DAFTAR ISI

Halaman

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN................................................................... i

DAFTAR ISI........................................................................................... ii

DAFTAR GAMBAR................................................................................ iv

DAFTAR TABEL.................................................................................... v

DAFTAR GRAFIK.................................................................................. vi

DAFTAR SINGKATAN........................................................................... vii

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN............................................................................. ix

BAB I PENDAHULUAN......................................................................... 1

A. Latar Belakang Masalah.......................................................... 1

B. Rumusan Masalah................................................................... 7

C. Tujuan Penelitian...................................................................... 7

D. Hipotesis................................................................................... 8

E. Manfaat Penelitian.................................................................... 8

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA................................................................ 9

A. Anatomi Tonsila Palatina......................................................... 9

B. Imunologi Tonsila Palatina....................................................... 12

C. Tonsilitis Kronis........................................................................ 14

D. Sitokin....................................................................................... 18

E. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α......................................................... 21

F. Radikal Bebas.......................................................................... 24

G. Antioksidan............................................................................... 28

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 H. Astaxanthin............................................................................... 29

I. Kerangka Teori......................................................................... 35

J. Kerangka Konsep..................................................................... 36

BAB III METODE PENELITIAN............................................................. 37

A. Desain Penetian....................................................................... 37

B. Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian.................................................. 37

C. Populasi Penelitian................................................................... 37

D. Sampel Penelitian dan Cara Pengambilan Sampel................. 37

E. Kriteria Subyek Penelitian........................................................ 38

F. Izin Penelitian dan Ethical Clearance...................................... 39

G. Bahan dan Cara Penelitian...................................................... 39

H. Variabel Penelitian................................................................... 43

I. Definisi Operasional................................................................. 43

J. Alur Penelitian.......................................................................... 45

BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN............................... 46

A. Hasil Penelitian......................................................................... 46

B. Pembahasan............................................................................ 49

C. Keterbatasan Penelitian........................................................... 53

BAB V PENUTUP.................................................................................. 54

A. Kesimpulan............................................................................... 54

B. Saran........................................................................................ 54

DAFTAR PUSTAKA............................................................................... 55

LAMPIRAN............................................................................................. 62

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 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar Halaman

1. Gambaran kripte tonsil palatina...................................................... 9

2. Pembuluh darah yang memperdarahi tonsil palatina..................... 11

3. Gambaran tonsilitis kronik dengan kripte melebar......................... 17

4. Ratio tonsil terhadap orofaring........................................................ 17

5. Mekanisme pembentukan ROS/RNS pada proses Metabolisme... 26

6. Mekanisme Pembentukan ROS dan RNS pada proses inflamasi. 27

7. Struktur molekul astaxanthin........................................................... 30

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 DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel Halaman

1. Distribusi sampel menurut jenis kelamin........................................ 46

2. Distribusi sampel menurut umur..................................................... 47

3. Perbandingan kadar TNF-α sebelum dan sesudah pemberian

astaxanthin...................................................................................... 47

4. Perbandingan kadar TNF-α plasma dan apusan tonsil.................. 48

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 DAFTAR GRAFIK

Grafik Halaman

1. Perbandingan kadar TNF-α sebelum dan sesudah pemberian

astaxanthin....................................................................................... 48

2. Perbandingan kadar TNF-α plasma dan apusan tonsil................... 49

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 DAFTAR SINGKATAN

Singkatan Arti dan Keterangan

BHA Butil Hidroksi Anisol

BHT Butil Hidroksi Toluen

CAT Katalase

COX-2 Siklooksigenase-2

CRP C-Reactive Protein

DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid

EDTA Ethylen Diamine Tetra Asetat

ELISA Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays

GM-CSF Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor

GPx Glutathion Peroxidase

IFN Interferon

IKK IκB Kinase

IL-6 Interleukin-6

iNOS Inducible nitric oxide synthase

LDL Low Density Lipoprotein

LPS Lipopolisakarida

NF-kβ Nuclear Factor Kappa Beta

NK Natural Killer

NO Nitrit oksida

NOS Nitrat Oksida Sintase

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OSA Obstructive Sleep Apnea

PBS Phosphat Buffer Saline

PGE-2 Prostaglandin E2

PMN Polymorphonuclear

PUFA Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acid

RNS Reactive Nitrogen Species

ROS Reactive Oxygen Species

RSUD Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah

RSUP Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat

SOD Superoxide Dismutase

THT-KL Telinga Hidung Tenggorok Kepala dan Leher

TNF Tumor Necrosis Factor

WHO World Health Organization

TBHQ Tert-Butil Hidroksi Quinon

TH T Helper

TGF-β Transforming Growth Factor Beta

TNFR Tumor Necrosis Factor Reseptor

UV Ultra Violet

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 DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

1. Data Dasar Hasil Penelitian................................................................63

2. Rekomendasi Etik...............................................................................64

3. Dokumentasi Penelitian......................................................................65

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