Seismic

Seismicdesign
designand
andassessment
assessmentof
of
Masonry
Masonry Structures
Structures

Lesson 9, continued
October 2004

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 1

Limitations of the storey mechanism approach

To perform a separate analysis for each storey, it is necessary to make assumptions on the
boundary conditions of the piers, i.e. on their rotational restraints: fixed-fixed, or fixed-
free, or other.
These assumptions are strongly affected by the strength and stiffness of the coupling
horizontal structural elements: plain unreinforced masonry spandrel beams, or r.c. slabs, or
r.c. ring beams, which may or may not crack or fail as horizontal loads increase.
The state of stress of these elements cannot be determined accurately on the basis of a
separate analysis for each storey, but only from a global analysis of the whole multi-storey
structure. In principle, only by knowing how much the coupling element are stressed can
the engineer judge if cracking or failure can be expected, and, as a consequence, what kind
of boundary conditions can be assumed for the piers.
A variation in the axial force of the piers may take place under the overturning effect of the
horizontal loads, affecting the flexural and shear strength of the individual piers. This effect
may not be of relevance in low-rise squat buildings, but it can be in a more general context.
Again, an evaluation of this effect can be made only very approximately with a separate
storey-by-storey analysis.

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 2

 Limitations of the storey mechanism approach

The storey-mechanism approach must therefore always be applied with a clear

understanding of its meaning and limitations, otherwise it can lead, in some cases, to
unrealistic and unconservative results.
The engineer can improve to some extent the results with a proper choice of boundary
conditions (end rotation) for the piers, but still some structural configurations of multi-
storey walls or buildings cannot be analysed properly with such method.

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 3

URM MASONRY
SPANDREL
BEAMS UNDER at first cracking
SEISMIC
ACTION

Crack patterns from

an experimental
cyclic test on a full- at ultimate
scale masonry
building prototype
(University of Pavia,
1994)

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 4

Strength of urm spandrel beams

Very little information is available on the behaviour of urm spandrel beams

subjected to cyclic shear. A proposal for strength evaluation which could be
suitable for applications is as follows.
Unreinforced masonry spandrels can be considered as structurally effective
only if they are regularly bonded to the adjoining walls and resting on a floor
tie beam or on an effective lintel.
The verification of unreinforced masonry coupling beams, in presence of a
known axial horizontal force, is carried out in analogy of the vertical walls.
If the axial load is not known from the model (for instance, when the analysis
is carried out with the hypothesis of in-plane infinitely rigid floors), but
horizontal elements with tensile strength (such as steel ties or r.c. ring beams)
are present in proximity of the masonry beam, the resisting values may be
assumed not greater than the following values associated to the shear and
flexural failure mechanisms.

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 5

Strength of urm spandrel beams

The shear strength Vt of an unreinforced masonry coupling

beam, connected to a r.c. ring beam or a lintel and effectively
bonded at the ends, may be computed in a simplified way as
follows:

Vt = h t fv0
where: h is the section height of the masonry beam;
t is the width (thickness) of the beam
fv0 = is the shear strength in absence of compression.

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 6

 Strength of urm spandrel beams
The maximum resisting moment, associated to the flexural mechanism, always in
presence of horizontal elements resisting to tension actions in order to balance the
horizontal compression in masonry beams, may be evaluated as follows:
[
M u = H p h / 2 1 − H p /(0.85 f hu ht ) ]
where: Hp is the minimum between the tension strength of the element in tension
placed horizontally and the value 0.4fhuht
fhu= is the compression strength of masonry in the horizontal direction (in the plane of
the wall).
The shear strength, associated to this mechanism, may be computed as:
V p = 2M u / l
where l is the clear span of the masonry beam.
The value of shear strength for the unreinforced masonry beam element shall be
assumed as the minimum between Vt and Vp.

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 7

Non linear static modelling: beyond the storey mechanism approach

“Storey mechanism” Refined finite

element
Æ Ok up to 2
(3?) storeys

Gambarotta & Lagomarsino, Papa

Macro-element modelling & Nappi., Lourenço,…
Tomaževič, Braga & Dolce
fascia

maschio

nodo

MAS3D (Braga, PEFV (D’Asdia & SAM (Magenes, Della TREMURI (Lagomarsino,
Liberatore, Spera) Viskovic) Fontana, Bolognini) Penna & Galasco)

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 8

Requirements for non linear models
• Low or moderate computational burden to allow the modeling of whole
buildings:
• discretization of the structure with macro-elements: the elements have
dimensions comparable to the inter-storey height or with the size of openings
(doors, windows), to reduce the number of degrees of freedom of the model.

• Reliability of results:
• all the fundamental failure mechanisms should be accounted for with suitable
failure criteria;
• the model should give a good estimate of the overall deformational behaviour
under horizontal loads.

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 9

Overview of some macroelement models for urm

EQUIVALENT TRUSS
APPROACH
(Pagano et al., 1984-1990)

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 10

 Overview of some macroelement models for urm

MULTI-FAN MODEL, MAS3D (Braga,

Liberatore, Spera, 1990-2000)
No-tension stress field simulated as a set of
“radial” stress fields for which an
analytical formulation in closed form exists.

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 11

Overview of some macroelement models for urm

Pier or spandrel elem.

“Joint” element

PEFV (D’Asdia & Viskovic 1990-today)

Linear elastic finite elements with variable
(adaptive) geometry. Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 12
 Overview of some macroelement models for urm

TREMURI
(Lagomarsino, Penna,
Galasco 1997- today)

Beam-columns-type
elements with
internal degrees of
freedom and
coupling of
rotation/axial
displacement to
simulate rocking.
Allows dynamic
analysis also.

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 13

Overview of some macroelement models for urm

SAM (Magenes, Della Fontana, Bolognini 1998- today)
Equivalent 3–d frame model
•Simplified strength criteria for all elements, including r.c. ring beams, easily adaptable
to code-like formulations.

•Simplified multi-linear constitutive rules are used (extension of concepts already

present in early storey-mechanism formulations)

•Flexural (“rocking”) failure:a plastic hinge is introduced at the end of the effective
length where Mu is attained
•Shear failure: plastic shear deformation γ occurs when Vu is attained

•Suitable for both urm and reinforced masonry.

•Crude idealization but effective results especially for prediction of behaviour at

ultimate

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 14

Nonlinear equivalent frame
rigid i
offset
H1 θ = chord rotation
i'
ϕ = flexural deform.

effective
γ = shear deformation
length Heff

j'
rigid H2
offset
j
V
V
Spandrel
Shear force- Pier element element
V
shear V u
u
deformation
behaviour in
the case of αV
u
shear failure
mechanism γ
γ γ γ
1 2
γ = θu− ϕ

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 15

Nonlinear equivalent frame

80

70 F.E.M.
SAM (w. brittle spandrels)
Total base shear (kN)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040

Total displacement at 3rd floor (m)

URM wall with weak spandrels: Damage pattern predicted by

No storey mechanism refined nonlinear f.e.m. analysis

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 16

 Nonlinear equivalent frame

Comparison with experiments:

full scale, two-storey, brick
masonry building, subjected to
quasi static cyclic loading
(University of Pavia, 1994-95)

150
160
Wall D - Door wall
100 140

120

Base shear (kN)

Base shear (kN)

50
100
0 80
Exp. 1st cycle envelope
-50 60 Exp. 2nd cycle envelope
Exp. 3rd cycle envelope
40 SAM pushover analysis
-100
20
-150 0
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
Equivalent displacement δeq (mm)
Equivalent displacement δeq (mm)

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 17

5-storey urm wall with r.c. ring beams

1.22

2.25

1.45

2.25

1.45

19.12
2.25

1.45

2.25

1.63

2.25

0.64

3.70 1.05 1.74 1.05 2.73 1.05 2.03 2.56 2.03 1.05 2.73 1.05 1.74 1.05 3.70

29.26

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 18

5-storey urm wall with r.c. ring beams: equivalent frame model

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 19

5-storey urm wall: nonliner equivalent frame pushover analysis

Global angular deformation (%)
0.000 0.078 0.156 0.234 0.312 0.390 0.468
1400 0.42
Pushover analysis with
Analysis A
first-mode (linear) force 1200 0.36
distribution.
Base shear coefficient
Total base shear (kN)

1000 0.30
Analysis B
R.c. beams: elasto-plastic
800 0.24
beam elements (w. flexural Analysis C
hinging). 600 0.18
Analysis G

The analyses from A to G 400

No r.c. ring
0.12

show the effect of beams

200 0.06
decreasing strength and
stiffness of the r.c. beams 0 0.00
on the response of the wall. 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Roof displacement (m)

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 20

5-storey urm wall: nonliner equivalent frame pushover analysis

20 5th FLOOR
Coupling elements (masonry soft storey
spandrels and r.c. beams) can
16 4th FLOOR
affect not only the strength,
global overturning
but also the overall deformed of cantilever walls
shape and collapse mechanism 12
3rd FLOOR

Height (m)
2nd FLOOR
8

1st FLOOR
4
Analysis A
Analysis C
soft storey Analysis G
0
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
Horizontal displacement (m)

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 21

Nonlinear equivalent frame

Comparison of a 3-d storey – 1000

Forza alla base-Spostamento

mechanism analysis and a 3-d 900

storey mechanism
nonlinear frame analysis: two POR
SAM
800
storey urm building with rigid
700
floor diaphragms and r.c. ring
600
beams. SAM
Forza [KN]

500

The flexural and shear strength 400

criteria of masonry walls are 300

kept the same for both methods 200

100

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03
Spostame nto [m]

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 22

Use of nonlinear static analysis in seismic design/assessment

The non linear static analysis is based on the application of gravity loads and of a
horizontal force system that, keeping constant the relative ratio between the acting
horizontal forces, is scaled in order to monotonically increase the horizontal displacement
of a control point on the structure (for example, the centre of the mass of the roof), up to
the achievement of the ultimate conditions.

A suitable distribution of lateral loads should be applied to the building. At least two
different distributions must be applied:

-a “modal” pattern, based on lateral forces that are proportional to mass multiplied by the
displacement associated to the first mode shape
- a “uniform” pattern, based on lateral forces that are proportional to mass regardless of
elevation (uniform response acceleration).

Lateral loads shall be applied at the location of the masses in the model, taking into
account accidental eccentricity.

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 23

Use of nonlinear static analysis in seismic design/assessment

The relation between base shear force and the control displacement (the “capacity
curve”) should be determined by pushover analysis for values of the control
displacement ranging between zero and a sufficiently large value, which must exceed by
a suitable margin the displacement demand which will be estimated under the design
earthquake (target displacement) .

The target displacement is calculated as the seismic demand derived from the design
response spectrum by converting the capacity curve into an idealized force-displacement
curve of an equivalent single-degree-of-freedom system.

For the evaluation of the displacement demand of the equivalent s.d.o.f. system,
different procedures can be followed, depending on:
• how the seismic input is represented (acceleration spectra, displacement spectra,
composite A-D spectra);
• how the inelastic and hysteretic behaviour of the structure is accounted for (equivalent
viscous damping, ductility demand, energy dissipation demand).

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 24

 Use of nonlinear static analysis in seismic design/assessment

An example of procedure (e.g. as adopted by EC8 and Italian code):

Forza alla base-Spostamento

800
T ET T O
705
Step 1: carry out 700

the pushover 600 DLS

analysis with the 564 ULS

(kN)
chosen force 500

Forza [KN]
distribution. Plot
Base shear
400

capacity curve
300
and determine the
performance 200

limit states of
100
interest
0
0 0.01 0.0146 0.02
Spostamento [m]
Roof displacement (m)

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 25

Use of nonlinear static analysis in seismic design/assessment

Γ = ∑m iΦ 2i
Φvibration
array that represents the mass displacement in the first mode of
of the structure, in the considered direction, normalized
mΦ
to the unit value of the relative component of the control point.
∑ i i
2000 Fb
Fb
1800
F* =
1600 Γ
Base shear [kN]

1400
1200 Step 2: determine an
1000 equivalent bilinear
800
600
s.d.o.f. system
400
200 dc
0
dc
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 d* =
Roof displacement [cm] Γ
N m*
m* = ∑ mi Φ i T * = 2π
i =1 k*

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 26

Use of nonlinear static analysis in seismic design/assessment

Forza alla base-Spostamento

900

800
Capacity
F*max curve
700
F*y
600
0.8F*max
0.7F*max
500 Sistema equivalente SDOF
TETTO
[KN]

Equivalent
(kN)

400 Bilineare
bilinear
Forza
Base shear

SDOF
300

200

100

0
0 d*y 0.01 d*max 0.02
Displacement
Spostamento [m] (m)

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 27

Use of nonlinear static analysis in seismic design/assessment

Elastic displacement spectrum
Step 3: using the elastic
response spectrum, calculate
∗
the displacement demand on if T*≥TC d max = d e , max = S De ( T *)
the sdof system

if T*<TC
d e , max ⎡ T ⎤
∗
d max = ⎢1 + (q * − 1 ) C ⎥ ≥ d e , max
q* ⎣ T *⎦

elastic acceleration
m* S e (T * ) spectrum
q = *

d* =
dc Fy*
∗
d max Γ
N m*
m* = ∑ mi Φ i T * = 2π
i =1
k*

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 28

Use of nonlinear static analysis in seismic design/assessment

Step 4: convert the displacement demand on the

equivalent sdof into the control displacement
and find target point on capacity curve and Γd max
*
= d c ,max
compare with displacement capacity.

2000
Stato Limite DS
1800
1600

Taglio alla base [kN]

1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
∗ 200
d max d c , max
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Spostamento copertura [cm]

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 29

Use of nonlinear static analysis in seismic design/assessment

Available on ftp site:

Relevant chapters of new Italian seismic code
(English translation available! Thanks Paolo)
Relevant chapters of FEMA 356
Eurocode 8 (see Annex B)

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 30

When and how to use storey-mechanism method

Eurocode 8: “For low-rise masonry buildings, in which structural wall

behaviour is dominated by shear, each storey may be analyzed
independently. Such requirements are deemed to be satisfied if the number of
storey is 3 or less and if the average aspect ratio of structural walls is less
than 1.0.
….
New Italian seismic code: “For buildings with number of storeys greater
than two, the structural model should take into account the effects due to the
variation of the vertical forces due to the seismic action and should guarantee
the local and global equilibrium. “

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 31

Earlier use of storey-mechanism method (Tomaževič)

du Φu
µu = = Ultimate ductility
de Φe

q2 +1 q behaviour factor
µu ≥
2 (force reduction factor),
specified by code (e.g.
1.5-2.0 for urm)

Φ = d/h storey drift

a S ⋅ β0
H du , j ≥ Vdesign , j = υ j ⋅ Wtot ⋅ S d (T ; q ) = k j ⋅ Wtot ⋅
g q

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 32

Use of storey-mechanism method with present EC8 procedure

•Evaluate elastic period of building T1 , e.g. using approximate formulae.

•Estimate elastic base shear from elastic acceleration spectrum:

Fel,base = Se(T1) Wtot /g = Se(T1) Mtot

•Evaluate ratio between interstorey shear Vj of the storey j being considered and the
total base shear: N
υ j = V j / Fbase Vj = ∑F
i= j
i

where Fi is the seismic force at the i-th floor.

•The equivalent sdof is defined by putting F* = Vj and d*= interstorey displacement

•Evaluate q* = υj Fel,base /F*y

•Calculate d*max= d*y [1+(q*-1)Tc/T1] (not greater than q d*y ) and check d*max≤ du

Masonry Structures, lesson 9 part 2 slide 33