM Multi-ICE™.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture#Architecture
http://www.arm.com/products/processors/index.php
http://www.arm.com/products/processors/cortex-m/cortex-m3.php
http://www.arm.com/products/processors/cortex-m/index.php
http://www.arm.com/products/processors/classic/arm9/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM7TDMI
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontroller

7=infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.../DDI0029.pdf

APPLICATIONS
PIC
PIC devices are used in applications like personal care appliances, security systems and low-power
remote transmitters/receivers they cals be found on some on-board peripherals such as serial
communication modules, UARTs, and motor control kernels. Thanks to the flash technology
implemented customising program applications is extremely fast and convenient. Their compact size
makes these microcontrollers well suited for applications with space limitations. Low cost,
low power, high performance, ease-of-use and I/O flexibility make the PIC devices very versatile
even in areas where no microcontroller use has been considered before like timer functions, logic
and PLDs in larger systems and coprocessor applications).