VICTORIAN ESSENTIAL

LEVEL 5 LEARNING STANDARDS

MATHS
Quest 8
For Victoria
SECOND EDITION

Sonja Stambulic
Chris Evangelou
Lyn Elms

Contributing authors
Robert Cahn • Steve Craven • Caroline Denney • Andrea Dineen
Rodney Ebbage • Ray Hawkins • Elena Iampolsky • Linda Johnston • Carolyn Mews
Mario Panaccio • David Phillips • Tony Priddle • Colin Shnier • Jenny Watson

Support material
Brett Barber • Stephen Broderick • John Dowsey • Dennis Fitzgerald • Stephen Heames
Robert Johnston • Poppy Pantelidis • David Tynan • Jill Vincent • Don Wagstaff
Second edition published 2006 by
John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
42 McDougall Street, Milton, Qld 4064

First edition published 2001

Typeset in 10.5/12.5pt Times

© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 2001, 2006

The moral rights of the authors have been asserted.

National Library of Australia

Cataloguing-in-Publication data

Maths quest 8 for Victoria: level 5 Victorian essential

learning standards

2nd ed.
Includes index.
For year 8 maths students in Victoria and their teachers.
ISBN 978 0 7314 0329 5 (student edition)
ISBN 978 0 7314 0333 2 (teacher edition)

1. Mathematics — Textbooks. 2. Mathematics — Study and

teaching (Secondary). I. Stambulic, Sonja.
(Series: Maths Quest series).

510

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Contents
Introduction viii 10 Quick Questions 1 61
Acknowledgements xii Code puzzle 62
Addition of integers 63
CHAPTER 1 Exercise 2D 65
Number skills 1 Subtraction of integers 67
Are you ready? 2 Exercise 2E 69
Whole number operations 3 Multiplication of integers 70
Exercise 1A 7 Exercise 2F 71
Code puzzle 9 Investigation — Movies 73
Investigation — Number pattern table 73
Special groups of numbers 10
Investigation — Powers and roots of directed
Exercise 1B 13
10 Quick Questions 1 14 numbers 74
Investigation — Darts competition 15 Division of integers 75
Addition and subtraction of fractions 15 Exercise 2G 77
Exercise 1C 17 Combined operations 78
Multiplication and division of fractions 19 Exercise 2H 79
Exercise 1D 20 Investigation — Wet or dry reunion? 80
10 Quick Questions 2 21 10 Quick Questions 2 81
Investigation — Nude and cute numbers 22 Graphical representation of directed
Fractions to decimals, decimals to numbers 81
fractions 22 Exercise 2I 83
Exercise 1E 24 Directed number operations — fractions 84
Addition and subtraction of decimals 25 Exercise 2J 87
Exercise 1F 25 Directed number operations — decimals 88
Multiplication and division of decimals 26 Exercise 2K 90
Exercise 1G 28 Investigation — Mountain climbing 91
Estimation 29 Summary 92
Exercise 1H 33 Chapter review 93
Binary numbers 35
Exercise 1I 38 CHAPTER 3
Operations on binary numbers 39 Set notation and theory 95
Exercise 1J 43 Are you ready? 96
Code puzzle 44
Summary 45 Introducing sets 97
Exercise 3A 99
Chapter review 47
Some special sets 102
Exercise 3B 107
CHAPTER 2 Code puzzle 111
Positive and negative Venn diagrams 112
numbers 49 Exercise 3C 117
Are you ready? 50 Investigation — Taking orders 120
Integers on the number line 51 10 Quick Questions 1 120
Exercise 2A 54 Karnaugh maps 121
Investigation — Comparing temperatures 56 Exercise 3D 123
Positive integers and zero on the number Tree diagrams 126
plane 56 Exercise 3E 130
Exercise 2B 58 10 Quick Questions 2 132
Integers on the number plane 59 Logic 133
Exercise 2C 60 Exercise 3F 137
iv
Truth functions 139 Substituting positive and negative
Exercise 3G 144 numbers 209
Investigation — Boolean algebra and the World Exercise 5D 211
Wide Web 145 Investigation — Rules of thumb 211
Investigation — Binary number adder 146 Code puzzle 212
Summary 148 10 Quick Questions 1 213
Chapter review 150 Number laws and pronumerals 213
Exercise 5E 218
Simplifying expressions 219
CHAPTER 4 Exercise 5F 220
Percentages 153 Multiplying pronumerals 221
Are you ready? 154 Exercise 5G 222
Percentages as fractions 155 Investigation — Sonar measurements 222
Exercise 4A 158 Dividing pronumerals 223
Percentages as decimals 160 Exercise 5H 224
Exercise 4B 161 10 Quick Questions 2 225
Fractions to percentages 162 Expanding brackets 225
Exercise 4C 164 Exercise 5I 227
10 Quick Questions 1 165 Factorising 228
Exercise 5J 231
Decimals to percentages 166
Summary 232
Exercise 4D 166
Chapter review 233
Finding percentages of an amount using
fractions 168
Exercise 4E 169
CHAPTER 6
Investigation — Savings on scooters 171 Equations 235
Code puzzle 172 Are you ready? 236
Finding percentages of an amount using Backtracking — inverse operations 237
decimals 173 Exercise 6A 240
Exercise 4F 175 Keeping equations balanced 241
10 Quick Questions 2 176 Exercise 6B 243
10 Quick Questions 1 244
One amount as a percentage of another 177 History of mathematics — Diophantus of
Exercise 4G 180 Alexandria (c. 200–c. 284) 245
Applications of percentages 182 Using algebra to solve equations 246
Exercise 4H 184 Exercise 6C 250
Finding percentages using a calculator 186 Equations with the pronumeral on both
Exercise 4I 186 sides 252
Common percentages and short cuts 188 Exercise 6D 255
Exercise 4J 190 Code puzzle 256
Summary 193 10 Quick Questions 2 257
Chapter review 194 Checking solutions 257
Exercise 6E 259
CHAPTER 5 Solving word problems 261
Exercise 6F 264
Algebra 197 Investigation — Save, save, save! 267
Are you ready? 198 Inequalities and inequations 267
Using pronumerals 199 Investigation — Operations on inequalities 270
Exercise 5A 200 Exercise 6G 271
Substitution 204 Investigation — Theatre design 273
Exercise 5B 205 Investigation — Mobiles 273
Working with brackets 207 Summary 274
Exercise 5C 208 Chapter review 275
 v
CHAPTER 7 Code puzzle 348
Angles in polygons 349
Ratios and rates 277 Investigation — Sum of angles in a
Are you ready? 278
polygon 349
Introduction to ratios 279 Investigation — Angles in a regular
Exercise 7A 280 polygon 351
Simplifying ratios 282 Exercise 8F 352
Exercise 7B 285 Investigation — Regular polygons 353
Proportion 288
Angles and parallel lines 353
Exercise 7C 289
Investigation — Angle relationships with
10 Quick Questions 1 292
parallel lines 355
Code puzzle 293
Exercise 8G 357
Comparing ratios 294 10 Quick Questions 2 361
Exercise 7D 296
Constructing triangles 362
Increasing and decreasing in a given ratio 297
Exercise 8H 364
Exercise 7E 298
Dividing in a given ratio 301 Isometric drawing 365
Exercise 7F 302 Exercise 8I 366
10 Quick Questions 2 303 Geometric constructions 369
History of mathematics — The Rhind Papyrus Exercise 8J 370
(c. 1850 BC) 304 Nets and solids 371
Scale drawing 305 Exercise 8K 372
Exercise 7G 307 Investigation — Box it! 373
Investigation — How high is that tree? 309 Investigation — Geometry and the Sydney
Harbour Bridge 374
Rates 310
Exercise 7H 311 Summary 375
Speed 313 Chapter review 377
Exercise 7I 315
Summary 318 CHAPTER 9
Chapter review 319 Measurement 381
Are you ready? 382
CHAPTER 8 Introduction 383
Geometry 321 Accuracy of measurement 383
Are you ready? 322 Investigation — Measuring distance 384
Triangles 323 Investigation — Judging the winning result 385
Exercise 8A 325 Investigation — Measuring height 385
History of mathematics — Euclid Estimation and approximation in
(c. 300 BC) 328 measurement 386
Angles in a triangle 329 Investigation — Estimating measurements 386
Exercise 8B 331 Exercise 9A 387
Exterior angles of a triangle 333 Error 389
Investigation — Exterior angles of a Exercise 9B 393
triangle 333 Perimeter 395
Exercise 8C 336 Exercise 9C 398
Investigation — Exterior angles 338 Circumference 400
Quadrilaterals 338 Investigation — The diameter of a circle and its
Exercise 8D 340 circumference — any connection? 400
Investigation — Forming quadrilaterals 342 History of mathematics — Archimedes of
10 Quick Questions — 343 Syracuse (c. 287–212 BC) 403
Angles in a quadrilateral 344 Exercise 9D 405
Exercise 8E 345 Code puzzle 408
vi
Area of rectangles and triangles 409 CHAPTER 11
Exercise 9E 411
10 Quick Questions 1 414 Coordinates and graphs 487
Are you ready? 488
Area of a parallelogram 415
Interpreting graphs 489
Investigation — Area of a parallelogram 415
Exercise 11A 491
Exercise 9F 416
The Cartesian plane 494
Area of a circle 418 Exercise 11B 496
Investigation — Area of a circle 418 Investigation — Drawing by numbers 497
Exercise 9G 420 Linear patterns 498
Area of a trapezium 422 Exercise 11C 501
Investigation — Area of a trapezium 422 10 Quick Questions 1 502
Exercise 9H 424 Finding the rule for linear relationships 503
Composite shapes 425 Investigation — Finding the rule for linear
Exercise 9I 427 patterns 503
Investigation — Designing a one-bedroom Exercise 11D 507
unit 429 Plotting linear graphs 508
10 Quick Questions 2 430 Exercise 11E 510
Total surface area 431 Gradient and y-intercept 512
Exercise 9J 432 Exercise 11F 515
Volume of prisms and other shapes 434 10 Quick Questions 2 517
Exercise 9K 437 Investigation — Gradient and y-intercept 518
Investigation — Prize money 439 Finding the rule for linear graphs 519
Summary 440 Exercise 11G 521
Chapter review 442 Sketching linear graphs 522
Exercise 11H 524
Code puzzle 525
CHAPTER 10 Investigation — Predicting a person’s
Transformations 445 height 526
Are you ready? 446 Applications of linear graphs 526
Transformations 447 Exercise 11I 530
Translations 447 Graphs and relationships 534
Exercise 10A 450 Exercise 11J 539
Reflections 452 Summary 542
Exercise 10B 455 Chapter review 543
10 Quick Questions 1 457
Rotations 458
CHAPTER 12
Investigation — In a spin 459 Data and graphs 547
Exercise 10C 460 Are you ready? 548
Investigation — Designing a patchwork Data collection and organisation 549
quilt 464 Investigation — Samples and surveys 549
10 Quick Questions 2 465 Investigation — Bias 550
Investigation — Collecting data for surveys and
Congruent figures 466
questionnaires 551
Exercise 10D 467
Code puzzle 469
Tables and charts 553
Exercise 12A 555
Dilations 470 Investigation — Staying alive 560
Exercise 10E 474 10 Quick Questions 1 561
Investigation — Braille 478 Column and bar graphs 562
Similar figures 478 Exercise 12B 566
Exercise 10F 480 Investigation — Personal data sheet 568
Summary 482 Investigation — Displaying your data as column
Chapter review 484 or bar graphs 569
 vii
History of mathematics — Nicholas Oresmé CHAPTER 14
1325–1382 569
Line graphs 570
Networks 659
Exercise 12C 573 Are you ready? 660
Investigation — Recording temperature 577 What is a network? 661
Histograms and frequency polygons 577 Exercise 14A 665
Exercise 12D 583 Code puzzle 666
10 Quick Questions 2 586 Basic properties of networks 667
Stem-and-leaf plots 587 History of mathematics — Leonhard Euler
Exercise 12E 589 (15 April 1707–18 September 1783) 670
Mean, median and mode 590 Exercise 14B 671
Investigation — What is the difference? 595 10 Quick Questions 1 673
Exercise 12F 596 Application of networks to problem
Code puzzle 599 solving 674
Investigation — Denim blues 600 Exercise 14C 677
Measures of spread 600 Paths and circuits — part I 678
Exercise 12G 604 Exercise 14D 681
Analysing data 606 Paths and circuits — part II 682
Exercise 12H 609 Exercise 14E 684
Investigation — Analysing your class data 610 Investigation — Sprouts 685
Investigation — Footy season 611 Investigation — The bridges of Königsberg 686
Investigation — Obtaining your own data 611 10 Quick Questions 2 686
Summary 612 Trees and networks 687
Chapter review 613 Exercise 14F 692
Summary 694
CHAPTER 13 Chapter review 695
Probability 617
Are you ready? 618 Strategies for problem
Probability scale 619 solving 697
Exercise 13A 622 Introduction to problem solving 698
Experimental probability 623 Strategies for investigation and problem
Exercise 13B 626 solving 699
10 Quick Questions 1 629 Questioning skills 699
Investigation — Rock, paper, scissors 630 Create a table, then look for a pattern or a
Sample spaces and theoretical probability 630 result 700
Investigation — Symmetry of chance 634 Draw a diagram, then look for a pattern or
Investigation — In the long run — tossing a a result 702
coin 635 Use a pattern of numbers, making use of
Exercise 13C 636 technology such as a computer
Code puzzle 639 spreadsheet 703
Simulations 640 Work backwards from the answer 704
Investigation — Simulation 642 Use a process of elimination 706
Exercise 13D 643 Look at similar but simpler problems 706
10 Quick Questions 2 645
Use trial and error (guess and check),
Tree diagrams and two-way tables 646 making use of technology such as a
Investigation — Dice game 649 computer spreadsheet 708
Exercise 13E 652
Communicating, reasoning and reflecting 710
Investigation — Green is for go, red is for
stop! 654 Glossary 713
Summary 655 Answers 721
Chapter review 656 Index 782
Introduction
The second edition of Maths Quest 8 for Victoria is one of the exciting
award-winning Maths Quest resources specifically designed for the Victorian
Essential Learning Standards (VELS).
This resource contains:
• a student textbook with accompanying CD-ROM
• a teacher edition with accompanying CD-ROM
• a student homework book
• a teacher support book.

Student textbook
The key features added in the second edition include:
• an introductory set of questions at the start of each chapter to establish the
students’ current level of understanding. Each question is supported with a
SkillSHEET to explain the concept involved and provide extra practice if
needed.
• a new chapter on problem-solving strategies to assist students’ skills in
working mathematically
• eTHINKING multi-level interactive problem-solving games to encourage
deeper understanding of concepts and to challenge students’ mathematical
thinking and reasoning (see page xi for details)
• updated and revised interactive technology files to foster Information and
Communications Technology (ICT) skills and aid conceptual learning
• a glossary to enhance students’ mathematical literacy.
The second edition textbook continues to offer the following award-
winning features.
The use of full colour throughout produces clearer graphs and headings, pro-
vides bright, stimulating photographs and makes navigation through the text
easier.
Clear, concise theory sections contain worked examples, graphics calculator
tips (Texas Instruments in the text and Casio on the CD) and highlighted
important text and remember boxes.
Worked examples in a Think/Write format provide clear explanations of key
steps and suggestions for presentation of solutions.
Exercises contain many carefully graded skills and application problems,
including multiple choice questions. Cross-references to relevant worked
examples appear beside the first ‘matching’ question throughout the exercises.
Many exercises finish with Maths Quest challenge questions designed to
extend students. Code puzzles reinforce mathematical skills and History of
Mathematics sections highlight mathematical concepts in context.
Two sets of 10 Quick Questions in each chapter provide a cumulative review
of concepts covered.
Investigations focus on links to the interdisciplinary strands, providing
further opportunities for discovery learning.
Each chapter concludes with a summary and chapter review exercise helping
consolidate students’ learning of new concepts.
 ix
Technology is fully integrated (in line with VELS recommendations) and
features graphics calculators, computer algebra systems, spreadsheets,
dynamic geometry software and several graphing packages. Maths Quest
continues to promote these technologies as learning tools, providing demon-
stration versions of the programs (with the exception of Microsoft Excel) as
well as hundreds of supporting files on the bonus accompanying CD-ROM.
AC
ER T
INT

Student CD-ROM
IVE

D- The accompanying CD-ROM contains the entire student textbook. Students

C

RO
may work from the CD on laptops, school or home computers, and cut and
paste material for revision or assignments.
Clearly labelled icons within the electronic version of the text hyperlink to
hundreds of technology files for programs such as Mathcad, Excel and Cabri
Geometry to allow further exploration of ‘what if’ scenarios.
Poly

TI-83 and Casio CFX-9850GB PLUS graphics calculator programs can be

downloaded to students’ calculators using the Graphlink and FA-123 soft-
ware provided.
me
E ti
Game time icons link to interactive games that reinforce mathematical skills
GAM

as well as being good fun. There are two in every chapter.

WorkSHEET icons link to editable Word 2000 documents, and may be com-
test
yourself 3.2 pleted on the screen, or printed and completed by hand. The Test yourself
CHAPTER

tests are interactive, allowing students to select their answers and receive
1 instant feedback.
10.8 SkillSHEET icons link to printable pages designed to help students revise

1
HEET required concepts, and contain additional examples and problems.
SkillS

eTHINKING Right eTHINKING icons link to multilevel interactive problem-solving games.

angles

Minimum system requirements

Windows 95/98 or NT Macintosh
Processor: Pentium Macintosh OS 7.6
CD-ROM drive speed: 4× Processor: PowerPC
16 Mb RAM CD-ROM drive speed: 4×
speakers 16 Mb RAM

Programs included
Mathcad Client: a computer algebra system and graphing program
Graphmatica: an excellent graphing utility
GrafEq: graphs any relation, including complicated inequalities
Poly: for visualising 3D polyhedra and their nets
Tess: for producing tessellations and other symmetric planar illustrations
TI Connect and Casio software FA-123: calculator screen capture and
transfer programs
Cabri Geometry II PLUS: dynamic geometry program
Adobe® Acrobat® Reader v7
 x
eTHINKING
eTHINKING Software developed by cooperation between Greygum Software
GREYGUM Pty Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.
Ten interactive problem-solving games are vibrantly presented. Each game is
content-based and contains 7 to 10 multi-level tasks, increasing in complexity
and difficulty.
Due to the multi-level nature of the eTHINKING problem-solving games,
S O F T W A R E students can attempt these at various stages throughout the chapter. Titles,
placement and descriptions of these games follow.

eTHINKING 1 Number bases

Chapter 1 Number skills
Nine puzzles involving the recognition of
numbers in different bases, conversions
between bases and calculations involving the
basic operations.

eTHINKING 2 Positive and negative

Chapter 2 Positive and
negative numbers
Nine puzzles that consolidate and extend the
participant’s knowledge of directed number.

eTHINKING 3 Logic gates

Chapter 3 Set notation
and theory
Eight puzzles incorporating truth tables and
the operators AND, OR, NOT in a variety of
settings.

eTHINKING 4 Balancing numbers

Chapter 5 Algebra
Eight puzzles ranging from straightforward to
more complex calculations involving logic and
addition.

eTHINKING 5 Guess and check

Chapter 6 Equations
Nine puzzles involving the concepts of
algebra, formulating equations and checking
solutions.

eTHINKING 6 Interpreting graphs

Chapter 7 Ratios and rates
Seven puzzles that consolidate the ideas of
linking written information to graphical form.

eTHINKING 7 Patterns
Chapter 8 Geometry
Ten puzzles employing geometrical shapes and
logic in pattern solving.

eTHINKING 8 Combining
transformations
Nine puzzles ranging from the introduction of
the effects of single transformations to more
Chapter 10 Transformations complex combinations.

eTHINKING 9 Coordinates
Chapter 11 Coordinates
and graphs
Nine puzzles involving the concept of plotting
and identifying coordinates in each of the four
quadrants, and the intersection of straight
lines.

eTHINKING 10 Traversing networks

Chapter 14 Networks
Eight puzzles exploring traversable networks.
 xi
Troubleshooting
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ER T
INT

IVE

Teacher edition with accompanying

D- CD-ROM
C

RO
The teacher edition textbook contains everything in the student textbook and
more. To support teachers assisting students in class, answers appear in red
next to most questions in the exercises. Each exercise is annotated with
relevant standards. The readily accessible and comprehensive VELS planning
document, Work program and curriculum grid list available resources and
curriculum coverage.
The accompanying teacher CD-ROM contains everything in the student
CD-ROM and more. Four tests per chapter, fully worked solutions to
WorkSHEETs, interactive Test yourself tests in editable Word format, the work
program and other curriculum advice in editable Word 2000 format are provided.
Student Homework Book
The Homework Book is a valuable new addition to the Maths Quest series
and complements the student textbook with a variety of activities including
WorkSHEETs, rich tasks and fun code puzzles.
Teacher Support Book
This fully photocopiable resource contains all the WorkSHEETs in the
Homework Book, plus teacher support material that includes assessment
sheets, a VELS planning grid and extra activities for students to further
develop their skills in working mathematically. All answers to the Work-
SHEETs and additional teacher support materials are also provided.

Website: www.jaconline.com.au/mathsquestvic
The Maths Quest web site will provide support in the form of additional tech-
nology files, worksheets, links to other sites, assessment materials including
practice tests and more.
Maths Quest is a rich collection of teaching and learning resources within
one package.
Acknowledgements
The authors and publisher would like to thank the following copyright holders,
organisations and individuals for their assistance and for permission to
reproduce copyright material in this book.

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Text
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Software
The authors and publisher would like to thank the following software pro-
viders for their assistance and for permission to use their materials. However,
the use of such material does not imply that the providers endorse this product
in any way.

Third party software — registered full version ordering information

Full versions of third party software may be obtained by contacting the
companies listed below.
Texas Instruments TI Connect™ and TI-GRAPHLINK software
TI Connect™ and TI-GRAPHLINK software reproduced with permission of
the publisher Texas Instruments Incorporated.
TI Connect software available from Texas Instruments
Web: http://education.ti.com/us/product/software.html
Note: The TI Connectivity cable can be purchased from educational book-
sellers or calculator suppliers.
Casio FA-123
Software used with permission of Casio Computer Co. Ltd. © 2001
All rights reserved.
Distributed by Shriro Australia Pty Ltd
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Lane Cove
NSW 2066
Web: http://www.casioed.net.au and find the calculator product range
Mathcad® Client
Included with permission of MathSoft Engineering & Education, Inc.
Web: http://www.mathsoft.com
Distributed in Australia by Hearne Scientific Software Pty Ltd
Level 6, 552 Lonsdale Street, Melbourne 3000
e-mail: info@hearne.com.au
Web: http://www.hearne.com.au/
Phone: (03) 9602 5088
Mathcad is a registered trademark of Math Soft Engineering & Education,
Inc.
xiv
Graphmatica
Reproduced with permission of kSoft, Inc.
345 Montecillo Dr., Walnut Creek, CA 94595-2654.
e-mail: ksoft@graphmatica.com
Web: http://www.graphmatica.com
Software included is for evaluation purposes only. The user is expected to
register shareware if use exceeds 30 days. Order forms are available at
www.graphmatica.com/register. txt
Cabri Geometry™ II PLUS
Reproduced with permission of Cabrilog.
Cabrilog 6, Robert Schuman Place
38000 Grenoble FRANCE
Web: http://www.cabri.com
1. Due to copyright restrictions, the demo version of Cabri Geometry™ II
Plus must not be used in the classroom for presentation on a regular basis.
2. For site licences contact Cabrilog — Grenoble-France at www.cabri.com
or «sales@cabri.com»

GrafEq, Poly and Tess

Evaluation copies of GrafEq™, Poly™ and Tess™ have been included with
permission from Pedogoguery Software, Inc.
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