Bahan Kuliah

Struktur beton 1
Oleh: Suhendra, MT

Program Studi Teknik Sipil

Universitas Batanghari 20202

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 Lecture Goals
• Analisis Penampang
• Concrete Mixing
Balok Persegi empat
and Proportioning
bertulangan tarik
• Concrete Properties Penampang balok
• Steel Reinforcement kondisi Seimbang
• Basic Concepts of • Analisis Penampang
Flexure Stress bertulangan Tarik dan
(Tegangan Lentur) Tekan
• Analisis Penampang T
beton bertulang 2
Concrete Mixing and Proportioning
• Concrete: Composite material composed of
portland cement, fine aggregate (sand), coarse
aggregate (gravel/stone), and water; with or
without other additives.

• Hydration: Chemical process in which the cement

powder reacts with water and then sets and
hardens into a solid mass, bonding the aggregates
together

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 SNI 2847:2013
Persyaratan beton struktural untuk bangunan gedung

• Beton (Concrete) — Campuran semen

portland atau semen hidrolis lainnya,
agregat halus, agregat kasar, dan air, dengan
atau tanpa bahan campuran tambahan
(admixture).

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Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

1. Proportioning
2. Aggregates
3. Workability
4. Admixtures
5. Types of Cement

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Concrete Mixing and Proportioning
1. Proporsi: Bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
campuran dengan
• Kekuatan yang cukup
• Kemudahan pelaksanaan/ pengecoran
• Biaya yang rendah
– Biaya yang rendah bisa diperoleh dari:
• Jumlah semen seminimal mungkin
• Gradasi Agregat yang baik (decreases voids and
cement paste required)
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Concrete Mixing and Proportioning
– Water-Cement Ratio (W/C) = faktor air semen
(fas)
• Jika W/C meningkat: menambah sifat plastisitas
dan pengaliran campuran (Improves plasticity and
fluidity of the mix).
• Increased W/C: Kekuatan beton akan berkurang
karena bertambah besarnya rongga di pasta semen
yang disebabkan oleh air bebas /air yang tidak
bereaksi dengan semen (Results in decreased
strength due to larger volume of voids in cement
paste due to free water).
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Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

– Water-Cement Ratio (W/C) (cont..)

• Complete hydration of cement
requires W/C ~ 0.25.
• Need water to wet aggregate
surfaces, provide mobility of water
during hydration and to provide
workability.
• Typical W/C = 0.40-0.60
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Concrete Mixing and Proportioning
– Water/Concrete table

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Concrete Mixing and Proportioning
– Proporsi campuran beton biasanya
dinyatakan dalam perbandingan Antara
semen, pasir dan kerikil. Misalnya 1 bagian
semen : 2 bagian pasir dan 4 bagian kerikil.
Jumlah air biasanya dinyatakan terpisah.
Satuannya bisa dalam berat atau volume
– Untuk pelaksanaan di lapangan, proporsi
campuran beton dibuat untuk satu zak semen
(50 kg)
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Concrete Mixing and Proportioning
2. Aggregates
– 70-75% of volume of hardened concrete terdiri
dari agregat (kasar dan halus)
– Sisanya adalah Pasta semen yang mengeras, air
yang tidak bereaksi dengan semen serta rongga
udara
– Semakin keras agregat, akan menambah
• Kekuatan beton
• Daya tahan terhadap cuaca (durability)
• ekonomis
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Concrete Mixing and Proportioning
2. Aggregates
– Fine aggregate: sand (passes through a No. 4
sieve; 4 openings per inch)
– Coarse aggregate: gravel
– Good gradation:
• 2-3 size groups of sand
• Several size groups of gravel

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Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

SNI 2847:2013 psl. 3.3

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 Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

In the design of concrete mixes, three principal

requirements for concrete are of importance:

• Quality
• Workability
• Economical

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Concrete Mixing and Proportioning
• Quality of concrete is measured by its strength
and durability. The principal factors affecting the
strength of concrete , assuming a sound
aggregates, W/C ratio, and the extent to which
hydration has progressed. Durability of concrete
is the ability of the concrete to resist disintegration
due to freezing and thawing and chemical attack.
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Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

• Workability of concrete may be defined as a

composite characteristic indicative of the ease
with which the mass of plastic material may
deposited in its final place without segregation
during placement, and its ability to conform to
fine forming detail.

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Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

• Economical takes into account effective use of

materials, effective operation, and ease of
handling. The cost of producing good quality
concrete is an important consideration in the
overall cost of the construction project.

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 Concrete Mixing and Proportioning
The influence of ingredients on properties of
concrete.

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Concrete Mixing and Proportioning
3. Workability
– Workability measured by slump test

slump
12”

1 2 3 4
1. Layer 1: Fill 1/3 full. 25 stokes
2. Layer 2: Fill 2/3 full. 25 stokes
3. Layer 3: Fill full. 25 stokes
4. Lift cone and measure slump (typically 2-6 in.)

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 Concrete Mixing and Proportioning
Slump test - The measurement of the consistency of the
mix is done with the slump-cone test. The recommend
consistency for various classes of concrete structures .
Tabel Ukuran Slump yang dianjurkan bagi berbagai jenis konstruksi.
Slump (mm)
Uraian
Maks. Min.
1. Dinding, pelat pondasi dan pondasi telapak bertulang 80 25
2. Fondasi telapak tidak bertulang, kaison dan konstruksi
80 25
dibawah tanah
3. Pelat, balok, kolom dan dinding 100 25
4. Perkerasan jalan 80 25
5. Pembetonan massal 50 25.

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Concrete Mixing and Proportioning

4. Admixtures
– Applications:
• Improve workability
• Accelerate or retard setting and hardening
• Aid in curing
• Improve durability

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Concrete Mixing and Proportioning
4. Admixtures
– Air-Entrainment: Add air voids with bubbles
• Help with freeze/thaw cycles, workability,
etc.
• Decreases density: reduces strength, but also
decreases W/C
– Superplasticizers: increase workability by
chemically releasing water from fine
aggregates.

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Concrete Mixing and Proportioning
5. Types of Cement
–Type I: General Purpose
–Type II: Lower heat of hydration than Type I
–Type III: High Early Strength
•Higher heat of hydration  quicker strength (7 days vs. 28
days for Type I)
–Type IV: Low Heat of Hydration
•Gradually heats up, less distortion (massive structures).
–Type V: Sulfate Resisting
•For footings, basements, sewers, etc. exposed to soils with
sulfates.

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 Semen tipe I sd tipe V di atur dalam
SNI 15 2049-2004

PCC : Portland Composite Cement

Semen hidrolis yang diproduksi dengan
menggiling terak (klinker) Semen portland,
gypsum, dengan penambahan satu atau lebih
bahan anorganik, sehingga kekuatan beton
semakin lama semakit kuat.
SNI yang mengatur : SNI 15-7064-2004

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 Concrete Mixing and Proportioning
Failure Mechanism of Concrete

Shrinkage Microcracks are

the initial shrinkage cracks
due to carbonation shrinkage,
hydration shrinkage, and
drying shrinkage.

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 Concrete Mixing and Proportioning
Failure Mechanism of Concrete
Bond Microcracks are
extensions of shrinkage
microcracks, as the
compression stress field
increases, the shrinkage
microcracks widen but do not
propagates into the matrix.
Occur at 15-20 % ultimate
strength of concrete.

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 Concrete Mixing and Proportioning
Failure Mechanism of Concrete
Matrix Microcracks - are
microcracks that occur in the
matrix. The propagate from
20% fc. Occur up to 30-45 %
ultimate strength of concrete.
Matrix microcracks start
bridge one another at 75%.
Aggregate microcracks occur
just before failure (90%).

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 Concrete Properties
1. Uniaxial Stress versus Strain Behavior in
Compression
fc Ec
f’c 12”

0.45f’c 6”

eo eu ec

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 Concrete Properties
The standard strength test generally uses a cylindrical
sample. It is tested after 28 days to test for strength, fc.
The concrete will continue to harden with time and for a
normal Portland cement will increase with time as follows:

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 Concrete Properties
– Compressive Strength, f’c
• Normally use 28-day f’fc Ec
c
strength for design
strength 0.45f’c

– Poisson’s Ratio, n
eo eu ec
• n ~ 0.15 to 0.20
• Usually use n = 0.17

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 Concrete Properties
– Modulus of Elasticity, Ec
• Corresponds to secant modulus at 0.45 f’c
• SNI 2847:2013 (bag. 8.5.1):
Ec ( MPa ) = 0,043 wc
1, 5
f 'c ( MPa )

where wc = unit weight (kg/m3)

1440 kg/m3 < wc < 2560 kg/m3

Ec ( MPa ) = 4700 f 'c ( MPa )

For normal weight concrete

(wc  2300 kg/m3)
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 Concrete Properties
• In-Class Exercise:
Compute Ec for f’c = 31 MPa for normal weight
(wc= 2300 kg/m3) concrete using both SNI
equations:
Ec ( MPa ) = 0,043 wc
1, 5
f 'c ( MPa )

Ec ( MPa ) = 4700 f 'c ( MPa )

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 Concrete Properties
Regangan maksimum beton saat tegangan tekan
maksimum, eo
• See Figure below for typical e curves in
compression
• Nilai eo bervariasi antara 0,0015-0,003
• Untuk beton kuat tekan normal, eo ≈ 0,002
fc Ec • Maximum useable strain, ecu
f’c • SNI 2847:2013 psl 10.2.3
: ecu = 0,003
0.45f’c
• Used for flexural and axial
compression
eo eu

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 Concrete Properties
Typical Concrete Stress-Strain Curves in Compression

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 Concrete Properties
Types of compression failure
There are three modes of failure.
[1] Under axial compression
concrete fails in shear.
[2] the separation of the
specimen into columnar pieces
by what is known as splitting or
columnar fracture.
[3] Combination of shear and
splitting failure.

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 Concrete Properties
2. Tensile Strength
– Tensile strength ~ 8% to 15% of f’c
– Modulus of Rupture, fr
• For deflection calculations, use:
f r = 0,62 f 'c ( MPa ) SNI Eq. 9-10
– Test:
P unreinforced
concrete beam

fr
Mmax = P/2*a Mc 6M
fr = = 2
I bh
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 Concrete Properties
2. Tensile Strength (cont.)
– Splitting Tensile Strength, fct
– Split Cylinder Test
P
Concrete Cylinder
Poisson’s
Effect

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 Concrete Properties
2. Tensile Strength (cont.)
2P
f ct =
 .l.d
f ct = (0,42 to 0,58) f 'c ( MPa)

(Not given in SNI Code)

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 Concrete Properties
3. Shrinkage and Creep
– Shrinkage: Due to water loss to atmosphere (volume
loss).
• Plastic shrinkage occurs while concrete is still “wet” (hot day,
flat work, etc.)
• Drying shrinkage occurs after concrete has set
• Most shrinkage occurs in first few months (~80% within one
year).
• Cycles of shrinking and swelling may occur as environment
changes.
• Reinforcement restrains the development of shrinkage.

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 Concrete Properties
Shrinkage of an Unloaded Specimen

Fig. 3-21, MacGregor (1997)

* 80% of shrinkage occurs in first year

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 Concrete Properties
• Shrinkage is a function of
– W/C ratio (high water content reduces
amount of aggregate which restrains
shrinkage)
– Aggregate type & content (modulus of
Elasticity)
– Volume/Surface Ratio

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 Concrete Properties
– Creep
• Deformations (strains) under sustained loads.
• Like shrinkage, creep is not completely reversible.

P
dL, elastic
dL, creep
L

P
e=dL/L

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 Concrete Properties

• Magnitude of creep strain is a function of all the above

that affect shrinkage, plus
– magnitude of stress
– age at loading
• Creep strain develops over time…
– Absorbed water layers tend to become thinner between
gel particles that are transmitting compressive stresses
– Bonds form between gel particles in their deformed
position.
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 Concrete Properties
– Tri-axial Compression
• Confined Cylinder
• Improved strength and ductility versus uniaxial
compression F1
• Example: spiral reinforced

 1 = f 'c  4.1 3 F3

where,
F1 = longitudinal stress at failure F1
F3 = lateral pressure
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 Concrete Properties
– Tri-axial Compression

Fig. 3-15, MacGregor (1997)

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 BAJA TULANGAN (SNI 2052-2014)

• Baja Tulangan Beton Polos (Plain)

Baja tulangan beton berpenampang bundar dengan
permukaan rata tidak bersirip.
• Baja Tulangan Beton Sirip (Deformed)
Baja tulangan beton dengan bentuk khusus yang
permukaannya memiliki sirip melintang dan rusuk
memanjang yang dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan daya
lekat.

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 Steel Reinforcement
3. Stress versus Strain
– Stress-Strain curve for
various types of steel
reinforcement bar.

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Class of Structures

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 Class of Structures
Retaining Wall Abutment

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 Class of Structures
Deformed Frame Reinforced Frame

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 Flexural Stress
The beam is a structural
member used to support the
internal moments and shears.
It would be called a beam-
column if a compressive
force existed.
C=T
M = C*(jd)
= T*(jd)

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 Flexural Stress
The stress in the block is
defined as:
 = (M*y) / I
Sxx = I / (ymax)

The equation for Sxx modulus

for calculating maximum
compressive stress.

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 Flexural Stress
There are 5 stages the concrete through which the beam goes.

Stage 1: No external
loads self weight.

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 Flexural Stress
There are 5 stages the concrete through which the beam goes.

Stage 2: the external

load P cause the bottom
fibers to equal to
modulus of rupture of
the concrete. Entire
concrete section was
effective, steel bar at
tension side has same
strain as surrounding
concrete.

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 Flexural Stress
There are 5 stages the concrete through which the beam goes.

Stage 3: The tensile

strength of the concrete
exceeds the rupture fr and
cracks develop. The
neutral axis shifts upward
and cracks extend to
neutral axis. Concrete
loses tensile strength and
steel starts working
effectively and resists the
entire tensile load.

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 Flexural Stress
There are 5 stages the concrete through which the beam goes.

Stage 4: The
reinforcement yields.
Stage 5: Failure of the
beam.

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 Flexural Stress
The three stages of the
beam.
Stage 1: No external
loads acting on the
beam.
Stage 3: Service loading
on the beam.
Stage 5: Beam failure.

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 Flexural Stress

The moment-curvature
diagram show the five
stages of the beam. The
plot is of the curvature
angle, f , verse the
moment.
f = (e / y) = [  / E ] / y
= [(My / I) / E] / y
f=M/(EI)

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 Flexural Stress
The beam fails first in shear and the second beam fails
in bending moment.

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