X Ray beam

Prinsip
p Sinar-X

• Tabung sinar-X terdiri dari

sebuah
b h kkatoda d d
dan anoda
d
yang disusun dan
diletakkan di dalam
sebuah wadah kaca yang
telah divakum.
• Katoda yang disusun
terdiri dari sebuah filamen
dari tungsten yang
dibentuk dari sebuah koil
yyangg ditempatkan
p di
dalam focusing cup.
Prinsip
p Sinar-X

• Ketika filamen ini

dipanaskan, elektron akan
‘mendidih’
mendidih keluar permukaan
dari tungsten.
• Jika anoda dibuat positif
terhadap filamen, elektron-
elektron
elektron akan tertarik ke
anoda untuk membuat arus
elektron di seputar
rangkaian pada arah
berlawanan jarum jam.
• Hal ini ekivalen dengan arus
konvensional (pergerakan
arus positif) pada arah yang
berlawanan
Prinsip
p Sinar-X

• Karena ruang antara

anoda dan katoda adalah
vakum tinggi, elektron
tidak bertumbukan dengan
molekul gas saat melewati
gap sehingga
membutuhkan kecepatan
yang sangat tinggi
• Ketika elektron tiba
tiba-tiba
tiba
berhenti pada anoda,
sinar-X diemisikan ke
semua arah yang
dilambangkan dengan
anak panah
 ELEKTRON PRIMER ((epr)

• Dipercepat Î
Energi kinetik EKin
Kemungkinan interaksi
dengan atom Tungsten
(bahan anoda)
a efek elektron dekat
a.
elektron orbit
b.efek elektron dekat inti
atom
c. tumbukan dengan elektron
orbit
d.interaksi dengan inti
KENAIKAN SUHU DI ANODA

Efek elektron primer interaksi dgn

elekron orbit (a)
• Tolak menolak muatan listrik sama
• Pemindahan energi kecil, elektron
tidak terlepas
• Elektron orbit Î impulse ke
struktur atom
• Oslilasi mekanik Î timbul panas
p
• efek gejala (a) terjadi 99% dari
elektron primer
• Atau 99% energi listrik diubah
menjadi panas
 BREMSSTRAHLUNG

Efek elektron primer interaksi dengan inti (b)

• Gaya tarik menarik muatan berbeda
• Perpindahan energi merubah arah elektron primer
• EKin berkurang bila EKin = 0 Î Emax = Energi
eprimer
 BREMSSTRAHLUNG (lanjutan)

• Transformasi energi selama proses de-akselerasi

de akselerasi
• Paket gel. energi EM Î quantum Î photon
• Spektrum
p kontinyu
y
 RADIASI KARAKTERISTIK
• Efek tumbukan elektron primer dgn elektron
orbit (c)
• Energi EKin elektron primer > energi
bindingg EB
• Elektron lepas dari orbit K
• Elektron dari orbit L dgn E > , loncat ke
orbit K
• Kelebihan energi Î paket energi gel.
EMÎ photon
• Spektra radiasi karakteristik Kα, L α, Kβ
dan Lβ
 X Ray beam

Topic 1: Bremsstrahlung production

 Electron-nucleus interaction (I)

• Bremsstrahlung:
• radiative energy loss (E) by electrons
slowingg down on p
passage
g through g a
material
• ⇒ is the deceleration of the incident
electron by the nuclear Coulomb
field
• ⇒ radiation energy (E) (photon) is
emitted
emitted.
7: X Ray beam 12
Electron-nucleus interaction (II)

• With materials of high atomic number

• the energy loss is higher
• The energy loss by Bremsstrahlung
• > 99% of kinetic E loss as heat production
• it increases with increasing electron energy

X Rays are dominantly produced by

Bremsstrahlung

7: X Ray beam 13
Electrons strike the nucleus

N N

Bremsstrahlung
spectrum
ΨE
n(E) ΨE
n1E1
n2E2
n1
n2 n3E3
n3
E1 E1 Emax
E2 E2
E3 E3
7: X Ray beam 14
Bremsstrahlung continuous
spectrum

• Energy (E) of Bremsstrahlung photons may

take any value between “zero” and the
maximum kinetic energy of incident
electrons
• Number of p
photons as a function of E is
proportional to 1/E
Thi k ttargett ⇒ continuous
• Thick ti linear
li spectrum
t

7: X Ray beam 15
Bremsstrahlung spectra
dN/dE (spectral density) dN/dE

E0 E E0
E
From a “thin” target From a “thick” target
E = energy of emitted
E0= energy of electrons photons
7: X Ray beam 16
X Ray spectrum energy (continuous
pa t)
part)

• Maximum energy of Bremsstrahlung photons

• kinetic energ
energy of incident electrons
• In X Ray spectrum of radiology installations:
• Max ((energy)
gy) = X Ray
y tube p
peak voltage
g

ΨE
Bremsstrahlung Bremsstrahlung
after filtration

keV keV
50 100 150 200

7: X Ray beam 17
 X Ray beam

Topic 2: Characteristic X Rays

Characteristic X Rays: Electron-
El t
Electron interaction
i t ti (I)
• Starts with ejection of e- mainly from k shell
(also possible for L, M,…) by ionization
• e- from L or M shell fall into the vacancy
created in the k shell
• Energy difference is emitted as photons
• A sequence of successive electron
transitions between energy levels
• Energy of emitted photons is characteristic
of the atom

7: X Ray beam 19
Characteristic X Rays (II)

7: X Ray beam 20
Atom characteristics

A,, Z and associated quantities

q

• Hydrogen A=1 Z=1 EK= 13.6

13 6 eV
• Carbon A = 12 Z=6 EK= 283 eV
• Molybdenum A = 96 Z = 42 EK= 19.0 keV
• Tungsten A = 183 Z = 74 EK= 69.5 keV
• Uranium A = 238 Z = 92 EK= 115.6 keV

7: X Ray beam 21
Radiation emitted by the X Ray tube

• Primary
y radiation: before interactinggpphotons
• Scattered radiation: after at least one interaction;
need for Antiscatter grid
• Leakage radiation: not absorbed by the X Ray
tube housing shielding
• Transmitted radiation: emerging after passage
through matter

7: X Ray beam 22
 X Ray beam

Topic 3: X Ray Beam filtration

 What is beam filtration?

Absorber placed between X Ray spectrum at 30 kV for an X Ray tube

with a Mo target and a 0
0.03
03 mm Mo filter
Source and object

malisation)
15

Number of photons (arbitrary norm

Will preferably
f bl absorb
b b
the lower energy photons 10

Or absorb parts of spectrum

((K-edge
g filters)) 5

10 15 20 25 30
Energy (keV)
7: X Ray beam 24
Tube filtration
• Inherent filtration (always present)
• ⇒ reduced entrance (skin) dose to the patient (cut
off the low energy X Rays which do not contribute
to the image)
• Additional filtration (removable filter)
• further reduction of patient skin and superficial
tissue dose without loss of image quality
• Total filtration (inherent + added)
• Total filtration must be > 2.5
2 5 mm Al for a > 110
kV generator
• Measurement of filtration ⇒ Half-Value
Half Value Layer
7: X Ray beam 25
Tube filtration

7: X Ray beam 26
Filtration

Change in QUANTITY
&
Change in QUALITY
spectrum shifts to higher energy

1- Spectrum out of anode

2- After window tube housing
(INHERENT filtration)
3- After ADDITIONAL filtration

7: X Ray beam 27
 X Ray beam

Topic 4: Scattered radiation

Radiation emitted by the X Ray
t b
tube
• Primaryy radiation : before interacting
gpphotons
• Scattered radiation : after at least one
interaction
• Leakage radiation : not absorbed by the X
Ray tube housing shielding
• Transmitted radiation : emerging after passage
through matter Î Antiscatter grid

7: X Ray beam 29
Scattered radiation

• Effect on image quality

• increasing
i i off bl
blurring
i
• loss of contrast
• Effect on patient dose
• increasing of superficial and depth dose
Possible reduction through :
⇒ use of grid
⇒ limitation of the field to the useful portion
⇒ limitation of the irradiated volume
(e g :breast compression in mammography)
(e.g.:breast
7: X Ray beam 30
Anti scatter grid (I)

• Radiation emerging from the patient

• primary
i beam:
b contributes
t ib t tto the
th image
i
• scattered radiation: does not reach the detector
and contributes to the major part of the patient dose
• the grid (between patient and film) eliminates
most of scattered radiation
• stationary grid
• moving
o gg grid
d (bette
(better pe
performance)
o a ce)
• focused grid
• Potter-Bucky
Potter Bucky system
7: X Ray beam 31
Anti scatter grid (II)

Source of -rays

Patient
Scattered X Rays Lead

Film and cassette

Useful X Rays
y

7: X Ray beam 32
 X Ray beam

Topic 5: Factors affecting X Ray spectrum

FACTORS AFFECTING X Ray BEAM

• TUBE CURRENT
• TUBE POTENTIAL
• FILTRATION
• HIGH OR LOW Z TARGET MATERIAL
• TYPE OF WAVEFORM

7: X Ray beam 34
 X Ray spectrum: tube current

400 mA

Number of X
Rays per unit
Energy

200 mA

X Ray Energy (keV)

7: X Ray beam 35
X Ray spectrum: tube current

Change of QUANTITY
NO change of quality

Effective kV not changed

7: X Ray beam 36
X Ray spectrum: tube potential

Change in QUANTITY
&
Change in QUALITY
- spectrum
p shifts to higher
g
Energy
- characteristic lines appear

7: X Ray beam 37
X Ray spectrum: filtration

Change in QUANTITY
&
Change in QUALITY
spectrum
t shifts
hift to
t higher
hi h energy

1- Spectrum out of anode

2- After window tube housing
(INHERENT filtration)
3- After ADDITIONAL filtration

7: X Ray beam 38
X Ray spectrum: Target Z

Higher Z
Number of X
Rays per unit
Energy

Lower Z

X Ray Energy (keV)

7: X Ray beam 39
X Ray spectrum: Target Z

Three Phase

Number of X
Rays per unit
Energy
gy
Single
Phase

X Ray Energy (keV)

7: X Ray beam 40
Factors affecting

• X Ray Quantity • X Ray Quality

• TUBE CURRENT (mA) • TUBE POTENTIAL
• EXPOSURE TIME (s) ( p)
(kVp)
• TUBE POTENTIAL • FILTRATION
(kVp) • WAVE FORM
• WAVEFORM
• DISTANCE (FSD)
• FILTRATION

7: X Ray beam 41
Summary

• We learned about the continuous

Bremsstrahlung spectrum and the
characteristic
h t i ti lilines
• Several factors (kV,filtration,current,
( , , ,
waveform,target material) influence
quality and/or quantity of the X Ray beam

7: X Ray beam 42
Where to Get More Information

• Equipment for diagnostic radiology, E. Forster,

MTP Press, 1993
• IPSM Report
R t 32,
32 partt 1,
1 XX-ray tubes
t b and d
generators
• The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging,
Imaging
Williams and Wilkins. Baltimore:1994
• Manufacturers data sets for different X Ray
tubes

7: X Ray beam 43