Section-1: Material-Independent Property Relations

3-1-1 A rigid tank of volume 10 L contains 0.01 kg of a Property

Classification
working substance in equilibrium at a gauge pressure of 100 kPa.
If the outside pressure is 101 kPa, determine two
thermodynamic properties. [Manual Solution]
Answers: (a) pressure: 201 kPa, sp. volume: 1 m3/kg

3-1-2 A bullet of mass 0.1 kg is moving with a velocity of 250

m/s. If the stored energy in the solid is 1.5625 kJ, (a) determine
the specific internal energy. Neglect potential energy and assume
the solid to be uniform. (b) How do you explain a negative value
for internal energy? [Manual Solution]
Answers: (a) -15.625 kJ/kg
Anim. 3-1-2
(click)

3-1-3 A vapor flows through a pipe with a mass flow rate of

30 kg/min. The following properties are given at a particular
cross section. Area: 10 cm2, Velocity: 60 m/s, Specific flow
energy: 281.89 kJ/kg. If potential energy is negligible,
determine two thermodynamic properties for the flow state at
the given cross section. [Manual Solution]
Answers: v=0.12 m3/kg, h=280.1 kJ/kg
Anim. 3-1-3
(click)

3-1-4 In an adiabatic nozzle the specific flow energy j

remains constant along the flow. The mass flow rate through the
nozzle is 0.075 kg/s and the following properties are known at
the inlet and exit ports. Inlet: p=200 kPa, u=2820 kJ/kg, A=100
cm2, Vel=10 m/s; Exit: h=3013 kJ/kg, v=1.67 m3/kg. Determine
(a) the exit velocity and (b) the exit area. [Manual Solution]
Answers: (a) 384 m/s (b) 3.26 cm2
Anim. 3-1-4
(click)

3-1-5 The enthalpy of an ideal gas is a function of

temperature only as can be seen from Table D-1. (a) Using the
Table D-1:
data from the table, determine the specific heat at constant IG Data for Air
pressure, cp of air at 400 K. (b) What-if scenario: What would
cp be if the temperature were 800 K? [Manual Solution]
Answers: (a) 1.020 kJ/kg.K (b) 1.096 kJ/kg.K

3-1-6 [use TEST] Use the PC system state daemon to

evaluate (a) cp and (b) cv of steam at 100 kPa and 150oC. Use a
1oC difference between the neighboring states. What-if
scenario: What would the answers be if the pressure were 300
kPa? [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 1.98 kJ/kg.K (b) 1.51 kJ/kg.K (c) 2.16 kJ/kg.K and 1.65 kJ/kg.K

Taylor's Theorem
3-1-7 The temperature of a gas is related to its absolute
pressure and specific volume through T=3.488pv, where T, p,
and v are expressed in their standard SI units. Consider a gas at
100 kPa and 1 m3/kg. (a) Estimate the change in temperature
using Taylor's theorem if the state of the gas changes to 101 kPa
and 1.01 m3/kg. (b) Compare your estimate with the exact
change in temperature. [Manual Solution]

Answers: (a) 6.976 K (b) 7.0188 K

3-1-8 The temperature of a gas is related to its absolute

pressure and specific volume through T=3.488pv, where T, p and
v are expressed in their standard SI units. Consider a gas at 350
K and 1 m3/kg. (a) Estimate the change in temperature using
Taylor's theorem if the state of the gas changes to 355 K and
1.01 m3/kg. (b) Compare your estimate with the exact change in
temperature. [Manual Solution]
Answers: (a) 0.43 kPa (b) 0.426 kPa

3-1-9 The second T-ds relation reduces to Tds=dh at constant

pressure. Use the superheated table of water (Table B-3) to
evaluate the two sides of this equation at (a) 100 kPa, 200oC and Table B-3:
(b) 50 MPa, 500oC. Calculate for dT=10oC. (c) What-if Superheated H2O Data
scenario: What would the answer in part (b) be if the PC system
state daemon were used with dT=10oC? [Manual Solution] [TEST
Solution]

Answers: (a) 198.7 kJ/kg, 198.0 kJ/kg (b) 742 kJ/kg, 735 kJ/kg (c) 74.3 kJ/kg, 73.6
kJ/kg

3-1-10 [use TEST] The first T-ds relation reduces to Tds=pdv

if the internal energy remains constant. Use the PC system state
daemon to evaluate the state of steam at 100 kPa and 200oC.
Also evaluate two neighboring states at 99 kPa and 101 kPa,
holding internal energy constant and compare the two sides of
the equation. Why don't the two sides match exactly? [TEST
Solution]

Answers: -4.348 kJ/kg, -4.345 kJ/kg

Section-2: SL (Solid/Liquid) Model.
(Model Summary)
3-2-1 Determine the changes in (a) specific enthalpy and (b)
specific entropy if the pressure of liquid water is increased from Material Properties of
100 kPa to 1 MPa at a constant temperature of 25oC. Use the SL Solids and Liquids

model for water. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]

Answers: (a) 0.903 kJ/kg (b) 0
3-2-2 A cup of coffee of volume 0.3 L is heated from a
temperature of 25oC to 60oC at a pressure of 100 kPa. Determine
the change in the (a) internal energy, (b) enthalpy and (c)
entropy. Assume the density and specific heat of coffee to be
1100 kg/m3 and 4.1 kJ/kg.K respectively. Employ the SL model.
(d) What-if scenario: How would the answers change if the
heating were done inside a chamber pressurized at 1 MPa? [Manual
Solution] [TEST Solution]

Answers: (a) 47.36 kJ (b) 47.36 kJ (c) 0.15 kJ/kg.K (d) No changes
Anim. 3-2-2
(click)

3-2-3 A block of solid with a mass of 10 kg is heated from

25oC to 200oC. If the change in the specific internal energy is
found to be 67.55 kJ/kg, identify the material. [Manual Solution] [TEST
Solution]
Answers: Copper
 3-2-4 A block of aluminum with a mass of 10 kg is heated
from 25oC to 200oC. Determine (a) the total change in internal
energy and (b) entropy of the block. (c) What-if-Scenario:
What would the entropy be if the block were made of copper
instead? [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 1578.5 kJ/kg (b) 4.17 kJ/K (c) 1.783 kJ/K

3-2-5 A 2 kg block of aluminum at 600oC is dropped into a

cooling tank. If the final temperature at equilibrium is 25oC,
determine (a) the change in internal energy and (b) the change
in entropy of the block as the system. Use the SL model for
aluminum (c_v = 0.902 kJ/kg.K). [Manual Solution*] [TEST Solution*]
Answers: (a) -1037.3 kJ (b) -1.939 kJ/K

3-2-6 The heat transfer necessary to raise the temperature

of a constant-volume closed system is given by Q=∆U. Using the
SL model, compare the heat necessary to raise the temperature
by 10oC for such a system of 1 kg and composed of (a) liquid
water, (b) liquid ethanol and (c) crude oil. [Manual Solution] [TEST
Solution]
Answers: (a) 41.84 kJ (b) 24.56 kJ (c) 18 kJ

3-2-7 Repeat the above problem for the following solids as

the working substance. (a) Gold, (b) Iron, (c) Sand and (d)
Granite. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 1.29 kJ (b) 4.50 kJ (c) 8.00 kJ (d) 10.17 kJ

3-2-8 A block of iron of volume 1 m3 undergoes the following

change of state. State-1: p=100 kPa, T=20oC, V=0, z=0; State-
2: p=500 kPa, T=30oC, V=30 m/s, z=100 m. Determine (a) ∆E
(b) ∆U (c) ∆H and (d) ∆S. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 46,499 kJ (b) 35,280 kJ (c) 35,680 kJ (d) 118.34 kJ/K

3-2-9 A thermal storage is made of a granite rock bed of 10

m3 which is heated to 425 K using solar energy. A heat engine
receives heat from the bed and rejects the waste heat to the
ambient surroundings at 290 K. During the process the rock bed
cools down and as it reaches 290 K the engine stops working.
The heat transfer from the rock is given as QH=∆E. Determine
(a) the heat transfer QH, and the maximum thermal efficiency at
(b) the beginning and (c) the end of the process. [Manual Solution]
[TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 3.7 MJ (b) 31.76% (c) 0 %

3-2-10 A copper block of mass 5 kg, initially at equilibrium

with the surroundings at 30oC and 100 kPa is placed in a
pressurized chamber with a pressure of 20 MPa and a
temperature of 200oC. Determine (a) the change in the internal
energy, (b) enthalpy and (c) entropy of the block after it comes
to a new equilibrium. (d) What-if-Scenario: What would the
change in internal energy be if the block were made of silver?
[Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 65.62 kJ/kg (b) 67.85 kJ/kg (c) 0.17 kJ/kg.K (d) 39.94 kJ/kg
 3-2-11 A 2 kg block of aluminum at 60oC is dropped into a
tank containing 5 kg of water at 25oC. If the final temperature
after equilibrium is 27.77oC. Determine (a) ∆U and (b) ∆S for the
combined system of aluminum and water before and after the
process. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) -52.35 kJ (b) -0.1643 kJ/K
Anim. 3-2-11
(click)

3-2-12 [mE] A 20-kg block of iron (specific heat 0.45

kJ/kg.K) is heated by conduction at a rate of 1 kW. Assuming the
block to be uniform at all time, determine the rate of change of
temperature. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]

Answers: 0.12 K/s

Anim. 3-2-12
(click)

3-2-13 [mE] A copper bullet of mass 0.1 kg, traveling at 400

m/s hits a copper block of mass 2 kg at rest and becomes
embedded. The combined system moves with a velocity of 19.05
m/s in accordance with the conservation of momentum principle.
Both the bullet and copper block are at 25oC initially. Assuming
the stored energy of the combined system to remain constant
during the collision, determine (a) the rise in temperature and
(b) entropy change of the combined system. Assume the system
to achieve a uniform temperature quickly after the collision and
neglect any change in potential energy. [Manual Solution] [TEST
Solution]
Answers: (a) 9.4oC (b) 0.0252 kJ/K

3-2-14 [mE] A cup of coffee cools down by transferring heat

to the surroundings at a rate of 0.1 kW. If the mass of the
coffee is 0.2 kg and coffee can be modeled as water, determine
the rate of change of temperature of coffee. [Manual Solution] [TEST
Solution]

Answers: (a) 1.2 K/s

Anim. 3-2-14
(click)
3-2-15 A pump raises the pressure of liquid water from 50
kPa to 5000 kPa in an isentropic manner. Determine (a) the
change in temperature and (b) specific enthalpy between the
inlet and exit. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 0 (b) 4.965 kJ/kg
 3-2-16 Water flows through an adiabatic pumping system at
a steady flow rate of 5 kg/s. The conditions at the inlet are p =
90 kPa, T = 15oC and z=0 m, and the conditions at the exit are p
= 500 kPa, T = 17oC and z=200 m. (a) Simplify the energy
equation to derive an expression for the pumping power. (b) Use
the SL model to evaluate the pumping power. Neglect any
change in kinetic energy. What-if-Scenario: (c) What would the
pumping power be if the exit temperature were 18oC? [Manual
Solution] [TEST Solution]

Anim. 3-2-16
Answers: (a) mdot*(j2-j1) (b) 53.71 kW (c) 74.62 kW (click)

3-2-17 Oil (cv=1.8 kJ/kg.K) flows steadily through a long

insulated constant-diameter pipe at a volume flow rate of 10
m3/min. The conditions at the inlet are p = 3000 kPa, T = 20oC,
V=20 m/s and z=100 m. The conditions at the exit are p = 2000
kPa, T = 21oC and z=0 m. (a) Use the mass equation to evaluate
the velocity at the exit. (b) Use the energy equation to show that
j remains unchanged between the inlet and the exit. (c)
Determine the exit temperature. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 20 m/s (c) 21.16oC

3-2-18 Water flows steadily through a device at a flow rate of

20 kg/s. At the inlet the conditions are 200 kPa and 10oC. At the
exit the conditions are 2000 kPa and 50oC. (a) Determine the
difference between the entropy transported by the flow at the
exit and at the inlet. (b) What are the possible reasons behind
the increase in entropy transport? [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 11.06 kW/K (b) heat addition and irreversibilities

3-2-19 In an isentropic nozzle, operating at steady state, the

specific flow energy 'j' and specific entropy 's' remain constant
along the flow. The following properties are known at the inlet
and exit ports of an isentropic nozzle discharging water at a
steady rate of 2 kg/s. Inlet: p=300 kPa, A=4 cm2; Exit: p=100
kPa. Determine (a) the exit velocity and (b) the exit area. Use
the SL model for liquid water. (c) What-if scenario: What would
the exit velocity be if the inlet kinetic energy were neglected?
[Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Anim. 3-2-19
Answers: (a) 20.65 m/s (b) 97.2 mm2 (c) 20.03 m/s (click)

3-2-20 [use TEST] For copper, plot how the internal energy u,
SL Model:
and entropy s vary with T within the range 25oC - 1000oC. Use Property Plots
the SL system state daemon. [TEST Solution]

3-2-21 [use TEST] For liquid water, plot how the internal
energy u, and entropy s vary with T within the range 25oC -
100oC. Use the SL system state daemon.

Section-3: Phase-Change (PC) Model

(Model Summary)

 Saturation Pressure and Temperature (PC Model)

3-3-1 For H2O, locate (qualitatively) the following states on a
T-s and a p-v diagram. State-1: p=100 kPa, T=50oC; State-2:
p=5 kPa, T=500C; State-3: p=500 kPa, x=50%. [Manual Solution]
[TEST Solution]

Anim. 3-3-1
(click)

3-3-2 For H2O, locate (qualitatively) the following states on a

T-s and a p-v diagram. State-1: p=10 kPa, saturated liquid; Table B-1: Saturation
State-2: p=1 MPa, s=s1; State-3: p=p2, T=5000C; State-4: p=p1, Pressure Table of Water

saturated vapor. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]

3-3-3 A sealed rigid tank contains saturated steam at 100

kPa. As the tank cools down to the temperature of the
surrounding atmosphere, the quality of the steam drops to 5%.
Using a T-s diagram, explain why the pressure in the tank must
decrease drastically to satisfy thermodynamic equilibrium. [Manual
Solution] [TEST Solution]
Anim. 3-3-3
(click)

3-3-4 An isentropic compressor is used to raise the pressure

of a refrigerant, entering the compressor as saturated vapor.
Using a T-s diagram, explain why the temperature at the exit can
be expected to be higher than that at the inlet. [Manual Solution]
[TEST Solution]

Anim. 3-3-4
(click)

3-3-5 An isentropic pump is used to raise the pressure of

liquid water, entering the compressor as saturated liquid. Using
a T-s diagram, explain why the temperature at the exit is not
expected to rise significantly. What-if scenario: How would
your conclusion change if the SL model were used for water?
[Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]

Anim. 3-3-5
(click)

3-3-6 A pipe carries saturated liquid water at a pressure of

500 kPa. Some water squirts out from the pipe through a small
leak. As the water is expelled, it quickly achieves mechanical
equilibrium with the atmosphere at 100 kPa. (a) Estimate the
temperature of water inside and outside the pipe. What if
scenario: What would the answers be if the fluid were (b) R-
134a or (c) R-12 instead? [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 151.8oC, 99.6oC (b) 15.6oC, -26.6oC (c) 15.6oC, -30.1oC

3-3-7 Determine the boiling temperature of water (a) at sea

level and (b) atop mount Everest (elevation 8,848 m). Use Table Table H-3:
Properties of Atmospheric Air
H-3 to look up the pressure of atmosphere at different altitudes.
[Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]

Answers: (a) 99.9oC (b) 70oC

3-3-8 A vertical piston-cylinder assembly contains water. The

piston has a mass of 2 kg and a diameter of 10 cm. Determine
the vertical force necessary on the piston to ensure that water
inside the cylinder boils at (a) 120oC or (b) 80oC. Assume
atmospheric pressure to be 101 kPa. (c) What-if scenario:
What would the answer in part (a) be if the piston mass were
neglected? [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 0.746 kN (b) -0.441 kN (c) 0.766 kN
Anim. 3-3-8
(click)

3-3-9 A vertical piston-cylinder assembly contains a saturated

mixture of water at 120oC and a gauge pressure of 108.5 kPa.
The piston has a mass of 5 kg and a diameter of 12 cm.
Determine (a) the atmospheric pressure outside and (b) the
external force exerted on the piston to maintain a constant
pressure. [Manual Solution]
Answers: (a) 90 kPa (b) 1.178 kN downward

3-3-10 A cooking pan with an inner diameter of 20 cm is

filled with water and covered with a lid of mass 5 kg. If the
atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. Determine (a) the boiling
temperature of water. (b) What-if-Scenario: What would the
boiling temperature be if a 5 kg block were placed on top of the
lid? [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 100.04oC (b) 100.45oC.
Anim. 3-3-10
(click)

3-3-11 A heat engine cycle is executed with ammonia in the

saturation dome. The pressure of ammonia is 1.5 MPa during
heat addition and 0.6 MPa during heat rejection. What is the
highest possible thermal efficiency? Based on the temperatures
of heat addition and rejection, could you comment on possible
application of such a low-efficiency cycle? [Manual Solution] [TEST
Solution]

Answers: 9.44%
Anim. 3-3-11
(click)

3-3-12 [use TEST] Plot how the saturation temperature of

water increases with pressure. Use the full range - from the triple
point to critical point. [TEST Solution]

3-3-13 [use TEST] Plot the phase diagram (p-T) for the
following refrigerants for a temperature range from -40oC to the
critical temperature: (a) R-134a, (b) R-12 and (c) NH3. Use a log
scale for pressure and linear scale for temperature. [TEST Solution]

 Evaluation of Properties (PC Model - Continued)

3-3-14 Complete the following property table for H2O. Also
locate the states on a T-s diagram (qualitatively). [Manual Solution]
[TEST Solution]
State p, x, v, u, h,
T, oC s, kJ/kg.K Table B-1: Saturation
No kPa % m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg
Pressure Table of Water
1 100 20 -- -- -- -- --

2 100 -- -- -- -- 209.42 -- Table B-3: Superheated

Table of Water
3 -- -- 50 0.8475 -- -- --

4 -- 100 -- -- 2297.2 -- --

5 -- 200 -- -- -- -- 7.8342
6 -- -- -- 3.5654 3131.5 -- --

3-3-15 Complete the following property table for Refrigerant-

134a. Also locate the states on a T-s diagram (qualitatively).
[Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]

State T, v, u, h, Table B-6: Saturation

p, kPa o x, % s, kJ/kg.K Pressure Table of R-134a
No C m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg
1 -- -20 100 -- -- -- --
Table B-8: Superheated
Table of R-134a
2 1000 -- -- -- -- -- = s1
3 = p2 -- 0 -- -- -- --

4 = p1 -- -- -- = h3 -- --

3-3-16 A 10 L rigid tank contains 0.01 kg of steam.

Determine (a) the pressure, (b) stored energy E and (c) entropy
S of steam if the quality is 50%. Neglect kinetic and potential
energy. (d) What-if scenario: What would the answers be if the
steam quality were 100%? [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Anim. 3-3-16
Answers: (a) 83.7 kPa (b) 14.48 kJ (c) 0.043 kJ/K (d) 175.4 kPa, 25.25 kJ, 0.072 kJ/K (click)
3-3-17 A liquid-vapor mixture of water at 100 kPa has a
quality of 1%. (a) Determine the volumetric quality of the
mixture. (b) What-if scenario: What would the volumetric
quality be if the working fluid were R-134a? [Manual Solution] [TEST
Solution]

Answers: (a) 94.25% (b) 72.8%

3-3-18 A 0.4 m3 vessel contains 10 kg of refrigerant-134a at

25oC. Determine the (a) phase composition (b) pressure (c) total
internal energy and (d) total entropy of the refrigerant. [Manual
Solution] [TEST Solution]

Answers: (a) Superheated Vapor (b) 536.0 kPa (c) 2451.5 kJ (d) 9.432 kJ/kg.K

3-3-19 A tank contains 1 L of saturated liquid and 99 L of

saturated vapor of water at 200 kPa. Determine (a) the mass,
(b) quality and (c) stored energy of the steam. [Manual Solution]
[TEST Solution]

Answers: (a) 1.055 kg (b) 10.58 % (c) 758.3 kJ

3-3-20 A tank contains 20 kg of water at 85oC. If half of it

(by mass) is in the liquid phase and the rest in vapor phase,
determine (a) the volumetric quality, the stored energy in (b) the
liquid and (c) vapor phases. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 99.96% (b) 3558.4 kJ (c) 24,883.5 kJ

3-3-21 A vessel having a volume of 0.5 m3 contains 2 kg

saturated liquid and saturated vapor mixture of H2O at 500 kPa.
Calculate (a) the mass and (b) volume of each phase. [Manual
Solution] [TEST Solution]

Answers: (a) 1.32 kg, 0.67 kg, (b) 0.001 m3, 0.25 m3

3-3-22 (a) What is the phase composition of H2O at p = 100

kPa and u = 1500 kJ/kg? (b) How much volume does 2 kg of H2O
in that state occupy? (c) What-if-Scenario: What would the
volume be if mass of H2O were 5 kg? [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) saturated mixture (b) 1.75 m3 (c) 4.4 m3
3-3-23 A rigid vessel contains 3 kg of refrigerant-12 at 890
kPa and 85oC. Determine (a) volume of the vessel and (b) total
internal energy. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 0.0746 m3, (b) 646.8 kJ

3-3-24 [use TEST] For H2O, plot how the volume fraction y
changes with quality x over the entire possible range at (a) p =
100 kPa and (b) p = 20 MPa. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]

 Constant Volume Phenomena (PC Model - Continued)

3-3-25 A rigid tank of volume 83 m3 contains 100 kg of H2O
at 100oC. The tank is heated until the temperature inside reaches
120oC. Determine the pressure inside the tank at (a) the
beginning and (b) the end of the heating process. What-if-
scenario: What would the final pressure be if the tank
temperature increased to 125oC? [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 101 kPa (b) 198.5 kPa (c) 216.2 kPa
Anim. 3-3-25
(click)

3-3-26 A rigid tank (v = constant) contains 8 kg of liquid and

2 kg of vapor of H2O at 200oC. To what temperature should the
tank be heated until all the liquid in the tank vaporize? [Manual
Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: 288oC
 3-3-27 In the above problem determine the change in (a)
stored energy and (b) entropy of the system. (c) Using the
entropy balance equation, explain why the entropy of the system
increases. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 13,785 kJ (b) 26.46 kJ/kg.K

3-3-28 A tank with a volume of 10 gallons contains a liquid-

vapor mixture of propane at 30oC. Determine (a) the pressure
and (b) the mass of propane inside. (c) If the tank is designed
for a maximum pressure of 3000 kPa, determine the maximum
temperature the tank will be able to withstand. [Manual Solution]
[TEST Solution]

Answers: (a) 1070.3 kPa (b) 1.684 kg (c) 154.95oC

3-3-29 A piston cylinder device of volume 1 m3 contains 3 kg

of water. The piston, which has an area of 100 cm2, exerts a
force of 1.7 kN on the pin to keep it stationary. Determine (a)
the temperature and (b) quality of H2O inside the cylinder. The
water is now heated. (c) Determine the force on the pin when all
the liquid in the tank vaporize. Assume the atmospheric pressure
to be 100 kPa and neglect the piston mass. [Manual Solution] [TEST
Solution]
Anim. 3-3-29
Answers: (a) 130oC (b) 49.7% (c) 4.64 kN (click)

3-3-30 A rigid tank with a volume of 3.5 m3 contains 5 kg of

saturated liquid-vapor mixture of H2O at 80oC. The tank is slowly
heated until all the liquid in the tank are completely vaporized.
Determine the temperature at which this process occurred. Also
show the process on a T-v diagram with respect to saturation
lines. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: 128.33oC

3-3-31 A 50 L rigid tank contains R-134a at a temperature of

50oC and a quality of 2.5%. Heat is added until the all the vapor
condense (due to increased pressure) and the tank is filled
completely with saturated liquid. (a) With the aid of a T-v
diagram, show that this is quite possible. Also determine (b) the
pressure and (c) temperature in the tank at saturation. [Manual
Solution] [TEST Solution]

Answers: (b) 3469 kPa (c) 93.25oC

3-3-32 A 1000 L rigid tank contains saturated liquid water at

40oC. (a) Determine the pressure inside. The tank is now heated Table B-4: Compressed
to 90oC. (b) Use the compressed liquid table to determine the Liquid Table of Water

pressure in the tank. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]

Answers: (a) 7.39 kPa (b) 43.23 MPa

 3-3-33 A lid with negligible weight is suddenly placed on a
pan of boiling water and the heating is turned off. After about an
hour, thermal equilibrium is reached between the water and the
atmosphere, which is at 30oC and 101 kPa. If the inner diameter
of the pan is 20 cm. Determine (a) the force necessary to open
the lid. (b) What-if-Scenario: What would the force be if the
lid weight of 1 kg were to be considered? [Manual Solution] [TEST
Solution]
Anim. 3-3-33
Answers: (a) 3.04 kN (b) 3.05 kN (click)

3-3-34 Superheated water vapor at 1.5 MPa and 280oC is

allowed to cool at constant volume until the temperature drops
to 130oC. At the final state, determine (a) the pressure, (b) the
quality and (c) the enthalpy. Show the process on a T-s diagram.
[Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]

Answers: (a) 270.1 kPa (b) 24.2% (c) 1072 kJ/kg

3-3-35 A rigid tank contains steam at the critical state.

Determine (a) the quality of the steam after the tank cools down
to the atmospheric temperature, 25oC. (b) What percent of the
volume is occupied by the vapor at the final state? [Manual Solution]
[TEST Solution]

Answers: (a) 0.003% (b) 64.3%

3-3-36 A rigid tank with a volume of 1 m3 contains

superheated steam at 500 kPa and 500oC. Determine (a) the
mass and (b) total internal energy of the steam. The tank is now
cooled until the total internal energy decreases to 2076.2 kJ.
Determine (c) the pressure and (d) temperature in the final
state. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 1.407 kg (b) 4400.4 kJ (c) 120.7 kPa (d) 105.0oC

3-3-37 [use TEST] 10 kg of ammonia is stored in a rigid tank

of volume 0.64 m3. (a) Determine the pressure variation in the
tank as the ambient temperature swings between 5oC in the
night to 40oC in the day time. (b) What-if scenario: What would
the answer be if the volume of the tank were increased to 1 m3?
[Manual Solution*] [TEST Solution]

Answers: (a) 516 kPa to 1555 kPa (b) 516 kPa to 1331 kPa

3-3-38 A large industrial tank of volume 200 m3 is filled with

steam at 450oC and 150 kPa. Determine (a) the pressure and (b)
quality of steam when the temperature drops to 25oC due to heat
loss. (c) If the heat transfer for this constant volume process is
given by Q=∆U, determine the heat transfer. [Manual Solution] [TEST
Solution]

Answers: (a) 3.17 kPa (b) 5.4% (c) -255.57 MJ

3-3-39 [use TEST] A rigid tank of volume 0.64 m3 contains 10

kg of water at 5oC. (a) Plot how the state of water changes in a
T-s diagram as the temperature is gradually increased to 500oC.
(b) What-if scenario: How would the plot change if the tank
held 0.1 kg of water? [Manual Solution*] [TEST Solution]

3-3-40 [use TEST] Draw a line of constant specific volume

that passes through the critical point on a T-s diagram for R-
134a. (b) What-if scenario: How would the line shift if it passed
through saturated vapor state at 50oC? [Manual Solution*] [TEST
Solution]

3-3-41 [use TEST] A 1 m3 rigid tank contains 2.3 kg of a

vapor-liquid mixture of water. The tank is heated to raise the
quality of steam. Plot how the pressure and temperature in the
tank vary as the quality of steam gradually increases to 100%.
[Manual Solution*] [TEST Solution]

3-3-42 [use TEST] Plot how (a) the pressure, (b) the stored
energy E and (c) the entropy S of 4.5 kg of water contained in a
2 m3 rigid vessel as the temperature is increased from 30oC to
300oC. [Manual Solution*] [TEST Solution]

 Other Constant Property Phenomena (PC Model - Continued)

3-3-43 A piston-cylinder device contains 3 kg of saturated
mixture of water with a quality of 0.8 at 180oC. Heat is added
until all the liquid vaporize. Determine (a) the pressure, (b) the
initial volume, (c) the final volume and (d) the work performed
by the vapor during the expansion process. (e) Show the process
on a p-v diagram. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 1 MPa (b) 0.466 m3 (c) 0.582 m3 (d) 116 kJ
Anim. 3-3-43
(click)

3-3-44 [use TEST] A piston-cylinder device initially contains 3

ft3 of liquid water at 60 psia and 63oF. Heat is now transferred to
the water at constant pressure until the entire liquid is vaporized.
Determine (a) the mass of the water, (b) final temperature and
(c) total enthalpy change. The T-s diagram is to be drawn. [Manual
Solution*] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 187.04 lbm (b) 292oF (c) 210600 Btu

3-3-45 A piston-cylinder device contains 0.6 kg of steam at

350oC and 1.5 MPa. Steam is now cooled at constant pressure
until half of the mass condenses. Determine (a) the final
temperature and (b) the boundary work transfer. (c) Show the
process on a T-s diagram. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 198.3oC (b) -108 kJ
3-3-46 Water vapor (1 kg) at 0.2 kPa and 30oC is cooled at a
constant pressure process until condensation begins. Determine
(a) the boundary work transfer and (b) change of enthalpy, ∆H,
treating water as the system. (c) What-if-Scenario: What
would the answers be if all the vapor condensed? [Manual Solution]
[TEST Solution]

Answers: (a) -18.9 kJ (b) -78.57 kJ (c) -139.9 kJ, -2,916.1 kJ

3-3-47 A piston cylinder device contains 10 L of liquid water

at 100 kPa and 30oC. Heat is transferred at constant pressure
until the temperature increases to 200oC. Determine the change
in (a) the total volume and (b) total internal energy of steam.
Show the process on a T-s and P-v diagram. [Manual Solution] [TEST
Solution]

Answers: (a) 21.6 m3 (b) 25221 kJ

3-3-48 A piston-cylinder device contains a saturated mixture
of water with a quality of 84.3% at 10 kPa. If the pressure is
raised in an isentropic (constant entropy) manner to 5000 kPa,
(a) determine the final temperature. (b) What-if scenario:
What would the final temperature be if water were at saturated
vapor state to start with? [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 499oC (b) 994oC
Anim. 3-3-48
(click)

3-3-49 [use TEST] A piston-cylinder device contains a

saturated mixture of R-134a with a quality of 90% at 50 kPa.
The quality of the mixture is raised to 100% by (i) compressing
the mixture in an isentropic manner or, alternatively, (ii) by
adding heat in a constant temperature process. (a) Draw the two
processes on a T-s diagram. (b) Determine the change in specific
internal energy, ∆u, in each process. [Manual Solution*] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (b) 76.65 kJ, 20.64 kJ

3-3-50 [use TEST] Draw the constant pressure line on a T-s

diagram for H2O at p = 100 kPa as liquid water is heated to
superheated vapor. Redo the plot for a pressure of 500 kPa.
[Manual Solution*] [TEST Solution]

3-3-51 [use TEST] For H2O, plot how the entropy s changes
with T in the superheated vapor region for a pressure of (a) 10
kPa, (b) 100 kPa and (c) 10 MPa. Take at least 10 points from
the saturation temperature to 800oC. [Manual Solution*] [TEST Solution]

 Steady Flow (PC Model - Continued)

3-3-52 [use TEST] Water at a pressure of 50 MPa is heated in
a constant pressure electrical heater from 50oC to 1000oC. Spot
the states on a T-s diagram and determine (a) the change of
enthalpy and (b) entropy. Use compressed liquid model for liquid
water. [Manual Solution*] [TEST Solution]

Anim. 3-3-52
Answers: (a) 4241 kJ/kg (b) 6.31 kJ/kg.K, (click)

3-3-53 Determine (a) the mass flow rate and (b) the volume
flow rate of steam flowing through a pipe of diameter 0.1 m at
1000 kPa, 300oC and 50 m/s. (c) Also determine the rate of
transport of energy by the steam. (d) What-if-Scenario: What
would the answer in (c) be if the temperature were 400oC? [Manual
Solution] [TEST Solution]

Answers: (a) 1.52 kg/s (b) 0.392 m3/s (c) 4647 kW (d) 4182 kW Figure 3-3-53
3-3-54 Refrigerant-134 flows through a pipe of diameter 5
cm with a mass flow rate of 0.13 kg/s at 100 kPa and 10 m/s.
Determine (a) the temperature and (b) quality of the refrigerant
in the pipe. Also determine the rate of transport of (c) energy
and (d) entropy by the flow. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) -26.6oC (b) 78.3% (c) 24.19 kW (d) 0.0983 kW/K

3-3-55 Steam at a pressure of 2 MPa and 400oC flows

through a pipe of diameter 10 cm with a velocity of 50 m/s.
Determine the flow rates of (a) mass, (b) energy and (c)
entropy. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 2.6 kg/s (b) 8446.8 kW (c) 18.51 kW.K

3-3-56 Liquid water at 100 kPa, 30oC enters a boiler through

a 2 cm-diameter pipe with a mass flow rate of 1 kg/s. It leaves
the boiler as saturated vapor through a 20 cm-diameter pipe
without any significant pressure loss. Determine (a) the exit
velocity, the rate of transport of energy at (b) the inlet and (c)
exit. Neglect potential energy, but not kinetic energy. (d) What-
if-Scenario: What would the answers be if kinetic energy were
neglected? [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 53.92 m/s (b) 125.8 kW (c) 2,676.95 kW (d) 125.79 kW, 2,675.5 kW
3-3-57 Repeat the above problem for a boiler pressure of 1
MPa. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 6.2 m/s (b) 125.8 kW (c) 2,778.12 kW (d) 126.79 kW, 2,778.1 kW

3-3-58 Water is pumped in an isentropic (constant entropy)

manner from 100 kPa, 25oC to 40 MPa. Determine the change in
enthalpy, ∆h, using (a) the compressed liquid table, (b)
compressed liquid model and (c) solid/liquid model. [Manual Solution]
[TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 40.94 kJ/kg (b) 39.99 kJ/kg (c) 40.02 kJ/kg

3-3-59 Water at 30 MPa and 20oC is heated at constant

pressure until the temperature reaches 300oC. Determine (a) the
change in specific volume and (b) specific enthalpy. Use
compressed liquid table for water. (c) What-if-Scenario: What
would the specific enthalpy be if water were only heated to
200oC? [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 0.000342m3/kg (b) 1216 kJ/kg (c) 753.4 kJ/kg

3-3-60 [use TEST] Draw a constant pressure line (p = 100

PC Model:
kPa) on a T-v and a T-s diagram for H2O. Repeat the problem Property Plots
with p = 1000 kPa. [Manual Solution*] [TEST Solution]
 3-3-61 In an isentropic nozzle the specific flow energy j and
entropy s remain constant along the flow. Superheated steam
flows steadily through an isentropic nozzle for which the
following properties are known at the inlet and exit ports. Inlet:
p=100 kPa, T=400oC, A=100 cm2, V=5 m/s; Exit: p=200 kPa.
Determine (a) the exit velocity, (b) the exit temperature and
(c) the exit area. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 630 m/s (b) 302oC(b) 1.36 cm2
Anim. 3-3-61
(click)

3-3-62 Steam enters a turbine, operating at steady state, at

5000 kPa and 500oC with a mass flow rate of 5 kg/s. It expands
in an isentropic manner to an exit pressure of 10 kPa. Determine
(a) the exit temperature, (b) exit quality and the volumetric flow
rate at (c) the inlet and (d) exit. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]

Anim. 3-3-62
Answers: (a) 45.81oC (b) 84.3 % (c) 0.343 m3/s (d) 61.88 m3/s (click)

3-3-63 Refrigerant-134a enters a throttle valve as saturated

liquid at 40oC and exits at 294 kPa. If enthalpy remains constant
during the flow, determine (a) the drop in pressure and (b)
temperature in the valve. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]

Answers: (a) 723 kPa (b) 40oC

Img. 3-3-63
(click)
3-3-64 Saturated vapor of R-134a enters a compressor,
operating at steady state at 160 kPa with a volume flow rate of
10 L/min. The specific entropy remains constant along the flow,
(a) determine the exit temperature if the compressor raises the
pressure of the flow by a factor of 10. Also determine the rate of
transport of energy at (b) the inlet and (c) the exit. Neglect
kinetic and potential energies. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Anim. 3-3-64
Answers: (a) 64.14oC (b) 0.323 kW (c) 0.387 kW (click)
3-3-65 [use TEST] Repeat the above problem with
refrigerant-12 as the working fluid. [Manual Solution*] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 57oC (b) 0.1814 kW (c) 0.2244 kW

3-3-66 [use TEST] Water flows steadily through a 10 cm-

diameter pipe with a mass flow rate of 1 kg/s. The flow enters
the pipe at 200 kPa, 30oC and is gradually heated until it leaves
the pipe at 300oC without any significant drop in pressure. Plot
the flow velocity against the temperature of the flow. [Manual
Solution*] [TEST Solution]

3-3-67 [use TEST] In the above problem, plot how the rate of
transport of energy increases as the flow temperature increases
by (a) including and (b) neglecting kinetic energy. [Manual Solution*]
[TEST Solution]
Section-4: Perfect Gas (PG) and Ideal-Gas (IG) Model.
(PG Model Summary) (IG Model Summary)
3-4-1 Determine (a) the mass of air at 100 kPa, 25oC in a
room with dimensions 5m x 5m x 5m. (b) How much air must
leave the room if the pressure drops to 95 kPa at constant
temperature? (c) How much air must leave the room if the
temperature increased to 40oC at constant pressure? [Manual
Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 146 kg (b) 7.3 kg (c) 7.0 kg Figure 3-4-1

3-4-2 A cylinder of volume 2 m3 contains 1 kg of hydrogen at

20 C. Determine the change in (a) pressure, (b) stored energy
o

and (c) entropy of the gas as the chamber is heated to 200oC.

Use the PG model for hydrogen. (d) What-if-Scenario: What
would the answers be if the chamber contained carbon-dioxide
instead? [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Anim. 3-4-2
Answers: (a) 371.2 kPa (b) 1,833 kJ (c) 4.88 kJ/kg.K (d) 17 kPa, 118.3 kJ, 0.315 kJ/K (click)

3-4-3 A cylinder of volume 2 m3 contains 1 kg of hydrogen at

20 C. Determine the change in (a) pressure, (b) stored energy
o

and (c) entropy of the gas as the chamber is heated to 200oC.

Use the IG model for hydrogen. (d) What-if-Scenario: What
would the answers be if the chamber contained carbon-dioxide
instead? [Manual Solution*] [TEST Solution]
Anim. 3-4-3
Answers: (a) 371.2 kPa (b) 1,854 kJ (c) 4.93 kJ/kg.K (d) 17 kPa, 132 kJ, 0.328 kJ/K (click)

3-4-4 Air in an automobile tire with a volume of 18 ft3 is at

90 F and 25 psig. Determine (a) the amount of air to be added to
o

bring the pressure up to 30 psig. Assume the atmospheric Table C-1: PG Material
pressure to be 14.7 psia and the temperature and volume to Properties of Gases
remain constant. (b) What-if-scenario: What would the answer
in (a) be if the pressure went up to 40 psig? [Manual Solution] [TEST
Solution]
Answers: (a) 0.441 lbm (b) 1.324 lbm

3-4-5 The gauge pressure in an automobile tire is measured

as 250 kPa when the outside pressure is 100 kPa and
temperature is 25oC. If the volume of the tire is 0.025 m3, (a)
determine the amount of air in kg that must be bled in order to
reduce the pressure to the recommended value of 220 kPa
gauge. Use the PG model for air. (b) What-if-scenario: What
would the answer be if the IG model were used instead? [Manual
Solution] [TEST Solution]

Answers: (a) 8.77 g (b) No change

3-4-6 A rigid tank of volume 10 m contains steam at 200 kPa
3

and 200oC. Determine the mass of steam inside the tank using
(a) the PC model for steam, (b) PG model for steam and (c) IG
model for steam. (d) Which answer is the most accurate? [Manual
Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 9.257 kg (b) 9.162 kg (c) 9.162 kg
 3-4-7 In order to test the applicability of the ideal gas
equation of state to calculate the density of saturated steam,
compare the specific volume of saturated steam obtained from
the steam table with the prediction from the IG model for the
following conditions: (a) 50 kPa, (b) 500 kPa and (c) critical
point. Express the comparisons as percentage errors, using the
steam table results as benchmarks. [Manual Solution]
Answers: (a) 0.97 % (b) 4.5% (c) 76.3%

3-4-8 Determine the mass of saturated steam stored in a

rigid tank of volume 2 m3 at 20 kPa using (a) the PC model and
(b) the IG model. (c) What-if scenario: What would the
answers be if the steam had a quality of 95% instead? [Manual
Solution]
Answers: (a) 0.261 kg (b) 0.275 kg (c) 0.275 kg, 0.260 kg

3-4-9 Calculate the change in the specific internal energy as

air is heated from 300 K to 1000 K using (a) the PG model and
(b) the IG model. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 502.6 kJ/kg (b) 541.3 kJ/kg
3-4-10 A 1 L piston-cylinder device contains air at 500 kPa
and 300 K. An electrical resistance heater is used to raise the
temperature of the gas to 500 K at constant pressure. Determine
(a) the boundary work transfer, the change in (b) stored energy
and (c) entropy of the gas. (d) What-if scenario: Which part of
the answers would not change if the IG model were used? [Manual
Solution] [TEST Solution]

Answers: (a) 0.333 kJ (b) 0.834 kJ (c) 0.00298 kJ/K (d) part a
Anim. 3-4-10
(click)

3-4-11 A piston-cylinder device contains 0.01 kg of nitrogen

at 100 kPa and 300oC. Using (a) the PG model and (b) IG model,
determine the boundary work transfer as nitrogen cools down to
30oC. Show the process on a T-s and a p-v diagram. [Manual
Solution] [TEST Solution]

Answers: (a) -0.8 kJ (b) -0.8 kJ

3-4-12 Oxygen at 100 kPa and 200oC is compressed to half

its initial volume. Determine the final state in terms of pressure
and temperature if the compression is carried out in an (a)
isobaric, (b) isothermal and (c) isentropic manner. Use the PG
model for oxygen. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]

Answers: (a) -36.5oC (b) 200 kPa (c) 263 kPa, 348oC
Anim. 3-4-12
(click)

3-4-13 [use TEST] Repeat the above problem using the IG Table D-3: IG Property
model for oxygen. [Manual Solution*] [TEST Solution] Table for Oxygen

Answers: (a) -36.6oC (b) 200 kPa (c) 255.5 kPa, 331.3oC
3-4-14 [use TEST] For nitrogen, plot how the internal energy
u vary with T within the range 25oC - 1000oC while the pressure
is held constant at 100 kPa. Use (a) the PG model and (b) the IG
model. (c) What-if scenario: Would any of the plots change if
the pressure were 1 MPa instead? [Manual Solution*] [TEST Solution]

3-4-15 [use TEST] For carbon-di-oxide, plot how the specific

entropy s vary with T within the range 25oC - 3000oC while the
pressure is held constant at 100 kPa. Use (a) the PG model and
(b) the IG model. [Manual Solution*] [TEST Solution]

3-4-16 Superheated steam at a pressure of 10 kPa and

temperature 200oC undergoes a process to a final pressure of 50
kPa and temperature of 300oC. Determine (a) ∆u, (b) ∆h and (c)
∆s. Assume superheated steam to behave as an ideal gas. (d)
What-if-Scenario: What would the answers be if the phase-
change and the perfect gas models were used? [Manual Solution]
[TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 115.4 kJ/kg (b) 197.7 kJ/kg (c) 0.37 kJ/kg.K (d) 141.1 kJ/kg, 187.23
kJ/kg, 0.0164 kJ/kg.K
3-4-17 Air at 300 K and 300 kPa is heated at constant
pressure to 1000 K. Determine the change in specific internal
energy ∆u using (a) perfect gas model with cp evaluated at 298
K, (b) perfect gas model with cp evaluated at the average
temperature, (c) data from the ideal gas air table and (d)
polynomial correlation between cp and T. [Manual Solution] [TEST
Solution]
Answers: (a) 502.6 KJ/kg (b) 560 KJ/kg (c) 544.87 KJ/kg (d)
3-4-18 Air at 300 K and 300 kPa is heated at constant
pressure to 1000 K. Determine the change in specific entropy ∆s
using (a) perfect gas model with Cp evaluated at 298 K, (b)
perfect gas model with Cp evaluated at the average temperature
and (c) data from the ideal gas air table. [Manual Solution] [TEST
Solution]
Answers: (a) 1.2 KJ/kg.K (b) 1.31 KJ/kg.K (c) 1.266 KJ/kg.K

3-4-19 Air at 15oC and 100 kPa enters the diffuser of a jet
engine steadily with a velocity of 100 m/s. The inlet area is 0.2
m2. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of the air. (b) What-if-
scenario: What would the mass flow rate be if the entrance
velocity were 150 m/s? [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 24.2 kg/s (b) 36.3 kg/s

3-4-20 Air flows through a nozzle in an isentropic manner

from p = 400 kPa, T = 25oC at the inlet to p = 100 KPa at the
exit. Determine the temperature at the exit, modeling air as a
perfect gas. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Anim. 3-4-20
Answers: -72.5oC (click)
Section-5: Real Gas model. (RG Model Summary)
Table E-2: Lee Kesler
3-5-1 Determine the specific volume of oxygen at 10 MPa and Compressibility Chart
175K based on (a) Lee Kesler and (b) Nelson Obert generalized
compressibility chart. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution] Table E-5: Nelson Obert
Compressibility Chart

Answers: (a) 0.00205 m3/kg (b) 0.0021 m3/kg

3-5-2 Determine the compressibility factor of steam at 20

MPa, 400oC using (a) the LK chart, (b) the NO chart and (c) the
PC model. (d) What-if scenario: What would the answers be if
the steam were saturated at 1 MPa? [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 0.62 (b) 0.62 (c) 0.64 (d) 0.95, 0.93, 0.93

3-5-3 Compare the IG model and RG model (Lee Kesler

chart) in evaluating the density of air at (a) 100 kPa, 30oC (b) 10 (IG vs. RG Model)
MPa, -100oC (c) 10 MPa, 500oC. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 1.15 kg/m3, 1.16 kg/m3 (b) 201.4 kg/m3, 309.9 kg/m3 (c) 45.1 kg/m3,
43.8 kg/m3

3-5-4 A 1 m3 closed rigid tank contains nitrogen at 1 MPa and

200 K. Determine the total mass of oxygen using (a) the RG
model (LK chart), (b) the IG model and (c) the PC model.
Discuss the discrepancy among the results. [Manual Solution] [TEST
Solution]
Answers: (a) 17.24 kg (b) 16.86 kg (c) 17.21 kg Figure 3-5-4
3-5-5 Calculate the specific volume of propane at a pressure
of 8 MPa and a temperature of 40oC using (a) the IG model, (b)
the RG model and (c) the PC model. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 0.00726 m3/kg (b) 0.00218 m3/kg (c) 0.00101 m3/kg

3-5-6 A tank of volume 10 m3 contains nitrogen at a pressure

of 0.5 MPa and a temperature of 200 K. Determine the mass of
nitrogen in the tank using (a) the ideal gas and (b) real gas
model. (c) What-if-Scenario: What would the answer in part
(a) be if the pressure and temperature in the tank were 3 MPa
and 125 K, respectively? [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 84.23 kg (b) 85.98 kg (c) 806.5 kg

3-5-7 Calculate the error (in percent) in evaluating the mass

of nitrogen at 10 MPa, 200 K in a 100 L rigid tank while using (a)
the IG model and (b) the RG model (LK chart). Use the PC model
as the benchmark. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 15.26% (b) 1%

3-5-8 [use TEST] A 10 gallon tank contains 9 gallon liquid

propane and the rest vapor at 30oC. Calculate (a) the pressure
and (b) mass of propane by using the Lee Kesler compressibility
chart. (c) What-if-scenario: What would the answers be if the
PC model were used? [Manual Solution*] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 1,258 kPa (b) 15.38 kg (c) 1,084 kPa, 16.56 kg

3-5-9 A rigid tank of volume 2 m3 contains 180 kg of water at

500oC. Calculate the pressure in the tank by using (a) the Lee
Kesler chart and (b) Nelson Obert chart. (c) What-if-scenario:
What would the answer be if the PC model were used? [Manual
Solution] [TEST Solution]

Answers: (a) 24.26 MPa (b) 24.33 MPa (c) 25.02 MPa

3-5-10 Determine the volume of 1 kg of water pressurized to

100 MPa at 1000oC. Use (a) the RG model with the Lee Kesler
chart, (b) the RG model with the Nelson Obert chart and (b) the
PC model. [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 5.3 L (b) 5.3 L (c) 5 L
 3-5-11 [use TEST] A closed rigid tank contains carbon-dioxide
at 10 MPa and 100oC. It is cooled until its temperature reaches
0oC. Determine the pressure at the final state. Use (a) the RG
model with the Lee Kesler chart, (b) the RG model with the
Nelson Obert chart and (b) the PC model. [Manual Solution*] [TEST
Solution]
Answers: (a) 3.87 MPa (b) Out of Range (c) 3.48 MPa

3-5-12 [use TEST] A 15 L tank contains 1 kg of R-12

refrigerant at 100oC. It is heated until the temperature of the
refrigerant reaches 150oC. Determine the change in (a) internal
energy ∆U and (b) entropy ∆S. Use the RG model with Lee Kesler
charts. [Manual Solution*] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 28.02 kJ (b) 0.07 kJ/K

3-5-13 A piston cylinder device contains 10 L of nitrogen at

10 MPa and 200 K. It is heated at a constant pressure to a
temperature of 400 K. Determine (a) ∆H and (b) ∆S. Use the RG
model with Lee Kesler charts. (c) What-if-scenario: What would
the answers be if the PC model were used? If the PC model is
always more accurate, then why should anyone use the RG
model at all? [Manual Solution] [TEST Solution]
Answers: (a) 490.5 kJ (b) 1.8 kJ/K (c) 495.9 kJ, 1.77 kJ/K
Anim. 3-5-13
(click)

3-5-14 [use TEST] For H2O, plot how the specific volume v
varies with T in the superheated vapor region for a pressure of
(a) 10 kPa, (b) 50 kPa and (c) 10 MPa. Take at least 10 points
from the saturation temperature to 600oC. To reduce the data
into a simple correlation, plot pv against T. (d) Explain the
behavior of the reduced data. [Manual Solution*] [TEST Solution]

3-5-15 TEST] Use the PC model to generate v vs p data for (a) O2 and (b) N2 at 200
K over the reduced pressure range of 0.1 to 10. Evaluate Z and plot it against p r.
Compare your results with the prediction from the Lee Kesler compressibility chart.
[Manual Solution*] [TEST Solution]