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Chapter 27

Differences between American ASME Y

14.5M Geometric dimensioning and
tolerancing (GD & T) and ISO/BS 8888
geometrical tolerancing, standards
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This chapter aims to highlight, identify and analyse, the dif- Specification of datums
ferences between the ASME and ISO/BS 8888 systems. The
Authors make no claim as to which might be the better and/or Whilst the general understanding that a datum is basically
accommodate in any specific application. Some of these dif- a ‘good starting surface or point’ is not wrong. The ad-
ferences are of a smaller nature, and as such are self-evident, vancement and availability of today’s manufacturing tech-
while others are not, and involve indications which are inter- nology, has created many more options of specific
preted differently by users of the two different systems, giving applications of datums that may be required. ISO 5459
rise to significant differences of the intended design specifi- and ASME Y 14.5 M standards comprehensively define
cation. All Geometric controls included throughout this man- these conceptual options together by their respec-
ual are to the ISO/BS 8888 standards. tive rules. These two set of rules can lead to substan-
There are a few differences in terminology as detailed in tially different conclusions. A brief explanation appears
Table 27.1. below.
ISO standards keeping in line with these developments
of modern techniques, give a wide range of different, sophis-
TABLE 27.1 Comparison of ASME Y 14.5M and ISO termi- ticated, practical conceptual terms and procedures for the
nologies various types of datums which may be specified on a draw-
ASME Y 14.5M ISO ing. Basically, where a specified datum feature has a form
that allows the work piece to ‘rock’ within itself, the ISO
Basic dimension Theoretical exact dimension (TED)
rule is to ‘equalize’ the rock, in order to establish an
Feature control frame Tolerance frame
Variation Deviation ‘average’ position and orientation, to be used as the intended
True position (TP) Theoretical exact position datum.
Reference dimension Auxiliary dimension ASME Y 14.5M specifies the concept of ‘candidate
datums’ which allows every position that an unstable da-
tum can rock to (with some limitations) is a valid
‘candidate datum’. A set of candidate datum reference
Applicability of standards frames can be derived for each set of requirements that
are referenced to the same datum system, using the same
The rules to which any drawing is produced must be indi-
precedence and the same material conditions. These sets of
cated within the framework of the drawing, i.e. ISO or
requirements are, by default, evaluated simultaneously to
ASME Y 14.5M.
each candidate datum reference frame. If there is a candi-
If a provision from ASME Y 14.5M were needed to be
date datum reference frame where all the requirements are
invoked on a drawing conforming to ISO rules, the relevant
fulfilled exists, the workpiece is acceptable with regard to
ASME Y 14.5M cross-reference must be specifically iden-
the requirements.
tified at the point of application.
In general, the ASME Y 14.5M system accepts more
workpieces as the form error of the datum feature
Symbology increases. However, some workpieces accepted under
the applied ISO rules can be rejected upon application
ASME Y14.5 specifies in addition to or deviating from ISO of the ASME Y 14.5M rules, so assumptions should not
1101 the symbols shown in Table 27.2. be made.
Manual of Engineering Drawing
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210 Manual of Engineering Drawing

TABLE 27.2 Additional symbols found in ASME Y 14.5M

Symbol Designation Interpretation
Tangent Symbol placed within the tolerance frame indicating a tolerance applies to the contacting
T tangential element
Controlled radius Symbol placed before the toleranced radius dimension. The tolerance zone is defined by two
CR arcs (the minimum and maximum radii) that are tangent to the adjacent surfaces. The part
contour within the crescent-shaped tolerance zone must be a fair curve without reversals
with all points on the radii being within the tolerance zone
Statistical tolerancing Symbol placed after a toleranced dimension indicating the assigning of tolerances to related
components of an assembly on the basis of sound statistics (such as the assembly tolerance
is equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of the individual tolerances)
Counterbore or spotface Symbol indicating a flat bottom hole, presented before the associated dimension

Countersink Symbol indicating a countersink, presented before the associated dimension

Deep/depth Symbol indicating depth of a feature, presented before the dimension

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Exclusion of surface texture (d) It may be overruled where a feature of size has a
specified relationship between size and a geometric
The ISO standards do not currently state whether surface control for example the use of M or L in the
texture should be included or excluded within a specified
geometric control, when evaluated. (However, the applica- tolerance frame.
tion of BS 8888 requires that surface texture be excluded by (e) It may be overruled with a statement such as ‘PERFECT
the use of appropriate filtering techniques.) FORMAT MMC NOT REQUIRED’ placed by a feature
ASME Y 14.5M states that ‘all requirements apply after of size tolerance.
application of the smoothing functions’. In other words sur- ISO promotes (ISO 8015) the ‘The Principle of
face texture shall be disregarded when evaluating work- Independency’ which states: ‘Each specified dimensional
pieces using ‘ASME Y 14.5M’ and thus is similar to the or geometrical requirement on a drawing shall be met inde-
dictates of BS 8888. pendently, unless a particular relationship is specified.’ i.e.
Maximum or Minimum Material Condition M , L or the
Tolerancing principle envelope principle (the Taylor principle) E .
This means that local two point measurements control the
The ASME Y 14.5M interprets size tolerances using linear dimensional tolerances only, and not the form devia-
the ‘Principle of Dependency of size and form’ in the tions of the feature.
same terms as the ISO envelope principle (Taylor
principle), i.e. when only a size tolerance is quoted, the
form of a workpiece is always within its maximum size Features-of-size
when at maximum material condition (MMC). This is
The following table lists features of size recognized by each
known as ‘Rule 1’ and stated in the ASME Y 14.5M
standard (Table 27.3).
standard. It was realized that this overall rule was not
practical in all cases, and some exceptions to this rule
are as follows: TABLE 27.3 Feature-of-size

(a) It does not apply to stock materials (bar stock, sheet, ISO ASME Y 14.5M
tubing, etc.). Cylindrical surfaces Cylindrical surfaces
(b) It does not apply to flexible parts, subject to free-state Spherical surfaces Spherical surfaces
variation in the unstrained condition. Two parallel, opposed surfaces Two parallel, opposed surfaces
A cone Two opposed elements (such
(c) It does not apply to features of size which have a as the radiused ends of a slot)
straightness tolerance applied to their axes or median A wedge
plane.
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Chapter | 27 Differences between the ASME and ISO/BS 8888 standards
Tolerance characteristics (Table 27.4)
TABLE 27.4 Comparison of tolerance characteristics
Tolerance BS 8888 and ISOs
Positional Positional tolerance can be used to control the
location of features-of-size and also points,
lines and flat planes
Concentricity coaxiality These characteristics have the same symbol
even though they distinctively relate to
different characteristics, with the term
concentricity frequently and mistakenly
confused with coaxially, and visa versa
The ISO definition describes concentricity as
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the situation whereby the centre point of a
feature is located on a datum point or axis
Coaxially is described as the situation where
an axis of a feature is aligned to a datum axis.
Concentricity/coaxially tolerances can be
replaced by using a positional tolerance to
provide an identical control
Both these characteristics like the positional
tolerance can be used with the maximum
and minimum material condition modifiers
Symmetry ISO considers this as a special case of the
positional tolerance, which can be used to
control the location of an axis or median
plane of a feature of size in relation to a
datum axis
Profile of a line and surface These tolerance zones are generated by
placing a theoretical circle or sphere, with a
diameter corresponding to the size of the
tolerance, on every point of the theoretically
exact profile (or surface) to generate the
boundary limits.
Where the theoretically exact profile (or
surface) contains sharp corners (or edges)
the tolerance zone boundary external to the
corners (or edges) is radiused
Roundness ISO uses the term ‘Roundness’ for this form
of tolerance
211
ASME Y 14.5M:1994
The positional tolerance is only used with
features of size
ASME Y 14.5M recommends the use of Profile
of a Surface to control a flat planar surface
Known only as ‘Concentricity’ tolerance. It is
defined as the condition whereby the
median points of all diametrically opposed
elements of a figure of revolution are
congruent with the axis or centre point of a
datum feature
The standard states that concentricity cannot
be used with the maximum and minimum
material modifiers
Symmetry is defined as the condition where
the median points of all opposed or
corresponding located elements of two or
more feature surfaces are congruent with the
axis or centre plane of a datum feature
It is also stated that symmetry cannot be used
with the maximum or minimum condition
modifiers
These tolerance zones are generated by a
vector offset from the theoretically exact
profile (or surface) to generate the boundary
limits
Where the theoretically exact profile (or
surface) contains sharp corners or (edges)
the tolerance zone boundary is extended to
give a sharp corner (or edge)
ASME uses the term ‘Circularity’ for this form
of tolerance
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