1. Which of the following inhibits the conversion of glycogen to glucose?

Insulin.
2. The diagnosis of diabetes is based on serum? Serum glucose levels.
3. Which of the following represents normal fasting serum glucose levels?
70-20 mg/dL.
4. The American Diabetes Association recommends that 60-70% of the
total daily calories should come from? Carbohydrates and monosaturated
fats.
5. The most common used insulin is? U-100.
6. Regular insulin should be given? Before meals.
7. When mixing Regular and longer-acting insulin’s, which should be drawn
into the syringe first? Regular Insulin
8. A reason for avoiding long-acting oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agents
in older patients is that decreased renal functions in older adults make
them more prone to? Hypoglycemia.
9. What is a side effect of sulfonylurea’s used in the treatment of diabetes
mellitus? Hypoglycemia.
10. Patients who require insulin injections need to self monitor levels of?
Blood glucose.
11. Late signs of hypoglycemia include? Confusion and unconsciousness.
12. The goal of the diabetic diet is to? Normalize plasma glucose levels.
13. Which type of insulin is clear solution? Insulin glaring (Lantus). All
rapid-acting and short acting insulin’s are clear. Except for insulin glarine
(Lantus), which also is clear, the other all are cloudy.
14. When blood glucose levels fall rapidly, the four substances that are
secreted by the body in an attempt to increase glucose levels are cortisol,
glucagon, growth hormone, and? Epinephrine.
15. Which risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus? People who are
overweight, family history of diabetes, Latin American/Hispanic, african-
american.
16. Gylcosylated hemoglobin levels? Reflects glucose levels over the past
few months.
17. Rapid Acting Insulin? Category that includes humalog and novolog.
Onset occurs in less than 15 minutes. The peak is 1-2 hours. The duration
is 3-4 hours.
18. Short Acting Insulin? Category that includes Humalin and Novolin R.
The onset is 30 minutes-1 hour. The peak is 2-3 hours. Can be given by IV.
The duration is 3-6 hours.
19. Immediate Acting? Category that includes the NPH insulin. The onset is
2-4 hours. The peak is 4-10 hours. The duration is 10-16 hours.
20. Long Acting? This category includes Ultralente and insulin glarine
(Lantus). The onset is 4-8 hours. Does not peak. The duration is 24-36
hours.
21. Inhaled Rapid Acting, Short Acting? Category includes Exubera (insulin
human rDNA origin). The peak is 30-90 minutes.
22. Which are exogenous causes of hypoglycemia? Insulin, alcohol, and
exercise.
23. What is the most frequent cause of hypoglycemia? Insulin.
24. To detect possible changes in the eyes associated with diabetes
mellitus, the nurse inquires whether the patient has has floaters, blurred
vision or? Diplopia (double vision?
25. During the physical assessment of the diabetic patient, the nurse
inspects the feet carefully for lesions, discolorations, and? Edema.
26. A nursing diagnosis for patients with diabetes is chronic pain related to?
Neuropathy.
27. Patients with diabetes may have disturbed sensory perception related
to? Neurologic and circulatory changes.
28. Alterations in tactile sensations in diabetic patients may result in? Burns
or frostbite.
29. Endogenous hypoglycemia occurs when internal factors cause an
excessive secretion of insulin or an increase in the metabolism of?
Glucose.
30. Exogenous hypoglycemia results from outside factors acting on the
body to produce low blood glucose. These include insulin, oral
hypoglycemia agents, alcohol, or exercise. Endogenous hypoglycemia
occurs when internal factors cause an excessive secretion of insulin or an
increase in glucose metabolism. These conditions may be related to tumors
of genetics.
31. Early signs of hypoglycemia include? Weakness and hunger.
32. Which group of oral antidiabetic agents does not cause hypoglycemia?
Biguanides (metformin).
33. Patients with hypoglycemia are at risk for injury related to? Dizziness
and weakness.
34. Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma is loss of consciousness caused by
extremely high serum? Glucose.
35. When a patient is given insulin for diabetic ketoacidosis, the nurse
should monitor the patient for? Hypokalemia. When a patient is given
insulin to treat diabetic ketoacidosis, monitor for hypokalemia because
insulin causes potassium to move from the extracellular fluid into the cells.
36. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a disease in which the pancreas does not
produce adequate insulin because of the destruction of beta cells.
37. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a disease in which the diabetic cells become
resistant to the action of insulin and the blood glucose rises.
38. The cells cannot use the glucose without insulin, so that the diabetic
client still feels hungry although there is abundant glucose circulating in the
blood.
39. The cells cannot use the glucose without insulin, so the diabetic client
still fells hungry although there is abundant glucose circulating in the blood.
40. The increase in fatty acid levels causes an increase in triglyceride and
an attendant rise in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels.
41. The hypothalamus is receiving a message that the cells need glucose,
so it responds by adding more glucose to the already overburdened blood.
42. Coping with diabetes and patients decisions? Emotional support for the
patient with hypoglycemia in necessary during both diagnosis and
treatment. Prepare the patient for diagnostic tests, and tell the patient what
to expect. Once the diagnosis is made, explore the patient’s feelings ad
concerns. Support the patient in learning to incorporate management of
hypoglycemia into his or her lifestyle. Guide the patient to anticipate
problem situations and possible solutions.
43. What is the purpose for taking the HBA1c? Determination of
glycosylated hemoglobin levels every 2 to 3 months is an essential check
of glycemic control. It reflects glucose levels over the past months, whereas
the fructosamine levels reflect those over several weeks. By measuring
these levels the physician is able to determine how well the blood glucose
has been regulated in the recent past. It also allows patients who monitor
their own blood glucose levels to evaluate their methods of control. The
American Diabetes Association recommends a level less than 7% as a
treatment goal or as close to normal as possible without risking
hypoglycemia.
44. Insulin is needed to transport glucose into resting muscles cells. During
heavy exercise, however, muscle fibers are highly permeable to glucose
even in the absence of insulin. Therefore exercise must be considered in
the regulation of serum glucose levels. Other tissues that can use glucose
without insulin are the brain, nerves, heart, and the lens of the eye.
45. Check your feet every day. Look for red spots, cuts, swelling, and
blisters. Use a mirror if you can’t see the bottom of your feet. Be more
active. Wash your feet every day. Dry them carefully, especially between
the toes. Keep your skin soft and smooth. Rub a thin cost of lotion over t he
tops and bottoms of your feet but not between your toes. Trim your toenails
across, and file the edges with an emery board. Protect your feet from hot
and cold.