World Unmanned

Aerial Vehicle
Systems

Market Profile
and Forecast
2008
World
Unmanned
Aerial
Vehicle Systems
Market Profile and Forecast
2008 Edition

Steven J. Zaloga, Senior Analyst - Missiles & UAVs

(410) 676-7698
email: s.zaloga1@comcast.net

Dr. David Rockwell, Senior Analyst - Military Electronics

(703) 385-1992 ext. 106
email: drockwell@tealgroup.com

Philip Finnegan, Senior Analyst - Defense & Aerospace Companies

(703) 385-1992 ext. 105
email: pfinnegan@tealgroup.com

homepage: www.tealgroup.com
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Doug Cornell
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David Conklin
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Cincinnati, OH 45249
(513) 247-9350 Defense & Aerospace Agencies Briefing
dgconklin@aol.com Defense & Aerospace Companies Briefing
International Defense Briefing
Western Region
Pravin Parmar Military Electronics Briefing
2618 E. First St. World Missiles & UAVs Briefing
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Sector Studies
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
World Space Mission Model

© Teal Group Corporation

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Table of Contents
Executive Overview
The Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
World UAV Expenditures Forecast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
UAV Unit Production Forecast by Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
UAV Unit Production Forecast by Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Study Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Forecast Assumptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Forecast Costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Assessing the UAV Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Civil UAVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
The Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Regional Acquisition Forecast Summary by UAV Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
The Americas (less USA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Americas/Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
UAV Regional Production Forecast Summary by UAV Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Mini-UAVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Tactical UAVs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Naval UAVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
MALE UAVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
HALE UAVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
UCAVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Civil UAVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

The US Market
Market Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
DOD UAV Funding History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
US UAV Budget Forecast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
US Production Forecast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
US Procurement Expenditure by Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Program Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
RQ-1/MQ-9 Predator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
RQ-4A Global Hawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
RQ-7A Tactical UAV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
US Army Future UAVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
US Navy UAVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
US Marine Corps Tactical UAV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
US Micro-/Mini-UAVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
UCAVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
US Coast Guard UAVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
US Civil UAVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

European UAV Market

Market Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Current European Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Civil UAV Development in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Country Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Czech Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

page ii Table of Contents

European Union/NATO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Finland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Serbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Rest of the World UAV Market

Market Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Bahrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Qatar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Saudi Arabia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
United Arab Emirates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Ivory Coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Libya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Asia-Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Korea (ROK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Singapore. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Sri Lanka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Taiwan (ROC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
The Americas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

Table of Contents page iii

Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
Market Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
The Demand for ISR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
The UAV Market. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
The Market Upside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Reality Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Persistent Surveillance and Endurance UAVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Sensor Payloads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Funding Forecast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
US UAV E-O/IR RDT&E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
US Airborne Hyperspectral E-O/IR Technology RDT&E+Procurement (also for non-UAVs) . . . . . . . . . 138
US UAV E-O/IR Procurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
International UAV E-O/IR Procurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Endurance UAV E-O/IR Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Global Hawk Basic and Enhanced Integrated Sensor Suite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Global Hawk SYERS (Senior Year E-O Reconnaissance System) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Global Hawk SPIRITT & USAF Hyperspectral Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Navy BAMS E-O/IR Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Coast Guard Deepwater Endurance UAV E-O/IR Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Predator AN/AAS-52(V) MTS-A/B (Multi-Spectral Targeting System) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Predator RAPTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
[Predator] Imaging Laser Radar Development Contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Army RQ-1C Warrior ER/MP E-O/IR Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
US Civil Endurance UAV E-O/IR Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
SensorCraft ISR UAV E-O/IR Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Penetrating High Altitude Endurance (PHARE) UAV E-O/IR Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
UCAV E-O/IR Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
US Air Force/Navy UCAV E-O/IR Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
US Navy UCAS-D E-O/IR Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Tactical UAV E-O/IR Sensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
US Navy MQ-8B Fire Scout BRITE Star II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
US Army MQ-8B FCS Class 4A (Fire Scout) E-O/IR Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
USCG Bell Eagle Eye Star SAFIRE III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
US Commercial UAV E-O/IR Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
US Army Shadow 200 TUAV E-O/IR Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
US Marine Corps Shadow 200 MCTUAS E-O/IR Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
USMC RQ-2A Pioneer POP 200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
US Army Hunter Raven Eye II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
USAF FINDER UAV E-O/IR Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Mini-UAV E-O/IR Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
US Army A160 Hummingbird FCS Class II UAV ARGUS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Marine Corps ScanEagle Photon IR Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
RQ-11 Raven ThermoVision Micron IR Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Marine Corps Dragon Eye ThermoVision Micron IR Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Pointer and Exdrone ThermoVision Micron IR Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Air Force Desert Hawk (was Sentry Owl) E-O Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
US Mini-UAV E-O/IR Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Micro-Air Vehicle (MAV) E-O/IR Sensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
FCS Class I MAV E-O Sensors (DRS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Nano Air Vehicle (NAV) E-O Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
International UAV E-O/IR Sensor Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Sensors Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Israeli E-O/IR Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
French E-O/IR Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

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German E-O/IR Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

South African E-O/IR Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Technology Development Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
LASH & EPAS & AURORA & Navy & Army Hyperspectral Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Airborne UAV-Specific Solicitations and Contracts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
E-O/IR Technology Program Solicitations and Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
UAV E-O/IR Market Shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Synthetic Aperture Radars

Market Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
SAR Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Changing Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
The SAR Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Persistence Pays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Market Shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Endurance UAV SARs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Global Hawk MP-RTIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Global Hawk AGS/MP-RTIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Global Hawk HISAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Navy BAMS ISAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Coast Guard Deepwater Endurance UAV ISAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Predator TESAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Predator B Lynx SAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Warrior ER/MP Lynx II SAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
SeaVue SAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
SensorCraft ISR UAV SAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Vulture SAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Penetrating High Altitude Endurance (PHARE) UAV SAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
UCAV Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
US Navy UCAS-D Radars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Tactical UAV Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
MQ-8B Fire Scout Lynx II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Bell Eagle Eye RDR 1700 MMR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
US Civil UAV SARs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Army Shadow 200 TUAV SAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
MiniSAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Army Future Combat System (FCS) A160 FORESTER FOPEN SAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
USMC Dragon Warrior MiniSAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
MicroSAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
International UAV SAR Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
EuroHawk SAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
I-Master . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
PicoSAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
SWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
AWARDS (All-Weather Airborne Reconnaissance Drone Sensor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
QuaSAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
MiSAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Mini-SAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
CARABAS (Coherent All Radio Band Sensing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
EL/M-2055 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
EL/M-2022U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Recent SAR Solicitations and RDT&E Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

SIGINT & Electronic Warfare Systems

Market Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
SIGINT: The New EW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
US Markets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

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International Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Funding Forecast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Endurance UAV EW & SIGINT Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Global Hawk Hyperwide COMINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
LR-100 RWR/ESM/ELINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Airborne Signals Intelligence Program (ASIP) & High Band System (HBS) & Low Band System (LBS) . . . 212
Global Hawk Electronic Warfare Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Predator SIGINT (USAF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
UCAV EW & SIGINT Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
US Air Force/Navy UCAV Electronic Warfare Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
US Navy UCAS-D SIGINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Tactical UAV EW & SIGINT Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Tactical SIGINT Payload (TSP) (US Army). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Lightweight Modular Support Jammer (LMSJ) (USAF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Adaptive Joint C4ISR Node (AJCN) (USAF & US Army) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
US Marine Corps Electronic Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
FCS Class III & IV ESM Warning Systems (Army). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Battlefield Helicopter Emulator (BHE) (DARPA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Dragonfly COMINT (USN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
International UAV EW & SIGINT Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
EuroHawk ISIS SIGINT System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
UK Watchkeeper SIGINT: Soothsayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
TRC 274 & TRC 6200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Top Scan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Skyfix SIGINT Suite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
EL/K-7071 COMINT/DF & EL/L-8385 ESM/ELINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Skyfix COMINT/DF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Recent EW Solicitations and RDT&E Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

C4I Systems
Market Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
System Type Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Teal Group Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Funding Forecast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Data Link Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
JTIDS and MIDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
USAF Tactical Data Links (TDL)/Link-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
US Navy Tactical Data Links (TDL)/Link-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
US Army Tactical Data Links (TDL)/Link-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Smart Tanker/ROBE (Link-16/Satellite). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
EPLRS & SADL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Improved Data Modem (IDM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
CEC (Cooperative Engagement Capability) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Common Data Link (CDL) & Tactical Common Data Link (TCDL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Tactical Common Data Link-Network (TCDL-N). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Communications Data Link System (CDLS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Tactical Control System (TCS) & UAV Operating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
New Technology Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Networking and Data Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
C4I (Networking) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Data Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

CBRN Sensors
Market Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Funding Forecast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Chemical & Biological Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

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TACTIC: Aerosol/Vapor Cloud Detection and Countermeasures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Joint Biological Point Detection System Contract to GD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
IPDS Systems for Navy Ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
ACTD Selections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Biological Assessment Mobile Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
JBAIDS Toxin Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
FLIR GasFindIR Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Chemical Alarm/Detector Contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
JBPDS Biological Detection Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Biological Agent ID Contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Bright Onyx UAV Chemical Sensor Contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
FY06 Chemical/Biological Initiative Solicitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
ScanEagle UAV Biological Agent Detection Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
$1 Billion for Chemical Agent Disposal Facility Closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Handheld Bio Aerosol Detection Solicitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Battele Gets $500 Million for DHS Biodefense Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
TACTIC Solicitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Joint Material Decontamination System Solicitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Chem/Bio Solicitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
JBPDS Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Chemical Agent Alarm Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
ScanEagle Chem-Bio Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Radiological & Nuclear Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Alternative Nuclear Detection Technologies Sought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Nuclear Radiation Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Radiological & Nuclear Countermeasure System Architectures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Radioactive Liquid ID System Contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Radiological Collection UGV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
General Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Combating Terrorism Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
J-UCAS Revolutionary Technologies Solicitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
CBRNE Non-Intrusive Detection Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
CBRN Unmanned Ground Reconnaissance (CUGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
CUGR MARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Fox NBC Vehicle Contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
CBRN Detection & Remediation Contract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
CBRN Services Contract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
CBRN Medical Science Solicitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Fox NBC Recon Vehicle Upgrades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Counter Terrorism CBRN BAA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

UAV Manufacturers Overview

AAI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
AeroVironment Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Aurora Flight Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
The Boeing Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Elbit Systems Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
EMT Ingenieurgesellschaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
European Aeronautic Defense and Space Co. (EADS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
General Atomics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Honeywell Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Insitu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Israel Aerospace Industries Ltd.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Kaman Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Lockheed Martin Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Northrop Grumman Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

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Table of Contents page vii

Proxy Aviation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Safran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Swift Engineering Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Teledyne Technologies Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Textron Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Thales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Appendix
US DoD UAV Prime Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

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World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

Index
A BQM-34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 19, 47, 118
A-45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 97, 150-151, 215
A160 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 35, 160, 182, 200-201
AAI . . . 6, 26, 31-32, 34-35, 38, 44, 83, 92, 116, 148,
157-159, 235, 251-253, 255-256, 264-266,
274-275
AAS-44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145, 166
AAS-52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145-147, 166, 195
AGS. . . . . . 28, 30-31, 58, 63-64, 181, 184-187, 270
ALE-50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
AN/AAS-44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145, 166
AN/AAS-52. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145-147, 166, 195
AN/ALE-50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
AN/USD-502 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
APY-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146, 192-194, 198
ASARS-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143, 182, 187-188
ASIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 140, 147, 194, 210-215
AURORA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167-169
AWARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Ababil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Adaptive Joint C4ISR Node . . . . . . . . . . . . 217-218
Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar System. . . 187
AeroVironment . . 3, 33-34, 37-39, 42-46, 68-69, 80,
83, 162, 165, 236, 254-256
Aerosonde 38, 54, 115-118, 125, 161, 164, 253, 265
Aerostar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86, 107-109, 116, 166
Agilucho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Aladin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 72, 74, 76-77, 81-82, 260
Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Altus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 112, 114
Aquila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 12, 19-20, 32, 36
Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78-79, 102, 131
Army Future Combat System. . . . . . . . . . . 182, 200
Asia-Pacific. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 14-17, 115
Aurora Flight Sciences . . 27, 34, 149, 256, 258, 264
Australia . 26, 28, 30-31, 79, 101, 106, 109, 115-118,
124, 127, 129, 141, 144, 189-190, 212, 252-253,
255, 258-259, 263, 265-267, 270
Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59-60, 62-63, 79, 102, 111
B Class 1 UAV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
BAE Systems . . 34-35, 38, 58, 95-97, 102, 111, 116,
118, 126, 140, 143-144, 152, 160-161, 167-169,
185-186, 189, 211-212, 215-218, 221, 225, 252,
260, 266, 269
BAI Aerosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43, 102, 254
BAMS 19, 21, 23-24, 26-31, 36-37, 39, 77, 108, 117,
125, 138, 144-146, 177, 182, 189-191, 195,
212-213, 234, 257, 269
BQM-147. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 163
BQM-155 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 20, 40, 105, 158
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Bahrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Banshee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 65, 127
Beejoe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 63, 71
Bell Textron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 49-51, 67, 156
Bigua. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Bijo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Boeing 7, 21, 33-41, 46-49, 52, 87, 96, 106, 116, 129,
145, 148, 150-151, 154, 160-161, 183-184,
189-191, 196, 200-201, 232, 235, 242, 244-245,
252-253, 255-259, 263, 265-271, 273, 275
Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102, 132
Brevel . . . . . . . . . . 57-58, 62-63, 65, 67, 71-73, 262
Bright Onyx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Broad Area Maritime Surveillance System . . . . 271
Bulgaria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
C
CARABAS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
CATRIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78-79, 81
CBRN Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239-250
CDL-N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-225, 234
CEC . . . . . . 149, 155, 168, 170, 172, 174, 192-195,
198-200, 205-207, 220, 223-225, 229-232, 239,
246
CIRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
CL-289 . 5-6, 57, 63, 66-67, 72, 75, 77, 79, 132, 167,
202, 262
CL-89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 57, 63, 92, 95, 132
COMINT 189, 192, 209-212, 215-217, 219-221, 234
CONOPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 29, 37, 190, 193, 234
Camcopter . . . . . . . . 59, 96, 102, 111-112, 157-158
Canada . . . . 5, 9, 28, 58, 62-63, 72, 76, 79, 95, 108,
132-134, 147, 169, 186, 194, 214, 238, 259, 263,
270, 272, 275
Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102, 131, 134
China . . . 93, 101, 106, 118-120, 127-129, 205, 235
Civil UAV . . 2, 8, 11-13, 16, 23, 51, 58, 72, 85, 98-99,
109, 139, 198-199
Class 2 UAV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Class 3 UAV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Class 4 UAV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Coast Guard 8-14, 21, 27-28, 30, 41, 49-51, 53, 102,
123-124, 131, 145, 156, 177, 182, 191, 198, 240,
252, 263-264, 272, 275
Coast Guard UAV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Commercial Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Commercial Leasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Common Data Link. . . . 32, 148, 168, 223-224, 227,
232-234
page x
Condor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 78
Cooperative Engagement Capability . 220, 223, 230
Cormorant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 268
Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60-61
Crécerelle 3, 5, 58, 62-63, 65-66, 79, 81, 83, 90, 167
Czech Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61-62
D F
DAR . 21, 33-36, 38-39, 42, 44, 46-48, 98, 106, 146,
148, 150-151, 154-155, 160-161, 164-165, 171,
173, 175-177, 196, 200-201, 205, 207, 217-218,
235-237, 239-240, 243, 247, 252, 268, 271, 274
DARPA . . . . . . . 21, 33-36, 38-39, 42, 44, 46-48, 98,
150-151, 154-155, 160-161, 164-165, 171, 173,
175-177, 196, 200-201, 205, 207, 217-218,
235-237, 239-240, 243, 247, 252, 268, 271, 274
DBR-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
DP-5X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Daewoo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124-125
Data Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172, 236, 238
Data Links. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223, 226-228, 236
Deepwater 9, 28, 30, 49-51, 145, 156, 191, 195, 272,
275
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . 58, 62, 65, 133, 255, 270, 272
Desert Hawk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 161, 164, 268
Dragon Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 42-45, 161-163, 254
Dragon Warrior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 201
Dragonfly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189, 219, 252
E Fox-T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
EADS . . . 58, 62-63, 66-72, 74-77, 80, 111, 116-117,
121, 165, 185-186, 201-203, 210, 219, 225, 229,
238, 251, 259, 261-262, 266, 270, 272, 275-276
EL/K-7071. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
EL/L-8385 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
EL/M-2022U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105, 204
EL/M-2055 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67, 203-204
ELINT. . . . . 5, 75, 77, 81, 85-86, 118, 150, 185, 201,
209-210, 212, 216, 219-221
EMT . . . . . . . . . 72, 74, 76-77, 81-82, 127, 260-261
EPAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167-169
ER/MP. . . . . 138, 148-149, 159-160, 168, 177, 182,
194-195, 197, 216, 256
Eagle 1 . . . . 4, 66, 105, 116, 126, 133, 261-262, 266
Eagle 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67, 90, 262, 266
Eagle Eye . . 11, 23, 39, 41, 49-51, 67, 71-72, 76-77,
125, 145, 155-156, 182, 198, 252, 261, 270, 272,
275
Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101-103, 270
Elbit 27, 53, 70, 81, 83, 93, 95-96, 103-107, 109, 113,
115-116, 129, 133-134, 159, 165-166, 177, 191,
202, 220-221, 252-253, 255, 259-260, 266-267,
271, 275
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Index
Epervier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
EuroHawk . 28, 58, 67, 75-77, 81, 201-202, 219, 262
EuroMALE. . 58, 62, 66-68, 71-72, 75-77, 80, 89-90,
261-262
European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62-63, 72, 261
Exdrone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42-43, 102, 162-163
FAA . . 8-10, 12, 19, 21, 24, 27, 30, 32, 50-53, 55, 59,
116, 145, 255
FBI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 54
FCS. 21, 24, 32-33, 35-36, 39, 42, 44, 148, 154-155,
157, 160, 164, 170, 172, 174, 192, 194, 198-200,
215-216, 218, 230, 237, 273
FFOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122-124
FLIR Systems . . . . . . . 152-153, 155-158, 161-164,
178-179, 241
FOAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97-98
FQM-151 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41-43, 68, 163
FURI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Falco. 21, 60, 78, 80, 92, 97, 110-111, 120, 127, 147,
157-158, 167
Filin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Finland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64, 66, 79
Fire Scout . . 32-33, 35-39, 41, 49-50, 70, 76-77, 96,
129, 152-156, 158, 178, 182, 192, 194, 198,
215-216, 219, 232, 234-236, 252, 268-271
Firebee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7, 12, 19, 47, 118
Fox NBC Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
France 7, 10, 57-58, 62-67, 70-72, 75-76, 82, 89, 91,
105, 111, 129, 132-133, 185-186, 220, 225, 238,
253, 255, 261-262, 264, 266, 270, 272-273,
275-276
Fuji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122-123
Future Combat System 24, 33, 35, 42, 148, 154, 170,
173-174, 182, 192, 200, 205, 230, 237, 252, 256,
260, 264, 270, 273-274
Future Combat Systems 24, 174, 230, 252, 256, 274
G
GPS . 5, 43, 52, 70, 79, 122, 127, 147, 155, 172, 229
General Atomics 10, 24, 26-28, 30, 33-37, 50, 52-53,
58, 67, 75, 92-93, 110, 117, 133-134, 144-146,
148, 154, 182, 190-195, 198, 202, 214, 235, 253,
257, 261, 263, 266, 269, 271-272
Germany . 7, 28, 31, 57-58, 62-65, 67, 71-72, 75-77,
81-82, 92, 127, 132-133, 154, 185-186, 201, 219,
225, 238, 260-262, 270-272, 274-276
Global Hawk 4-6, 12, 19-21, 26-31, 36-38, 49-50, 53,
57-58, 63-64, 67-68, 72, 75, 87, 89, 96, 101,
117-119, 123, 125, 129, 138-147, 150, 153, 156,
166-167, 177-179, 181-191, 197, 201, 210-214,
©Teal Group Corporation
Index
219, 234, 238, 252-253, 256-257, 259, 262-263,
266, 269-271, 274
Global Observer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 254-255
Gnat . . . . . . 24, 92-93, 110, 127, 145, 148, 193-194
GrANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85-86
Greece . . . . . . . . . 65, 71, 77-78, 146-147, 270, 272
H Italy . . . 24, 58, 63-64, 67, 69, 71, 76, 78-79, 81, 127,
HAE-UAV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 30
HALE 2, 4, 7, 12-14, 16, 19, 23, 31, 51-52, 58, 63-64,
68, 71-72, 75-76, 78, 80, 88, 99, 102, 108-109,
115, 117-118, 120, 124-126, 134, 138-139,
234-235
HISAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139-141, 182, 187-188
HV-911 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 49-50, 156
Harpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106, 114, 121
Helios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 53
Hermes 1500. . . . . . . . . . 67, 90, 104-105, 109, 260
Hermes 450 . . . 95-96, 105-106, 108-109, 116, 159,
166, 191-192, 202, 220-221, 255, 259-260, 275
Hermes 750. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Heron . 24, 26, 35, 67, 78, 93-94, 103, 105, 108-109,
120-121, 133, 147-148, 194, 204, 215, 221,
260-262, 266, 271
Honeywell 33-34, 36, 42, 44, 164, 253, 255-257, 264
Hummingbird . . . . . . . . . 35, 38, 130, 160, 200, 258
Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 78, 83
Hunter . . 6, 12, 20, 24, 26-27, 35, 40, 53, 60, 67, 87,
105, 108, 145, 148, 158-160, 165, 178, 191, 199,
204, 217, 238, 256, 266, 271
I Korean Aerospace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116, 124-125
I-View . . . . . . 106, 109, 116, 252, 259-260, 266-267
IAI 6, 67, 83, 89, 91-93, 103-109, 116-117, 120-122,
128, 130-131, 133, 147, 149, 153, 156-159,
165-166, 178-179, 194, 203-204, 215, 221, 252,
260-261, 266-267, 269, 271
IMI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108, 140, 224, 232
ISR. . . . . . . 1, 28, 36, 41, 76, 98, 127, 133-134, 137,
142-144, 147, 149, 151, 154, 158, 166, 169, 177,
185, 189-191, 194, 196, 204, 206, 214-218, 224,
232-234, 236-237, 273
ISS . . . . 139-142, 147, 166, 177, 187-188, 201, 219
ISURSS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
India. . . 101, 105-106, 109, 120-121, 127, 204, 266,
272, 275
Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101, 118, 121-122
Insitu . . . 37-38, 54, 74, 232, 258-259, 265, 273, 275
Integrated Sensor Suite . . . . . . . 139-140, 147, 211
Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101, 103, 108, 112
Irkut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Israel 3, 6, 8, 10-12, 19, 24, 26-27, 35, 37, 39, 53, 58,
60-61, 64, 66-67, 70, 78, 84, 86, 88, 90, 93, 96,
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
page xi
101-109, 112-116, 120-122, 124, 127-128,
130-131, 148, 153, 157-159, 165-167, 178,
191-192, 203-204, 220-221, 252-253, 255,
259-262, 266-267, 269, 271
Israel Aerospace Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . 261, 266
Israel Aircraft Industries . . . . . 6, 104, 148, 153, 157,
252-253, 259-260, 262, 266-267, 269, 271
146-147, 185-186, 225, 238, 255, 263, 270
Ivory Coast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67, 113
J
J-UCAS 21, 46-48, 98, 150-151, 215, 235, 247, 258,
271
J/AQM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
JBAIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
JBPDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240-242, 244
JTIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-226, 228-230
JUSTAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134, 147, 194, 215, 263
Japan 1, 9-10, 31, 101, 117, 122-124, 129, 147, 154,
263, 270
Joint Tactical UAV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 158
Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109-110
K
KZO . . . . . 34, 67, 72-73, 76, 82, 167, 252, 260-262,
273-274
Kaman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267, 269
Kentron . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 110, 112, 114-115, 120
Korea. . . . 31, 101, 106, 111, 116, 123-127, 270-271
Korshun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85, 87
Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102, 110
L
L-3 WESCAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146, 148, 193
LASH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144, 167-169
LMSJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216-217
LR-100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189, 211-212
Lark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114-115, 260
Latin America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 134
Libya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79, 113, 127
Lightweight Modular Support Jammer . . . . . . . . 216
Littoral Airborne Sensor/Hyperspectral. . . 144, 167,
169
Littoral Combat Ship . . . . . . 21, 36, 38-39, 153, 270
Lockheed Martin 24, 26-27, 30, 36-38, 42, 45, 48-49,
52, 96-97, 115, 144-145, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156,
164-166, 182, 189-191, 196, 213, 220, 230-231,
233-234, 253, 255, 257, 260, 263, 265, 267-269,
271, 274
Luch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
page xii
Luna . 58, 72, 74, 76-77, 82, 107, 127, 167, 203, 260
Lynx SAR . . . . . . . 147-148, 182, 192-194, 202, 215
M 203, 260-261, 272-273
MALE. . . 2-4, 7, 12-14, 16, 19, 23, 31, 54, 58, 62-63,
65-68, 71-72, 74-77, 79-83, 88-91, 93-94, 97, 99,
102-103, 109-112, 115, 118, 120-121, 124-126,
128-129, 131-134, 138-139, 145, 147, 186, 194,
214, 221, 234, 261-263, 266
MALP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
MAVUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
MCMM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65-67
MCTUAS . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 31-33, 40-41, 157-158
MIDS . . . . . . . . . . 155, 170, 223-226, 228-231, 270
MP-RTIP . . . . . . . . 29, 139-140, 177, 181-187, 270
MQ-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-28, 97, 145-147, 213, 235
MQ-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
MQ-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
MQ-9 4, 7-8, 23-28, 97, 145-147, 192-193, 213, 235
MQM-105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
MTS-A/B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Malakhit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Malat. 6, 67, 89, 91, 93, 103-104, 106, 108-109, 116,
121, 259
Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Marine Corps . . . . 20-21, 31-32, 37-42, 45, 49, 153,
157-158, 161-163, 171, 174, 177, 210, 218, 226,
228, 234, 239, 243, 251-254, 258, 265, 270,
273-275
Marine Corps Tactical UAV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Mastiff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 103-105
Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134-135, 159
MiSAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Micro UAV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 77
Micro-bat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Middle East . . . . . . . . 13, 15-17, 101-102, 140, 142
Midge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90, 95, 132
Mini UAV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68, 78
Mini-SAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
MiniSAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182, 199-201
Mirach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 58-59, 66, 78-81
Mirach 150 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 78-79
Mirach 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78-79
Mirach 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58-59, 78-81
Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Moshkara. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85-86
Multi-Spectral Targeting System . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
N 214, 263, 271
NATO . 5-6, 28, 30, 58, 61-64, 67, 75-76, 81-82, 101,
132-133, 181, 184-187, 204, 227, 232, 235, 238,
252, 270-271
NATO AGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 270
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Index
NII Kulon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Nano Air Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Netherlands 58, 63, 65-66, 79, 81-82, 133, 185-186,
Nibbio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111, 167
Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102, 113-114
Night Intruder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116, 124
Northrop Grumman. 26-27, 29-31, 35-39, 46-50, 52,
75, 77, 96, 102, 106, 117, 139, 141, 145, 148-157,
159, 170, 178-179, 181-187, 189-192, 196-201,
204-205, 207, 210-213, 215, 218-219, 227, 232,
235, 251-253, 256-260, 262-263, 265-271,
273-274
Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69, 82, 238
Nuclear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204, 245-246, 248-249
O
OAV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-35, 52
One Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Orel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Organic Air Vehicle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 253, 264
Outrider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 20, 64
P
PHARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150, 197
PW-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Pakistan . . 80, 94, 101, 113, 120-121, 127-128, 146,
260, 263
Pchela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Pegasus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 77, 130, 150, 271
Pelican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Philippines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122, 128
Phoenix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 5, 57, 81, 95-96, 229
Pioneer . . 6, 20-21, 31-32, 39-41, 45, 153, 158-159,
161, 165-166, 218, 224, 234, 251-252
Piver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 63, 66-67, 72, 132
Pointer . . . . . . . . . . 42-43, 45, 68, 80, 125, 133, 163
Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 78, 82-83, 147, 252
Portugal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Predator 4-7, 10, 12, 19-21, 24-28, 30-31, 33-37, 50,
52-54, 57-58, 67-68, 75-81, 87, 89-90, 93, 96-98,
117, 125, 127, 133-134, 138, 140, 144-148, 160,
166, 177-178, 182, 186, 190-195, 197, 199,
210-211, 213-215, 224, 232, 234-235, 238,
252-253, 255, 257, 261, 263, 266, 271-272
Predator B . . 4, 24-27, 30, 36, 50, 53, 68, 76, 96-98,
117, 140, 144-147, 177-178, 182, 190, 192-195,
Predator C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 117, 263
Proxy Aviation Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Puma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161, 164, 254-255
©Teal Group Corporation
Index
Q 158, 167, 178, 182, 192, 194, 198, 215-216, 219,
Qatar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102, 110, 117, 129
QuaSAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
R
RQ-1. 3, 6-7, 20, 23-25, 28, 33, 35-36, 42-44, 46, 58,
69, 78, 80, 97, 115, 127, 145, 148-149, 162, 191,
236
RQ-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-32, 39-40, 45, 158
RQ-4 20, 23, 26, 28-31, 36-37, 63, 75, 117, 123, 125,
138-142, 182, 185, 187-189, 201, 211, 213-214,
219, 233, 270
RQ-7 20-21, 26-27, 31-32, 35-36, 40-41, 52, 83, 157,
167-168, 199
RQ-8 . . . . . . 32-33, 35-36, 38-39, 41, 49-50, 76, 83,
153-154, 156, 270
Radiological . . . . . . . . . . . . 155, 204, 245-246, 249
Rafael . . . . . . 66, 106-108, 166, 178, 220, 237, 260
Raven . . . . 20, 23, 33, 36, 40-46, 69, 78, 80, 83, 88,
97-98, 110, 115, 153, 157, 159-160, 162-163, 178,
236, 253-256, 264
Raytheon . 29, 40, 111, 139-142, 144-147, 149-150,
154, 166, 178-179, 182-188, 191, 193, 195, 197,
200, 205, 212-215, 229-231, 233-235, 252, 257,
265, 270-271, 273
Republic of Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Romania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83-84, 252
Russia . . . . . . . . . 7, 27, 30, 58, 80, 84-88, 101, 125
S 185-186, 225, 261-262, 270, 273, 276
SAFIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155-156
SAGEM . . . . 10, 58-59, 62, 65-67, 69, 71-72, 76-77,
81-82, 89, 116, 266, 275
SAIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33-35, 154, 231, 270
SDTI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 65-67
SEAMOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 74, 76, 262
SHARC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89, 91
SIDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65, 67, 72, 261
SIVAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
SOCOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 43, 163, 200
SPIRITT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138, 143-144, 167
SURSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41-44
SWARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
SWORD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202-203
SYERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142-143
Safran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253, 272
Saudi Arabia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 102, 110-111, 270
ScanEagle . . 38, 40-41, 96, 116, 129, 161-162, 164,
232, 237, 242, 244, 253, 257-259, 265, 273, 275
Schweizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Scout . . . . 6, 32-33, 35-39, 41-42, 44, 49-50, 64, 70,
76-77, 91, 96, 103-105, 114, 128-130, 152-156,
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
page xiii
232, 234-236, 252, 264, 268-271
Sea Sentinel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
SeaVue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146, 195
Searcher . . . 3, 89, 92, 103-106, 108-109, 120-122,
124, 128-131, 167, 204, 221, 266
Seeker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 110-112, 114-115, 120
Sender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Senior Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142-143
SensorCraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149, 196
Sentinel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 133
Sentry Owl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 45, 164, 268
Seraph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Serbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 88
Shadow 200 . 31-32, 83-84, 109, 116, 156-159, 166,
182, 197, 199, 216, 234, 251-252, 266
Shmel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85, 88
Silver Arrow . 66-67, 93, 95, 103, 105, 107, 109, 113,
116, 191, 260
Silver Fox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 41, 45, 54, 133
Singapore . . . 31, 101, 104-105, 117, 121, 128-129,
270, 274
Sky-X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78, 80-81
Skyfix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Skylark . . . 81, 83, 106-109, 115, 119, 133-134, 166,
255, 259, 275
Sojka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Soothsayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
South Africa. 8, 90, 102, 104, 111-115, 120, 127, 167
South America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102, 126, 134
Soviet Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84, 101
Spain . 59, 63-65, 69, 71, 76-77, 83, 88-89, 127, 154,
Spectral Infrared Remote Imaging Transition Test-
bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Sperwer. . . . . 3, 58-59, 62, 64-67, 71-72, 77-78, 81,
89-90, 116, 132-134, 167, 266, 272
Spiral 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47-48, 151, 244
Spiral 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229, 244-245
Sri Lanka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130, 275
Stalker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106, 268
Sterkh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Sukhoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85-87
Surveyor 2500. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Sweden . . . . . . 58, 63, 65, 71, 89-91, 112, 203, 272
Swift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161, 164, 254, 265, 270, 273
Swift Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265, 270, 273
Switchblade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Switzerland . . . . . . . 62, 71, 76-77, 91-92, 104, 264
T
TACTIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240, 243
TCAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 63, 184-186
TCDL-N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-225, 234
page xiv
TCS. . . . . . . . . . 31-32, 157-158, 223-225, 234-235
TDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-228
TESAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182, 191-192, 197, 199
TR911D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
TRC 274 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
TRC 6200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
TRW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 212, 252
TUAV 13-14, 21, 23, 31-33, 35-39, 41, 55, 65, 72, 74,
82, 89, 91, 93, 96, 99, 106, 108-109, 116, 118,
123-124, 126-127, 129-131, 148, 153, 156-159,
165-166, 182, 191-192, 194, 197-199, 215-216,
218-219, 221, 234-235, 238, 252, 266, 271
Tactical Common Data Link . 32, 148, 223-224, 232,
234
Tactical Control System . . . . 157-158, 223-224, 234
Tactical Data Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223, 226-228
Tactical SIGINT Payload . . . . . . . 210, 215, 217-218
Tactical UAV 2-4, 12-15, 23, 27, 31-32, 35, 37, 39-40,
60-62, 64-65, 72, 78, 80-84, 86, 88-96, 101-104,
110-115, 118-122, 124-126, 128-132, 134-135,
138-139, 152-153, 156, 158, 177, 192, 197,
210-211, 215, 234, 236, 238, 270
Tadiran. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88, 104, 221
Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101, 104, 130-131, 270
Teledyne. . . . . . 28, 34, 102-103, 252, 260, 273-274
Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177, 204, 246, 249
Textron . . 11, 41, 49-51, 67, 154, 156, 251, 253, 255,
261, 270, 274-275
Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101, 131
Thales 58, 67, 70-71, 95-97, 106, 110, 116, 133, 165,
185-186, 202-203, 210, 220, 225, 232, 253,
259-260, 262, 267, 271-272, 275-276
Tier 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 40-41, 145
Tier 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 40, 145, 273
Tipchak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Top Scan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Tucan . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 34, 58, 63-64, 72-73, 76, 82
Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92-94, 105-106, 263
Turna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
U WESCAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145-146, 148, 166, 193
UAOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114-115
UAV-X1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
UAV-XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
UCAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 35-36, 154-155, 267, 269
UCAS-D . . . . . . . . . 46, 48, 152, 197, 210, 215, 269
UCAV . 2, 4, 7-8, 12-13, 16, 23-24, 27, 46-49, 58, 68,
71-78, 80-81, 87-89, 91, 97-99, 106, 108-109,
115, 118-119, 121, 124-125, 129, 138-139,
150-152, 165, 197, 210-211, 215, 253, 257-258,
262, 268, 272
UCAV-N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Index
US Air Force . 7, 12, 24-25, 27, 29-30, 37, 46, 52-53,
109, 117, 129, 142-145, 150, 161, 181, 197, 210,
215, 224-226, 232, 253, 257, 263, 268, 271-273
US Army . 6, 12, 19, 24-27, 31, 33-35, 39-45, 52-53,
97, 102, 133, 148-149, 154-157, 159-160, 162,
167, 170-172, 174, 194-195, 197-199, 205, 207,
215-217, 228-230, 238, 240-241, 244, 246,
251-252, 254-256, 263-264, 267, 269-271, 274
US Coast Guard UAV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
US Marine Corps Tactical UAV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
USAF . . 20-23, 25-31, 45-49, 87, 97, 138, 140-143,
147, 150, 160-161, 164, 182-189, 192-194, 199,
204, 210-214, 216-217, 224, 226, 229-230, 234,
238
USCG . . . . . . 23, 30, 49-50, 145, 155-156, 195, 198
USMC. . . . . . . 20, 22-23, 32-33, 37-41, 43, 46, 153,
158-159, 162-163, 201, 210, 218, 243
USN . 23, 28, 39, 41, 47, 49, 138, 145, 190-191, 219,
231
Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94-95
United Arab Emirates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111, 270
United Kingdom 95, 99, 133, 259-260, 264, 267-268,
275
V
V-22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 228, 275
VR-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
VR-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 84
VTUAV . . . . . . 14, 35-39, 72, 74, 82, 89, 91, 99, 118,
123-124, 126, 129-130, 153, 158, 192, 194, 198,
219, 234-235, 271
VUAV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 49-50, 145, 156, 182
Vega Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Vektor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Vigilante . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Vulture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115, 196
W
WK180 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
WK450 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95-96, 166, 202
Warrior . . . . . . . 7, 21, 24, 26-27, 33, 35-36, 44, 138,
148-149, 159, 168, 177, 182, 190, 194-195, 201,
216, 235, 251-252, 263, 266, 271, 274
Wasp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 44-45, 236, 254
Watchkeeper . 58, 67-68, 95-99, 106, 109, 165-166,
177, 192, 198, 202, 220, 232, 259-260, 266-267,
271, 275
Witness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
X
X-45 . . . . . . 7, 23, 46-47, 49, 87, 109, 150-151, 258
©Teal Group Corporation
Index page xv

X-46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Y
X-47 . . . . . 7, 23, 46-47, 49, 109, 150-151, 258, 269
X-50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Yugoslavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 78, 88, 145
XRAE1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Yula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

page xvi Index

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

Executive Overview
The Outlook
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)
are the most dynamic growth sector of
the aerospace industry today. This
Teal Group market study estimates
that the market will more than double
over the next decade from current
worldwide UAV expenditures of
about $3.4 billion to $7.3 billion
within a decade.
World UAV Forecast
($ Billions)
8
0
2008 2009
RoW = Rest of World
The most significant catalyst to
this market has been the enormous
growth of interest in UAVs by the US
military, tied to the general trend to-
wards information warfare and
net-centric systems. UAVs are a key
element in the intelligence, surveil-
lance, and reconnaissance (ISR) por-
tion of this revolution, and they are
expanding into other missions as well
with the advent of hunter-killer
UAVs. This study suggests that the
US will account for 73% of the
RDT&E spending on UAV technol-
ogy over the next decade, and about
59% of the procurement. These repre-
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
sent higher shares of the market than
for defense spending in general, with
the US accounting for about 67% of
total worldwide defense R&D spend-
ing and 37% or procurement spend-
i n g a c c o r d i n g to Te a l G r o u p
International Defense Briefing fore-
casts. These discrepancies are due to
the heavier US investment in cut-
R&D and Procurement
US R&D US Proc. RoW R&D RoW Proc.
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ting-edge technologies, and the
marked lag-time in such research and
procurement elsewhere, especially
major aerospace centers such as Eu-
rope. This follows trends in other cut-
ting-edge technologies observed over
the past decade by Teal Group ana-
lysts in such areas as precision guided
weapons, information and sensor
technology, and military application
of space systems.
Teal Group expects that the sales
of UAVs will follow recent patterns of
high-tech arms procurement world-
wide, with Asia representing the sec-
ond largest market, about 18% of the
worldwide total followed by Europe.
As in the case of many cutting edge
aerospace products, Africa and Latin
America are expected to be very mod-
est markets for UAVs. A civil market
for UAVs is only beginning to emerge
in no small measure due to the lack of
access to national airspace until suit-
able UAV standards and practices
2015 2016 2017
have been created. Teal Group ex-
pects that a civil UAV market will
slowly emerge over the next decade,
starting first with government organi-
zations requiring surveillance sys-
tems similar to military UAVs such as
coast guards, border patrol organiza-
tions and similar national security or-
g a n iz a tio n s . A c o mmer c ial,
non-governmental UAV market will
emerge much more slowly except in
some niche markets such as Japan un-
til the airspace access issue is fully re-
solved late in the forecast period.
Page 2 Executive Overview

World UAV Expenditures Forecast

R&D ($ Millions) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
USA 1,450.0 1,550.0 1,635.0 1,720.0 1,600.0 1,500.0 1,500.0 1,750.0 1,800.0 2,700.0 17,205.0
Rest of World 250.0 320.0 510.0 590.0 650.0 725.0 770.0 805.0 850.0 910.0 6,380.0
Total R&D 1,700.0 1870.0 2,145.0 2,310.0 2,250.0 2,225.0 2,270.0 2,555.0 2,650.0 3,610.0 23,585.0

Procurement ($ Millions) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
USA 1,025.0 1,395.0 1,960.0 2,000.0 2,105.0 2,035.0 1,865.0 1,765.0 2,095.0 2,060.0 18,305.0
Rest of World 680.3 597.2 1,125.0 1,242.6 1,485.4 1,470.2 1,636.6 1,500.5 1,488.7 1,663.1 12,889.6
Total Procurement 1,705.3 1,992.2 3,085.0 3,242.6 3,590.4 3,505.2 3,501.6 3,265.5 3,583.7 3,723.1 31,194.6
Grand Total R&D/Procurement 3,405.3 3,862.2 5,230.0 5,552.6 5,840.4 5,730.2 5,771.6 5,820.5 6,233.7 7,333.1 54,779.6

UAV Unit Production Forecast by Region

(Units, Air Vehicles) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
USA 1,448 1,688 1,499 1,437 189 267 1,772 1,722 1,747 1,787 13,556
Europe 368 409 385 301 283 403 572 655 492 174 4,042
Mid East 150 88 197 386 98 178 171 110 109 23 1,510
Asia 419 463 558 554 687 788 662 604 542 679 5,956
Americas 21 33 13 29 75 34 40 1 1 45 292
Africa 30 5 6 11 36 31 25 40 5 21 210
Total 2,436 2,686 2,658 2,718 1,368 1701 3,242 3,132 2,896 2,729 25,566

(Value, $ Millions) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
USA 1,025.0 1,395.0 1,960.0 2,000.0 2,105.0 2,035.0 1,865.0 1,765.0 2,095.0 2,060.0 18,305.0
Europe 200.4 183.4 325.7 308.5 470.4 655.2 697.6 761.9 623.9 566.3 4,793.2
Mid-East 186.4 136.2 425.9 429.9 492.4 280.4 266.4 43.0 122.0 448.0 2,830.6
Asia-Pacific 283.7 225.3 292.4 451.9 478.6 510.6 609.8 625.6 718.8 613.0 5,849.7
Other 9.8 52.3 81.0 52.3 44.0 24.0 62.8 70.0 24.0 35.8 455.8
Total 1,705.3 1,992.2 3,085.0 3,242.6 3,590.4 3,505.2 3,501.6 3,265.5 3,583.7 3,723.1 31,195

UAV Unit Production Forecast by Type

(Units, Air Vehicles) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAVs 1,806 1,985 1,965 1,885 620 885 2,415 2,370 2,120 1,951 18,002
Tactical UAVs 269 328 292 358 268 303 304 230 213 144 2,709
Naval UAVs 1 6 6 38 27 40 48 50 55 59 330
MALE UAVs 43 51 63 105 91 84 86 73 57 62 715
HALE UAVs 7 8 13 11 16 13 17 14 19 27 145
UCAVs 3 1 2 4 1 1 — 6 5 11 34
Civil UAVs 307 307 317 317 345 375 372 389 427 475 3,631
UAV Total 2,436 2,686 2,658 2,718 1,368 1,701 3,242 3,132 2,896 2,729 25,566

(Value, $ Millions) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
mini-uavs 50.8 57.2 59.5 56.1 60.4 52.7 54.6 53.0 68.2 71.6 583.8
Tactical UAVs 418.5 430.0 744.5 848.0 674.5 561.5 517.5 726.5 665.0 310.0 5,896.0
Naval UAVs 40.0 40.0 75.0 259.5 199.5 305.0 367.5 373.0 401.5 422.5 2,483.5
MALE UAVs 351.0 470.0 801.0 939.0 1,081.0 1,032.0 1,140.0 726.0 588.0 668.0 8,836.0
HALE UAVs 525.0 675.0 1,105.0 845.0 1,010.0 1,270.0 1,195.0 1,090.0 1,300.0 1,580.0 10,595.0
UCAVs 200.0 200.0 105.0 75.0 330.0 30.0 — 60.0 300.0 430.0 1,730.0
Civil UAVs 120.0 120.0 195.0 220.0 235.0 254.0 227.0 237.0 261.0 241.0 2,110.0
Total 1,705.3 1,992.2 3,085.0 3,242.6 3,590.4 3,505.2 3,501.6 3,265.5 3,583.7 3,723.1 31,195

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

Executive Overview
World UAV Forecast
(Units, Air Vehicles)
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Mini
Study Parameters
The aim of this study is to examine
the future worldwide market for un-
manned aerial vehicles. Teal Group
already covers the UAV market in its
World Missiles & UAVs Briefing
(WMUB) which examines the UAV
market on a program-by-program ba-
sis. The aim of this study is to comple-
ment the WMUB by examining the
market from a complementary per-
spective, namely national require-
ments. This approach has been taken
as a study based on existing programs
has distinct limitations. Unlike more
established markets such as missiles
or aircraft, the UAV market is so new
and undeveloped that another
approach to market assessment is
necessary.
The approach taken in this market
is requirements-driven. Rather than
try to estimate the current market size
and extrapolate growth rates from
that point, the study examines likely
requirements for UAVs on a coun-
try-by-country basis and estimates
the likely scale and pace of acquisi-
tions. The reason for this is that the
market is very new and so past trends
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Tactical MALE HALE UCAV
provide little guidance for the future.
The primary forecasts are based on
UAV deliveries, not orders or budget
appropriations. In the US case where
more data is available, both budget
and production forecasts are pro-
vided. The primary focus of the study
is the military requirements for recon-
naissance and strike UAVs. The study
does not cover target drones.
Due to the requirements orienta-
tion of the study, it is organized on a
regional/country basis. Countries
which have been assessed to have a
likely UAV requirement are included;
those with a low probability of ac-
quiring UAVs are not included.
From a technical standpoint, the
market has been divided into various
categories that are common in the in-
dustry. Some of these begin to blend
together at the margins, but the cate-
gories are useful both in terms of re-
quirements assessments and costing
estimates. The categories are:
• Micro UAVs—A UAV small
enough to be held in the palm of
Page 3
Naval Civil
the hand, usually weighing less
than a kilogram.
• Mini-UAVs—A UAV small
enough to be launched by a person.
A ty p i c a l e x a mp l e is th e
AeroVironment RQ-11 raven.
Sometimes called “Over-the-Hill”
UAV or back-pack UAV
• Tactical UAVs—A UAV used for
reconnaissance by Army forma-
tions the size of a division or less,
with endurance of several hours
and operating radius of 200 km or
less. Some typical examples are
the British Phoenix, German
Tucan, US Shadow, French
Crécerelle/Sperwer, and Israeli
Searcher.
• Naval UAVs—A tactical UAV
adapted for shipboard use with a
customized ground controls sta-
tion for shipboard operations. This
does not include tactical UAVs or
MALE UAVs operated by navies
from shore bases.
• MALE UAVs—A Medium Alti-
tude/Long Endurance UAV with
Page 4
endurance of about 24 hours and
long range capability, generally
used for operational reconnais-
sance. Typical examples are the
Predator and Eagle 1.
• HALE UAVs—A High Alti-
tude/Long Endurance UAV with
endurance of a day or more and
Forecast Assumptions
Forecasting is by its nature, an art,
not a science. To stretch this analogy
further, the forecasts in this report
should be regarded as “impression-
ism” not “realism”. The numerical
forecasts in this report may seem to
provide a highly detailed “realistic”
portrayal of the market. The reader
should not be fooled by the seeming
precision of these numbers. By its na-
ture, this forecast is based upon as-
s u mp tio n s , s u mmar ie s , an d
simplifications which invariably
involve large margins of imprecision.
Forecasting can be viewed meta-
phorically as a tree. We have a fairly
Forecast Costs
The cost of UAV systems can be
assessed in a wide variety of ways in-
cluding the basic “fly-away” cost of
the system, the cost of a system in-
cluding spares and support, the cost of
a system including these costs plus a
share of the RDT&E spending, and
these costs plus operations and main-
tenance expenses. The approach here
is to use the bare-bones “fly-away”
cost. A second problem in estimating
future UAV spending is the variety of
systems on offer. Some tactical UAVs
are quite elementary with simple
commercial-off-the-shelf TV cam-
eras while others have elaborate sen-
sor suites. Likewise, UAV systems
vary enormously in complexity and
some systems include multiple modu-
Assessing the UAV Market
Forecasting the size of the future
UAV market is far more problematic
than in other areas of aerospace tech-
nology. There are several reasons for
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
long range capability, generally
used for strategic reconnaissance.
The Global Hawk is currently the
only example of this type now in
service.
• UCAVs—Uninhabited Combat
Air Vehicle, a high performance
UAV designed primarily for
solid knowledge of the trunk, that is
the recent size of the market over the
past few years. The future can be
viewed as the limbs- the limbs repre-
senting major alternative scenarios
such as future conflicts, major politi-
cal upheavals, etc. The branches on
the limbs represent variations within
these major scenarios influenced by
new technologies, local political de-
velopments, and so on. At one ex-
treme is the possibility of global
Armageddon in which case, zero
UAVs will be built; on the other ex-
treme is global peace and tranquility
in which case, zero military UAVs
lar payloads. Finally, the number of
air vehicles per system vary so that
some systems include four air vehi-
cles but other packages might include
six or eight. Some systems can in-
clude one ground control station
(GCS) while others can include two
or more.
Due to the complexity of these cost
issues, a simplified cost forecast has
been used here for non-US UAV sys-
tems. Costs have been estimated for
specific categories of UAV systems,
and a portion of the system costs have
been assessed against each UAV. So
for example, a typical tactical UAV
system might cost about $10 million
and has five air vehicles. As a result,
to formulate the value of tactical UAV
this. The most important is that tacti-
cal UAVs are a revolutionary new
technology. They are not an estab-
lished technology (such as missiles,
Executive Overview
ground attack. Tactical UAVs and
MALE UAVs with secondary
strike capability such as the MQ-9
Predator B are not included in this
category, but in their original plat-
form/size category.
will be built. There are endless varia-
tions in between with varying num-
bers of UAV systems likely to be
built. Our forecast is only one possi-
ble branch of the many potential
branches of the tree. Many other pos-
sible forecasts are plausible given dif-
ferent scenarios or assumptions. We
attempt to make clear our assump-
tions and rationale in each of the sec-
tions in this report. We do not claim
that this is the only possible scenario,
or the only plausible forecast.
market, each air vehicle has been as-
signed a cost of $2 million ($10 mil-
lion @ 5 air vehicles per system) even
though the actual cost of the air vehi-
cle is typically less than $2 million.
While not ideal, this simplified pric-
ing approach is more practical than a
more precise, but unwieldy if not im-
possible, approach such as estimating
different costs for different systems
f o r e a c h i n d i v i d u a l co u n t r y
requirement.
We do not include operations and
maintenance costs associated with
UAV operations in this report as the
numbers are lacking, especially for
international expenditures outside the
US.
combat aircraft, etc.) where there are
clearly defined requirements and es-
tablished bureaucratic organizations
that foster their procurement. While
©Teal Group Corporation
Executive Overview
there has been a considerable amount
of attention to UAVs in the press, and
considerable experimentation with
UAVs by many armies, there are still
an enormous number of unanswered
questions about the nature of UAVs
and their operation that make any
forecasting difficult. Until recently,
the UAV market was relatively small.
In the mid-1990s, for example, the
market was probably less than $100
million annually worldwide. It has
expanded more than ten-fold in less
than a decade, and currently about $3
billion is spent annually worldwide
on UAVs. As a result, traditional
methods of estimating market size
such as extrapolations based on past
growth rates do not offer a plausible
method to assess the future market
size. To further complicate matters,
UAVs have been proliferating not
only in numbers but also in missions.
While UAVs have traditionally been
thought of as an intelligence collec-
tion platform, in recent years they
have expanded into potential combat
s tr ik e p la tf o r ms w h ic h c o u ld
substantially increase their market
potential.
Other traditional measures of mar-
ket assessment are also lacking. For
example: what will be a likely table of
organization and equipment of a UAV
unit? How many UAVs will be de-
ployed in a typical maneuver divi-
sion? Will the assets fall under army
control or be a multi-service asset?
Since there are no established num-
bers for UAV deployment, it is very
difficult to extrapolate on future UAV
needs based on existing national
orders-of-battle.
Technology Trends: Promise
and Problems
The difficulties with the current
generation of tactical UAVs have
stemmed from under-estimations of
their cost and over-estimation of their
capabilities. Many armies became in-
terested in UAVs in the 1990s on the
expectation that they were simple and
cheap to operate. While many of the
early systems were elementary, most
of the NATO armies have insisted in
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
a d d in g s o p h is tic a te d f e a tu r e s
including thermal imaging cameras,
encrypted data transmission, optional
ELINT or other sensor packages, and
survivability enhancements. These
sensors add weight and cost to the
designs.
In addition, the airframes on many
early tactical UAVs put the accent on
lightweight and low-cost at the ex-
pense of durability. These early sys-
tems were viewed as expendable, and
their construction led to high attrition
rates with many types not exceeding a
dozen missions before requiring re-
placement. Some recent examples
will highlight these difficulties. In
UAV operations during Operation
Telic in Iraq in 2003, British forces
conducted 138 Phoenix UAV sorties,
losing 23 air vehicles and sustaining
damage to 13 more; in other words a
casualty rate of over 25%. In 2004,
Canada deployed a single new
Crécerelle UAV system to Afghani-
stan, crashing two air vehicles and
sidelining two more due to stress
cracks and making the system unser-
viceable after only a few months of
operation. While these may be ex-
treme examples, durability and
reliability of UAVs remains a
significant hurdle.
While loss rates such as these
might have been acceptable when
carrying inexpensive sensor pack-
ages, the trend towards million dollar
sensor packages has prompted armies
to demand a far more durable and ro-
bust air vehicle than was common
with early UAVs. The inherent risks
of the use of remote control to pilot
the UAV, as well as the difficulties in
remotely landing UAVs led to high
loss and damage rates.
These problems should have been
expected given the novel nature of the
tactical UAV. Many of these problems
are being overcome. US UAV reli-
ability rates have steadily improved,
and some high-end platforms such as
Predator and Global Hawk have reli-
ability comparable to similar manned
aircraft such as the U-2.
In the case of small UAVs, techno-
logical innovations are helping to re-
Page 5
duce the loss rate. With the advent of
GPS, inexpensive inertial platforms
are becoming more common, which
provide a capability to recover a UAV
to a predetermined location if the
data-link to the ground station be-
comes interrupted. But the increasing
sophistication of these UAV sensor
packages have been making them
larger and more expensive, and hence
less affordable for tactical roles such
as scouting for mechanized units. In-
stead of directly serving the small unit
commander, they have been ending
up as brigade or divisional assets,
much like the earlier generation of
UAVs such as the CL-289. As a result,
the proliferation of tactical UAVs has
not progressed as deeply as many
imagined a few years ago.
Curiously enough, other UAVs are
emerging for this role. Cheap,
semi-expendable mini-UAVs are en-
joying a flurry of attention at the mo-
ment since they seem to offer a means
around the cost dilemma posed by the
more sophisticated and expensive
tactical UAVs. The other attraction of
mini-UAVs is that they can be oper-
ated without cumbersome air-traffic
control restrictions since they usually
operate at very low altitudes below
the threshold of air-traffic control
(ATC) rules.
Mini-UAVs and tactical UAVs
have proven to be especially attrac-
tive in peace-keeping operations
short of all-out war, such as recent op-
erations in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Most nations deploying troops on
such missions are very averse to suf-
fering casualties. Mini- and tactical
UAVs offer a partial solution. Patrol
missions that formerly required a
squad of infantry can now be accom-
plished by an unmanned aircraft, with
no risk of human casualties to mines
or sniper fire. UAVs are unobtrusive,
and can cover a wide area on a single
flight, making them useful for moni-
toring truces, restricted areas, or other
objectives. The success of UAVs in
Bosnia, Afghanistan, and Iraq is
likely to lead to growing interest in
their application in peacekeeping
operations.
Page 6
This interest will be heightened if
certain technological developments
finally occur. One of the most nettle-
some problems in peacekeeping oper-
ations is the presence of mines/IEDs.
The US is now looking at remote
mine detection equipment that could
be carried on a UAV. Should this
prove practical, this mission alone
will justify the procurement of
additional UAVs.
The Past as Prologue
It is useful to take a brief look at the
recent history of UAVs to better ap-
preciate the current and future mar-
k e t. T h e u s e o f U AV s f o r
reconnaissance purposes can be
traced back to US use of the BQM-34
Firebee and its derivatives at the time
of the Vietnam War. This was the first
extensive use of drones in combat,
and their mission was primarily stra-
tegic reconnaissance. These systems
used wet film cameras and infrared
line-scanners; they had no real-time
data capability. The European NATO
countries showed an early interest in
tactical reconnaissance drones start-
ing in the 1970s such as CL-89,
CL-289, and the Italian Mirach fam-
ily. Once again, these systems gener-
ally carried wet film cameras and IR
lines-canners with no real-time data
transmission features. The Israelis
used both the US Firebee and Chukar
in the 1973 October War and 1982
Lebanon War.
Early experiences with these
drones led Israeli firms in the late
1970s to begin developing small
RPVs that could provide real-time in-
telligence using simple video cam-
eras. Israeli systems like the Scout
and Mastiff were the forerunners of
many contemporary tactical drone
programs. However, contrary to
much of the hype surrounding this
subject, there is little evidence that
there was extensive use of these
RPVs in actual combat in the 1982
war.
In the wake of the 1982 Mid East
War, the US reinvigorated its own
RPV programs. However, the US
Army stumbled badly in the real-time
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
intelligence field in the early 1980s
with its overly ambitious Aquila pro-
gram, which significantly put back
US RPV efforts.
Through the 1990s, the UAV mar-
ket was very small and was domi-
nated by Israeli firms, especially
Israel Aircraft Industries’ Malat
branch. IAI Malat represented about
90% of the world production of
real-time UAV systems in the 1990s, a
telling comment on how small this
market was in spite of all of the pub-
licity, and its annual business during
the period averaged under $100 mil-
lion. IAI produced only 600 UAVs
through the beginning of 1998, and
less than a hundred UAV systems. Be-
sides these programs, there was an es-
tablished UAV program in Europe,
but this concentrated on the earlier
generation of reconnaissance UAVs
such as the CL-289 Piver which did
not have real-time intelligence
capability.
Gulf War Lessons
At the time of the Gulf War, sev-
eral countries had a handful of UAV
systems, many having been pur-
chased as technology demonstrators.
The French operated a handful of
ALTEC Mart systems, while the US
operated a small number of AAI/IAI
Malat Pioneers from US Navy battle-
ships to provide gun fire correction
and target location data. These rather
modest operations in 1991 were prob-
ably the first large-scale use of tacti-
cal UAVs with real-time data
transmission capability.
Balkan Lessons
The utility of UAVs in contempo-
rary conflicts was highlighted during
the air campaign over Kosovo. The
new style of warfare is dependent on
low casualties, especially politically
sticky incidents such as captured pi-
lots. In an age of “information war-
fare”, someone or something has to
go out and collect the information. In
past wars this might have been a
manned reconnaissance aircraft like
the U-2 or SR-71, or a spy satellite.
Space based reconnaissance remains
Executive Overview
important, but UAVs are far more
flexible and offer real time imagery
immediately after the mission is as-
signed. In addition, operation at low
altitudes offers better imagery resolu-
tion which is often needed in
peace-keeping operations where indi-
viduals and small objects need to be
tracked. Kosovo saw the use of a wide
range of UAVs including the RQ-1
Predator, BQM-155 Hunter, and
CL-289 Piver.
On the down side, Kosovo also re-
vealed the vulnerability of UAVs to
contemporary air defenses. A total of
27 UAVs were lost, some to air de-
fense missiles, some to operational
problems. This was about ten times
the scale of aircraft losses, though in
terms of expense, the UAV losses
were considerably less significant.
Furthermore, the loss of a UAV does
not compel a risky search-and-rescue
operation as was the case with the
downed F-117 aircraft. Technology
losses are less as well. The Kosovo
experience raises the question of the
inclusion of counter-measures on fu-
ture designs. What are the trade-offs
in terms of weight, cost, and payload
to include countermeasures, and how
might they be activated? It seems
likely that countermeasures are not
worthwhile for small tactical UAVs
that are much smaller than contempo-
rary fighter aircraft, but they might be
considered on large, high-cost
systems such as the Global Hawk.
New Markets: Mini- and Mi-
cro-UAVs
Mini- and Micro-UAVs have be-
gun to attract considerable attention
from a wide variety of potential mili-
tary users over the past few years.
These are seen as potential reconnais-
sance assets at small unit level, or for
perimeter security tasks. In addition,
advanced micro-UAV designs are
viewed as having an application to ur-
ban warfare, able to operate within
buildings instead of flying over
buildings.
There are numerous challenges to
the mini-UAVs, not the least of which
is size. By their very nature, these
©Teal Group Corporation
Executive Overview
UAVs rely on very small airframes
that are subject to wind conditions at
low altitude. This will put a damper
on their use in areas such as near the
coast where there are apt to be intense
and frequent gusts. It will also com-
promise their use for security tasks
such as perimeter patrols if the sys-
tems cannot perform 24 hours a day, 7
days a week due to periodic vulnera-
bility to weather.
The second technical challenge is
sensor limitations. Due to their small
size, these UAVs are forced to rely on
very small, light-weight cameras.
This results in several related prob-
lems. It is difficult to fit such a sensor
to a stabilized platform due to payload
restrictions, and as a result, the image
provided to the operator can be de-
graded by wind-induced motion, or
vibration from the aircraft propul-
sion. Even if using some of the newer
optical stabilization technologies, the
imagery is often far from ideal due to
the narrow viewing angle of the cam-
era, poor resolution of low-power
cameras, and degradation of imagery
by transmission problems between
the UAV and the operator due to weak
power sources. These problems be-
come more serious the smaller the air-
frame. For example, there are UAV
payloads in simple ball mounts with
pan, tilt, and zoom functions weigh-
ing only 6 pounds. While this is a fea-
sible payload for a mini-UAV
weighing 50 pounds, it is too much
for a 10 pound UAV.
It remains to be seen whether ad-
vances in miniaturized sensors,
power sources, and secure low-power
communication links can continue to
chip away at these hurdles, and still
keep the unit cost of the UAVs to rea-
sonable limits. Teal Group expects
that in the mid-term, the market for
mini-UAVs will deepen, but that mi-
cro-UAVs will still remain at the de-
velopment stage without large scale
serial manufacture or deployment.
Unmanned Combat Air Vehi-
cles (UCAVs)
The latest visionary role for UAVs
is to replace conventional combat air-
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
craft. Once again, this is a revival of
an old idea rather than an entirely new
concept. The US Air Force experi-
mented with Firebee drones, armed
with laser-guided bombs and Maver-
ick guided missiles back in the late
1960s and early 1970s. The early ex-
periments were aimed at developing a
surrogate for attack aircraft, primarily
to carry out dangerous ground attack
missions. Today’s futurists see a role
for UCAVs not only in the ground at-
tack role, but even as fighter aircraft.
The lessons of this experience have
long been forgotten.
UCAVs became a bit less futuristic
in October 2001 when UAVs were
used in combat for the first time over
Afghanistan. The US Air Force had
been experimenting with a RQ-1
Pred ato r armed w ith H ellfire
anti-tank missiles earlier. This was
more of a technology demonstration
effort than a scheme to actually arm
the Predator. But when conflict broke
out in the wake of the 11 September
attacks, the Predator was deployed to
the Afghanistan theater including the
armed version. During at one mission
in October 2001, it was used to track
the convoy of a senior government of-
ficial, and then to fire a missile near a
bunker where the delegation took
shelter. The mission was not success-
ful, but press accounts suggest the
problem had to do with rules of en-
gagement, not with the basic technol-
ogy. Further UCAV operations have
taken place, such as the attack on an
Al Qaeda official in Yemen in the au-
tumn of 2002. These first demonstra-
tions of the UCAV in combat are
reminiscent of the first use incidents
of air-to-air combat in 1914 with pi-
lots dueling with guns, bricks, and
other improvised weapons. They
provide only a hint of their future
potential.
The first use of the Predator as a
UCAV raises an interesting question
about future UCAVs. The US Air
Force and Navy have been studying
air vehicles that perform like conven-
tional strike aircraft. Their flight com-
puter is briefed on a strike mission,
and then the air vehicle flies out to the
Page 7
target and attacks it, perhaps under
human control. The Predator mission
in Afghanistan suggests another alter-
native. The “hunter-killer” UAV
serves as both a reconnaissance plat-
form and a strike aircraft, searching
out the target before attack it. This
raises some question about the con-
figuration of the UCAV, since a rela-
tively slow UAV like the Predator
may be more versatile than a high
speed jet UAV for such missions. In-
deed, in the forecast period here, the
procurement of these hunter-killer
UAVs such as the MQ-9A Reaper, is
far more likely than the stealth
UCAVs mentioned below. One of the
issues to be settled will be control of
the UAVs. The US Air Force has at-
tempted to assert its control over
MALE and HALE UAVS owing to
the Army decision to acquire the
MQ-9C Sky Warrior variant of the
Predator, but at the moment, DoD
appears to be letting the services go
their own way.
Two UCAVs were under develop-
ment for future requirements, the Air
Force’s X-45 being developed by
Boeing, and the Navy’s X-47 being
developed by Northrop-Grumman.
These are sleek, stealthy, unmanned
strike jets, and bear little similarity to
the ungainly and slow reconnaissance
UAVs. Initial flight trials have begun
which should help to clarify the tacti-
cal potential of UCAVs. The US pro-
gram has undergone considerable
turmoil over the past few years with
the Navy now in charge of a rump
demonstration program concerning
carrier landing capabilities. It is as-
sumption of this study that the US Air
Force UCAV program has gone
“black”- in the world of secret
compartmented programs.
Several of the European air forces
have expressed interest in UCAVs,
but so far little developmental fund-
ing has been committed outside the
United States. France is trying to push
its neuron program as the basis for a
European UCAV, but Britain has
funded its own Taranis effort and Ger-
many has already flown its Barrakuda
demonstrator. Russia had plans for a
Page 8
number of UCAVs back in the Soviet
days, and appears to be getting back
into this business with designs like
the MiG Skat.
There are two main attractions to
UCAVs. On the one hand, the re-
moval of the pilot promises to reduce
the size of the air vehicle by eliminat-
ing the space and weight required for
the aircrew and related support sys-
tems. In addition, the lack of an
aircrew makes the UCAV desirable
for use in international crises where
the loss or capture of a pilot would be
politically unacceptable.
Although advanced concept dem-
onstrations of tactical UCAVs will
take place in the next decade in the
United States, their actual deploy-
ment now seems a distant dream. A
brief examination of the difficulties
the US has faced in fielding even sim-
ple tactical UAVs should help provide
a more sober perspective on the prac-
tical obstacles to such a system. The
challenge to the tactical UCAV will
come from three directions: human,
missile, and arms control politics. It
remains to be seen when it will be
Civil UAVs
One of the most frequent questions
our analysts have been asked is
“when will there be a civil UAV mar-
ket?” Since there are so few civil
UAV programs at the moment, it is
worth examining this issue in some
detail at the opening of this study.
The market for UAVs outside of
the military is extremely small at the
moment, but one of considerable in-
dustry interest. The long-term issue is
whether UAVs might blossom in the
civil aviation market, matching or ex-
ceeding the scope of military UAVs.
While this is an intriguing issue, this
study is limited to the likely growth of
the market over the next decade.
Within this time frame, Teal Group
believes that the civil market will re-
main small but begin to experience
some growth as access to national
airspace becomes more accessible.
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
possible to design and field an inte-
grated computer, flight control, and
electro-optical sensing system that is
as small, intelligent, and versatile as a
human pilot. There is no existing
combination of computers and sen-
sors of similar size that can duplicate
a pilot under a wide range of real life
conditions. For example, there is little
doubt that a UCAV can be built to de-
liver guided weapons against a target.
But what happens when the UCAV is
threatened by hostile fighters? Is it
simply a sitting duck? This was cer-
tainly the case in Kosovo where a
number of UAVs were shot down by
Serbian helicopters flying alongside
and attacking them with simple
door-mounted machine guns. Unlike
reconnaissance missions over a pre-
determined objective, a fighter mis-
sion requires a wide range of abilities
that are not currently achievable with
existing technology. The fighter
mission currently seems the most
distant for a UCAV.
In the case of ground attack mis-
sions against a predetermined target,
a UCAV may be attractive as air de-
To begin with, it is helpful to dis-
tinguish at least three elements of the
civil UAV market:
• Government UAVs
• Commercial UAVs
• University/Research UAVs.
Of these categories, the third will
be largely ignored as it is likely to re-
main limited to small scale “bou-
tique” manufacture of air vehicles for
scientific research. Teal Group be-
lieves that non-military government
use of UAVs will be the largest single
portion of the civil UAV market over
the next decade, and that commercial
use of UAVs will lag substantially.
Operations in National Air-
space
At the moment, there are a number
of exploratory programs to examine
UAVs by various federal agencies
Executive Overview
fenses continue to become more so-
phisticated. But in this role, the
UCAV will have to compete against
missiles. This will come down to
life-cycle costs. Is it cheaper to de-
ploy a $25-35 million UCAV with an
expected survivability of 15 missions
and high maintenance costs, or 25 to
35 $1 million Tomahawk cruise mis-
siles with relatively low maintenance
costs? This tradeoff will be the center
of much of the future debate, assum-
ing UCAV technology proves practi-
cal and affordable. In view of recent
experiences with tactical reconnais-
sance UAVs, this cannot be lightly
assumed.
Teal Group believes that UCAV
production will be quite small in the
forecast period and limited primarily
to demonstrators. We expect that
“hunter-killer” UAVs such as MQ-9A
reaper will prosper, but forecasts for
these UAVs are included under the
relevant UAV headings since they are
based on existing UAV airframes.
outside the Department of Defense
and Coast Guard. The single largest
hurdle to the growth of the civil UAV
market is the issue of UAV operations
in controlled airspace. FAA standards
are only beginning to emerge for rou-
tine UAV operations in US airspace.
This is also true worldwide with the
exceptions of Israel and South Africa
which have established UAV operat-
ing rules through their civil aviation
administration. Even in these cases,
there have been complaints by Israeli
aviation over the interference experi-
enced due to UAV operations. In
2006, there was an incident near the
Tel Aviv airport where a UAV came
close to a passenger aircraft.
In Europe, the European Aviation
Safety Agency (EASA) issued a call
in early 2006 for the formation of a
new organization to co-ordinate the
use of UAVs in Europe. The aim is to
permit “normalized” UAV flights in
©Teal Group Corporation
Executive Overview
non-segregated airspace by early in
the next decade. In addition, efforts
are underway to unify European stan-
dards with other standards such as
those being developed in the US by
RTCA and ASTM, with EUROCAE
(European Organization for Civilian
Aviation Equipment) considering the
development of mirror standards with
FAA cooperation.
IAOPA (International Council of
Aircraft Owners and Pilots Associa-
tion) has been pushing for an interna-
tional standard for UAV compatibility
in the ATC environment, and IAOPA
made a presentation on this issue to
ICAO (International Civil Aviation
Organization) in Montreal in March
2006.
“Sense-and-Avoid” Require-
ment
One of the technological issue
connected to airspace access will be
the need for sense-and-avoid systems
on UAVs operating in controlled air-
space. This issue is addressed in more
detail in the US civil UAV section. To
summarize, requirements for SAA
systems will have an impact on the
civil UAV market since the technol-
ogy does not exist today and until it
does exist, it will be difficult for a
civil UAV market to emerge. Once the
technology does reach maturity, is-
sues such as size, cost, and weight
will effect the civil UAV market since
a high-cost, large, power intensive
system will favor large UAVs but dis-
courage the proliferation of low cost,
small UAVs. As a result, there may
end up being different SAA require-
ments for different types of UAVs op-
erating under different conditions
(which further clouds any market
forecast!)
Durability: Civil vs Military Atti-
tudes
Even once the issue of access to air
space is resolved, other obstacles re-
main. At the moment, military UAV
durability is low. As mentioned else-
where in this study, the British suf-
fered a casualty rate of almost 25% on
UAV sorties in Iraq in 2003 in a few
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
weeks time, and Canada managed to
incapacitate its single tactical UAV
system in a few months of operation
in Afghanistan. While these loss rates
are higher than those experienced by
the US UAV fleet, UAVs continue to
have a higher loss rate than conven-
tional manned aircraft. In the case of
the military, this is not a big issue if
the mission justifies the cost. How-
ever, in a non-war situation such as
police traffic monitoring, it is difficult
to see a city council funding police
UAV operations if the UAVs suffer
accident rates far in excess of police
helicopters. Many proposed civil
U AV ap p lic a tio n s a r e n o t
life-or-death situations, and so fiscal
constraints and operating costs will
be a far more substantial issue than in
the military case. This is even more
the case with potential commercial
extensions of the surveillance UAV
such as their use by TV news stations
for collecting video imagery. Once
again, until UAVs prove cost-effec-
tive with relatively high reliability
rates, their use in such a role remains
financially unattractive. The durabil-
ity issue is tied to another commercial
issue, namely insurance. Commercial
operation of UAVs will be inhibited if
insurance firms feel that UAVs are not
durable enough, and if they present a
distinct liability hazard, such as high
potential for crashes in a dense urban
environment.
Beyond the Airspace Barrier
Assuming that industry and the
FAA and other international organi-
zations manage to create a flexible en-
vironment for the operation of civil
UAVs, how soon will a significant
civil/commercial market emerge?
To begin with, some brief assess-
ment is needed of the current market.
This is fairly easy to answer as at the
moment there is essentially no market
except in the margins of experimental
and research use. Outside the US,
there have been civil UAV markets in
place since the 1980s, notably in Ja-
pan where there is a significant infra-
structure for the use of small helicop-
ter UAVs for crop-dusting. This
Page 9
market is discussed in more detail in
the Japanese section of the study. Al-
though the Japanese crop-dusting
UAVs have been on offer for several
years on the international market,
they have not caught on to any signifi-
cant extent, which suggests that the
market is based on peculiarities of Ja-
p a n ’s g e o g r a p h y a n d th e
government’s agricultural policies
and subsidies.
In the US, commercial UAV pur-
chases have been minimal. In April
2005, Tactical Aerospace Company
(TAG) in California received a $2.8
million contract to provide 14 heli-
copter UAVs to Rotor F/X, a firm that
provides airmobile cameras to the
film industry and television. These
will presumably be used in a low alti-
tude environment like Japanese agri-
cultural helicopter UAVs to avoid
FAA restrictions. It’s worth noting
that TAG claims this is the largest
non-military UAV purchase to date in
the US. Even if this sale was the first
step in a market that would grow
ten-fold in five years, this would still
only mean a $30 million market by
2010.
In view of the fact that the US
civil/commercial market is nearly
non-existent at the moment aside
from these rare sales, where are the
sales of civil UAVs likely to emerge?
Existing military UAVs are for the
most part reconnaissance platforms
equipped with various types of sen-
sors. So parallel applications in the
civil sector seem the most likely start-
ing point for UAV proliferation.
The first broad application of
UAVs outside the military is likely to
be in the paramilitary sphere where
the requirements and missions are
fairly similar. This will include coast
guard and border guard applications
for monitoring maritime traffic, mon-
ito r in g b o r d e r s , an d s imilar
quasi-military homeland security
roles. These types of applications are
already being studied for example by
the US Coast Guard’s Deepwater pro-
gram, and the Department of Home-
lan d S e c u r ity’s b o r d e r p a tr o l
initiative on the Mexican border. The
Page 10
Coast Guard program is in deep trou-
ble at the moment, which the Border
Patrol UAV initiative is still small.
The other likely near-term require-
ment for civil UAVs will be in similar
over-land border patrol assignments.
The US border patrol has already be-
gun to examine UAVs for this role,
and UAVs have been used in Israel for
police surveillance patrols, and off
Angola for patrol of oil rigs. Saudi
Arabia is currently looking at a com-
prehensive border security system
including UAVs.
Civil Disaster Surveillance
Another potential surveillance
market would be forest fire patrols
such as those of the US Forest Service
(USFS). The applications would be
for a variety of different platforms. In
2006, the Coast Guard employed a
Predator/Mariner UAV it was using
for demonstration purposes to con-
duct surveillance on wildfires in
Alaska. This application has been
pushed forward by the state’s two
senators. SAGEM and the French re-
search agency ONERA began a test
campaign in 2005 to use older Busard
UAVs for fire patrol.
The USFS has tested a NASA
General Atomics Altair (Predator de-
rivative) for monitoring a remote
wildfire and providing real-time
video. The USFS also plans to exam-
ine other roles for UAVs including
their use as a communication relay
which could be a substitute ground
based repeaters in remote areas. So
far, USFS studies have concluded that
operating such UAVs is likely to be
more expensive than manned aircraft.
Similar trials are occurring in France
and elsewhere in Europe. Japan has
already acquired small numbers of
helicopter UAVs which have been
used for similar disaster surveillance,
for example surveillance of earth-
quake areas and volcanic eruptions.
This market is likely to be slow in
emerging due to the usual litany of
reasons: airspace access, durability,
and cost concerns, as well as the am-
ple availability of alternate platforms,
namely manned aircraft. Besides
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
these issues, civil disaster surveil-
lance is, by its nature, an occasional
event which may not merit the main-
tenance of a dedicated UAV force. As
in the case of fire-fighting aircraft,
this could lead to the emergence of a
commercial UAV service which
leases UAVs to state and local
g o v e r n men t f o r emerg e n c y
applications.
UAVs in Other Federal Appli-
cations
It seems likely that UAVs will
eventually penetrate other govern-
ment agencies. For example, it would
not be surprising to see the FBI and
comparable international federal po-
lice organizations acquire a modest
number of UAVs in the long-term to
assist in surveillance operations. This
could be both optical and communi-
cations surveillance. Other federal
law enforcement agencies are also
potential customers once the cost of
UAV operations becomes competi-
tive to manned aircraft operations.
For example, this could include drug
enforcement activity such as surveil-
lance of terrain for drug cultivation.
At the moment, these applications
seem more distant and on a smaller
scale than other government applica-
tions noted above. Since the require-
ments seem less pressing, these
agencies are more likely to wait until
UAVs are a proven technology with
an established record of operational
costs. At the moment, there is no reli-
able track record to determine costs,
air vehicle reliability or other factors.
US military costs have significant
weaknesses due to their use in a com-
bat environment and the willingness
of the military to operate UAVs in
risky situations where a civil UAV
would probably be grounded. Never-
theless, the high rate of attrition of
military UAVs serves as another
impediment to UAV proliferation into
other segments of the government.
UAVs for State and Local Gov-
ernment Applications
At the moment, it seems unlikely
that a significant market will emerge
Executive Overview
over the next decade f or any
significant number of UAVs for state
and local government applications,
excluding civil disaster scenarios
mentioned already above. Part of the
problem is the impediment of air-
space access mentioned above. For
example, in 2006, the LA Sheriff’s
department attempted to operate
Chang Industry SkySeer UAV but in
June the effort was shut down by the
FAA. There are few state agencies
with the type of surveillance require-
ments of a national government, and
budget limitations at state and local
levels are likely to act as a significant
impediment until UAVs are a more
established technology. While UAVs
have attractions for some types of
broad area surveillance missions such
as coast guard maritime patrol and
border patrols in remote areas, state
and local police tend to have missions
in more confined geographic areas.
UAVs are unlikely in the mid-term
to prove to be a suitable substitute for
police helicopters for existing police
missions such as traffic patrol, search
& rescue, medical evacuation and
similar functions. UAVs at the mo-
ment are very specialized platforms
suitable mainly for the surveillance
mission while a helicopter is more
versatile and can be used for missions
such as medical evacuation, VIP
transport and other roles that an un-
manned UAV is incapable of per-
forming. It is also unclear when
UAVs will develop a track record of
operations’ costs to allow police units
to realistically estimate the trade-offs
between helicopters and UAVs for
some missions in locales where sur-
veillance operations are a persistent
mission. For the time being, helicop-
ters will be a more versatile and
cost-effective alternative to UAVs,
and the use of UAVs too risky and un-
certain to create a substantial market.
However, it would not be surprising
to see state and local police agencies
taking a growing interest in the use of
UAVs late in the forecast period as
their performance is demonstrated at
federal level and as a civil UAV in-
dustry begins to mature. This could
©Teal Group Corporation
Executive Overview
begin with the lease or purchase of
small numbers of mini-UAVs for
specific local requirements such as
wide area search missions in areas
near national forests and so on.
Surveillance of Critical Infra-
structure
There have been suggestions that
UAVs might be used for non-govern-
mental security roles such as patrol-
ling critical infrastructure. This could
include surveillance against crimi-
nal/terrorist threats such as nuclear
power plants, or the use of UAVs as a
substitute for manned aircraft for sur-
veys of pipelines, power-lines, air-
ports and the like. At the moment, the
use of UAVs for critical infrastructure
protection of fixed sites such as nu-
clear power plants, chemical plants
and so on appears to be remote due to
the many factors inhibiting the civil
use of UAVs already mentioned. In
addition, UAVs have to compete
against existing technologies on a
cost basis. Fixed sites such as power
plants and other industrial facilities
can use less expensive surveillance
methods including both manned pa-
trols as well as fixed surveillance de-
vices such as CCTV. Should a
significant domestic terrorist threat
emerge, attitudes could change rap-
idly. For example, if terrorists manage
to smuggle man-portable anti-aircraft
missiles (MANPADS) into a country,
or even rocket propelled grenades
(RPG) and begin attacking airlines
from the perimeter of commercial air-
ports, there would likely be a call for
heightened perimeter security. This
could include UAV surveillance, but
even in these dire circumstances,
other more traditional patrol and
surveillance methods would probably
be the preferred choice until UAVs
mature.
The use of UAVs for survey of
power lines and pipelines is a niche
market that could be satisfied by spe-
cialist aviation firms contracting out
UAV services rather than outright
purchase by firms which do not need
e n o u g h f lig h t time to j u s tif y
ownership.
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Commercial Applications
Besides the adaptation of mili-
tary-like reconnaissance UAVs to
paramilitary and surveillance roles,
numerous applications have been
suggested for civilian UAVs. Some of
these seem contrived and commer-
cially dubious. Endurance UAVs
have been suggested as the basis for a
low-cost alternative to satellites to
serve as orbiting communication re-
lays for communication networks and
as airborne cellular antennas. This
market has been undermined by prob-
lems in the communications industry
rather than technology hurdles. Nev-
ertheless, such an application has not
yet emerged and may never do so. It is
possible that such a function could be
more economically addressed by an-
tennas mounted on tethered balloons
or on minimally controlled balloons.
The military is beginning to look at
communication relay UAVs as a solu-
tion to the use of line-of-sight data
links in urban areas and in other types
of restricted terrain that inhibit UAV
operations. This could pave the way
for civilian off-shoots.
Commercial Leasing/UAV Ser-
vices
One of the first commercial appli-
cations for UAVs may not be direct
commercial applications but rather
commercial ownership of UAVs
which are in turn leased out to gov-
ernment or industrials firms for sur-
veillance missions. As suggested
above, some organizations have sur-
veillance or survey needs that might
be met by UAVs, but the cost of ac-
quiring UAVs, training crews and op-
erating the systems may be more
complex and expensive than is war-
ranted. As a result, a small number of
firms have already been organized to
provide UAV services. The Israeli
firm Aeronautics was one of the first
in this field, contracting with the Is-
raeli government in 2004 to conduct
surveillance operations over Gaza in
a quasi-military/police role. As men-
tioned above, a California firm is op-
erating UAVs for the film and TV
industry. There have been reports that
Page 11
Bell Textron already has contracts for
a small number of Eagle Eye tilt-rotor
UAV by a company which plans to
provide UAV services to industry and
government. The US Forest Service
has already stated that at least in the
near term, it would prefer to lease
UAV services than acquire and oper-
ate UAVs. As a result, the UAV ser-
vices option may prove to be the most
popular commercial route for UAVs
in th e s h o r t-term u n til U AV
technology matures.
Research UAVs
UAVs have been used extensively
for civilian scientific research, but
none of this has transitioned to high
volume commercial applications.
Scientific applications can be easily
envisioned for UAVs such as environ-
mental monitoring, weather/atmo-
spheric data collection, oceano-
graphic data collection, agricultural
monitoring, and high altitude geolog-
ical mapping of magnetic, radiologi-
cal and gravimetric data. Some of
these research applications could be-
come commercial. For example, the
US Department of Defense has dis-
cussed contracting private firms to
operate research UAVs over the Pa-
cific to collect weather data. For the
time being, Teal Group is not fore-
casting these non-commercial UAVs
as they are likely to be single air
vehicles, not serial production.
Civil UAV Market Summary
Teal Group does not believe that a
substantial civil market yet exists, and
that no substantial market is likely to
emerge until the mid-term (2011-12)
beyond already established programs
such as the Coast Guard and Border
patrol efforts already mentioned. The
initial growth in the civil UAV field is
most likely to be quasi-military secu-
rity applications such as maritime pa-
trol and border patrol and the air
vehicles are likely to be identical to
their military counterparts. As a re-
sult, the civil UAV market is likely to
be small through this forecast period,
and in our estimate, well under 10%
of the overall market.
Page 12 Executive Overview

UAVs today are probably in a situ-
ation analogous to aircraft at the end
of the First World War or helicopters
at the end of World War II. The bulk
of aircraft manufacture up to 1920
was for the military, with modest
numbers of aircraft in civilian hands.
As aircraft technology became more
mature through the 1920s, civil appli-
cations of aircraft became more plau-
sible for roles such as mail delivery
and eventually for passenger trans-
port, and within a decade had become
a significant market. Likewise, heli-
copters were largely confined to mili-
tary roles well into the 1950s until
they reached maturity, not entering
the civil market in substantial
numbers until the 1960s.
Another more relevant analogy
which may elucidate the time frame
of civil UAV proliferation is the mili-
tary example. In the case of the US
Army, the army attempted to field a
tactical UAV in the late 1970s
(Aquila) but was frustrated by and
overly ambitious design. The army
again tried repeatedly in the 1990s to
field a tactical UAV but was frustrated
by bureaucratic interference when the
DoD forced the Army and Navy to
join their disparate requirements in a
joint program (Hunter), followed by
poor Army decision making on the
follow-on program (Outrider). At no
time was there any specific techno-
logical barrier since in the same time
frame the Israelis managed to field
tactical UAVs. Rather it was a combi-
nation of technological ambitions,
bureaucratic hurdles, poor decision
making, and other normal impedi-
ments to technological innovation
which crippled the Army program.
The army finally settled on the
Shadow and began deploying it in
Iraq roughly 30 years after the Army
tactical UAV program began. The
Shadow includes numerous improve-
ments over Israeli UAVs of the 1980s,
but it can hardly be considered a revo-
lutionary technological advance. The
US Air Force example is perhaps less
messy and less prolonged, but it
should be recalled that the US Air
Force also took decades with a long
period of experimentation with sys-
tems such as Compass Cope (1970s),
Condor (1980s) before the advent of
Predator and Global Hawk. If
non-real-time reconnaissance RPVs
are included such as the Vietnam-era
Firebee drones, then the Air Force
U AV time-lin e is ev en mo r e
protracted.
These historical analogies suggest
that the civil UAV market will proba-
bly be slow in coming, and that its
most rapid rise will probably not oc-
cur until well outside this forecast pe-
riod. A likely scenario is that there
will be a spurt of small-scale UAV ac-
quisition by government agencies
such as the Coast Guard and Border
Patrol, as well as modest acquisitions
by a handful of commercial firms es-
tablishing a small UAV services/leas-
ing industry to cater to other
government agencies as well as for
initial commercial demand. This
spurt will be noticeable in the
mid-term of this forecast (2011) as-
suming that the FAA standards for air-
space access are formalized and are
not too onerous. Should the FAA re-
strictions remain in place or include
substantial technological hindrances
such as a restrictive sense-and-avoid
requirement, complicated and expen-
sive certification procedures, or oner-
ous insurance levels, this would
probably push back this spurt to the
end of the forecast period. This spurt
is likely to be followed by a lull of a
few years while government and in-
dustry become familiar with UAV op-
erations and associated issues such as
durability and operational cost. Only
after these issues are settled is there
likely to be significant growth in
non-military governmental and com-
mercial use of UAVs. A rapid rise in
civil UAV acquisition is unlikely to
occur before 2020. The bottom line is
that Teal Group believes that the po-
tential for civilian use of UAVs is
quite plausible, but that this is a
long-term potential that will not be
manifest until well into the next
decade.

The Numbers
Regional Acquisition Forecast Summary by UAV Type
USA
(Units, Air Vehicles) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAVs 1,295 1,405 1,310 1,150 — — 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 11,160
Tactical UAVs 110 225 125 175 80 135 145 75 75 60 1205
Naval UAVs 1 6 6 8 8 9 10 10 10 10 78
MALE UAVs 27 38 45 88 59 49 39 40 38 38 461
HALE UAVs 5 6 5 5 7 7 9 9 8 8 69
UCAVs 3 1 1 4 — — — 4 5 10 28
Civil UAVs 7 7 7 7 35 67 69 84 111 161 555
Total 1,448 1,688 1,499 1,437 189 267 1,772 1,722 1,747 1,787 13,556

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Executive Overview Page 13

(Value, $ Millions) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAVs 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 35.0 45.0 220.0
Tactical UAVs 35.0 130.0 260.0 285.0 95.0 35.0 20.0 225.0 225.0 45.0 1,355.0
Naval UAVs 40.0 40.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 95.0 105.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 805.0
MALE UAVs 195.0 320.0 605.0 780.0 780.0 705.0 685.0 385.0 385.0 420.0 5,260.0
HALE UAVs 455.0 605.0 820.0 635.0 690.0 1045.0 900.0 900.0 900.0 900.0 7,850.0
UCAVs 200.0 200.0 75.0 75.0 300.0 — — — 300.0 400.0 1,550.0
Civil UAVs 75.0 75.0 100.0 125.0 140.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 1,265.0
Total 1,025.0 1,395.0 1,960.0 2,000.0 2,105.0 2,035.0 1,865.0 1,765.0 2,095.0 2,060.0 18,305.0

Europe
(Units, Air Vehicles) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAVs 331 390 345 225 190 295 460 540 390 96 3,262
Tactical UAVs 31 8 26 71 79 81 77 79 58 32 542
Naval UAVs — — — 3 7 16 23 22 21 19 111
MALE UAVs 6 11 12 2 5 5 8 8 7 10 74
HALE UAVs — — 1 — 1 3 3 3 3 3 17
UCAVs — — 1 — 1 1 — 2 — 1 6
Small Civil UAVs — — — — — — — — 12 12 24
Civil MALE UAVs — — — — — 2 1 1 1 1 6
Total 368 409 385 301 283 403 572 655 492 174 4,042

(Value, $ Millions) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAVs 19.9 23.4 20.7 13.5 11.4 17.7 27.6 32.4 23.4 5.8 195.7
Tactical UAVs 108.5 28.0 91.0 248.5 276.5 283.5 269.5 276.5 203.0 112.0 1,897.0
Naval UAVs — — — 22.5 52.5 120.0 172.5 165.0 157.5 142.5 832.5
MALE UAVs 72.0 132.0 144.0 24.0 60.0 60.0 96.0 96.0 84.0 120.0 888.0
HALE UAVs — — 40.0 — 40.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 680.0
UCAVs — — 30.0 — 30.0 30.0 — 60.0 — 30.0 180.0
Civil UAVs — — — — — 24.0 12.0 12.0 36.0 36.0 120.0
Total 200.4 183.4 325.7 308.5 470.4 655.2 697.6 761.9 623.9 566.3 4,793.2

Middle East
(Units, Air Vehicles) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAVs 120 60 120 320 20 120 120 100 100 — 1,080
Tactical UAVs 20 26 59 43 48 36 36 6 6 6 286
MALE UAVs 8 — 2 7 14 16 13 2 — 6 68
HALE UAVs 2 2 6 6 6 1 2 — 3 11 39
Coast Guard MALE UAVs — — — — — — — 2 — — 2
Police TUAVs — — 10 10 10 5 — — — — 35
Total 150 88 197 386 98 178 171 110 109 23 1,510

(Value, $ Millions) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAVs 2.4 1.2 2.4 6.4 0.4 2.4 2.4 2.0 2.0 — 21.6
Tactical UAVs 50.0 65.0 147.5 107.5 120.0 90.0 90.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 715.0
MALE UAVs 64.0 — 16.0 56.0 112.0 128.0 104.0 16.0 — 48.0 544.0
HALE UAVs 70.0 70.0 210.0 210.0 210.0 35.0 70.0 — 105.0 385.0 1,365.0
Civil UAVs — — 50.0 50.0 50.0 25.0 — 10.0 — — 185.0
Total 186.4 136.2 425.9 429.9 492.4 280.4 266.4 43.0 122.0 448.0 2,830.6

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 14 Executive Overview

Asia-Pacific
(Units, Air Vehicles) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAVs 45 105 190 165 310 410 280 210 130 300 2,145
Tactical UAVs 72 58 67 55 51 47 41 50 69 35 545
Naval UAVs — — — 27 12 15 15 18 24 30 141
MALE UAVs 2 — — 7 12 13 21 22 11 8 96
HALE UAVs — — 1 — 2 2 3 2 5 5 20
Coast Guard MALEs — — — — — 1 2 2 3 1 9
Commercial VTUAVs 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 3,000
Total 419 463 558 554 687 788 662 604 542 679 5,956

(Value, $ millions) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAVs 2.7 6.3 11.4 9.9 18.6 24.6 16.8 12.6 7.8 18.0 128.7
Tactical UAVs 216.0 174.0 201.0 165.0 153.0 141.0 123.0 150.0 207.0 105.0 1,635.0
Naval UAVs — — — 162.0 72.0 90.0 90.0 108.0 144.0 180.0 846.0
MALE UAVs 20.0 — — 70.0 120.0 130.0 210.0 220.0 110.0 80.0 2,000.0
HALE UAVs — — 35.0 — 70.0 70.0 105.0 70.0 175.0 175.0 700.0
Commercial UAVs 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 450.0
Civil MALE UAVs — — — — — 10.0 20.0 20.0 30.0 10.0 90.0
Total 283.7 225.3 292.4 451.9 478.6 510.6 609.8 625.6 718.8 613.0 5,849.7

The Americas (less USA)

(Units, Air Vehicles) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAVs 15 25 — 15 65 30 35 — — 45 230
Tactical UAVs 6 6 10 14 10 4 — — — — 50
MALE UAVs — 2 3 — — — 5 1 1 — 12
Total 21 33 13 29 75 34 40 1 1 45 292

Africa
(Units, Air Vehicles) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAVs — — — 10 35 30 20 20 — 10 125
Tactical UAVs 30 5 5 — — — 5 20 5 11 81
MALE UAVs — — 1 1 1 1 — — — — 4
Total 30 5 6 11 36 31 25 40 5 21 210

Americas/Africa
(Value, $ Millions) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAVs 0.8 1.3 — 1.3 5.0 3.0 2.8 1.0 — 2.8 17.8
Tactical UAVs 9.0 33.0 45.0 42.0 30.0 12.0 15.0 60.0 15.0 33.0 294.0
MALE UAVs — 18.0 36.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 45.0 9.0 9.0 — 144.0
Total 9.8 52.3 81.0 52.3 44.0 24.0 62.8 70.0 24.0 35.8 455.8

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

Executive Overview Page 15

UAV Regional Production Forecast Summary by UAV Type

Mini-UAVs
(Units, Air Vehicles) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
USA 1,295 1,405 1,310 1,150 — — 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 11,160
Europe 331 390 345 225 190 295 460 540 390 96 3,262
Middle East 120 60 120 320 20 120 120 100 100 — 1,080
Asia-Pacific 45 105 190 165 310 410 280 210 130 300 2,145
Americas 15 25 — 15 65 30 35 — — 45 230
Africa — — — 10 35 30 20 20 — 10 125
Total 1,806 1,985 1,965 1,885 620 885 2,415 2,370 2,120 1,951 18,002

(Value, $ Millions) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
USA 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 35.0 45.0 220.0
Europe 19.9 23.4 20.7 13.5 11.4 17.7 27.6 32.4 23.4 5.8 195.7
Middle East 2.4 1.2 2.4 6.4 0.4 2.4 2.4 2.0 2.0 — 21.6
Asia-Pacific 2.7 6.3 11.4 9.9 18.6 24.6 16.8 12.6 7.8 18.0 128.7
Americas/Africa 0.8 1.3 — 1.3 5.0 3.0 2.8 1.0 — 2.8 17.8
Total 50.8 57.2 59.5 56.1 60.4 52.7 54.6 53.0 68.2 71.6 583.8

Tactical UAVs
(Units, Air Vehicles) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
USA 110 225 125 175 80 135 145 75 75 60 1,205
Europe 31 8 26 71 79 81 77 79 58 32 542
Middle East 20 26 59 43 48 36 36 6 6 6 286
Asia-Pacific 72 58 67 55 51 47 41 50 69 35 545
Americas 6 6 10 14 10 4 — — — — 50
Africa 30 5 5 — — — 5 20 5 11 81
Total 269 328 292 358 268 303 304 230 213 144 2,709

(Value, $ Millions) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
USA 35.0 130.0 260.0 285.0 95.0 35.0 20.0 225.0 225.0 45.0 1,355.0
Europe 108.5 28.0 91.0 248.5 276.5 283.5 269.5 276.5 203.0 112.0 1,897.0
Middle East 50.0 65.0 147.5 107.5 120.0 90.0 90.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 715.0
Asia-Pacific 216.0 174.0 201.0 165.0 153.0 141.0 123.0 150.0 207.0 105.0 1,635.0
Americas/Africa 9.0 33.0 45.0 42.0 30.0 12.0 15.0 60.0 15.0 33.0 294.0
Total 418.5 430.0 744.5 848.0 674.5 561.5 517.5 726.5 665.0 310.0 5,896.0

Naval UAVs
(Units, Air Vehicles) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
USA 1 6 6 8 8 9 10 10 10 10 78
Europe — — — 3 7 16 23 22 21 19 111
Asia-Pacific — — — 27 12 15 15 18 24 30 141
Total 1 6 6 38 27 40 48 50 55 59 330

(Value, $ Millions) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
USA 40.0 40.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 95.0 105.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 805.0
Europe — — — 22.5 52.5 120.0 172.5 165.0 157.5 142.5 832.5
Asia-Pacific — — — 162.0 72.0 90.0 90.0 108.0 144.0 180.0 846.0
Total 40.0 40.0 75.0 259.5 199.5 305.0 367.5 373.0 401.5 422.5 2,483.5

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Page 16 Executive Overview

MALE UAVs
(Units, Air Vehicles) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
US 27 38 45 88 59 49 39 40 38 38 461
Europe 6 11 12 2 5 5 8 8 7 10 74
Middle East 8 — 2 7 14 16 13 2 — 6 68
Asia 2 — — 7 12 13 21 22 11 8 96
Americas — 2 3 — — — 5 1 1 — 12
Africa — — 1 1 1 1 — — — — 4
Total 43 51 63 105 91 84 86 73 57 62 715

(Value, $ Millions) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
USA 195.0 320.0 605.0 780.0 780.0 705.0 685.0 385.0 385.0 420.0 5,260.0
Europe 72.0 132.0 144.0 24.0 60.0 60.0 96.0 96.0 84.0 120.0 888.0
Middle East 64.0 — 16.0 56.0 112.0 128.0 104.0 16.0 — 48.0 544.0
Asia-Pacific 20.0 — — 70.0 120.0 130.0 210.0 220.0 110.0 80.0 2,000.0
Americas/Africa — 18.0 36.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 45.0 9.0 9.0 — 144.0
Total 351.0 470.0 801.0 939.0 1081.0 1032.0 1140.0 726.0 588.0 668.0 8,836.0

HALE UAVs
(Units, Air Vehicles) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
USA 5 6 5 5 7 7 9 9 8 8 69
Europe — — 1 — 1 3 3 3 3 3 17
Middle East 2 2 6 6 6 1 2 — 3 11 39
Asia — — 1 — 2 2 3 2 5 5 20
Total 7 8 13 11 16 13 17 14 19 27 145

(Value, $ Millions) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
USA 455.0 605.0 820.0 635.0 690.0 1045.0 900.0 900.0 900.0 900.0 7,850.0
Europe — — 40.0 — 40.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 680.0
Middle East 70.0 70.0 210.0 210.0 210.0 35.0 70.0 — 105.0 385.0 1,365.0
Asia-Pacific — — 35.0 — 70.0 70.0 105.0 70.0 175.0 175.0 700.0
Total 525.0 675.0 1105.0 845.0 1,010.0 1,270.0 1,195.0 1,090.0 1,300.0 1,580.0 10,595.0

UCAVs
(Units, Air Vehicles) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
USA 3 1 1 4 — — — 4 5 10 28
Europe — — 1 — 1 1 — 2 — 1 6
Total 3 1 2 4 1 1 — 6 5 11 34

(Value, $ Millions) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
USA 200.0 200.0 75.0 75.0 300.0 — — — 300.0 400.0 1,550.0
Europe — — 30.0 — 30.0 30.0 — 60.0 — 30.0 180.0
Total 200.0 200.0 105.0 75.0 330.0 30.0 — 60.0 300.0 430.0 1,730.00

Civil UAVs
(Units, Air Vehicles) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
USA 7 7 7 7 35 67 69 84 111 161 555
Europe — — — — — 2 1 1 13 13 30
Middle East — — 10 10 10 5 — 2 — — 37
Asia 300 300 300 300 300 301 302 302 303 301 3,009
Total 307 307 317 317 345 375 372 389 427 475 3,631

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

Executive Overview Page 17

(Value, $ Millions) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
USA 75.0 75.0 100.0 125.0 140.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 1,265.0
Europe — — — — — 24.0 12.0 12.0 36.0 36.0 120.0
Middle East — — 50.0 50.0 50.0 25.0 — 10.0 — — 185.0
Asia-Pacific 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 55.0 65.0 65.0 75.0 55.0 540.0
Total 120.0 120.0 195.0 220.0 235.0 254.0 227.0 237.0 261.0 241.0 ,2110.0

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 18 Executive Overview

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

The US Market

Market Overview
Although the US is currently in the
forefront of developing and deploy-
ing reconnaissance and strike UAVs,
the path has been protracted and un-
even. In general, the US armed forces
have had considerably more success
with strategic endurance UAVs than
with tactical short-range UAVs, and
the current production effort is a re-
flection of this trend. The combat op-
erations in Iraq have encouraged a
rapid introduction of mini-UAVs and
tactical UAVs which have caused at
least a temporary bow-wave of acqui-
sition that is likely to taper off over the
mid-term as operations wind down.
On the other hand, the MALE and
HALE programs such as Predator,
Global Hawk, and BAMS are likely
to see a more even acquisition pattern.
The first signs of a civil UAV mar-
ket are beginning to emerge in the
United States. The first stage is small
scale use of UAVs by federal agencies
for a variety of missions. The lack of
FAA regulations for regular access to
national airspace will limit the scope
of civil UAV acquisition at least until
the mid-term around 2011-2012.
Even if a full set of regulations be-
come available by then, a civil market
may take time to emerge depending
on t echni cal i s s ues s uc h a s
sense-and-avoid requirements for
civil UAV operations. Our forecast
presumes that the civil market will be-
gin with federal investment, followed
in the out-years by relatively small
scale commercial acquisitions, some
of which will be lease operations
aimed at government requirements
such as fire-fighting and weather pa-
trols.

Past as Prologue
The US made extensive use of re-
connaissance UAVs during the Viet-
nam War based primarily on the
BQM-34 Firebee drone, and had an
extensive development effort in en-
durance and hypersonic UAVs in the
1960’s and 1970s. The US Navy op-
erated hundreds of QH-50 DASH
anti-helicopter drones off destroyers
in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This
tradition has been largely forgotten.
Most of the reconnaissance systems
were the older generation which re-
lied on wet film cameras and infrared
line scanners with no real time capa-
bility. The first serious effort to de-
velop a new-generation tactical UAV
with real-time intelligence capability
was the US Army’s ambitious
MQM-105 Aquila UAV which began
in the late 1970s. The program proved
too ambitious and after nearly a de-
cade of development and $1.5 billion
in funding, it was finally cancelled.
Israel’s innovative use of tactical
UAVs in the 1982 Lebanon war high-
lighted the potential value of this new
generation of real-time intelligence
systems. Congress finally lost pa-
tience with the ineffective manner in

US UAV Production Forecast

By Type
(Production, Air Vehicles) (Expenditures, $ Millions)
250 $2,500

200 $2,000

150 $1,500

100 $1,000

50 $500

0 $0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Mini (x10) Tactical MALE HALE
Naval UCAV Civil Expenditures

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 20 The US Market

which the US armed services were
pursuing separate and often overlap-
ping UAV efforts and in 1987 it froze
all RDT&E funding and directed
DoD to develop a coherent joint-ser-
vice plan. In June 1988, the Pentagon
submitted a seven-year, $2.3 billion
master plan covering development
and procurement of four different
UAVs (Close-Range, Short-Range,
Medium-Range, and Endurance) for
a variety of missions. The “me-
dium-range” RQ-1 Predator and en-
durance RQ-4 Global Hawk were the
first into service followed by the
Army’s RQ-7 Shadow some 15 years
later. The short-range program
(BQM-155 Hunter) was cancelled in
1996, though the army has resur-
rected the requirement in recent years
with the ERMP effort. The Navy has
not bought any tactical UAVs, and the
Marine Corps is still stuck with the Pi-
oneer. An entirely new class of small
mini-UAVs has emerged due to the
distinct requirements of the Iraq oper-
ations that were not even envisioned
under the original scheme. It is worth
recalling the long development span
of these UAVs when trying to forecast
the likely production potential of fu-
ture efforts.
The long delay in deploying UAVs
in the 1990s was due to a host of fac-
tors. The programs with a single
sponsor, the medium and high endur-
ance UAVs under the Air Force, gen-
erally prospered. The joint programs
have generally had problems due to
incompatible requirements. The tacti-
cal close- and short-range system,
were merged into a joint effort by the
Office of the Secretary of Defense in
the early 1990s combining Army,
Navy, and Marine requirements, and
the programs were an embarrassing
mess. At the root of the problems
were the divergent requirements of
the three services. In particular, the
Army requirements and Navy re-
quirements were fundamentally dif-
ferent. The Army is content with an
air vehicle of limited range since the
endurance mission is left to the Air
Force. The Navy has only modest in-
terest in short range systems, mainly
to support the Marine Corps in am-
phibious operations. But for tradi-
tional naval missions, a longer range,
faster, and higher endurance system is
needed. Furthermore, Army and Air
Force systems rely on runways for
take-off and landing which are not
well suited to a naval environment
where deck space is at an absolute
premium. Vertical-take off is the ob-
vious solution for the Navy, but unat-
tractive to the army and the air force
since it adds unwanted complexity
and weight. The Navy was loathe to
deploy volatile fuels on board ship
but heavy fuel engines were a techno-
logical barrier; the army had no prob-
lems with the fuel issue as its uses
gasoline, aviation fuels and diesel in
its vehicles. Belatedly recognizing
the obvious, OSD finally consented
to letting the Army and Navy go their
own way in the late 1990s, after a
substantial delay in the program.
At the moment, the Army has fi-
nally fielded its RQ-7 Outrider almost
30 years after the start of the Aquila
program, while the Navy is still fum-
bling around trying to define its re-
quirements. The Marine Corps has
been left in the lurch because it was
planning to piggy-back on the Navy
tactical UAV effort; it is now opting
for the Shadow rather than yet an-
other Pioneer life-extension.
The Marine Corps, Army, and Air
Force have all deployed off-the-shelf
mini-UAVs in recent years such as the
Raven and Dragon Eye. These pro-
grams stem from the need to have
small unit UAVs for timely intelli-
gence gathering, not constrained by
the need to integrate their missions
into the local air traffic control sys-
tem. Prior to the arrival of the
mini-UAVs, tactical UAV missions
typically required a day’s notification
prior to missions, hardly a desirable
situation under fluid counter-insur-
g e n c y co n d itio n s . S in c e th e
mini-UAVs fly under the generally
accepted controlled-airspace, they
can avoid these restrictions. Even
though mini-UAVs have distinct limi-
tations in terms of durability, imagery
quality, range, and endurance, they
can provide tactical units with near
immediate intelligence gathering
capability. As a result, they have
thrived.

DOD UAV Funding History

RDT&E ($ Millions) FY99 FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08
Army 50.2 45.0 34.1 35.2 67.4 29.5 33.3 44.6 157.9 95.1
Navy 30.2 38.3 35.9 299.4 395.3 244.7 123.1 102.6 347.2 797.5
USAF — — — — 200.5 362.6 422.7 763.7 322.3 74.9
DoD 210.7 165.0 138.8 176.6 153.0 157.1 581.2 7.0 7.0 5.0
Total 291.1 248.3 208.8 511.2 816.2 793.9 1160.3 917.9 834.4 972.5
Procurement ($ Millions) FY99 FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08
Army — 0.8 47.4 56.4 105.4 231.4 319.0 324.2 87.8 91.1
Navy — — — — — — — — 37.4 37.7
USMC — — — — — 2.0 6.7 14.1 13.7 90.2
USAF 157.2 133.1 51.0 162.2 407.9 397.8 587.5 721.6 622.8 889.5
Total 157.2 133.9 98.4 218.6 513.3 631.2 913.2 1,059.9 761.7 1,108.5

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

The US Market
US Summary ($ Millions) FY99
RDT&E 291.1
Procurement 157.2
Total 448.3
Future US UAV Trends
Looking across the next decade,
several emerging markets are likely to
reach fruition. The biggest single item
within the forecast period will be the
Air force follow-on to the cancelled
J-UCAS. A quick perusal of the fund-
ing chart above will show a marked
drop in USAF RDT&E funding after
the J-UCAS was reorganized and put
under Navy control. It is preposterous
that the USAF suddenly lost interest
in UCAS and far more likely that the
p r o g r a m “ w e n t b l a c k ” in t o a
compartmented secret program. The
Air Force has several potential UCAS
applications including a fighter-sized
SEAD (suppression of enemy air de-
fense) aircraft, a strategic bomber,
and a futuristic hypersonic bomber as
envisioned under the joint DARPA
Falcon program. In recent months,
the USAF has backed away from an
unmanned strategic bomber, so this
effort will probably remain in limbo
over the next decade under the
DARPA Falcon rubric. The far most
likely area of USAF RDT&E invest-
ment will be in a fighter-sized UCAS
and the program is likely to remain
black (and very expensive) for much
of our forecast period. The start of
procurement of such a system is diffi-
cult to predict, since the Air Force
faces an upcoming procurement
bow-wave with the arrival of the F-35
JSF late in the forecast period.
The other Air Force programs are
by far the most mature (and expen-
sive) with both the Predator and
Global Hawk enjoying solid service
support in spite of some significant
cost escalation. The cost escalation
has been largely connected to capabil-
ities improvements, with the addition
of sensors adding significantly to the
system costs, though at the same time,
adding considerably to the system’s
capabilities.
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04
248.3 208.8 511.2 816.2 793.9 1160.3 917.9
133.9 98.4 218.6 513.3 631.2 913.2 1,059.9
382.2 307.2 729.8 1,329.5 1,425.1 2,073.5 1,977.8 1,596.1 2,081.0
The Navy is finally starting to
shape its future requirements. The
most likely mission will be the Broad
Area Maritime Surveillance role,
though the Navy has yet to fully de-
fine how BAMS will relate to the new
P-8 MMA aircraft. The Navy is still
slow on the tactical UAV mission,
with the future requirement most
closely tied to the LCS Littoral Com-
bat Ship, which itself is far from cer-
tain. Finally, the Navy’s commitment
to the remnants of the J-UCAS pro-
gram is likely to be frail. The idea that
the Navy will seriously entertain the
operation of relatively large, un-
manned aircraft off their carriers is a
bit hard to believe until carrier land-
ing capabilities are fully proved- a
technology effort that is likely more
than a decade off.
The Marine Corps plans to finally
replace Pioneer with Shadow, and to
join the Navy on a “small” UAV, a cat-
e g o r y s o me w h e r e b e tw e e n
mini-UAVs and TUAV, foreshad-
owed by extensive use of Leased
Boeing Scan Eagles in Iraq.
The Army at the moment has a rel-
atively well defined set of require-
ments in the short term, with the
completion of the fielding of the
RQ-7 and the eventual procurement
of the Warrior for the ERMP require-
ment. However, the follow on pro-
grams connected to FCS are likely to
be far more problematic and may
never emerge. The Army is likely to
press on with other tactical UAV pro-
grams, especially an armed
hunter-killer capability, initially with
Warrior but eventually with a
stand-alone system optimized to this
role. This might have been satisfied
by UCAR, but with the cancellation
of this program, another one will have
to be considered.
The emergence of a civil UAV
market is likely to begin in the US
during this forecast period, albeit one
Page 21
FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08
834.4 972.5
761.7 1,108.5
that is likely to be restricted to the
governmental sector initially. The
single greatest barrier to the emer-
gence of a civil UAV market remains
uncertainties over the timing of ac-
cess to controlled national airspace.
The Coast Guard was paving the way
on this issue due to their role in pro-
moting the use of UAVs in the civil
sector, but this effort has gone into
limbo. The Customs Service will be
operating small numbers of Predators
on the Mexican and Canadian borders
due to Congressional initiatives, but
the force is likely to remain small,
perhaps a dozen air vehicles. NASA is
acquiring a modest number of Global
Hawks and Predators, primarily for
research purposes. NOAA would like
to acquire a small number of endur-
ance UAVs, primarily for hurricane
tracking and other weather and re-
search applications. In total, these
government activities might total as
many as three dozen endurance UAVs
over the forecast period.
The emergence of a commercial
civil UAV market is unpredictable at
the moment due to the lack of air
space access. The FAA is currently
trying to establish guidelines for
day-to-day use of UAVs, beyond the
existing waivers for temporary use of
air space. It is unclear how soon these
rules will emerge, but the FAA is aim-
ing for the 2011-2012 time frame.
There are several significant hurdles
here, both administrative and techni-
cal. On the technological side, the
FAA’s likely insistence on some form
of collision avoidance system is likely
to impact the nature of UAV access to
airspace. This might end up being a
menu of sense-and-avoid technolo-
gies depending on the size of the UAV
and its flight regime with less elabo-
rate systems for mini-UAVs operating
at very low-altitudes, but elaborate
systems for large UAVs operating at
higher altitudes. Should some single
Page 22 The US Market

approach be chosen, such as an active
system for detection and avoidance,
this could adversely affect the emer-
gence of a civil/commercial UAV
market since such systems might be
impractical or too expensive on
small/tactical-sized UAVs which are
likely to be the inexpensive entry
point for commercial use.
There will probably be some tenta-
tive ventures into commercial UAVs
at the fringes, for example the use of
mini-UAVs that operate under con-
trolled airspace for possible surveil-
lance, TV, or other applications. A
more likely scenario would be the
emergence of a UAV leasing industry
directed towards government re-
quirements analogous to the aircraft
fire-fighting companies. Many civil
government organizations might
have requirements that could be satis-
fied by UAVs such as emergency ser-
vices, road/infrastructure survey, and
search-and-rescue but who do not
have such a steady requirement to be
able to afford a permanent UAV force.
A modest commercial leasing indus-
try may emerge to satisfy these needs
as well analogous commercial needs
for observation, land and crop sur-
veying, and other missions. However,
commercial demand for UAVs will be
more tightly constrained by cost and
cost-competitive alternatives which
implies that UAV technology must
mature considerably before it
becomes commercially attractive.

US UAV Funding Forecast

RDT&E, Procurement and O&M
($ Billions)
$7

$6

$5

$4

$3

$2

$1
RDT&E Procurement O&M
$0
FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17

US UAV Budget Forecast

RDT&E ($ Millions) FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17
Army 95.1 46.0 11.5 12.2 25.0 35.0 45.0 50.0 50.0 50.0
Navy 797.5 776.3 994.0 885.1 619.3 603.0 650.0 650.0 700.0 750.0
USAF 662.4 816.3 736.5 699.1 863.7 860.0 943.0 970.0 2,345.0 2,545.0
Total 1,555.0 1,638.6 1,742.0 1,596.4 1,508.0 1,498.4 1,638.0 1,670.0 3,095.0 3,345.0
Procurement ($ Millions) FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17
Army 91.1 317.2 403.0 357.5 301.2 300.0 200.0 200.0 350.0 350.0
Navy 37.7 95.4 100.1 122.1 484.3 475.8 485.0 485.0 460.0 460.0
USAF 889.5 1,240.5 1,254.0 1,136.3 1,102.9 979.9 895.0 1,200.0 1,200.0 1,200.0
USMC 90.2 20.9 10.6 5.8 5.8 5.9 8.0 8.0 12.0 12.0
Total 1,108.5 1,674.0 1,767.7 1,621.7 1,894.2 1,761.6 1,588.0 1,893.0 2,022.0 2,022.0

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

The US Market Page 23

Summary ($ Millions) FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17
RDT&E 1,555.0 1,638.6 1,742.0 1,596.4 1,508.0 1,498.4 1,638.0 1,670.0 3,095.0 3,345.0
Procurement 1,108.5 1,674.0 1,767.7 1,621.7 1,894.2 1,761.6 1,588.0 1,893.0 2,022.0 2,022.0
O&M 265.0 295.0 310.0 345.0 370.0 400.0 430.0 460.0 490.0 500.0
Total 2,928.5 3,607.6 3,819.7 3,563.1 3,772.2 3,660.0 3,656.0 4,023.0 5,607.0 5,867.0

US Production Forecast
(Units, Air Vehicles) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
RQ-11 Raven (USA) 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 — — — — — — 4,000
RQ-11 Raven (USMC) 145 275 120 — — — — — — — 540
BATMAV (USAF) 150 130 190 150 — — — — — — 620
Other Mini (US) — — — — — — 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 6,000
Subtotal Mini-UAVs 1,295 1,405 1,310 1,150 — — 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 11,160

USN/USMC (STUAS) 75 150 120 120 65 120 120 — — — 770

US (TUAV) 30 50 5 55 — — — 60 60 60 320
USMC (MCTUAS) 5 25 — — — — 10 — — — 40
USA (MQ-8B) — — — — 15 15 15 15 15 — 75
Subtotal TUAVs 110 225 125 175 80 135 145 75 75 60 1205

USN (MQ-8) 1 6 6 8 8 9 10 10 10 10 78
Subtotal Naval UAVs 1 6 6 8 8 9 10 10 10 10 78

USAF (R/MQ-1) 24 24 24 41 26 27 20 20 20 20 246

USAF (MQ-9) 3 2 9 11 9 10 7 8 8 8 75
USA (ERMP) — 12 12 36 24 12 12 12 10 10 140
Subtotal MALE UAVs 27 38 45 88 59 49 39 40 38 38 461

USN (BAMS) — — — — 2 2 4 4 3 3 18
USAF (RQ-4) 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 51
Subtotal HALE UAVs 5 6 5 5 7 7 9 9 8 8 69

USAF (X-45) 1 — — — — — — — — — 1
USN (X-47) 2 1 1 2 — — — — — — 6
USAF (NG-SEAD) — — — 2 — — — 4 5 10 21
Subtotal UCAVs 3 1 1 4 — — — 4 5 10 28
Total US Military 1,441 1,681 1,492 1,430 154 200 1,703 1,638 1,636 1,626 13,001

USCG (Eagle Eye) — — — — — 2 4 4 6 6 22

USG (Large UAV) 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 38
US Commercial (Small UAV) 5 5 5 5 30 60 60 75 100 150 495
Total US Civilian 7 7 7 7 35 67 69 84 111 161 555

US Procurement Expenditure by Category

($ Millions) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Mini-UAV 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 5.0 5.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 45.0
Tactical UAV 185.0 400.0 45.0 295.0 40.0 50.0 100.0 330.0 330.0 330.0
Naval UAV 40.0 40.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 95.0 105.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
MALE UAV 195.0 320.0 605.0 780.0 780.0 705.0 685.0 385.0 385.0 420.0
HALE UAV 455.0 605.0 820.0 635.0 690.0 1045.0 900.0 900.0 900.0 900.0
UCAV 200.0 200.0 75.0 375.0 — — — 300.0 300.0 400.0
Civil UAV 55.0 65.0 65.0 65.0 270.0 290.0 300.0 310.0 320.0 400.0
Total 1,155.0 1,655.0 1,710.0 2,250.0 1,860.0 2,190.0 2,125.0 2,360.0 2,370.0 2,595.0
NOTE: This is an estimate of calendar year expenditures on UAVs, not fiscal year procurement budget.

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 24 The US Market

Program Profiles
This section of the study examines ture categories of UAVs including the Future Combat Systems (FCS)
each of the major UAV programs sep- UCAVs, Army programs related to program, and mini-/micro-UAVs.
arately, and has brief overviews of fu-

RQ-1/MQ-9 Predator
Overview
The RQ-1A Predator is the US Air
Force’s first medium endurance UAV.
The Predator stemmed from the ear-
lier Tier 1 and Tier 2 Medium Endur-
ance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
(MAE-UAV). The Tier 1 was devel-
oped primarily under CIA funding,
and was operationally deployed for
surveillance missions over the former
Yugoslavia in 1993-94. It uses the
General Atomics Gnat 750 air
vehicle.
T h e u p g r a d e d v e r s io n , th e
Gnat-750-TE Predator won the
DoD’s Tier 2 competition with a de-
velopment award in January 1994 and
in 1997 was redesignated as the
RQ-1A. The Predator was first de-
ployed over Bosnia in the summer of MQ-9A Predator B
1995. The US Air Force assumed op-
erational control of the Predator on 2 hunter-killer version for the Air requirement. Italy became the first
September 1996. Force, it is designated as the MQ-9A export customer for Predator, order-
The armed forces reached final Reaper. The Air Force is planning to ing six systems in 2000 and a further
agreement on the system’s joint oper- acquire the MQ-9A alongside the five in 2004.Britain began steps to
ational requirements document in the MQ-1A Predator. lease or borrow Predators for opera-
summer of 1997, and Predator be- The US Army awarded a contract tions in Iraq in early 2004 and has
came the first ACTD program to be in May 2003 for three IGNAT UAVs used them in combat. The Predator-B
approved for procurement in August based on the Predator to help define version was selected by NASA’s
1997. The first series production con- its UAV requirements for a divi- Earth Science Enterprise for research
tract for two GCS and eight air vehi- sional/corps level UAV called the Ex- applications as the Altair and first
cles was awarded to General Atomics tended Range Multipurpose UAV flew in June 2003; it is the first civil
on 20 August 1997. The US Air Force (ERMP). A Predator derivative called UAV to win an FAA airworthiness
had a requirement for 12 systems and Warrior won the Army ERMP com- certificate which facilitates its use in
101 air vehicles, but this number has petition against a derivative of the Is- national airspace. Additional sales to
steadily increased to accommodate raeli Heron called Hunter II in 2005. NASA and NOAA are expected.
improved types such as the MQ-9A The Army plans to acquire seven or
and currently stands at 367 air vehi- more systems, each with 12 air
cles though FY11 under current vehicles.
plans. General Atomics delivered its General Atomics and Lockheed
100th Predator on 5 February 2004. Martin are teamed to offer a deriva-
A new version of the Predator was tive of the Predator called the Mari-
announced in 2000, the Predator-B ner (a.k.a. Predator B-ER) as a
which was first acquired by NASA contender for the US Navy’s BAMS
for research purposes. In its (Broad Area Mission Surveillance)

US Army Warrior ERMP

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

The US Market Page 25

Funding History
RDT&E ($ Millions) FY99 FY00 FY01 FY02** FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08*
PE0205219F Reaper Development
Reaper — — — — — — — — — 61.0
PE0305219F Predator Development
Predator — — — — — 40.1 82.1 54.1 67.9 22.3
PE0304260F Airborne SIGINT
MQ-9 SIGINT — — — — — — — — 2.6 18.1
PE0305204A Tactical UAV
ERMP — — — — — — — 92.2 120.9 45.2
Procurement ($ Millions) FY99 FY00 FY01 FY02** FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08*
US Air Force Procurement 3010F
Predator 129.7 57.4 30.0 203.3 139.1 202.0 320.6 253.5 235.0 278.0
(quantity) (11) (7) (7) (22) (25) (15) (27) (24) (24) (24)
Reaper — — — — — — — — — 58.5
(quantity) — — — — — — — (2) (2) (4)
Predator mods 3.4 — — 14.8 10.1 13.7 36.5 29.9 58.0 74.7
Reaper mods — — — — — — — — — 20.6
US Army Procurement: BA2 Communications and Electronics Equipment
ERMP — — — — — — — 42.5 9.4 118.5
(quantity) — — — — — — — — — (1)
*Request
**In FY02, the Predator program received an additional $167.6 million from the Defense Emergency Relief Fund
(DERF) which was used to equip the Predator with a Multi-Spectral Laser Designator/Sensor and Hellfire launch
capability as well as purchase an additional four RQ-1A and three MQ-9A air vehicles. The FY02 Supplemental
added nine MQ-1B and 1 MQ-9; the FY02 Plus-Up added four MQ-1B, for a grand total of eight in the basic ap-
propriation and 21 in the various add-ons. However, it would appear the actual number funded was lower with a
total of 102 air vehicles funded in FY97-03.

Costs
Procurement unit costs (then-year $) from P-1 documents:
FY99: $7,632,800 (RQ-1)
FY02: $2,909,000 (MQ-1B) $11,367,000 (MQ-9)
FY03: $3,727,000 (MQ-1B) $8,667,000 (MQ-9)
FY04: $4,459,000 (MQ-1B) $11,302,000 (MQ-9)
FY05: $4,924,000 (MQ-1B) $12,440,000 (MQ-9)
FY06: $3,664,000 (MQ-1B) $14,095,000 (MQ-9)
FY07: $4,263,000 (MQ-1B) $13,400,000 (MQ-9)
FY08: $5,561,000 (MQ-1B) $12,499,000 (MQ-9)

Current Developments
MQ-9A Reaper
The success of the armed RQ-1A
Predators led the Air Force to acceler-
ate the development of a heavier ver-
sion of Predator, dedicated to the
hunter-killer role. The Air Force se-
lected the Predator B for this mission,
now designated MQ-9A Reaper in
Air Force service. Supplementary
funding in the FY02 budget covered
the acquisition of the first three
MQ-9As, and a total of 23 Reapers
were funded as part of the Predator
line in FY02-07. After FY07, Reaper
is funded on its own budget line. The
first Reaper was built in January 2002
and first operational reaper was deliv-
ered to Creech AFB in Nevada in
March 2007.By mid-2002, the Air
Force objective was to acquire two
MQ-9 squadrons, each consisting of
20 air vehicles and five ground con-
trol stations. The FY08 budget sub-
mission anticipates funding 50
Reapers through FY13.
The Air Force is also expected to
begin trials of other munitions from
the MQ-9A including the JDAM
bomb, and AGM-65 Maverick mis-
sile.
The Budget Roller-Coaster
The Air Force has funded 102 air
vehicles through FY04. Under the
FY04 budget plan, the USAF was to
f u n d 6 2 MQ - 9 A P r e d a to r B
hunter-killer UAVs in the FY02-09
budgets, but under the FY05 budget
this was slashed to 27 air vehicles and
revised yet again in the FY06 budget
back up to 101 Predator Bs through
FY11. The FY07 budget submission

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 26
in February 2006 again saw a major
shift in procurement objectives. The
USAF added a substantial number of
Predators to the FY05-11 plan, going
from 160 to 255 aircraft. At the same
time, there was a pronounced shift in
the composition of the planned force
in favor of the MQ-1 over the MQ-9
versions. The MQ-1 objective in-
creased from 59 to 218 aircraft while
MQ-9 fell from 101 to only 37 aircraft
in the FY05-11 plans. In the FY08
budget submission, the objective is
285 Predators from FY02 to FY13.
Navy Broad Area Maritime Sur-
veillance
Although the Navy selected the
RQ-4 Global Hawk for its original
demonstrations of UAVs for the mari-
time surveillance role, it has broad-
ened its search for the definitive air
vehicle at the procurement stage to
consider Predator derivatives. One of
the initial offerings was a turbo-jet
powered version of the Predator,
dubbed Predator C, but now General
Atomics, teamed with Lockheed
Martin, is offering a derivative of the
Predator B, called Predator B-ER or
Mariner. The prototype Mariner first
flew on 22 April 2004.
The Navy has acquired two Global
Hawk endurance UAVs to conduct a
Maritime Demonstration Program.
This is intended to serve as the basis
for the BAMS requirement with
eventual procurement of an endur-
ance UAV for long-range surveil-
lance. The Navy began its Maritime
Demonstration Program and a Con-
cept of Operation (CONOPS) effort
in FY03, and the two Global Hawks
will be delivered in 2004-05.
Although the US Navy selected
the RQ-4 for its original demonstra-
tions of UAVs for the maritime sur-
veillance role, it has broadened its
search for the definitive air vehicle at
the procurement stage to consider
other candidates including the Gen-
eral Atomics Predator/Mariner and an
unmanned Gulfstream derivative.
Under the FY05 budget plant, initial
procurement funding for the BAMS
UAV would be provided in the FY07
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
budget. However, during the FY06
deliberations in the autumn of 2005,
the Navy completely gutted the
BA MS p r o g r a m a n d cu t b o th
RDT&E funding as well as planned
procurement funding. Under the
FY07 budget released in February
2006, the Navy reinstated funding for
BAMS, noting that it will be a com-
plementary system to the P-8A Posei-
don MMA aircraft. The bids for the
program were submitted in the spring
of 2007, with Northrop Grumman of-
fering a derivative of its RQ-4B
Block 20 and Lockheed Martin/Gen-
eral Atomics offering the Mariner.
The Navy plans to award the SDD
contract in 1QFY08. The SDD pro-
gram will include the acquisition of
two more aircraft, funded in the FY09
budget. The plan is to begin low-rate
initial production of four aircraft in
FY11 with an objective to field these
aircraft starting in 2014. The Navy
has not yet publicly announced an ac-
quisition objective on the aircraft
since the requirement is for an “effec-
tive time on station” objective that
could be met by different aircraft in
different ways. In 2007 during the
bidding process, the Navy indicated
that it has a $2.32 billion cost
assigned to the program, a $1.3
billion increase compared to previous
estimates
Australia signed a BAMS agree-
ment on 13 January 2007 to become
partner on the program. Australia has
some unique objectives for its pro-
gram, and expects that the ground
support system will involve and Aus-
tralian company.
Navy Armed Predator
In December 2005, the US Navy
acquired a single MQ-9A Predator B
for an undisclosed application, not as-
sociated with BAMS. The acquisition
does not appear in the open budget
and the program may be associated
with support of navy operations in
combat theaters such as Iraq.
Extended Range UAV
The US Army awarded a contract
in May 2003 for three IGNAT UAVs
The US Market
based on the Predator to help define
its UAV requirements for a tactical
UAV with capabilities beyond those
possible with the smaller RQ-7A
Shadow for use at division/corps
level. The RQ-5 Hunter was once
considered a possible candidate for
th e A r my’s Ex te n d e d Ra n g e
Multi-Purpose UAV, but a more capa-
ble platform was desired by the Army.
ERMP is designed to fill a spot be-
tween the Army Shadow and the Air
Force MQ-9 Predator B in capability.
However, the Army wants to operate
the ERMP using the existing GCS of
the Shadow UAV, not an entirely new
system infrastructure. The Army re-
leased the RFP for ERMP in Septem-
ber 2004. The program was planned
to entail about four-five systems each
with 12-18 air vehicles and five GCS;
the subsequent plans through FY11
are for seven systems with 12 air vehi-
cles each; the FY08 budget envisions
nine systems through FY13. The
Phase I involved a down-select to two
competitors which took place in early
FY05 and included General Atomics
(teamed with AAI and Sparta) with a
Predator derivative called Warrior, a
Northrop-Grumman team with a ver-
sion of the Israeli Heron called
Hunter II. The General Atomics
Warrior was selected by the Army for
the ERMP requirement on 8 August
2005.
Funding for engineering develop-
ment of the ERMP began in FY06 and
was expected to cost $280.5 million
through FY11; the SDD phase is ex-
pected to be completed by 1QFY08.
The Army plans to begin procure-
ment funding of the first system in
FY08 with starting with low-rate ini-
tial production in FY08-FY10 and a
full-rate production award at the end
of FY09. The Army expects to reach
first unit equipped in late 2009/early
2010. Recent Army documents sug-
gest that the program objective is now
set at one Warrior system in each of
the ten divisions, implying a require-
ment for over 120 air vehicles.
©Teal Group Corporation
The US Market
Air Force Hunter-Killer Re-
quirement
In late 2004, the US Air Force re-
leased a request for information (RFI)
to industry for a next generation
hunter-killer UAV capable of carry-
ing up to four 500 pound guided
bombs as part of a 3,000 pound pay-
load. Northrop Grumman has been
promoting a UAV derivative of the
Scaled Composites Model 395 endur-
ance aircraft after ruling out a
half-size Global Hawk derivative
called the Model 396 due to the size
and price constraints of the USAF re-
quest. Other contenders for the re-
quirement are expected to be General
Atomics, Aurora Flight Sciences, and
Lockheed Martin. The Air Force has
stated that it would like to field the
first aircraft by the end of 2007 and set
a unit cost of $10 million and a system
cost of $30 million as the objective.
Border Patrol Predator
Congressional support for UAV
technology prompted US Customs
Teal Group Analysis
The Predator UAV program has
laid the groundwork for future endur-
ance UAVs. Until recently, the US
military has relied on U-2s to perform
high altitude, long-endurance mis-
sions. However, with the spread of
high altitude anti-aircraft missiles
like the Russian S-200 Angara (SA-5
Gammon), these missions became too
risky.
The decision to employ the Preda-
tors in a more versatile hunter-killer
role has considerably expanded inter-
est in the program. The successful use
of the Predator in this role over Af-
ghanistan in 2001, Yemen in 2002,
and Iraq in 2003 has opened the Air
Force’s eyes to the possibility of hav-
ing UCAV capability today instead of
at the end of the decade. As a result,
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
and Border Protection (CPB) to add
UAVs to its aviation force. In 2004,
CPB leased an Israeli Elbit Hermes
and borrowed a US Army Hunter to
conduct trials along the Mexican bor-
der as a possible tool for border pa-
trol. The Hermes logged 590 hours of
flight over four months and the
Hunter a further 329 hours over three
months.
This demonstration prompted a
Congressional addition to the CPB
budget for the acquisition of a Gen-
eral Atomics Predator B in 2005
which began operations in October
2005 from Sierra Vista municipal air-
port along the Mexican border. The
Predator crashed on 24 April 2006
due to apparent pilot error but the pro-
gram proved successful enough that
Congress funded another Predator
which deployed in November 2006.
CPB now has plans to fund UAV op-
erations at about $10 million per year.
Congress funded two more Predators
in the FY06 supplemental, and the
FY07 budget funds two more. The ad-
the Air Force’s acquisition plans for
the Predator have continued to ex-
pand over the past few years. It now
seems likely that all Predators will be
re-equipped into the MQ-1B/-1L con-
figuration, and the Air Force now
plans to acquire the MQ-1B and the
longer range MQ-9A Reaper at the
same time.
Both the Army and Navy are also
looking at the Predator for their own
requirements. The Navy will consider
the Mariner variant of the Predator B
for its BAMS requirement, while the
Army has selected the Predator’s
Warrior derivative to complement is
short-range RQ-7 Tactical UAV. This
has caused some friction with the Air
Force which in 2007 attempted to take
control of the medium-high altitude
Page 27
ditional UAVs will lead to expanded
demonstration efforts with a Cana-
dian border patrol demonstration to
be based out of Grand Forks, North
Dakota in the autumn of 2007 and a
joint CPB/Coast Guard effort in
Florida in the spring of 2007. The
CPB effort is being controlled out of
an integrated Air and Marine Opera-
tions Center in Riverside, California
which facilitates coordination with
the FAA.
The CPB program is proving to be
the ground-breaker for UAV airspace
access issues and so could facilitate
further UAV use by other government
agencies. In May 2006, the FAA also
gave the Air Force the green light to
use Predators over the United States
during disaster relief operations for
search and rescue. Although the Air
force was ready to provide this
capability in the wake of Hurricane
Katrina in 2005, the missions were
cancelled due to national airspace
restrictions.
UAVs. Both the Army and Navy are
likely to resist this effort. Efforts to
combine USAF/USA contracting for
Predator/Reaper/Warrior in 2006-07
also failed to reach an agreement. The
forecast for the Navy BAMS require-
ment will be found in the Global
Hawk section; this is not intended to
prejudge the winner in this competi-
tion but is merely an administrative
issue.
The Predator has also been leading
the way with sales into the civil/gov-
ernment market, first with experi-
mental types such as the NASA
Altair, but more recently with surveil-
lance types such as the Border Patrol
Predators. This is likely to continue
and these are included in the US Gov-
ernment (USG) line below.
Page 28 The US Market

Production Forecast
User (Variant) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
General Atomics
USAF (R/MQ-1) 24 24 24 41 26 27 20 20 20 20 246
USAF (MQ-9) 3 2 9 11 9 10 7 8 8 8 75
USA (ERMP) — 12 12 36 24 12 12 12 10 10 140
Total 27 38 45 88 59 49 39 40 38 38 461

RQ-4A Global Hawk

Overview
The RQ-4A Global Hawk High
Altitude Endurance U AV
(HAE-UAV) is a high altitude recon-
naissance UAV with greater range
and endurance than the RQ-1A
Predator.
Development began in the spring
of 1995 with the selection of the
Teledyne Ryan/E-Systems team. The
Global Hawk conducted its first flight
in February 1998, and a second
Global Hawk made its maiden flight
in November 1998. A total of seven
Advanced Concept Technology
Demonstration (ACTD) air vehicles
were built plus two Mission Control
Elements and three Launch & Recov-
ery Elements. The eighth Global
Hawk (which was also the first series
production aircraft) was delivered to
the 9th Reconnaissance Wing at
Beale AFB in September 2003. Series USN Global Hawk BAMS Demonstrator
production was first funded in the
FY02 budget and plans now call for 17th aircraft built. Assembly of the Germany is also planning to ac-
six Block 20, 26 Block 30 and 15 first Block 30 aircraft with the ASIP quire the “EuroHawk” for its SIGINT
Block 40 aircraft. The Air Force is sensor began in 2006 on AF13. and maritime surveillance require-
planning a series of evolutionary up- The US Navy has acquired two ments with a short term requirement
grades first called “spirals” and now RQ-4As to examine their utility in a for five aircraft. In 2004, NATO se-
renamed as the more conventional maritime surveillance role and may lected Global Hawk as part of its
Blocks which are detailed below. Ini- procure the aircraft under its BAMS forthcoming AGS radar system. Can-
tial serial production of the RQ-4A program; Australia became a partner ada and the UK have requested dem-
was nine air vehicles (seven USAF, on BAMS in 2007. The US Coast onstrations of the Global Hawk for
two USN) from Lot 1 (FY02) to Lot 3 Guard is also planning to acquire the co n s id eratio n f o r fu tu re ISR
(FY04). Production of the enhanced Global Hawk for its Deepwater sur- requirements.
RQ-4B started with the second air ve- veillance requirement.
hicle of Lot 3, funded in FY04, the

Funding History
RDT&E ($ Millions) FY99 FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08*
PE# 0304260 Airborne SIGINT
RQ-4 — — — — — — — 4.9 10.5 10.9
PE# 0305205D8Z Endurance UAV
Common Ground Segment 46.6 — — — — — — — — —

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

The US Market Page 29

PE# 0305220F Global Hawk

Global Hawk — — — — — — 345.7 382.6 327.7 247.7
PE# 0305205N Endurance UAV
BAMS — — — 188.4 95.1 64.0 — 26.2 116.7 480.2
Procurement ($ Millions) FY99 FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08*
US Air Force Procurement 3010F
Global Hawk — — 21.0 162.2 181.0 246.7 359.1 359.6 448.0 577.8
(quantity) — — — (3) (3) (4) (4) (5) (5) (5)
RQ-4 mods — — — — — — — — 4.6 24.3
*request

Costs
Procurement (flyaway) unit costs (then-year $) for P-1 documents:
(USAF; $ millions)
FY02: $50.7
FY03: $46.4
FY04: $50.6
FY05: $73.4
FY06: $61.7
FY07: $84.2
FY08: $86.8
FY09: $101.3
FY10: $80.9
FY11: $82.6
FY12: $98.9
FY13: $101.4

Current Developments
USAF Program Plans
The current procurement objective
has been for 54 production UAVs
(plus the seven ACTD aircraft),
though since 2007, the procurement
documents have made this less firm,
referring to future acquisition objec-
tives with the generic disclaimer “to
be determined”. The Air Force is now
planning to incrementally improve
the Global Hawk through a series of
Blocks (formerly “spirals”). Plans
now call for six Block 20, 26 Block 30
and 15 Block 40 aircraft in addition to
the nine Block 9 aircraft already built
for a total of 56 aircraft. The first
Block 20 aircraft was rolled out in late
2006.
New Sensors
Northrop Grumman and Raytheon
are working on a new family of modu-
lar surveillance radars under the
Multi-Platform Radar Technology In-
sertion Program (MP-RTIP). The aim
is to develop a family of radars that
can be used on large manned plat-
forms akin to the E-8 JSTARS as well
as smaller platforms such as Global
Hawk.
The Air Force is also considering
changing the mix of platforms/sen-
sors to drive down the cost. One op-
tion considered would be to buy 25 of
the Global Hawks with the improved
SAR but not the RTIP instead of buy-
ing all 38 Multi-Intelligence Capabil-
ity aircraft with both sensors. The
remaining 13 would have the RTIP.
At the moment, the Air Force plans to
acquire 15 RQ-4 Block 40 with the
MP-RTIP radar.
The Air Force is now starting to
fund the upgraded sensor packages
via a modification line in the budget.
The first aircraft modification fund-
ing starts in FY08 with long-lead
items for three SIGINT sensors and
one RTIP. The FY09 funding in-
cluded long-lead for three more
SIGINT packages and purchases
three SIGINT sensors and one RTIP
radar.
US Navy Broad Area Maritime
Surveillance
The Navy funded the acquisition
of two RQ-4 Global Hawk endurance
UAVs in FY03 to conduct a Maritime
Demonstration Program. This is in-
tended to serve as the basis for the
BAMS requirement with eventual
procurement of an endurance UAV
for long-range surveillance. The
Navy began its Maritime Demonstra-
tion Program and a Concept of Opera-
tion (CONOPS) effort in FY03.
The Navy started the BAMS UAV
effort in FY04 and planned to acquire
another BAMS UAV with FY05
funding to further push this concept
along. However, this funding did not
emerge and so the demonstration will
be limited to two aircraft. The Navy
began flight testing of the first of its
RQ-4A in October 2004 and the sec-
ond aircraft made its first flight in
June 2005.
Although the US Navy selected
the RQ-4 for its original demonstra-
tions of UAVs for the maritime sur-

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 30
veillance role, it has broadened its
search for the definitive air vehicle at
the procurement stage to consider
other candidates including the Gen-
eral Atomics Predator/Mariner and an
unmanned Gulfstream derivative.
Under the FY05 budget plant, ini-
tial procurement funding for the
BAMS UAV would be provided in the
FY07 budget. However, during the
FY06 deliberations in the autumn of
2005, the Navy completely gutted the
BA MS p r o g r a m a n d cu t b o th
RDT&E funding as well as planned
procurement funding. Under the
FY07 budget released in February
2006, the Navy reinstated funding for
BAMS, noting that it will be a com-
plementary system to the P-8A Posei-
don MMA aircraft. The bids for the
program were submitted in the spring
of 2007, with Northrop Grumman of-
fering a derivative of its RQ-4B
Block 20 and Lockheed Martin/Gen-
eral Atomics offering the Mariner, a
derivative of the Predator B. The
Navy plans to award the SDD con-
tract in 1QFY08. The SDD program
will include the acquisition of two
more aircraft, funded in the FY09
budget. The plan is to begin low-rate
initial production of four aircraft in
FY11 with an objective to field these
aircraft starting in 2014. The Navy
has not yet publicly announced an ac-
quisition objective on the aircraft
since the requirement is for an “effec-
tive time on station” objective that
could be met by different aircraft in
different ways. In 2007 during the
bidding process, the Navy indicated
Teal Group Analysis
The Global Hawk is at the cutting
edge of the use of UAV technology
for strategic reconnaissance. The atti-
tude of the Congress has warmed up
towards these strategic reconnais-
sance programs due to the use of
Predator and Global Hawk in recent
combat operations over Afghanistan
and Iraq. This publicity has high-
lighted the value of such systems to
national leaders and will help to keep
the program funded even in the event
of cost escalation. Indeed, a major
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
that it has a $2.32 billion cost
assigned to the program, a $1.3
billion increase compared to previous
estimates
Australia signed a BAMS agree-
ment on 13 January 2007 to become
partner on the program. Australia has
some unique objectives for its pro-
gram, and expects that the ground
support system will involve and Aus-
tralian company.
US Coast Guard Deepwater
Plans
The Coast Guard is expected to se-
lect the Global Hawk for its endur-
ance Deepwater UAV requirement. A
significant roadblock until 2003 was
the lack of a FAA certification for the
operation of the Global Hawk over
the US, but this was achieved in 2003.
Nevertheless, Global Hawk acquisi-
tion probably won’t occur until 2014
at the earliest. In the interim, the
USCG has spoken about paying for
data from UAVs operated from two
land bases. These may be DoD oper-
ated facilities. The eventual require-
ment will probably total about
four-eight air vehicles.
NATO AGS UAV
The NATO Alliance Ground Sur-
veillance (AGS) program reached a
milestone in 2004 with the selection
of the Airbus A321 equipped with the
Transatlantic Cooperative AGS Ra-
dar (TCAR) as the base platform, and
the RQ-4B Global Hawk as the sup-
porting system. Under current plans,
NATO will acquire seven Global
concern in recent years has been the
increasing demand for Global Hawk
services with other government
agencies vying for flight hours.
The procurement objective now
appears to be over 56 production air-
craft in addition to the seven pre-pro-
duction aircraft and two more for the
Navy. These numbers will probably
increase in later years. One of the
main inhibitions in further acquisition
has been the escalating cost of the air-
craft. Although it was originally
The US Market
Hawks and five Airbus AGS. Recent
plans called for the RQ-4B Global
Hawks to retain the US Air Force sen-
sor option, not TCAR, and it is possi-
ble that an interim capability could be
provided as early as 2007 by loan of a
US Air Force Global Hawk. Funding
turmoil in 2007 has led to some talk
about scrapping the manned Airbus
321 platform and relying entirely on
the Global Hawk.
Stealth HAE-UAV
In March 2003, Lockheed Mar-
tin’s Skunk Works began work on a
stealthy Penetrating HAE-UAV
(PHAE) due to its conviction that the
USAF will eventually require a
Global Hawk follow-on able to oper-
ate over countries deploying newer
SAM systems such as the Russian
SA-10/-20. This was internally
funded at a cost of around $28 mil-
lion, and was unveiled in 2006 as the
P-175 Polecat. The design is a flying
wing, resembling the B-2 bomber in
general configuration but with a
smaller 90 foot wingspan and 1,000
pound payload. Three flight tests
were conducted through March 2007
when the prototype was lost in a flight
accident.
NASA Global Hawk
NASA is attempting to acquire two
ACTD Global Hawks from the USAF
which are intended primarily for re-
search purposes.
planned to acquire the HAE-UAV for
$10 million a copy, this benchmark
has been thrown out the window as a
result of the continued addition of
sensors. At the moment, the unit cost
of the airframe is closer to $25 mil-
lion, the flyaway price escalating over
$60 million by the enhancements to
the sensor suite.
The Navy has been notoriously er-
ratic in its UAV plans, but the actual
flight tests of the two RQ-4A already
funded by the Navy should help to
©Teal Group Corporation
The US Market Page 31

clarify the Navy’s needs in this re-
gards. Global Hawk or a maritime
version of Predator seem the most
likely candidates for the eventual
BAMS requirement. There are other
potential US clients for the Global
Hawk including the CIA and the Na-
tional Geospatial Intelligence
Agency (formerly NIMA, NRO)
which is beginning to consider the use
of HALE UAVs as an alternative to its
traditional satellites, but for the mo-
ment, it is likely that the USAF will
have priority in these missions.
Export prospects for the Global
Hawk appear good in spite of the re-
markable inanity of the State Depart-
ment linkage between the Global
Hawk and the Missile Technology
Control Regime in 2003-2004. At the
moment, it would appear that the nin-
compoops at the State Department
will consent to Global Hawk sales if
the recipient countries promise not to
fit them with missiles. One wonders
why the State Department does not try
to limit airliners sales on the grounds
that they can be fitted for weapons
delivery?
The number of export aircraft will
be limited both by the high cost of the
system and technology concerns.
However, exports could add substan-
tially to Global Hawk production in
the out-years of the forecast period.
Germany and Australia appear to be
the near term buyers as well as the Eu-
ropean AGS batch. Other mid-term
customers could include Britain and
Japan. South Korea has a stated re-
quirement for a MALE UAV but may
proceed first with a national program.
Singapore has expressed interest in
Global Hawk, but is probably a sig-
nificant w ay from actually
committing to such a program.

Production Forecast
User (Variant) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Northrop Grumman
USAF (RQ-4) 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 51

RQ-7A Tactical UAV

Overview
The RQ-7A Shadow TUAV pro-
gram is a UAV system to provide
real-time reconnaissance, surveil-
lance, and target acquisition informa-
tion to US Army brigades.
TUAV suffered a series of misfor-
tu n e s an d f a ls e s tar ts in th e
mid-1990s, becoming entangled by
DoD insistence that the Army and
Navy combine their tactical UAV re-
quirements. After this led to a string
of failures, in November 1998 the
Joint Requirements Oversight Coun-
cil gave the Army the go-ahead to
proceed alone with the TUAV pro-
gram. In late December 1999, the
Army awarded a contract to AAI De-
fense Systems for their Shadow 200
RQ-7A TUAV
UAV. The Army awarded a second
LRIP contract for four systems on 30
over the past few years from a low of greater payload, fuel and and
March 2001, and a third in March
37 systems to the current high of 79 endurance.
2002. A favorable Milestone III deci-
systems. The Army is continuing to In 2006, the Marine Corps decided
sion was made on 25 September 2002
fund improvements in the TUAV sys- to acquire six Shadow systems under
leading to an award of a full produc-
tem including increased payload, im- its Marine Corps Tactical UAS
tion contract on 27 December 2002.
proved sensors, TCS improvements (MCTUAS) requirement to replace
The system was first deployed with
and other features, some of which are its old RQ-2 Pioneers UAVs.
the 4th Infantry Division at Ft. Hood
aimed at the new 2004 RQ-7B config- Poland became the first export
in 2002 and was operationally de-
uration of the air vehicle which has customer for the Shadow in 2006 with
ployed in Iraq in 2003. The Army ac-
an expected purchase of two systems.
quisition objective has fluctuated

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 32 The US Market

Funding
RDT&E ($ Millions) FY99 FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08*
PE# 0305204A Tactical UAV
Project 114 TUAV 50.2 45.0 34.1 35.2 68.6 67.9 15.8 24.0 15.9 7.9
Procurement ($ Millions) FY99 FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08*
Army Procurement BA 02: Communications and Electronics Equipment
TUAV — 0.8 47.4 56.4 105.4 121.6 305.6 305.2 36.0 39.5
(systems) — — (4) (5) (9) (8) (22) (16) — —
Marine Corps Procurement BA 04: Navy Weapons Procurement
MCTUAS — — — — — — — — — 90.2
(systems) — — — — — — — — — (5)
*Request

Current Developments
Shadow Program Plans
The Army has changed its pro-
curement objective several times over
the past few years. It was set at 44 sys-
tems up to FY03, then raised to 60
systems. In the FY05 budget submis-
sion, it was reduced again to 39 sys-
tems, with procurement funding
ending in FY07 instead of FY09. In
the FY06 budget submission it was
increased to 55 systems with addi-
tional funding being slotted into the
FY08-11 time frame and in the FY07
budget submission in February 2006,
it was raised again to 74 systems and
in the FY)8 budget submission it was
raised to 79 systems.
The Army is continuing to fund
improvements in the TUAV system
including increased payload, im-
proved sensors, TCS improvements
and other features. Air vehicle im-
provements include a target location
error (TLKE) system, addition of a
Tactical Common Data Link (TCDL),
integration with the Joint Tactical Ra-
dio System (JTRS) and an improved
laser designator. The program also in-
cludes efforts to incorporate reliabil-
ity fixes and other improvements
highlighted by operating experiences
in Iraq. AAI was awarded a $11.7 mil-
lion contract in July 2006 to develop
the new Tactical Commons Data
Link, with L-3 Communications and
Cubic being its major partners on the
effort.
MCTUAS
In 2006, the Marine Corps decided
to acquire six Shadow systems under
its Marine Corps Tactical UAS
(MCTUAS) requirement to replace
its old RQ-2 Pioneers UAVs. These
will be funded in FY08-09 at a total
program cost of $139.3 million.

Teal Group Analysis

The Army is finally on the way to
fielding its own tactical UAV, more
than 25 years after its first doomed
UAV program, the Aquila. Instead of
a custom built design, it has opted for
a low-cost off-the-shelf solution, the
AAI Shadow 200. The Army’s re-
quirement for the Shadow has
bounced up and down over the past
few years, now at 79 systems after
reaching its nadir of 39 systems in the
FY05 budget request. This fluctua-
tion is due to a decision to press ahead
with a longer-range system, the deci-
sion to acquire the RQ-8 Fire Scout
for the FCS brigade, and the Army’s
general confusion over its future
UAV needs. The Army appears now
to have decided it would rather have
the capability sooner rather than later
due to the demonstrated performance
of the RQ-7 in Iraq. Consolidation of
its FCS-related UAV efforts will also
help Shadow.
There has been some talk of a
USMC acquisition connected with its
Tier III requirement to replace its
over-aged Pioneers. However, no
funding for this is included in the cur-
rent FY08 budget documents and the
Marines appear to be focusing on the
Tier II requirement instead.
The RQ-7 could have a significant
export potential, and may have some
additional domestic procurement op-
portunities such as for civilian organi-
zations such as US Customs for
security patrol. The civil require-
ments for RQ-7 are much more diffi-
cult to predict since at the moment,
UAVs are not authorized to operate in
controlled air space over the US. It
will probably take five years at least
for the FAA to approve a regime for
UAV operation, but RQ-7 will have a
good shot at civil applications at that
stage due to its maturity by the end of
the decade.
The RQ-7 production forecast be-
low is for air vehicles and presumes
that at least four air vehicles will be
acquired per system (4+1 attrition
spare).

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

The US Market Page 33

Production Forecast
User (Variant) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
US (TUAV) 30 50 5 55 — — — 60 60 60 320
USMC (MCTUAS) 5 25 — — — — 10 — — — 40

US Army Future UAVs

Overview
The US Army, in cooperation with
DARPA, is beginning to explore a
family of networked armored vehi-
cles called the Future Combat System
(FCS). This system is expected to in-
corporate several UAVs. The Army
had identified four Classes of UAVs it
expected to acquire but in yet another
shake-up of the program dumped
Class II and Class III in 2006, leaving
only Class I and Class 4. Class I is the
platoon UAV and the Army currently
plans to use the AeroVironment
RQ-11 Raven until DARPA com-
pletes its objective Micro-Air Vehicle
(MAV) which is being developed by
Honeywell. Class IV is a pair of en-
durance UAVs, the Class IV-A at bri-
gade level which is the RQ-8B Fire
Scout and the Class IVB at divisional
and corps level which is the Ex-
tended-Range/Multi-Purpose UAV
(ERMP-UAV), based on the General
Atomics Warrior (Predator deriva-
tive). The Army envisioned acquiring
6,600 UAVs to equip its future bri-
gades but this is likely to be
substantially reconsidered.

Funding History
RDT&E ($ Millions) FY99 FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08*
PE# 0603286E Advanced Aerospace Systems
A160 Advanced Air Vehicle — — — — 13.6 9.0 9.0 7.0 7.0 5.0
PE# 0604645A Armored Vehicle Systems Modernization Eng. Dev,
Project F62 Recon platforms & Sensors
Class 1 UAV — — — — — 13.2 5.1 1.3 1.8 —
Class II UAV — — — — — — 0.3 4.1 6.1 —
Class III UAV — — — — — — 0.3 11.6 17.0 —
Class IV UAV — — — — — 16.3 27.6 27.6 40.5 —
PE# 0604662A FCS Recon (UAV) Platforms
Project FC3 Recon
(UAV) Platforms — — — — — — — — — 41.1

Current Developments
Requirement
During the 1990s, the US Army
began examining whether contempo-
rary main battle tanks have any future
on the modern battlefield. The main
problem from the US Army perspec-
tive has been the difficulty of trans-
porting heavy divisions around the
globe. As part of the Army’s quest for
“transformation”, futurists have
pushed for a radically different ap-
proach in future combat systems
aimed at a family of light vehicles
which would place a greater stress on
information gathering at a distance
rather than a close-combat platform.
This is attractive since it implies that
the FCS will not come under direct
hostile fire, and therefore does not
have to be armored. To conduct mis-
sions at extended ranges, the FCS
would incorporate UAVs into the de-
sign to enable the platform to acquire
and engage targets at extended
ranges.
Boeing/SAIC wins LSI Con-
tract
A team consisting of Boeing and
SAIC were selected as the lead sys-
tem integrators for the FCS program
in March 2002. This contract is for the
concept and technology development
phase (CTD) which could be fol-
lowed by additional contracts if the
options are exercised.
Army FCS UAV Plans
The Army is currently categoriz-
ing its UAV requirements into classes.
Under the scheme, each of the army’s
33 planned brigade-sized Units of
Action would operate about 200
UAVs each consisting each of 108
Class 1; 36 Class 2; 48 Class 3/Class
4A and eight Class 4B UAVs. This
would represent an objective of about
6,600 UAVs consisting of about
3,600 Class 1; 1,200 Class 2; 1,600
Class 3/Class 4B and 275 Class 4B.
Class 1 UAV
Class I is the platoon UAV with an
operational radius of 16 km, a one
pound payload, and an operating alti-
tude of 90 minutes. The Army cur-
ren tly p lan s to u se th e
AeroVironment RQ-11 Raven until
DARPA completes its objective Mi-
cro-Air Vehicle (MAV). The Army is
acquiring Raven in large numbers un-
der its small UAV program (SUAV)
and more details can be found in the
Mini-UAV section in this report.
In April 2003, the US Army Com-
munications-Electronics Command

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 34 The US Market

awarded Mission Technologies in

San Antonio, TX a contract for the de-
velopment and production of three
G en eratio n I I min i-U AV s .
Honeywell Aerospace is the prime
contractor for the MAV with AAI
Corp. being the airframe subcontrac-
tor. AAI won a February 2006 con-
tract for $1.7 million for the
construction of 55 MAV air vehicles.
The Honeywell MAV underwent its
first untethered free flight in 2005 and
in late May 2006 the Army selected
the Honeywell MAV for the SDD
phase, awarding Honeywell a $61
million contract which includes the
manufacture of 12 systems. The
Honeywell was fielded in Iraq on a
trials basis in the summer of 2007.

Class 2 UAV
The Army Class II was the com-
pany-level Organic Air Vehicle
(OAV) with a 30 km range, 10 pound
payload, five hour endurance and
1,000 feet operating altitude. DARPA
was planning to validate the OAV ad-
verse weather capability in late 2002
in at least two different size UAVs,
followed by demonstrations of OAV
waypoint flight and collision avoid-
ance technology in January 2003. The
program awarded two Phase I devel-
opment contracts in 2002 with deliv-
ery of air vehicles by December 2002.
These went to a team headed by Mi-
cro Craft (TRW, Athena Technolo-
gies, Alturdyne) and a team headed
by Honeywell Engines and Systems
(AeroVironment, D-Star Engineer-
ing, MLB, Honeywell Labs, NASA
Ames Research Center, Cypress Int’l,
and Techsburg). In November 2004,
DARPA awarded three contracts for
the development of prototype OAV-II
to Aurora Flight Sciences, BAE Sys-
tems and Honeywell Internationals.
The requirement was for a 112 pound
UAV with two hours endurance and a
10 km operational range. The cost ob-
jective was $75,000 per air vehicle,
excluding the sensors. An early ob-
jective of the flight test program was
to examine collision avoidance tech-
nology. In July 2005, BAE an-
nounced its decision to drop out of the
US Army Class I Mini-UAV
OAV-II effort. This left Aurora with
its Goldeneye and Honeywell with its
ISTAR based on the earlier Allied
Aerospace design. DARPA was
scheduled to down-select to one OAV
II developed in 3QFY06 which will
lead to the Phase II program with the
design and construction of two
prototypes for FY07/08 flight trials.
The Class II program underwent a
shakeup in mid-2004 with a decision
to fund a parallel Class II UAV not us-
ing ducted-fan technology. In August
2005, Boeing/SAIC down-selected
the Piasecki Air Guard shrouded rotor
vehicle for this effort. Under the 2006
plan, the Army Class II contender was
expected to fly-off against the
DARPA-sponsored OAV-II around
FY08. However, the Class II program
was chopped out of the FY08 budget
request in February 2006.
Class 3 UAV
Class 3 was the battalion-level
UAV. The program had a major
shake-up in the summer of 2004 and
Boeing/SAIC down-selected three
contenders for the requirement in Au-
gust 2005 including the Piasecki Air
Guard, AAI Shadow II and Teledyne
Brown Engineering’s Prospector. The
Prospector is a US variant of the
Rheinmetall KZO Tucan UAV being
acquired by the German army. This
program was expected to continue
with the next major decision point be-
ing the down-select to a single con-
tractor for SDD. However, the Class
III program was chopped out of the
FY08 budget request in February
2006.
Class 4 UAV
The US Army awarded a contract
to General Atomics in May 2003 for
three IGNAT UAVs based on the
Predator to help define its UAV re-
quirements. These UAVs were de-
ployed to Iraq in 2004 to help define
army requirements. For a variety of
reasons, the Army decided to break
the Class IV category into two sepa-
rate types: the Class IVA at brigade

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

The US Market
A160 Hummingbird
level which will be the RQ-8B Fire
Scout and the Class IVB at divisional
and corps level which is the Ex-
tended-Range/Multi-Purpose UAV
(ERMP-UAV). Two teams were com-
peting for ERMP: General Atomics
(teamed with AAI and Sparta) with a
Predator derivative called Warrior,
and a Northrop-Grumman team with
a version of the Israeli Heron called
Hunter II. The General Atomics
Warrior was selected by the Army for
the ERMP requirement on 8 August
2005. This program is covered in
more detail in the RQ-1 Predator
section.
The Class IVB is the RQ-8B Fire
Scout, based on an earlier Navy pro-
gram. The Navy initiated a VTOL
UAV program in its FY00 budget and
on 11 February 2000, the Navy se-
lected the Northrop Grumman
RQ-8A Fire Scout. In late 2001, the
Navy announced plans to cancel the
Fire Scout program, though it later re-
started the program. In any event, the
Army began considering the use of
the Fire Scout as a test-bed for their
UCAR (Unmanned Combat Armed
Rotorcraft) program in 2002-03.
Teal Group Analysis
The Army is embarking on a wide
range of new UAV concepts, many of
which are connected with its Future
Combat System (FCS) effort. The
UAVs are essential to FCS since the
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
However, in August 2003, the Army
decided to select Fire Scout as the ba-
sis for its Class IV UAV for the Future
Combat System program for its bri-
gade level Class 4A system. At the
moment, the Army is contracting with
Northrop Grumman to build eight
MQ-8B Fire Scouts to continue the
development effort. There have been
some attempts by other firms to un-
seat Northrop Grumman in this pro-
gram, with Boeing pushing for an
unmanned version of the AH-6 Little
Bird Helicopter called Unmanned
Little Bird (ULB) and Bell offering an
unmanned version of the Bell 407X
w h ich won th e A rmed
Reconnaissance Helicopter (ARH)
contest.
SIGINT UAV
The US Army is currently contem-
plating the use of a UAV for signals
intelligence collection. An initial pro-
gram to package the Division Tactical
UAV SIGINT system into a 60 pound,
one cubic foot module small enough
to be carried by the RQ-7 Shadow
proved beyond state-of-the-art and
the Army back-pedaled to three cubic
vehicles are too light to be survivable,
and therefore need UAVs to allow
them to carry out some of their mis-
sions at stand-off ranges outside the
Page 35
foot package capable of being carried
by the RQ-8 Fire Scout. The module
is being developed by BAE Systems.
A160 Hummingbird
Until 2002, the FCS program fo-
cused mainly on concept develop-
ment and preliminary examination of
key technologies. These included
preliminary work on the A160 UAV
and the OAV. The plan was to com-
plete three A160 air vehicles by June
2002 and to conduct the first flight
tests of a synthetic aperture radar/
moving target indicator (SAR/GMTI)
sensor on the A160 by October 2002.
The A160 Hummingbird was being
developed by Frontier Systems, but
Boeing acquired the air vehicle in
2004. The design employs a rigid ro-
tor and was initially funded under a
separate DARPA effort codenamed
Hummingbird Warrior. The first
flight of the A160 was conducted on
29 January 2002. The Army contin-
ued flight tests on the A160 in
FY03-FY05, including tests up to a
gross weight of 5,000 pounds and an
altitude of 30,000 feet, but the trials
were delayed by the loss of one of the
prototype air vehicles. The effort con-
tinues to be funded by DARPA but is
being monitored by the Army. The
Army is also expected to support a
demonstration effort of Frontier
Sciences Maverick VTUAV for
special forces applications.
Other UAV Efforts
The Army has also supported a va-
riety of other UAV efforts. For exam-
ple, the Army has been using the
SAIC Vigilante VTUAV as a test-bed
to examine UAV armament and in
early 2005 conducted firing trials of
the APKWS from the Vigilante at the
Yuma Proving Grounds.
envelope of enemy close-combat
weapons.
The FCS program is a tinker-toy
assortment of fads and alarmingly un-
realistic planning assumptions that
Page 36
has been continually reorganized
over the past few years as the Army
absorbs the fiscal reverberations and
tactical lessons of the recent fighting
in Iraq. On the fiscal side, the Army
faces substantial operations and
maintenance costs as its current fleet
of combat and tactical vehicles have
become worn out and in serious need
of rehabilitation or replacement. The
combat lessons of Iraq are unlikely to
support the current conception of
FCS which emphasizes light weight
transportability over survivability.
The heavy losses suffered by the army
against RPGs and IEDs will likely
force a reconsideration of the need for
heavy armored vehicles for the close
combat role.
Even after the FCS program is sub-
stantially reorganized, renamed, or
cancelled, the Army is likely to press
ahead with the associated UAV pro-
grams. If anything, a reorganization
of the FCS program could shift the
funding from the sillier aspects of the
programs such as the family of light
armored vehicles, and back to its true
transformational core of digitization
and ISR (intelligence, surveillance,
reconnaissance).
Production Forecast
User (Variant) 2008
Northrop Grumman
USA (Class 4A MQ-8B)
US Navy UAVs
Overview
The US Navy is attempting to de-
fine its future UAV requirements after
several years of disjointed and con-
fused effort. At the moment, it is con-
centrating on two efforts, the MQ-8B
F i r e S c o u t V T U A V ( Ve r t i c a l
Take-Off UAV) and the BAMS
(Broad Area Maritime Surveillance)
endurance UAV. In addition, it has
hosted a variety of smaller study ef-
forts, including several futuristic
efforts with DARPA.
In February 2000, the Navy se-
lected the Northrop Grumman
RQ-8A Firescout VTUAV. How-
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Unfortunately, the Army’s track
record on UAVs does not inspire a
great deal of confidence over the pro-
posed schedule or the scope of the
planned acquisition, nor has the UAV
aspect of the FCS program been
helped by its erratic funding and an-
nual course changes. It took the army
nearly 25 years to field an adequate
tactical UAV from the Aquila of the
late 1970s to today’s RQ-7 Shadow.
In addition, army funding for UAVs
in recent years has been modest, and
until recently, the FCS budget was
quite skimpy on UAV funding. That
so many of the key UAVs are still be-
ing developed by DARPA strongly
suggests that the technology is not
mature enough for serial production
until late in the forecast period. The
program has been suffering from a
roller-coaster ride where one aspect
of FCS receives priority one year,
only to be switched in priority the
next year. This happened yet again in
2006 when the army dumped two of
the programs, the Class II and Class
III, bizarrely the two programs which
in 2005 the Army had decided to
afford more priority.
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
— — — — 15 15
ever, in late 2001, the Navy an-
nounced it was planning to cancel the
Fire Scout program and buy four
Global Hawk UAVs instead. The
Navy reversed itself again in 2003,
stating that the Fire Scout was being
re-examined. Under current budget
plans, the Navy plans to begin
VTUAV procurement in FY07 to
support the new Littoral Combat Ship
(LCS), with an objective of 168 air
vehicles.
With the money saved from post-
poning the Fire Scout, the Navy ac-
quired two RQ-4A Global Hawks to
conduct a Maritime Demonstration
Program. This was intended to serve
The US Market
This leaves only the Class I in de-
velopment. Yet the Army has been
buying substantial numbers of RQ-11
Raven mini-UAVs for the same re-
quirement under its SUAV program.
It remains to be seen whether the
Honeywell MAV proves practical and
affordable. If so, it may complement
rather than replace the Raven for mis-
sions where hover/stare features are
important such as urban warfare.
However, helicopter type UAVs are
inevitably less fuel efficient than air-
craft types, so Raven is likely to re-
main in u s e f o r o p en f ield
environments.
The Army seems more likely to
press ahead with the Class 4A/-4B
programs, with the Fire Scout already
selected for the Class 4A requirement.
Due to its substantial payload, the
Fire Scout may branch out to satisfy
other requirements including a surro-
gate UCAR armed platform, and also
as a divisional/brigade SIGINT plat-
form. The Warrior ERMP also has
reasonably good prospects, and that
forecast is contained within the
Predator section.
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
15 15 15 — 75
as the basis for the BAMS require-
ment with eventual procurement of an
endurance UAV for long-range sur-
veillance. The Navy has contracted
four firms and teams to propose
BA MS c o n te n d e r s : N o r th r o p
Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk, the
Lockheed Martin teamed with Gen-
eral Atomics with the Predator
B-ER/Mariner, General Dynamics
teamed with Aeronautics with the
Dominator, and an undisclosed offer-
ing from the Boeing Phantom Works.
The Navy hopes to begin procure-
ment funding the BAMS UAV in
FY11 and deploy the first series
production UAV around FY13.
©Teal Group Corporation
The US Market Page 37

Both the Marine Corps and Navy begin a formal program to acquire a systems in FY09-13 and may extend
have been leasing the Boeing/Insitu Small Tactical UAS (STUAS) for the program beyond this date.
Scan Eagle for operations and dem- both Navy and USMC Tier II require-
onstrations and have also studied ments. with initial deliveries in May
other small UAVs for various applica- 2010. The Navy plans to acquire 88
tions as mentioned below. In January
2007, the Navy announced it would
Funding History
RDT&E ($ Millions) FY99 FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08*
PE# 0305204N Tactical UAV
VTUAV — 38.3 35.9 73.2 65.4 85.6 59.1 76.4 104.7 32.9
STUAS — — — — — — — — — 6.1
PE# 0305205N Endurance UAV
BAMS — — — — 188.4 95.1 64.0 — 26.2 116.7
PE# 0603261N Tactical Abn. Recon.
UAV Conops — 38.3 35.9 37.8 46.4 — — — — —
Procurement ($ Millions) FY99 FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY98*
Navy Aircraft Procurement BA.4: Other Aircraft
VTUAV — — — — — — — — 37.4 37.7
(quantity) — — — — — — — — (4) (3)
*Request

Current Developments
BAMS Endurance UAV
The Navy began funding in the
FY03 RDT&E budget for a Global
Hawk Maritime Demonstration Pro-
gram and a Concept of Operation
(CONOPS) effort to start its Broad
Area Maritime Surveillance (BAMS)
program. The effort was intended to
piggyback on US Air Force contracts
for the Global Hawk to minimize the
expense of acquiring a Global Hawk
and associated equipment to conduct
the experiments. The original plan
was to acquire two Global Hawks, but
then it was reduced to one Global
Hawk, and finally changed back to
two Global Hawks. The Navy began
flight testing of the first of its RQ-4A
in October 2004 and the second air-
craft made its first flight in June 2005. MQ-8B Fire Scout
The Global Hawk underwent accep-
tance tests and flight trials then UAV derivative of the General Dy- General Dynamics Advanced Infor-
deployed on fleet exercises and namics Gulfstream G550. A request mation Systems teamed the Israeli
missions near Iraq. for information on BAMS was re- Aeronautics firm and their Dominator
Although the Navy focused on the leased to industry on 17 March 2004. UAV, and an undisclosed UAV from
Global Hawk in its original BAMS In September 2005, the Navy selected th e Bo e in g P h a n to m Wo r k s .
program, it was pushed to open the four bidders for the program: AeroVironment has also proposed its
competition to other suitable plat- Northrop Grumman with the RQ-4 Global Observer for the requirement.
forms such as the General Atomics Global Hawk, Lockheed Martin Under the current plans, the Navy
Mariner (an extended range maritime teamed with General Atomics with will conduct the Milestone B in
patrol version of the Predator) and a the Mariner derivative of Predator, 4QFY07 based on the flight trials

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 38
with the two Global Hawks. This will
permit a SDD contract award to begin
development in 1QFY08. The Navy
plans to conduct the Milestone C de-
cision in 4QFY11 and so expects to
begin procurement funding in FY11
as well which will permit low-rate ini-
tial production and initial deliv-
ery/operational capability in FY13.
MQ-8 VTUAV
In spite of the curtailment of fur-
ther funding for the RQ-8A Fire Scout
in 2001, subsequent Navy budgets re-
versed course again and provided
funding for trials on the existing air
vehicles. The Fire Scout was tested in
April 2003 aboard a surrogate Littoral
Combat Ship (USS Denver) to exam-
ine its suitability for this future re-
quirement. Northrop Grumman
received a $8.3 million contract in
January 2006 to conduct flight trials
aboard the High Speed Vessel-2. Two
of the EMD RQ-8A aircraft con-
ducted autonomous landings on the
LPD-13 Nashville off Patuxent Naval
Air Station on 16-17 January 2006.
The Navy plans to procure nine
MQ-8B Fire Scouts in the engineer-
ing manufacturing development
phase to serve as the basis for the tri-
als and to provide interim capability;
this is a an increase of four air vehi-
cles due to a Congressional plus-ups
in FY05 and FY06. The Navy expects
that the Milestone C decision will be
made in 3-4QFY07, low-rate pro-
curement of seven MQ-8B take place
in FY07-08, and that the full rate pro-
duction decision will be made in
1QFY09. The Navy currently plans to
acquire 168 MQ-8B under the pro-
curement program of which 43 will be
funded in FY07-FY13.
The Navy is also considering a
hunter-killer version as the MQ-8
Seascout.
STUAS (Marine Tier II)
Both the Marine Corps and Navy
have been leasing the Boeing/Insitu
Scan Eagle for operations and dem-
onstrations and have also studied
other small UAVs for various applica-
tions as mentioned below.
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Silver Fox
In January 2007, the Navy an-
nounced it would begin a formal pro-
gram to acquire a Small Tactical UAS
(STUAS) for both Navy and USMC
Tier II requirements. The program is
expected to be in three stages, Incre-
ment 0 (off the shelf); Increment 1
(C2 integration, communications re-
lay, heavy fuel engine); Increment 3
(payload enhancement). The Navy
would like to reach Milestone B in
FY08, low rate production in
3QFY10; initial deliveries in May
2010, and initial operational capabil-
ity in FY10. The acquisition objective
is not entirely clear, but the Navy indi-
cates it plans to acquire 88 systems in
FY09-13. Contenders for the require-
ment are expected to include the BAE
Systems Skylynx, AAI Aerosonde
Mk 4; Advanced Ceramics Silver
Fox; Boeing Scan Eagle; Northrop
G r u mman K iller Bee, an d
presumably an AeroVironment
design.
Naval UAV Concepts
The Navy is considering the use of
the AeroVironment Helios very long
endurance UAV as a possible adjunct
communications relay, bridging the
gap between satellites and surface
based means.
The US Market
In 2003, Congress added $4.2 mil-
lion for the Navy to examine a Preci-
sion Re-supply Vehicle, type of
UAV.
The Navy has funded a team of
Boeing and Insitu Group in February
2002 to conduct a 15 month study of
their ScanEagle UAV, a very small
UAV weighing only 33 pounds that
could be used for a variety of mis-
sions. The ScanEagle is small enough
that it could conceivably be launched
from a submarine. In this regards, the
Navy contracted with Northrop
Grumman in early 2003 to develop an
expendable launch capsule to enable
a submarine to launch a small UAV
from underwater, dubbed the SACS
(stealthy affordable capsule system).
The Navy has been funding the Ad-
vanced Ceramics Research Silver
Fox mini-UAV for various applica-
tions including use as a stand-off
chemical detection system. In August
2005, the Navy acquired three A-160
Hummingbird helicopter UAVs for
a flight demonstration program.
DARPA has been cooperating with
the Navy on a futuristic Cormorant
S u b - lau n c h e d an d Re c o v e r e d
Multi-purpose UAV (MPUAV/a.k.a.
MPAV) and in May 2003 funded
Lockheed Martin’s Skunk Works for
a Phase 0 study effort of the concept.
©Teal Group Corporation
The US Market
DARPA and the Navy have also been
cooperating on a study program to ex-
amine the use of micro-air vehicles
for ship self-defense, using the
AeroVironment Wasp MAV as a test
bed.
T h e N a v y b e g a n f u n d in g
DUSTER (Deployable Unmanned
System for Targeting, Exploitation
and Recon) in FY04. The program is
aimed at examining airborne recon-
Teal Group Analysis
The Navy has shown belated inter-
est in UAVs for surveillance applica-
tions compared to the Army or
Marine Corps due to fundamentally
different tactical intelligence gather-
ing requirements. Until recently, the
Navy felt that existing naval sensors
are capable of detecting hostile ships,
aircraft and submarines; over-the-ho-
rizon surveillance and targeting is al-
r e a d y p e r f o r me d t o b y N a v y
helicopters, aircraft and ocean
surveillance satellites.
Over the past few years, the Navy
has begun to more seriously consider
the applicability of an endurance
UAV to its surveillance missions in
conjunction with the new P-8 MMA
which will replace the aged P-3
Orion. At the moment, the Navy plans
to begin funding the production series
of BAMS around FY11 but the scale
of this funding is still not clear in the
out years since the quantity will be
tied to which air vehicle the Navy se-
lects. The forecast below presumes
Production Forecast
User (Variant) 2008
Northrop Grumman
USN (MQ-8)
Undetermined
USN/USMC (STUAS)
Undetermined
USN (BAMS)
US Marine Corps Tactical UAV
Overview
The RQ-2A Pioneer is a remotely
piloted vehicle developed in Israel for
surveillance requirements. The US
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
naissance systems that could be used
in place of the existing aircraft based
TARPS pod. The Navy has received
Congressional plus-ups to study the
development of low-cost Smart
Warfighting Array Reconfigurable
Modules (SWARM), a type of
E-O/IR system for long-endurance
UAVs. The Navy has also procured
15 Neptune tactical UAVs from DRS
Unmanned Technologies starting in
that the Navy funds about three per
year to the end of the forecast period.
The Fire Scout program now ap-
pears tied to the Littoral Combat Ship
program, a program which is by no
means assured of reaching series pro-
duction. However, even this is better
news than previous Navy plans to
shelve the program entirely. Navy
procurement began procurement
funding for VTUAV in FY07 and ex-
tend well beyond FY13 with the pace
likely depending upon the progress of
the LCS program in general and the
suitability of the VTUAV. The Navy
currently plans to field a set of three
UAVs per LCS, and the objective for
the LCS has been put at 56-60 ships
which the Navy plans to support with
168 air vehicles. The real question is
the Navy’s commitment to the pro-
gram given its past roller-coaster his-
tory. It is entirely possible that the
Navy will reverse course again. There
have been some arguments that the
Eagle Eye tilt-rotor is better suited to
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
1 6 6 8 8 9
75 150 120 120 65 120
— — — — 2 2
Navy acquired it in the late 1980s as
an interim UAV system for use off US
Navy ships and by the US Marine
Corps. Production to date has in-
Page 39
2002. These are unusual in that they
can take off and land on water and are
being studied for special operations
applications. The Navy has an objec-
tive of 27 Neptunes. SOCOM ac-
quired 65 XPV-1 Tern tactical UAVs
which were operated by the Navy’s
Fleet Composite Squadron-6 (VC-6)
in Afghanistan in support of special
forces operations.
the mission as the Marine Corps has
argued. It is also possible that the
navy will acquire the MQ-8B for an
initial group of ships, but opt for an-
other system on the later ships. As a
result, the forecast below for MQ-8B
should be regarded as optimistic.
Should the Fire Scout reach full
scale production, it has fairly good
export prospects as there are few
ship-compatible UAVs in production
at the moment. The forecast below
does not include Army acquisition of
the RQ-8 for the FCS program which
is covered separately in the US Army
UAV section.
The Navy has also decided to for-
malize its Small UAV program which
until recently took the form of leasing
UAV services such as the Boeing
Scan Eye. The new STUAS program
will acquire STUAS/Tier II UAVs for
both the Navy and Marine Corps
rather than rely on continued leasing.
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
10 10 10 10 78
120 — — — 770
4 4 3 3 18
cluded at least nine systems and
slightly over 100 air vehicles. Con-
gress ordered the Navy to halt future
purchases in FY88 due to the decision
Page 40 The US Market

to press ahead with a Joint Tactical

UAV (BQM-155 Hunter, see report).
However, the Navy purchased 12 at-
trition replacements after the Gulf
War, a further 20 air vehicles in FY94,
and 15 air vehicles in 1996 to keep ex-
isting units operational until a new
UAV system arrives in service. Cur-
rent plans are to keep Pioneer opera-
tio n a l u n til 2 0 1 0 . L a c k in g a
follow-on, the Marines instituted a Pi-
oneer Improvement program in 2000
to keep the system viable until the end
of the decade. Procurement funding
for the upgrade began in FY03 with a
program cost of $35 million. The Ma-
rines started a new vertical unmanned
aircraft system (VUAS) effort in
FY06 which quickly ended due to
funding and other issues. In late 2006, RQ-2A Pioneer
the Marines decided to satisfy their
Tier III requirement by buying six ScanEagle UAV units to Iraq which is covered in the US Navy UAV
RQ-7 Raven systems which will be are being operated alongside the Pio- section above.
funded in FY08-09. The Raven will neer as an interim Tier II small UAV.
replace the Pioneer once available. In 2007, the Navy has initiated a for-
In July 2004, the Marines awarded mal Tier II Small Tactical UAS devel-
a contract to Boeing to deploy two opment/acquisition program, but this

Funding History
Procurement ($ Millions) FY99 FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08
Navy Weapons Procurement (WPN) BA 2: Other Missiles
Pioneer UAV 18.9 — — — 8.8 1.9 12.7 4.9 16.4 —
Marine Corps Procurement BA 04: Navy Weapons Procurement
MCTUAS — — — — — — — — — 90.2
(systems) — — — — — — — — — (5)

Current Developments
Pioneer PIP Ended
In 2000, the Marine Corps started
a Pioneer Improvement Program,
aimed at making the system more por-
table and to extend the useful life of
its components. There are also plans
to gradually improve the air vehicle,
starting with the software from the
Raytheon Tactical Ground Control
Station, and later extending the effort
to the sensors and communication
links.
The Marines started to fund pro-
curement elements of this effort in
FY03 with an expected program cost
of $35.6 million. The program in-
cludes procurement of an improved
Ground Control Station based on the
system used with the Army Shadow;
upgrades to the Launch and Recovery
System such as smaller
trailer-mounted launchers; Tactical
Data Link upgrades; Air vehicle up-
grade kits including a more capable
E-O/IR payload, auxiliary fuel tanks,
and engine upgrades; and associated
logistics support. The program was to
be completed by FY09. However, in
late 2006, the Marines decided that
rather than continue to fund the Pio-
neer, it would be more cost effective
to simply buy a new UAV. They de-
cided to acquire the US Army RQ-7
Shadow as detailed below.
Marine ScanEagle (Tier 2)
As part of its UAV improvement
efforts, the USMC recategorized its
programs in 2004 into Tier 1 (small
UAVs), Tier 2 (intermediate tactical)
and Tier 3 (tactical such as Pioneer).
In July 2004, the Marine Corps
awarded Boeing with a contract for
two ScanEagle UAV systems (mobile
deployment units) for deployment to
Iraq with the 1st Marine Expedition-
ary Force. The ScanEagle was first
deployed in Iraq in August 2004 and
by May 2005 had accumulated 3,000
flight hours. Marine UAV Squadron 2
(VMU-2) deployed them to the Al
Asad area of Iraq and they are being
used alongside the Pioneer. These

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

The US Market Page 41

UAVs are being operated under an
ISR services contract rather than pro-
curement. The Marine Corps is also
operating the Silver Fox small UAV
with the 15th Marine Expeditionary
Unit starting in the summer of 2006.
The Tier II program will be a joint
USN/USMC acquisition and is being
managed by the US Navy so the de-
tails of the Tier II/STUAS program
are contained in the US Navy UAV re-
port in this section.
Future Marine UAS (Tier 3)
The Navy planned to acquire the
RQ-8 Fire Scout to replace the Pio-
neer for its Tier 3 requirement but
abruptly cancelled the program in
2001. As a result, the Marine Corps
was forced to keep the Pioneer in ser-
vice until 2010-2011 though attrition
could end the service life faster than
planned. The Marines planned to start
a new program in FY06 which ex-
pected to develop a system which
would include 11 systems each with
two ground control stations and four
air vehicles. The Marines considered
both the Army RQ-7 Shadow and
Navy RQ-8 Firescout and rejected
both. The Marines ideally would like
a system which could be employed in
the reconnaissance role, but also to
act as an armed escort for its planned
V-22 Osprey force. This implies a
higher speed airframe such as the
Textron Eagle Eye tilt-rotor UAV.
In the summer of 2004, the Marine
Corps announced that it was reorient-
ing the TUAV program, and specifi-
c a lly lo o k in g f o r a Ver tic a l
Unmanned Aircraft System (VUAV).
Although the USMC Oversight
Council issued a decision memo in
the summer of 2004 suggesting it
would look at various UAVs as poten-
tial candidates, it was later decided to
narrow the focus to the Coast Guard
HV-911 on the grounds that the
USMC could then leverage off the
Coast Guard’s development effort. As
a result of this decision, the Marine
Corps planned a three-year demon- ScanEagle
stration of the HV-911 starting in
FY06 for its future UAV require-
ments. The program was expected to program was trimmed back to a one
run for four years (FY06-09) at a cost year effort to study alternatives.
of $26.3 million in RDT&E and $45.2 In late 2006, the Marine Corps fi-
million in air vehicle procurement nally concluded that the best short
funding. The funding was expected to term solution was to go off-the-shelf
be sufficient for two GCS and eight and a decision was made to acquire
VUAV. In the meantime, the Coast the US Army RQ-7 Shadow, under a
Guard program ran into some signifi- program renamed Marine Corps Tac-
cant problems which raised the issue tical Unmanned Aerial System
of whether the Eagle Eye would in (MCTUAS). This program plans to
fact be available in time. As a result, acquire six systems, funded in
in the FY07 budget submission this FY08-09 at a cost of $139.3 million.

Teal Group Analysis

In the past year, the Marine Corps
has finally made several critical deci-
sions about its future UAV program.
The Pioneer is so aged that rather than
continue to pour money into its repair,
the USMC decided to simply buy six
RQ-7 Raven systems of the type oper-
ated by the US Army. This will satisfy
the short term Tier III requirement,
though it is possible that the Marines
might revisit the requirement late in
the decade after the Navy has ac-
quired some RQ-8 Fire Scouts. The
Shadow acquisition is covered above
in the RQ-7 Shadow section.
At the same time, the Marines and
the Navy are proceeding to regularize
their operation of Tier II small UAVs,
a category between the Tier 1 SURSS
mini-UAV and the Tier III Shadow.
Until now, they have been leasing
Boeing Scan Eagles. Under the new
Tier II/STUAS program, the Marines
and Navy will jointly acquire a new
system. This is covered in the US
Navy UAV section above since it is
being managed and funded by the
Navy.

US Micro-/Mini-UAVs
Overview
Small, low-cost UAVs are being
examined for a variety of military ap-
plications. Generally these are cate-
gorized as mini- and micro-UAVs.
Mini-UAVs are tactical systems in-
tended for small unit reconnaissance,
perimeter security and similar appli-
cations. They are small enough to be
man-portable, and are either hand
launched or use some form of launch
assistance such as a bungee cord. Mi-
cro-UAVs are very small air vehicles,
which can be held in the hand. In this
report the abbreviation MAV is used
to encompass both types.
The US deployed two MAVs in the
1990s, the FQM-151 Pioneer and the

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 42 The US Market

BQM-147 Exdrone. In recent years, a

profusion of programs have sprouted
up primarily to support operations in
Afghanistan and Iraq. In 1997, the
Marine Corps took its first steps to de-
velop the Dragon Eye, a mini-UAV
intended for small unit reconnais-
sance. The Marine Corps has begun to
acquire the Dragon Eye as part of its
SURSS (Small Unit Remote Scouting
System) in FY04 with an objective of
176 systems and about 1,000 air vehi-
cles for a program cost of $25.5 mil-
lion. The contract for Dragon Eye was
awarded to AeroVironment in No-
vember 2003. Due to high wash out
rates, in 2006, the Marines decided to
substitute the Army’s RQ-11 Raven
as the “Block 1” of SURSS starting
with part of the FY06 funding.
T h e U S A r my a c q u i r e d
AeroVironment RQ-11A Raven
mini-UAV systems for operations in FQM-151 Pointer
Iraq and Afghanistan and plans to ac-
quire 648 Small UAV systems planning to acquire a very small UAV Combat System MAV requirement.
(SUAS) in FY06-11; the Raven B was called BATMAV in FY07-11. Honeywell has been the prime con-
selected for this requirement in 2006. DARPA has funded a significant tractor on the FCS-related MAV.
The Air Force has acquired the number of Micro-UAV efforts and
Lockheed Martin Sentry Owl MAV this effort in part supports the Future
for perimeter security functions and is
Funding History
Procurement ($ Millions) FY99 FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08*
US Army Procurement: Communications and Electronics Equipment
SUAV — — — — — 109.8 13.4 19.0 10.2 20.7
(quantity) — — — — — (185) (270) (106) (64) (100)
Marine Corps Procurement (PMC): Communications and Electronics Equipment
SURSS — — — — — 2.0 6.7 14.1 13.7 n/a
(quantity) — — — — — (9) (50) (113) (83) (46)

Costs
Private funding for the develop-
ment of the FQM-151 Pointer totaled
$220,000. Unit cost of the FQM-151
Pointer in the 1989 buy was $16,400
each with an aim to drop costs down
to $5,000 to $10,000 in a mass pro-
duction version. The ground control
unit is believed to cost about $20,000
in the initial versions.
Unit costs for the Exdrone have
not been released, but are believed to
have been about $10,000 per air vehi-
cle.
The Marine Corps objective for
Dragon Eye was a system cost of
$60-70k which includes two air vehi-
cles and a manportable ground con-
trol station. According to FY06

Sentry Owl

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

The US Market
budget documents, the actual unit
cost was $130,000 in FY04 and
$154,000 for the FY06 buy.
RQ-11A Raven has an system cost
objective of about $25,000 which in-
Current Developments
Army Small UAV (SUAS)
After a 1999 demonstration of the
FQM-151 Pointer for military opera-
tions in urban terrain, the Army ap-
proach AeroVironment about the
construction of a smaller UAV. Ini-
tially dubbed “Flashlight”, the UAV
eventually evolved into the RQ-11
Raven under the Army’s Pathfinder
ACTD. This system was initially
dubbed SUAV (Small UAV).
The first large scale acquisition
was by SOCOM with a purchase of
five systems with options for 10
more. During operations in Iraq, the
Army determined the need for an im-
mediate capability for a small unit
UAV and decided to increase the
scope of the Raven acquisition to 185
Raven systems, funded in FY03-04.
AeroVironment received a $20.7 mil-
lion contract for the 185 systems. The
systems cost about $25,000 each and
include three air vehicles, a ground
control station, remote video terminal
and associated sensor pack. The
100th Raven system was delivered in
late 2 0 0 4 . A c c o r d in g to
AeroVironment, as of early 2005,
1,300 Raven air vehicle had been
built with about 2,000 more under
contract. The Army procured a fur-
ther 270 systems in FY05 to support
fielding modular units.
The Army has a continuing re-
quirement for a Small Unmanned Ae-
rial System (SUAS) and plans to fund
648 systems in FY06-11 at a cost of
$127.4 million. The Army opened
this requirement to competitive bid
with AeroVironment offering deriva-
tives of the Raven, and L3 Communi-
cations offering the BAI Aerosystems
Evolution XTS which had earlier
competed in the Marine Dragon Eye
program. AeroVironment won the
competition with the RQ-11 Raven B
and so Raven will form the basis for
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
cludes a GCS, sensors and three air
vehicles, but actual procurement
funding for the SUAV effort is closer
to $200,000 per system including
spares.
Dragon Eye
Army Small UAVs for the foreseeable
future. The RQ-11 Raven B SUAS re-
ceived full rate production authority
in October 2006.
In the longer term, the Army is
looking for a mini-UAV with VTOL
capability and this is covered in the
US Army UAV report in this section.
Marine Dragon Eye
I n S e p te mb e r 1 9 9 7 , BA I
Aerosystems was awarded two con-
tracts valued at over $1 million for
further work on the Exdrone. Under
the first award, BAI converted 60
Exdrone into the new Dragon Drone
configuration with a GPS upgrade,
and an upgraded sensor. The USMC
experimented with the Dragon Drone
for shipboard launches. The upgrades
were applied to the bulk of the flyable
examples of the approximately 85
Exdrones still in inventory. The sec-
ond award was to mount a miniature
chemical weapons detector on a
Dragon Drone for future trials.
The US Marines had a requirement
for an Interim Small Unit Remote
Sensing System (ISURSS). This is
based around the Dragon Eye MAV
Page 43
with each system including three air
vehicles, and a ground station based
a r o u n d a P a n a s o n ic CF - 3 4
ToughBook laptop computer.
In July 2001, the Navy Research
Lab awarded a competitive develop-
men t c o n tr a c t to BA I an d
AeroVironment for prototypes of the
Dragon Eye. Marine funding for the
program was $3 million in FY01 and
$2.2 million in FY02. The aim was to
field a four pound drone and an asso-
ciated ground control station based
around a portable laptop computer.
The Dragon Eye carries a small one
pound daylight camera and is entirely
battery operated. The air vehicles
have a durability of about 40 flights.
A small number of Dragon Eyes were
deployed in March 2003 with Marine
units during Operation Iraqi Free-
dom.
The Marines originally planned to
acquire 1,000 Dragon Eyes and 200
Dragon control stations at a cost of
about $3,000 per air vehicles and
$10,000 per GCS. The goal was later
stated to be 311 systems at a cost of
$60-70k per system, with each system
consisting of two air vehicles and one
Page 44
ground control station. This acquisi-
tion objective would probably in-
clude 1,000 air vehicles due to the
expendable nature of the UAVs.
AeroVironment was selected to pro-
vide the Dragon Eye and a contract
was awarded in November 2003 for
the FY04 batch of nine systems. The
program is now called SURSS (Small
Unit Remote Scouting System) and
the objective was repegged at 291
new acquisition systems since 20
AeroVironment systems were pro-
vided earlier in the development pro-
gram. Total acquisition costs in
FY04-FY09 were expected to be
$25.5 million. However, under the re-
vised program covered in the FY06
budget plan, the acquisition objective
was trimmed to 176 systems in
FY04-07 at a cost of $26.7 million. In
2006, the Marine corps decided to
switch from the Dragon Eye to the
Army’s Raven due to a high wash out
rate during operations in Iraq. As a re-
sult, 101 of the systems funded in
FY06 are “Block 0” Dragon Eyes
while the remaining 12 delivered in
early 2007 were Ravens. The remain-
ing SURSS requirement will be satis-
fied by the Raven Block 1. Marine
documentation on the funding for this
extended program are incomplete, but
suggest that funding will continue in
FY08-09 for a further 131 systems
(46+85)
The Marines studied a larger and
more elaborate helicopter UAV called
Dragon Warrior. This was based
around Sikorsky’s Cypher UAV, but
the program was shelved in 2003.
Micro-UAVs
DARPA has been studying the fea-
sibility of micro-UAVs since the
mid-1990s. These are small (under 1
foot), powered UAVs using miniatur-
ized cameras. The idea is that they
could be used by individual soldiers
to scout ahead in urban warfare envi-
ronments. The requirement is that
they have a range up to 10 km, speeds
up to 30 mph, and endurance of
20-120 min. DARPA spent about $12
million on the program in FY98-00.
In December 1997, a number of con-
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
RQ-11 Raven
tracts were given out for the purpose
including:
• MIT (micromechanical sys-
tems-based micro-gas turbine en-
gines for micro-UAV)
• D-STAR Engineering (low ob-
servable, safe-operation, fuel effi-
cient, light weight propulsion and
power system for advanced
Micro-UAV)
• T e c h n o lo g y in Bla c k s b u r g
(thermo-electric-based advanced
Micro-UAV)
• SRI Int’l (flapping wing propul-
sion using electrostrictive polymer
artificial muscle actuators)
• Vanderbilt University (elastic-dy-
namic ornithopic flying robotic in-
sect
• California Institute of Technology
(Micro-bat)
In June 2001, DARPA narrowed
the competitors to Honeywell and
MicroCraft for a 36 month cost-shar-
ing VTOL UAV study. A Micro-Air
Vehicle (MAV) was included in 2002
Department of Defense Advanced
Concept Technology Development
efforts. AeroVironment developed
The US Market
the Wasp MAV for DARPA and in
2002, set an endurance record of one
hour, 47 minutes.
DARPA has also been involved in
the Army’s Class 1 MAV requirement
for the FCS program. Class I is the
platoon UAV with an operational ra-
dius of 16 km, a one pound payload,
and an operating altitude of 90 min-
utes. The Army currently plans to use
the AeroVironment Raven until
DARPA completes its objective Mi-
cro-Air Vehicle (MAV). In April
2003, the US Army Communica-
tions-Electronics Command awarded
Mission Technologies in San Anto-
nio, TX a contract for the develop-
ment and production of three
G en eratio n I I min i-U AV s .
Honeywell Aerospace is the prime
contractor for the MAV with AAI
Corp. being the airframe subcontrac-
tor. AAI won a February 2006 con-
tract for $1.7 million for the
construction of 55 MAV air vehicles.
The Honeywell MAV underwent its
first untethered free flight in 2005 and
in late May 2006 the Army selected
the Honeywell MAV for the SDD
phase, awarding Honeywell a $61
million contract which includes the
manufacture of 12 systems.
©Teal Group Corporation
The US Market
AF MAV Requirement
The USAF had a requirement for a
small UAV to conduct perimeter se-
curity duties at forward-deployed US
airbases. Among the candidates were
the Pointer, the Sea Dragon, the
RQ-2A Pioneer, and Sikorsky’s ex-
perimental Cypher flying disc. In
2001, the Air Force’s Electronic Sys-
tems Command at Hanscom AFB
took over this effort under its FPASS
quick reaction program aimed at ex-
amining small UAVs to detect
man-portable SAM operators near
airbases. A contract was awarded to
the Lockheed Martin Skunk Works
for an initial batch of UAVs for this
application, based on the Sentry Owl
UAV. A small number of Sentry Owls
were experimentally deployed by air
force units for base surveillance in
Afghanistan in 2002.
The Special Operations Systems
Group (SOFSG), Battlefield Airmen
Flight released a request for informa-
Teal Group Analysis
Mini- and Micro-UAVs have be-
gun to attract considerable attention
from a wide variety of potential mili-
tary users. These are seen as potential
reconnaissance assets at small unit
level, or for perimeter security tasks.
In addition, advanced micro-UAV de-
signs are viewed as having an appli-
cation to urban warfare, able to
operate within and around buildings
instead of flying over buildings.
There are numerous challenges to
the mini-UAVs, not the least of which
is size. By their very nature, these
UAVs rely on very small airframes
that are subject to wind conditions at
low altitude. This will put a damper
on their use in areas such as near the
coast where there are apt to be intense
and frequent gusts. It will also com-
promise their use for security tasks
such as perimeter patrols if the sys-
tems cannot perform 24 hours a day,
seven days a week due to periodic
vulnerability to weather.
The second technical challenge is
sensor limitations. Due to their small
size, these UAVs are forced to rely on
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
tion on 21 December 2005 to acquire
a Battlefield Air Targeting Micro Air
Vehicle (BATMAV). The aim is to
provide a small UAV for real-time re-
connaissance, surveillance, and target
acquisition (RSTA) and battle dam-
age assessment (BDA). The RFP was
released in September 2006 and was a
small business set-aside. The Air
Force has stated the requirement for
BATMAV as approximately 314 sys-
tems for the primary customer. (30 in
FY07, 75 in FY08, 116 in FY09 and
93 in FY10) The proposed system in-
cludes a Ground Control Station (one
per system), Air Vehicle (two per sys-
tem). The Air Force planned to begin
funding the system in FY06. There
h a v e b e e n r e p o r ts th a t th e
AeroVironment Wasp was selected
for this requirement.
Navy Efforts
The Office of Naval Research’s
Swamp Works has been examining a
very small, light-weight cameras.
This results in several related prob-
lems. It is difficult to fit such a sensor
to a stabilized platform due to payload
restrictions, and as a result, the image
provided to the operator can be de-
graded by wind-induced motion, or
vibration from the aircraft propul-
sion. Even if using some of the newer
optical stabilization technologies, the
imagery is often far from ideal due to
the narrow viewing angle of the cam-
era, poor resolution of low-power
cameras, and degradation of imagery
by transmission problems between
the UAV and the operator due to weak
power sources. These problems be-
come more serious the smaller the air-
frame. For example, there are UAV
payloads in simple ball mounts with
pan, tilt, and zoom functions weigh-
ing only six pounds. While this is a
feasible payload for a mini-UAV
weighing 50 pounds, it is too much
for a five pound UAV.
Several armed forces have decided
to forego the usual prolonged devel-
opment programs, and simply acquire
Page 45
variant of the Marine Corps Dragon
Eye called Sea ALL (Sea Airborne
Lead Line) with the Fifth Fleet for po-
tential applications in naval force pro-
tection. The Naval Surface Warfare
Center (NSWC) at Carderock has
been examining a small UAV called
Swamp using Swamp Works funding
to develop a UAV under $2,000 that
could be employed as an expendable
sensor, much like a sonobouy, with a
cheap camera. The Office of Naval
Research (ONR) has funded Ad-
vanced Ceramics Research (ACR) to
develop a low-cost UAV called Silver
Fox that was originally intended to
track whales. It has subsequently
been used to examine other applica-
tions for mini-UAVs, and was used in
small numbers over Iraq in 2003.
Congress added a further $15 million
funding in FY04 to acquire more
Silver Foxes.
existing systems to test them in actual
working conditions. Over the past
few years, the US Marine Corps, US
Army, and USAF have all begun ac-
quiring mini-UAV systems. The in-
vestments for these systems are
relatively modest, on the order of $25
million for 100-150 systems. The US
Army has requirements even beyond
the initial Raven purchase, but ap-
pears to be interested in fielding avail-
able systems now, and not wait for a
an optimum system.
This pattern may be paralleled
elsewhere, with armies first acquiring
an ex istin g mo d estly-p riced
mini-UAV system in spite of its limi-
tations, with the expectation that the
shelf-life of the air vehicles is fairly
limited anyway. What remains to be
seen is how valuable these systems
will prove.
The initial word from the US
Army in Iraq is that they are ex-
tremely valuable in low intensity con-
flicts for patrolling. In spite of their
significant technical limitations, they
have some decided advantages. Un-
Page 46
like tactical UAVs where there is a
need for deconfliction with other air-
craft, mini-UAVs are operated at such
a low level that they can be employed
without a major concern over other
air traffic. They are readily available,
and units don’t have to wait hours or
days to schedule a mission. Some
army officers are referring to them as
b ein g an in tellig en ce co llec-
tion/warfighting technology as valu-
able as night vision goggles. If the
night vision goggle analogy holds,
the scope of mini-UAV purchases
could expand significantly in coming
years. It seems likely that both the
Army and Marines will continue to
acquire mini-UAVs beyond the cur-
rent SUAS and SURSS programs,
and there is likely to be a continuing
though small acquisition by other
DoD organizations such as the Air
Production Forecast
User (Variant) 2008
AeroVironment
RQ-11 Raven (USA 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
RQ-11 Raven (USMC) 145
Undetermined
BATMAV (USAF) 150
Other (US) — —
UCAVs
Overview
In the mid-1990s, the US armed
forces began to examine the concept
of UCAVs (uninhabited combat air
vehicles). Unlike current UAVs that
are intended primarily for reconnais-
sance missions, UCAVs are a combat
UAV that could be employed on strike
missions. UCAV programs were ini-
tially developed under separate US
Air Force and US Navy programs but
in June 2003, DoD decided to merge
both programs into a common effort
referred to as J-UCAS (Joint Unin-
habited Combat Air Systems). In
2004, DoD decided to shift manage-
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Force and Special Operations
Command.
Micro-UAVs face an even greater
technical and tactical challenge. At
the moment, it is hard to see how they
can carry a sensor and transmitter
large enough to provide useful infor-
mation. Even should these programs
proceed to serial production, the size
of the market is likely to remain mod-
est if for no other reason than the rela-
tively modest costs of the air vehicles.
Until recently, the size of the inter-
national market for mini-UAVs has
probably been on the order of about
$5 million in annual world-wide
RDT&E spending and perhaps $10
million in procurement. It has proba-
bly tripled in size over the past few
years. Some of this is a spurt caused
by Iraqi war needs, but it appears to be
the start of a trend which will proba-
bly drive up the mini-UAV market to
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
— —
275 120 — — — —
130 190 150 — —
— — — — 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500
ment responsibility for the J-UCAS
effort back to the Air Force to occur in
FY06 (October 2005). Two systems
were being developed, the Boeing
X-45C and the Northrop Grumman
X-47B Pegasus which shared a Com-
mon Operating System. The J-UCAS
program was expected to reach the
Operational Assessment phase in
FY07 through FY10 at which point
the services would decide whether to
proceed engineering development, or
terminate the program. Instead, in
December 2005, DoD ordered the
program split in two with the Air
Force shifting its attention to a classi-
The US Market
$35 million annually through the end
of the decade.
The micro-UAV market is even
more difficult to predict. Annual
funding has probably been higher
than in the case of mini-UAVs, as the
technology for miniaturization has
soaked up a small but significant
amount of funding from DARPA for
basic and advanced research. Annual
world funding in this field has proba-
bly exceeded $10 million annually
largely in the US, though it is difficult
to identify all this funding as some has
been allotted for multi-role technol-
ogy demonstrations. Procurement so
far has been nearly non-existent ex-
cept for technology demonstrations.
Actual micro-UAV procurement over
the next decade is difficult to assess
since it is by no means clear that such
air vehicles and systems will prove
feasible.
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
— — — — 4,000
— — — 540
— — — — 620
6,000
fied program, and the Navy responsi-
ble for the remnants of the UCAV
program, now limited to a carrier
demonstration effort, now called
UCAS-D. Northrop Grumman won
the demonstration contract in the
summer of 2007. The Navy effort is
aimed at fielding the carrier-borne
strike N-UCAS in FY18.
The Air Force examined a strate-
gic stealth strike platform under its
New Generation Long Range Strike
Program, but it would now appear
that a manned aircraft will be
pursued.
©Teal Group Corporation
The US Market Page 47

Funding History
RDT&E ($ Millions) FY99 FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08*
PE# 0207256F J-UCAS
— — — — — 2.3 — — — —
PE# 0604731F UCAV
— — — — 40.0 14.6 — — — —
PE# 0604731F UCAV
— — — — 160.5 — — — — —
PE# 0603400F J-UCAS
— — — — — — — 76.7 — —
PE# 0604400F J-UCAS
— — — — — — — 272.3 — —
PE# 0603400D J-UCAS ATD
— — — — — — 354.8 — — —
PE# 0604400D J-UCAS ACPD
— — — — — — 217.4 — — —
PE# 0604402N UCAV
— — — — — — — — 99.6 161.6
*Request

Current Developments
UCAV Requirement
In the mid-1990s, the US armed
forces began to study he possibility of
using UAVs to carry out lethal strike
missions as well as conventional re-
connaissance missions. This was
largely an offshoot of existing studies
of the utility of UAVs. The concept is
not entirely new. The BQM-34
Firebee drone was tested in a strike
configuration during the late 1960s as
an effort to develop a system capable
of penetrating concentrated air de-
fenses and reducing crew casualties.

J-UCAS Consolidation
In FY02, the Office of the Secre-
tary of Defense began considering the
amalgamation of the USAF and USN
UCAV programs under a single of-
fice, patterned on the current JSF pro-
gram office, with one service taking
charge of development. In 2003, DoD
decided to consolidate the Air Force
X-45A UCAV
and Navy program under a common
J-UCAS (Joint Uninhabited Combat
fort, Boeing will probably build three Spiral 1 was planned to involve the
Air System), with management being
UCAV at a cost of about $140 million larger X-45C and X-47 demonstra-
centralized under DARPA. This was
and Northrop Grumman two at a cost tors and include demonstrations of
formally announced on 23 June 2003.
of $160 million. Boeing received a low-cost low observability features,
In May 2003, DARPA instructed
contract from DARPA in July 2003 to catapult launches for the naval vari-
Boeing and Northrop Grumman to
integrate the new Spiral 1 objectives ants, arrested landings and other dem-
develop new UCAV designs capable
into the program. onstrations of system capabilities.
of a range of 1,300 nautical miles and
The Spiral 0 effort was planned to This effort was to be followed by a
a payload of 4,500 pounds with low
include two X-45As and one X-47A. two year operational assessment
observable airframes. Under the ef-

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 48
scheduled to begin in 2007. The de-
velopment program was expected to
last seven years with operational de-
ployment of the Air Force A-45
around 2010 and the Navy system
around 2105.
Back to the USAF
In April 2004, DARPA announced
plans to include a Common Operating
System into the J-UCAS program.
This was an attempt to impose an inte-
grator/broker to manage the program
between Boeing and Northrop
Grumman and to ensure commonality
on certain aspects of the program
such as ground control, sensors, pay-
loads and other potential shared sys-
tems. In 2004, DoD decided to shift
management of the J-UCAS back
from DARPA to the Air Force. Part of
the consolidation effort meant that the
Spiral 1 risk-reduction phase would
be curtailed in favor of an earlier Op-
erational Assessment (OA) phase.
This became largely moot in
December 2005 when the program
was reorganized.
J-UCAS Killed
As a result of the Quadrennial De-
fense Review, the Air Force decided
to back off from the J-UCAS effort.
Various public explanations have
been offered, apparently centered on
concern that the current platforms are
too small for the USAF mission. In
December 2005, DoD ordered the
program split, with the Navy taking
over the remnants of the J-UCAS pro-
gram, and the Air Force initiating a
classified program.
The future direction of the USAF
program is not clear but may include
both a tactical strike UCAV and a stra-
tegic (long-range) strike element. The
A ir F o r c e b e g a n lo o k in g a t
Teal Group Analysis
The Uninhabited Combat Air Ve-
hicle (UCAV) is the most futuristic
application for UAVs, and has seen
considerable turmoil over the past
several years while the services
thrash out what they expect from the
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
X-47A Pegasus First Flight
long-range manned and unmanned
options under its Next Generation
Long Range Strike (NGLRS) pro-
gram which is expected to reach $1.1
billion in RDT&E funding in FY11.
However, in 2007, Air Force officials
indicated that a manned platform was
the preferred solution. The tactical
UCAV effort has disappeared from
public view, but may be an enlarged
version of the current J-UCAS
designs.
UCAS-D
In the wake of the cancellation of
J-UCAS, the Navy restructured the
program as a two element advanced
development effort. The immediate
program is a carrier demonstration
program. The Navy issued a RFP for
the demonstration program in
mid-FY07 with Boeing and Northrop
Grumman competing. Northrop
Grumman teamed with Lockheed
Martin for this contract, and won the
p r o g r a m. D A R PA h e a d e d t h e
program until through the recent con-
solidation, only to see DoD again
break up the program with the Navy
pursuing the carrier-based J-UCAS
and the Air Force pursuing a classi-
The US Market
award in the summer of 2007. This
demonstration program is intended to
explore the feasibility of carrier based
UCAS operations no later than FY13.
The plan calls for the aircraft to be de-
v e lo p e d b y th e e n d o f F Y 11 ,
land-based testing to begin in
3Q-FY11 and ship testing to begin in
1Q-FY13. A parallel program will be
conducted to develop the necessary
ship interface including precision
navigation systems and the mission
control system.
The second program is a UCAS
Technology Maturation effort which
will examine a variety of UCAS im-
provements including an automated
in-air refueling system. The Navy has
tentatively discussed a future car-
rier-borne strike UCAV, now called
N-UCAS. The Navy has tentatively
set a goal of an IOC of FY18, but
given the lack of planning, this is the
sketchiest of goals.
fied UCAV. The program as it cur-
rently stands has probably entered the
“land of the walking dead” as the
Navy is lukewarm at best about this
requirement. Navy program will
probably have enough money to pre-
©Teal Group Corporation
The US Market Page 49

vent the current effort from com-
pletely dying, but not enough for it to
prosper. The Navy has not shown any
particular enthusiasm for UAVs in
general, and the idea of funding a re-
motely piloted air vehicle to land on
carrier decks seems exceedingly risky
and unattractive.
The Air Force is another matter
a n d th e s e r v ice w o u ld lik e a
long-range platform to take up the
slack from its aging and hodge-podge
collection of B-52s, B-1s and B-2s.
As of 2007, the Air Force has stated
that it would lean towards a manned
option for its future bomber, but given
its past predilection for black aircraft
programs, an unmanned bomber re-
mains a possibility. It is likely that the
USAF will pursue more than a single
UCAV program, one aimed at tactical
strike requirements and one for
long-range requirements. The tactical
program would most likely be a
stealth strike platform aimed at pro-
viding a capability to conduct sup-
pression of enemy air defense
(SEAD) missions in the event that the
air defense environment becomes
more hostile than it is today. The
problem with the Air Force program
is that much of this activity will prob-
ably be in the black world for several
years. As a result, the scope and direc-
tion of the program will be publicly
invisible. The aim is apparently to
field an advanced long-range strike
program by FY18, probably with
some form of demonstrator flying
much sooner.

User (Variant) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Boeing
USAF (X-45) 1 — — — — — — — — — 1
Northrop Grumman
USN (X-47) 2 1 1 2 — — — — — — 6
Undetermined
USAF (NG-SEAD) — — — 2 — — — 4 5 10 21

US Coast Guard UAVs

Overview
The US Coast Guard is consider-
ing the acquisition of two or more
UAVs for its Deepwater moderniza-
tion effort. These include a Vertical
take-off and landing UAV (VUAV)
and a high altitude endurance UAV.
In November 2002, the USCG se-
lected the Bell Textron TR-911D Ea-
gle Eye over the Northrop Grumman
RQ-8 Fire Scout for its VUAV re-
quirement. The first prototype TR918
VUAV began flight testing in 2006
but crashed shortly after the start of
the program. The first eight VUAV’s
were funded in the FY04 budget. The
USCG was considering the acquisi-
tion of 43-45 UAVs (down from 69),
but the FY08 budget submission re- Bell Helicopter Eagle Eye
leased in February 2007 has no UAV
procurement funding beyond FY07. rangement rather than an outright 20 years of the program, and the thirty
The Marine Corps was planning a purchase. year cost is expected to total $17 bil-
three-year demonstration of the lion. The Deepwater effort includes a
HV-911 starting in FY06 for its future Deepwater Requirement wide range of equipment such as sur-
UAV requirements. The US Coast Guard embarked on veillance aircraft and new Coast
The Coast Guard was expected to a major 20 year re-capitalization ef- Guard patrol vessels. It is the first
select the Global Hawk for its endur- fort in 2002 dubbed Deepwater. The time that the Coast Guard has ac-
ance UAV requirement but this could program began in June 2002 with the quired UAVs for its traditional
change. This will probably total four award of a $11 billion contract to missions.
air vehicles and may be a lease ar- ICGS, a joint venture of Northrop The Coast Guard plans to acquire
Grumman and Lockheed Martin. The at least two types of UAVs: a vertical
$11 billion price tag covers the first

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 50
take-off and landing UAV (VUAV)
and a high altitude endurance UAV.
VUAV Requirement
In November 2002, the USCG se-
lected the Bell Textron HV-911 Eagle
Eye over the Northrop Grumman
RQ-8 Fire Scout for its VUAV re-
quirement. The USCG is considering
the acquisition of 69 UAVs and up to
50 ground control stations. The new
USCG cutters will begin to be de-
ployed around 2006. The plan was to
begin funding the Eagle Eye in FY06
at a rate of 5-8 annually.
Endurance UAV Requirement
The Coast Guard is expected to se-
lect the Global Hawk for its endur-
ance UAV requirement. The main
problem at the moment is the lack of a
FAA certification for the operation of
the Global Hawk over the US, and as
a result, Global Hawk acquisition
probably won’t occur until 2016 at
the earliest. In the interim, the USCG
has spoken about paying for data
from UAVs operated from two land
bases. These may be DoD operated
facilities. The eventual requirement
will probably total about four-eight
air vehicles.
Teal Group Analysis
Should the Coast Guard Deep-
water UAV program proceed as
planned, it will be the first large scale
civilian use of UAVs in the United
States. The selection of the Bell
Textron Eagle Eye for the VUAV re-
quirement was a major boost for this
program, which has been offered for
over a decade to the Navy and other
services. The Deepwater program
came under intense Congressional
scrutiny in 2006-07 over the issue of
program management by the ICGS
rather than the Coast Guard itself.
Production Forecast
User (Variant) 2008
USCG (Eagle Eye) — —
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Land-Based Demonstration
In 2004, the USCG received a $10
million budget plus-up to examine the
utility of land-based UAV operations.
This was used to fund the trials of a
General Atomics Mariner (Predator B
derivative) on a “Concept of Opera-
tions” demonstration in July 2004 in
Alaska to demonstrate its value for
endurance surveillance. The Coast
Guard had earlier stated that it ex-
pected to acquire the Global Hawk for
this mission as part of its Deepwater
requirement, but it has been unable to
fund the Global Hawk to date.
HV-911 VUAV Program Plan
ICGS was awarded a contract to
begin the VUAV program in February
2003. The USCG conducted prelimi-
nary design review for the HV-911 on
29 January 2004 and so the program
entered the system design phase on 4
February 2004. The critical design re-
view for the HV-911 was scheduled
for November 2004 but slipped to 19
January 2005. The Coast Guard be-
gan funding the VUAV in the FY04
budget for $50 million; AC&I fund-
ing for the UAV program in the FY07
Coast Guard Budget is $4.9 million.
However, the 5-year AC&I budget re-
This is likely to lead to some signifi-
cant turmoil in the program over the
next year as Congress may force a re-
organization of program management
to place more emphasis on Coast
Guard oversight.
The Deepwater UAV program ap-
pears to be in trouble as well due to
the slow pace of FAA action on the air
space access issue. So far, there are no
clear guidelines for the routine use of
UAVs in controlled air space, and the
FAA has yet to issue guidance on is-
sues such as sense-and-avoid require-
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
— — — 2 4 4
The US Market
leased in February 2007 as part of the
FY08 budget cycle has removed all
UAV funding after FY07.
The TR918 Eagle Eye received
FAA certification for testing in De-
cember 2005. The first prototype en-
tered flight demonstrations on 26
January 2006 but crashed on 5 April
2006 after losing engine power dur-
ing stable hover while at the Bell test
center near Fort Worth. The TR918
air vehicle was about three-quarters
through the first test phase when the
crash occurred, and it is unclear what
impact the crash will have on the pro-
gram. The plan was to begin ship-
board tests aboard a Large Maritime
Security Cutter in December 2006.
Operational testing aboard a Large
Maritime Security Cutter was sched-
uled to begin in September 2007. Ini-
tial operational capability was
expected to be reached by April 2008
including three production VUAVs
and two ground control stations.
Recent Coast Guard statements in-
dicate the program objective was
43-45 air vehicles, down from a high
of 69.
ments. Under these circumstances,
the Coast Guard may be forced to
push back the UAV elements of Deep-
water until the operations issues are
settled. The FY08 budget submission
has completed deleted funding for
UAV acquisition in FY08-12. Under
these circumstances, the Coast Guard
is likely to use the Eagle Eyes ac-
quired under previous budgets for
testing and demonstration, but our
forecast presumes that any significant
acquisition will be delayed until the
operational issues are resolved.
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
6 6 6 28
©Teal Group Corporation
The US Market
US Civil UAVs
At the moment, there are a number
of exploratory programs to examine
UAVs by various federal agencies
outside the Department of Defense
and Coast Guard. The single largest
hurdle to the growth of the civil UAV
market is the issue of UAV operations
in controlled airspace. FAA (Federal
Aviation Administration) standards
are only beginning to emerge for rou-
tine UAV operations in US airspace.
In lieu of routine access to national air
space, UAVs must either operate in
restricted airspace such as those over
certain US military bases and govern-
ment test ranges, or to obtain an FAA
waiver.
Over the past few years, UAV op-
erations such as transit of military
UAVs from military airbases through
civilian air corridors, requires exten-
sive planning and in some cases ac-
companiment by chase aircraft. These
existing rules are too restrictive at the
moment to contemplate widespread
civil use of UAVs until these issues
are settled. In addition, even military
employment outside of restricted mil-
itary airspace, for example the trans-
fer of UAVs to the Air Guard for
operations from commercial airfields,
has likewise been constrained by the
absence of final guidelines.
In 2005, a consortium of US firms
teamed with NASA dubbed Access 5
was in the process of attempting to
work with the FAA on establishing
parameters for UAV operation in the
US. NASA funding for this program
was cut in 2006, ending the effort and
shifting the responsibility back to the
FAA.
Although this program has ended,
its objectives are worth detailing to
help elucidate the pattern that may
emerge over the next few years. The
name “Access-5” was a reminder of
the group’s ambition to create UAV
access to national airspace within five
years (2010). This was envisioned as
a four step process.
• Step 1 would permit experimental
certification of UAVs and routine
operations above 40,000 feet, and
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
the goal was to have this in place
by September 2006.
• Step 2 would allow routine opera-
tions above 18,000 feet and estab-
lish type certification of HALE
UAVs.
• Step 3 would require special air-
worthiness certification of the
UAV and routine operations
above 18,000 feet as well as intro-
ductio n o f sense-and-avoid
technology.
• Step 4 would introduce standard
airworthiness certificates for air
vehicles and the capability for
emergency recovery via restricted
airspace to a designated dual-use
UAV/manned aircraft airport.
A part of the first step was the issu-
ance of experimental certificates to
specific types of UAVs which permit
them to fly under “file and fly” rules.
The first was issued to the Bell
Textron Eagle Eye tilt rotor which is
oriented towards the US Coast Guard
Deepwater requirement. Of the 100
FAA certificates of authorization
(CoA) issued through mid-2006 to
UAV operators, only five were to in-
dustry, the rest to government agen-
cies such as NASA, NOAA, the
Forest Service and Customs and Bor-
der Protection. A total of 55 were is-
sued in 2006 and most of the
remainder in 2004-05. By the summer
of 2007 this was up to 130 of which 13
were to industry.
The FAA is expected to concen-
trate on at least two major areas of
concern in formulating new rules.
The basic issue will be control and
communications to permit the ground
control stations to be integrated into
the existing air traffic control system.
A mid -term g o al w ill b e
“sense-and-avoid”, in other words, an
organic ability of the UAV to sense
the presence of another aircraft and
avoid collision. This is already an is-
sue in the military environment as
there have been at least two air-to-air
collisions involving UAVs and air-
Page 51
craft/helicopters over Iraq through
the summer of 2005.
The issue of access to national air-
space is absolutely critical to any as-
sessment of the dynamics of civil
UAV market growth. Until regular ac-
cess to national airspace is available,
civil UAV operations will be rare and
limited to research applications or to
particularly important governmental
tasks such as coast guard patrol or
border patrol in limited areas where
there is little interference with regular
aviation.
In 2005-06, the FAA permitted the
Border Patrol to operate surveillance
UAVs along the Mexican border, but
to do so they restricted access to gen-
eral aviation which caused its own set
of problems. Indeed, the precedent set
by this example has led general avia-
tion organizations to begin a cam-
paign to counter-act any attempt to
permit UAV operations at the expense
of general aviation.
Besides the FAA access issues, a
variety of other technical issues re-
main to be resolved involving indus-
trial standards for UAVs. These issues
are being examined by a variety of or-
ganizations in the US. The privately
funded ASTM International is devel-
oping a variety of industrial standards
for such issues as UAV embedded
software, certificates and standards
for UAV pilots, sense-and-avoid stan-
dards, and basic aircraft standards.
The RTCA (Radio Technical Com-
mission for Aeronautics) with FAA
backing is developing minimum avia-
tion system performance standards
(MASPS) for UAVs, UAV command
and control systems, and UAV
sense-and-avoid systems. RTCA is
also working on developing a
cut-off-point to divide fully certifi-
cated UAVs from small UAVs which
would be more lightly regulated in
terms of sense-and-avoid sensors, etc.
but which would also have more
restricted airspace access. The goal is
to establish this guideline by 2010.
Due to industry and Congressional
pressure, the FAA finally set up an
Page 52 The US Market

Unmanned Program Office in July
2006. Minimum sense and avoid per-
formance standards might be avail-
able as early as 2009, frequency
assignments in 2010 and rule estab-
lishment in 2010-2011. However, a
definitive detect-sense-avoid perfor-
mance standard may not be available
until 2011 or after.
In September 2006, the FAA se-
lected Lockheed-Martin to develop a
plan for introducing UAVs into the
national air space system. The pro-
gram is expected to last for five years
(mid-2011)
At the moment, it is also unclear to
what extent civil UAVs will have to
be integrated into the future Auto-
matic dependent surveillance broad-
cast (ADS-B) network which is
expected to be ready around 2010 and
nationwide by 2013. The ADS-B net-
work will track national airspace by
monitoring GPS data from the air-
craft, process this for both the air traf-
fic control network and the aircraft,
and provide this data to the ATC and
aircraft via data-link. In August 2007,
the FAA chose ITT to develop this
system.
Sense and Avoid Technology
The FAA rules are expected to in-
clude sense-and-avoid (SAA) re-
quirements, though they might differ
from the certificated UAVs and the
small UAVs. This could have a signif-
icant impact on the proliferation of
UAVs. This sensor will have to enable
a UAV to operate under visual flight
rules conditions, namely the ability to
sense a nearby aircraft with or with-
out a transponder. There is currently
no system available to accomplish
this though a variety of systems are
under development or consideration.
Commercial transports over 33,000
pounds with more than 30 seats have
been obliged to be fitted with TCAS II
(Traffic Collision Avoidance System)
since 1993 by the FAA but this system
depends on interaction with the other
aircraft’s transponders.
Two approaches are possible, a
minimal passive system and an active
system. The first would be some form
of TCAS transponder system which
would provide limited sense-and-
avoid capability.
The other approach would be a
more active sensor system for VFR
integrated into the UAV’s flight con-
trols which enables the UAV to sense
the presence of another air vehicle at a
certain range and then take predeter-
mined steps to avoid a collision.
Some very limited sense-and-avoid
systems have been demonstrated. At
the most elementary level, one of the
French mini-UAVs has an active
acoustic sensor though this is aimed
primarily at avoiding collisions with
walls, not other air vehicles. The US
Army was working on a compact
sense-and-avoid system for the
OAV-II tactical UAV which could
help establish a benchmark. Presum-
ably, it could require an active emit-
ting system of some sort such as a
conventional radar or laser-radar.
NASA Dryden Research in con-
junction with Scaled Composites
conducted a series of test flights in
2003 with the Proteus aircraft to ex-
amin e th e ap p licab ility o f an
Amphitech high frequency radar sys-
tem. Although this technology has
proven successful, the size, weight,
and power demands would limit it to
large UAVs.
The US Air Force Research Lab
(AFRL) has an active SAA program
underway with industrial partners in-
cluding Northrop Grumman, Boeing,
Lockheed Martin, Calspan, General
Dynamics, Bihrle Applied Research,
and DRA in conjunction with the
FAA. In early FY07, the first tests
were conducted of a surrogate HALE
UAV fitted with an optical DAA (De-
tect and Avoid) sensor using passive
optical ranging mated to a collision
avoidance algorithm, and tested
against a cooperative transport with
TCAS and a non-cooperative general
aviation target. Further flight tests are
expected in FY08 and beyond. Gen-
eral Atomics is planning its own tests
of optical-based SAA devices on the
Predator.
SARA Inc. has developed a small,
passive acoustic non-cooperative
alert system (PANCAS) for use on
small UAVs for operations up to
10,000 feet.
The impact of SAA requirements
on civil UAVs will be dependent upon
the type of system finally selected and
the associated costs and weights, as
well as the effect that a delineation be-
tween small, lightly regulated UAVs
and certificated UAVs may have on
SAA regulations. It seems likely that
the lightly regulated small UAVs will
not be obliged to have a full SAA
package, but perhaps a more limited
passive system akin to the SARA
PANCAS tied to restricted access to
airspace such as administrative con-
trols on altitude and regional use.
The size and cost of an eventual
SAA sensor package will have a sig-
nificant impact on civil UAVs in sev-
eral respects. First, it will increase the
cost of the UAV. Secondly, if the early
sensors are heavy, it will pre-empt the
rapid proliferation of smaller (and
hence more affordable) UAVs. By
way of example, the US Army’s RQ-7
Shadow tactical UAV has a payload
of 25 kg. If the “sense-and-avoid”
system weighs even a modest 10-15
kg, it could cut the payload of the air
vehicle in half. In addition, the power
demands of such a system could be
significant. It could have a dispropor-
tionate effect on fixed wing versus
vertical wing UAVs since the sensor
will have to have full hemispheric
coverage and an emitter located on
the fuselage of a helicopter UAV may
have blind spots caused by the rotat-
ing blade if the system uses active RF
emission (rather than a purely optical
system). Hemispheric coverage im-
plies other design issues since the an-
tenna/emitter location will be a
s ig n if ic a n t is s u e f o r p r o p e r
functioning.
The bottom line however is that
the “sense-and-avoid” requirement is
likely to add yet another set of techno-
logical, cost, and weight hurdles for
civil UAVs which will dampen the
market in the mid-term (2011-2014),
especially if the requirement remains
ambiguous over the next several
years. Given the complexity of this

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

The US Market
task, it is hard to see how a reliable
SAA device will be ready any sooner
than 2012.
Homeland Security
Congressional support for UAV
technology prompted US Customs
and Border Protection (CPB) to add
UAVs to its aviation force. In 2004,
CPB leased an Israeli Elbit Hermes
and borrowed a US Army Hunter to
conduct trials along the Mexican bor-
der as a possible tool for border pa-
trol. The Hermes logged 590 hours of
flight over four months and the
Hunter a further 329 hours over three
mo n th s . Th is d e mo n s tr a tio n
prompted a Congressional addition to
the CPB budget for the acquisition of
a General Atomics Predator B in 2005
which began operations in October
2005 from Sierra Vista municipal air-
port along the Mexican border. The
Predator crashed on 24 April 2006
due to apparent pilot error but the pro-
gram proved successful enough that
Congress funded another Predator
which deployed in November 2006.
CPB now has plans to fund UAV op-
erations at about $10 million per year.
Congress funded two more Predators
in the FY06 supplemental, and the
FY07 budget funded two more. The
additional UAVs will lead to ex-
panded demonstration efforts with a
Canadian border patrol demonstra-
tion to be based out of Grand Forks,
North Dakota in the autumn of 2007
and a joint CPB/Coast Guard effort in
Florida in the spring of 2007. The
CPB effort is being controlled out of
an integrated Air and Marine Opera-
tions Center in Riverside, California
which facilitates coordination with
the FAA. The CPB program is prov-
ing to be the ground-breaker for UAV
airspace access issues and so could
facilitate further UAV use by other
government agencies.
This requirement could eventually
constitute a significant market if the
Border Patrol were to decide that this
is an important mission worth the re-
sources. UAVs are attractive in this
mission since they can operate over
remote desert areas and in rugged ter-
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
rain where other options such a
ground patrol or fixed CCTV cameras
are not a viable option. On the other
hand, the technical ability of UAVs to
perform this mission does not ensure
that the Border Patrol will be able to
commit sufficient resources to such
an approach. Illegal immigration over
the Mexican border is a politically
touchy issue with some Americans
opposed to the current rate of illegal
immigration while elements of the
business community is happy to re-
ceive the benefits of a low-cost labor
force willing to work for sub-standard
wages due to their ambiguous
position in American society.
The bottom line is that at the mo-
ment, there does not seem to be a
strong consensus in the federal gov-
ernment to hermetically seal the
US-Mexican border against illegal
immigration. It is possible that the
Border Patrol will continue to acquire
UAVs through the forecast period
(2012-2015). The aim would be to
cover gaps in existing coverage over
more remote areas or to act as a
cost-cutting substitute for existing pa-
trols. However, this is more likely to
consist of a rolling series of acquisi-
tions, testing UAVs in small numbers,
followed by later and larger acquisi-
tions if the first trials are successful,
cost-effective, and politically sup-
ported.
Civil Use of Military UAV As-
sets
In May 2006, the FAA gave the Air
Force the green light to use Predators
over the United States during disaster
relief operations for search and res-
cue. Although the Air force was ready
to provide this capability in the wake
of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the mis-
sions were cancelled due to national
airspace restrictions.
NASA Research UAVs
NASA has been involved in UAV
research for over a decade, such as
with the Helios very ling endurance
UAV as part of its Environmental Re-
search Aircraft and Sensor technol-
ogy (ERAST) program. NASA has
Page 53
been operating a high altitude deriva-
tive of the General Atomics Predator
called Altair for several years. As
noted in the sections below, the
NASA UAVs have been the backbone
of scientific research for other federal
agencies to examine the application
o f U AV s to mis s io n s s u c h a s
fire-fighting and weather forecasting.
To build up its capabilities, NASA
acquired a Predator B in 2007,
dubbed Ikhana which will be used for
a variety of long-endurance, high alti-
tude scientific missions. NASA has
also been negotiating with the US Air
Force to acquire two of their ACTD
Global Hawks to provide further
capability.
Forest Protection
Another potential surveillance
market would be fire patrols such as
those of the US Forest Service
(USFS). The US requirement is cur-
rently being examined under a pilot
program that is expected to last sev-
eral years. The applications would be
for a variety of different platforms.
The USFS has begun to use a NASA
General Atomics Altair (Predator de-
rivative) for monitoring a remote
wildfire and providing real-time
video. The USFS also plans to con-
duct short range tests including the
use of a NASA Yamaha RMAX heli-
copter UAV to sit over a fire to pro-
vide weather data, a mission which is
currently impossible with manned
aircraft due to the danger. The USFS
also plans to examine other roles for
UAVs including their use as a com-
munication relay which could be a
substitute ground based repeaters in
remote areas.
The USFS has already conducted
internal studies of UAV costs versus
manned aircraft and so far is not com-
mitted to any large scale purchases of
larger UAVs in the Predator-size
range. Their studies conclude that op-
erating such UAVs is likely to be
more expensive than manned aircraft.
The main thrust of the USFS effort at
the moment appears to be to examine
where UAVs might fit in to their fire
control mission. Should they prove an
Page 54
appropriate tool, there have been sug-
gestions that the USFS would look to
private contractors to provide the
UAV services, rather than acquire and
operate the UAVs themselves much
as is done with fire-fighting aircraft.
In August-September 2006, the
US Forest Service used a NASA
Altair (Predator) flying from the
Ames Research Center and one of the
General Atomic fields to conduct
wide-area surveillance of wildfires to
evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a
MALE UAV in this role. The Altair is
fitted with a special multi-wavelength
AMS-Wildfire sensor for real time
processing and data transmission.
The Esperanza fires in southern Cali-
fornia were a particular focus of at-
tention in October 2006 and missions
were conducted both with and with-
out the new sensor pod. The flights
were conducted again in the summer
of 2007.
NOAA Weather Research
The National Oceanographic and
Atmospheric Administration has be-
gun to employ UAVs to help carry out
its missions and is pushing for federal
funding of an endurance UAV. While
some of this effort is devoted to scien-
tific research, NOAA is beginning to
examine the need for UAVs for the
regular conduct of NOAA missions.
In 2005, NOAA employed the NASA
Altair to conduct a demonstration
program over the Channel Island Ma-
rine Sanctuary. It has also operated
Silver Fox UAVs for other scientific
research such as detecting and track-
ing humpback whales. During Sep-
tember 2005’s Tropical Storm
Ophelia, NOAA conducted weather
surveys from NASA Wallops using
Aerosonde UAVs.
Teal Group Analysis
This market is potentially volatile
under the current miasma of security
concerns, and Washington’s attitude
towards border security could change
dramatically. For example, if there
was an incident where some form of
WMD was smuggled over the border
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
The FY08 budget has $3 million
for a NOAA UAS Project which will
conduct several demonstrations cov-
ering hurricane monitoring, fisheries
assessment, marine sanctuaries, Arc-
tic ice melt and Central Pacific atmo-
spheric water transport. NOAA has
been promoting the idea of using en-
durance UAVs to push the detection
and tracking of hurricanes further out
into the Atlantic beyond the range
currently patrolled by manned air-
craft. These UAVs would use remote
sensing as well as dropsondes.
Among the applications proposed
by NOAA is a network of ten endur-
ance UAVs which would circle the
globe once every 72 hours to collect
atmospheric data to supplement that
collected by Geostationary Opera-
tional Environmental Satellites
(GOES) and Polar-orbiting Opera-
tional Environmental Satellites. This
is intended to support a multi-national
environmental monitoring effort
called Global Earth Observing
System of Systems.
Emergency Rescue
The non-profit Alliance for Robot
Assisted Crisis Assessment and Re-
sponse attempted to use UAVs to help
locate climbers lost on Mount Hood
in 2006, but were frustrated by high
wind conditions.
Other Federal Agencies
It seems likely that UAVs will
eventually penetrate other Federal
agencies. It would not be surprising to
see the FBI acquire a modest number
of UAVs in the long-term to assist in
surveillance operations. This could
be both optical and communications
surveillance. Other federal law en-
forcement agencies are also potential
and unleashed in a major US city, this
would substantially change Washing-
ton’s attitude towards border patrol
and would probably lead to a signifi-
cant level of UAV deployment to deal
with remote areas.
The US Market
customers once the cost of UAV oper-
ations becomes competitive to
manned aircraft operations. For ex-
ample, this could include drug en-
forcement activity such as
surveillance of terrain for marijuana
cultivation. At the moment, these ap-
plications seem more distant and on a
smaller scale than other federal appli-
cations noted above. Since the re-
quirements seem less pressing, these
agencies are more likely to wait until
UAVs are a proven technology with
an established record of operational
costs. At the moment, there is no reli-
able track record to determine costs,
air vehicle reliability or other factors.
US military costs have significant
weaknesses due to their use in a com-
bat environment and the willingness
of the military to operate UAVs in
risky situations where a civil UAV
would probably be grounded. Never-
theless, the high rate of attrition of
military UAVs serves as another
impediment to UAV proliferation into
other segments of the federal
government.
Initial Commercial Interest
In the summer of 2007, Evergreen
Helicopters announced plans to initi-
ate an Unmanned Systems division
which is acquiring an Insitu Insight
system with six air vehicles. Ever-
green is involved in the aircraft ser-
vice business and sees a market for
UAV services such as the USFS re-
quirement for seasonal wildfire
monitoring.
In Alaska, Conoco and Shell are
beginning to study the potential use of
UAVs for oil exploration over dan-
gerous areas in the Barents and
Chukchi seas.
At the moment, the lack of access
to national air space is the most seri-
ous barrier to UAV proliferation into
the civil market in the US. Until this
issue is resolved, acquisitions will be
on a small scale and be focused
mainly on demonstrations rather than
©Teal Group Corporation
The US Market
regular use. At the moment, it seems
that most of these regulations will not
crystallize until around 2011-12. Fur-
ther clouding any forecast is the tech-
n o lo g ic a l c h a llen g e o f a
sense-and-avoid system, and the rip-
ple effects this will have on the civil
market. One plausible scenario would
be for the FAA to promulgate rules
around 2011-12 which would break
the UAV sector into small UAVs un-
der about 35 pounds and everything
else. The mid-large UAVs would be
obliged to comply with the full pano-
ply of ATC rules including a SAA sys-
tem; the small UAVs would operate in
an altitude constrained environment,
and probably have additional restric-
Production Forecast
User (Variant) 2008
USG (Large UAV)
US Commercial (Small UAV)
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
tio n s r e g a r d in g o p e r a tio n s in
crowded air corridors. Should this be
the case, this would tend to warp the
civil/commercial market in favor of
mini-UAVs and endurance UAVs and
cut off the TUAV category from the
civil market. The mid-range would be
forced to carry too large and expen-
sive a SAA suite, and so would be
priced out of the market and burdened
with a sensor too large for their pay-
load. This is certainly not the only
plausible scenario, nor is it necessar-
ily the most likely. But it does suggest
that the growth of a civil UAV market
in the opening years of 2012-17 are
going to be heavily shaped by the
regulatory environment.
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
2 2 2 2 5 5
5 5 5 5 30 60
Page 55
The forecast below is predicated
on the assumption that FAA rules do
not emerge until 2012 or later and that
the initial market is largely confined
to US government agencies. A small
commercial sector is likely to begin
appearing, gearing mainly towards
leased services to the US government
and some business applications such
as survey in remote areas. As FAA
regulations may favor a bifurcated
market of small lightly regulated and
fully regulated by expensive UAVs,
the commercial market is likely to be-
gin by the use of small UAVs, a cate-
gory of which will depend to some
e x ten t o n f o r th c o min g RS TA
definitions.
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
5 5 5 5 38
60 75 100 150 495
Page 56 The US Market

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

European UAV Market

European UAV Forecast

(Production, Air Vehicles) (Expenditures, $ Millions)
100 $800

80
$600

60
$400
40

$200
20

0 $0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Mini (x10) Tactical MALE HALE Naval
UCAV Small Civil Civil MALE Expenditures

Market Overview
Current European Programs
The pattern of UAV deployment in
Europe has been markedly different
than in the US, with widespread de-
ployment of new tactical UAV sys-
tems over the past few decade, but
few strategic long-endurance systems
comparable to Predator or Global
H a w k . Th e d e p lo ymen t o f
mini-UAVs has picked up steam in re-
cent years, led by a very active Ger-
man program, and recently followed
by France. In general, France and
Germany have set the pace for UAV
deployment in Europe, with Britain
absent from its usual pioneering role
in the wake of its troubled Phoenix
tactical UAV program.
Another difference between the
US and European pattern is a dissimi-
lar viewpoint on UAVs fostered by
past deployments. Several of the Eu-
ropean countries operated the CL-89
and then the CL-289 jet powered re-
connaissance drone. This has led
some of the European countries, espe-
cially France and Germany, to distin-
guish “reconnaissance” from “sur-
veillance” UAVs, the former type be-
ing high-speed penetrating drones
designed to move through dangerous
areas defended by advanced air de-
fense systems, as opposed to surveil-
lance drones which loiter for
persistent surveillance in air spaces
which are relatively free of air de-
fenses. The US pattern over the past
decade has favored surveillance over
reconnaissance, while the Europeans
are continuing to make the distinction
in their programs.
The acquisition pattern of UAVs in
Europe has also provided a curious
barometer of the progress of Euro-
pean defense integration. In spite of
all the consolidation of the European
aerospace industries over the past de-
cade, participation in multi-national
programs has actually diminished if
UAVs are any indication of the trends.
In view of the novelty of the technol-
ogy, it might have been expected that
the European armed forces would
have joined together to develop and
manufacture common UAV systems
since the requirements are so similar.
The opposite has been the case, with a
dearth of joint programs and a pleth-
ora of separate UAV efforts.
France has been trying to lead a
joint-European program, but this has
not been enthusiastically received by
other major players such as Germany
and the UK. In the German case, the
French pull-out from the Brevel tacti-
cal UAV program in the 1990s lead
some Germans aerospace firms to
view recent French initiatives very
skeptically. Although France has
talked a great game as the center of
European UAV development, its ac-
tual track record of UAV develop-
ment and production has not been
impressive. In addition, this potential
area of cooperation had been poi-
soned by the Airbus management
controversies. The way around this
dilemma would be to hand over the
major programs to a multi-national

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 58
organization such as the European
Defense Agency (EDA), a move that
France supports. However, with Brit-
ain eyeing a Predator acquisition as
well as its Watchkeeper effort, and
Germany already committed to
E u r o H a w k , th e n e e d f o r a
French-dominated MALE UAV ef-
fort is not attractive to Berlin and
London. Italy already operates Preda-
tor, and few other countries have a
pressing need for an endurance sys-
tem. In August 2005, EDA attempted
to jump start a common European
UAV effort by announcing plans to
solicit bids from five firms to conduct
technology demonstrations of be-
yond-line-of-sight data links for
UAVs and potential sense-and-avoid
technologies but this has done little to
address the continuing fragmentation
of European UAV efforts.
In June 2004, the two main French
aerospace firms EADS and Dassault
belatedly announced plans to join
their efforts on two UAV efforts, an
endurance UAV and a UCAV pro-
gram. The deal is based on the fact
that EADS had been selected by the
French DGA to head the EuroMALE
endurance UAV effort, and Dassault
the UCAV effort. So nominally, both
firms will cooperate on both pro-
grams. At the same time, both firms
appear to be pursuing a wide range of
other UAV ventures separately, in-
cluding tactical UAVs, maritime sur-
veillance UAVs, and a wide range of
mini- and micro-UAVs. Dassault has
been attempting to assert its position
as the number one French UAV firm
in spite of the fact that it has not yet
fielded a single UAV and Dassault
representatives have complained
when the French government showed
interest in the EADS-Germany AG-
ILE/Advanced UAV concept as a
more suitable venue than the French
copy of an Israeli MALE UAV. It has
been a common assumption among
many major aircraft companies that
Civil UAV Development in Europe
In Europe, the European Aviation
Safety Agency (EASA) issued a call
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
UAV programs should naturally flow
to them, in spite of the fact that it has
been smaller electronics houses like
SAGEM in France, General Atomics
in the US and other non-aviation
firms who have tended to push the
tactical UAV technology forward.
The most successful European
UAV to date has been the French
SAGEM Crécerelle/Sperwer, a
stop-gap tactical UAV originally
combining the British Banshee air ve-
hicle with a new French ground con-
trol system. Having pulled out of the
Franco-German Brevel tactical UAV
program, Sperwer has become the
French system by default. The French
army is deploying an upgraded ver-
sion of the system for its SDTI (Sys-
tem de drones tactiques inter-
mediaires) program based on the
Sperwer export version. An upgraded
Crécerelle derivative using the new
Sperwer air vehicle has been sold to
Canada, Netherlands, Denmark and
Sweden. France is also beginning to
explore micro-UAVs as part of its
Felin future combat soldier program.
France has initiated a medium endur-
ance UAV under its Eagle program,
and is attempting to entice European
participation in a more elaborate en-
durance program, EuroMALE as
mentioned above. France has also
initiated a multi-national UCAV
effort, now being called Neuron.
Germany has continued to fund the
Brevel program even after the French
pull-out, and is in the process of pro-
curing the local derivative called
Tucan. Germany also has a range of
experimental tactical UAV programs
underway including a naval helicop-
ter UAV, and is in the forefront of
mini-UAV deployment in Europe
with its Luna and Aladin mini-UAVs.
Germany is also planning to acquire
the Global Hawk for its signals intelli-
gence missions as EuroHawk, and
Global Hawk has been selected by
NATO as the adjunct to manned air-
in early 2006 for the formation of a
new organization to co-ordinate the
European UAV Market
craft for its AGS strategic surveil-
lance program. EADS-Germany has
also been developing its own UCAV
demonstrator, the Barrakuda which
was unveiled in 2006 which also
forms the core of its proposed
pan-European Agile/Advanced UAV
effort.
The Italian army had a standing re-
quirement for UAVs since the late
1980s, but serial production was con-
tinually delayed due to a lack of fund-
ing. The Kosovo air campaign finally
convinced the Italian armed forces of
the need for such systems, and eight
systems each of the Mirach 26 and
Mirach 150 are now on order. The
Kosovo experience also convinced
the Italian air force of the need for a
long-range surveillance system, and
Italy has begun acquiring the RQ-1
Predator for this mission, including a
recent August 2004 order for five
more air vehicles. Italy has an excep-
tionally active UAV effort at the mo-
ment including a UCAV demonstrator
a n d b o th MA L E an d H A L E
prototypes.
Britain has finally begun to catch
up in UAV development over the past
few years after a decade of problems.
In July 2004, the MoD selected
Th ales to d ev elo p its n ew
Watchkeeper UAV system, and Brit-
ish units have been operating loaned
Predators prior to the purchase of this
endurance UAV. BAE Systems has
recently unveiled a number of UAV
demonstrators that had previously
been under wraps.
Russia has a very extensive UAV
program, but has had little success in
exporting its tactical UAVs in recent
years, or in funding its new endurance
UAV efforts. Sweden has extensive
research efforts underway on UAVs,
but few actual deployable systems
have yet emerged. Many of the
smaller European armies have tactical
UAV programs as well.
use of UAVs in Europe. The aim is to
permit “normalized” UAV flights in
©Teal Group Corporation
European UAV Market Page 59

non-segregated airspace by 2009. commercial UAVs around 2012, Eu-

EASA was expected to begin a pro-
cess for UAV type certification in
2007. EASA granted the Schiebel
Camcopter a “Permit-to-Fly” in June
2007, one of the first.
Eurocontrol is leading a UAV Op-
erational Air Traffic Task force to ad-
dress ATC issues. In addition, efforts
are underway to unify European stan-
dards with other standards such as
those being developed in the US by
RTCA and ASTM, with EUROCAE
(European Organization for Civilian
Aviation Equipment) considering the
development of mirror standards with
FAA cooperation. There are also ef-
forts in the individual countries, for
example, Britain’s Autonomous Sys-
tems Technology Related Airborne
Evaluation and Assessment program.
At the moment, UAVs are treated
as experimental aircraft and are al-
lowed to fly in segregated airspace,
with flights within non-segregated
airspace expected to be possible by
2008. Type certification is expected
around 2010 for civil UAVs operated
by national organizations, and for
r o p e a n a n a lys ts s u g g e s t th a t
civil/government UAV acquisition
will begin somewhere around
2011-12 if these time lines take place,
while civil/commercial acquisition
might begin around 2014-2015.
In 2006, the European defense
Agency launched its own attempt to
address UAV access to airspace with a
budget of about Euro 500,000. The
aim is to coordinate the efforts of Eu-
ropean military organization with
their civilian counterparts to develop
common guidelines.
In June 2006, the British press re-
ported that that several European
government are discussing a common
civil UAV program for border secu-
rity applications that could eventually
total about one billion pounds ($1.8
billion). The initiative is based in part
on recent Belgian experiments with
military UAVs to patrol off the Bel-
gian coast for customs violations and
to catch ships dumping oil. The pri-
mary application for the multi-na-
tional UAV force at the moment
would seem to be coastal patrol to
EADS Police Mini-UAV
mo n ito r cu s to ms v io la tio n s ,
environmental issues, and illegal
immigration.
A variety of civil applications for
UAVs have already been explored in
Europe. For example, the French de-
fense research organization ONERA
teamed with SAGEM in 2005 to ex-
amine the use of UAVs for forest fire
patrol. The initial trials were con-
ducted using Busard and Sperwer
UAVs. In the summer of 2006, the
Basque provincial government in
Spain decided to fund the demonstra-
tion of the Aerovision Fulmar UAV to
conduct fisheries protection missions
off the coast as part of an 18 month
experiment.

Country Profiles
Austria
Austria has had a modest, govern-
ment funded UAV effort since the
mid-1990s, and has partially funded
the small Camcopter program by
S c h ie b e l Ro b o tics /Camco p te r
GmbH. There has been a standing re-
quirement since the mid-1990s for an
off-the-shelf UAV system, and the
Italian Mirach 26 and Kentron Seeker
were among the systems studied in a
1997 demonstration effort. The Aus-
trian Army tentatively selected the
Seeker, but the government refused to
award a contract, citing the need to
acquire the system from a European
candidate.
Schiebel opened a plant for the
Camcopter in 2006 with an annual ca-
pacity for 100-150 Camcopters. This Schiebel Camcopter
appears to be geared mainly to the ex-

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 60 European UAV Market

port market, Notably Schiebel's deal

with the UAE.

Teal Group Analysis

Austria is a likely candidate for a observer on the European ECAP en- quire such a system in the forecast
tactical UAV system later in the fore- durance UAV study group, but it period.
cast period, probably consisting of seems unlikely that Austria will ac-
two-three systems. Austria is also an
Austria 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Tactical UAV — — — 12 — — — — — — 12

Belgium
In the late 1960s and early 1970s,
the Belgian army purchased two pla-
toons (40 air vehicles) of the MBLE
Defense (now Thomson-CSF Elec-
tronics-Belgium) Epervier system for
tactical reconnaissance, completing
the buy in 1978. The system used a
conventional wet film camera system,
though a real-time data system using a
low light level TV and IR linescanner
were tested.
In 1997, the Belgian army formu-
lated a requirement for a new divi-
sional level UAV system with an
objective of three-four systems each
with four to eight air vehicles. The
RFP was scheduled for release in
1998. By 1998, the requirement had
been further refined to three divi-
sional-level systems. As part of its
1997-99 defense plan, Belgium
planned commit BFr 2.4 billion for
the program. The Israeli Hunter was
selected with three systems ordered,
each with six air vehicles. Delivery
began in February 2001 to Air Com-
ponent/80 UAV Squadron. The 80
UAV Squadron was deployed to the
Democratic Republic of Congo in
July 2006, losing a Hunter to ground
fire on its first flight. A second was
lost due to engine failure on 3 October
2006 which crashed into a neighbor-
ing house killing a civilian. This is be-
lieved to have been the first civilian
killed in a UAV related accident.

Teal Group Analysis

With the acquisition of the Hunter further tactical UAV acquisitions are small number of mini-UAVs later in
complete, and the Belgian procure- unlikely for the foreseeable future. It the forecast period for peace-keeping
ment budget so low at the moment, is possible that Belgium will acquire a operations.
Belgium 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAV — — — — 20 — — — — — 20

Bulgaria
The Kintex defense export firm garian UAV effort. The Bulgarian 2006, the Italian Galileo firm demon-
displayed its NITI small UAV at the government has been attempting to strated its Falco tactical UAV to a Bul-
IDEX 07 convention in the UAV in establish a joint civil/military require- garian government delegation at the
February 2007, the first known Bul- ment for a UAV system. In May-June airport of Chesnegirovo.
Teal Group Analysis
Bulgaria has a very modest de- is not especially clear. A modest tacti- port or whether Bulgaria will use this
fense procurement budget and the ex- cal UAV acquisition seems possible, as an opportunity to support the local
tent of its interest in UAV operations but it is not clear if this will be an im- industry.
Bulgaria 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Tactical UAV — — — — 6 — — — — — 6

Croatia
Croatia’s Ministry of Defense dis- UAV systems, one tactical and one Croatia developed its own UAV at
closed a UAV requirement in May operational. the time of the 1991 civil war, under
1998. The plan was to acquire two the designation MAH01. Their first

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

European UAV Market Page 61

UAV codenamed “Bird” used film were used for reconnaissance gather-
cameras and first flew in 1992. By ing and on at least one occasion were
1993, they had developed a real-time used to deliver propaganda leaflets.
E-O system. During the Operation
Storm offensive in July 1995, UAVs
Teal Group Analysis
Croatia has a very small defense gram seems rather low on the list of universities or development agencies
procurement budget and has substan- priorities, and a more likely course to continue the development of indig-
tial modernization needs. A UAV pro- will be to fund one of the Croatian enous tactical UAV designs.
Croatia 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAV — 15 — — — — — — — — 6
Tactical UAV — — — — — 6 — — — — 6

Czech Republic
The former Czechoslovak air
force operated Soviet VR-3 Reys
UAV systems since the 1980s. These
are a large, vehicle-launched drone
which provide wet film imagery or re-
corded TV data. In the early 1980s,
the government began a low-cost pro-
gram to examine small mini-UAVs
patterned after the early Israeli drones
under the name Sojka. By the early
1990s, this had resulted in a series of
test air vehicles, the latest of which,
the Sojka III was considered ready for
production in 1993. Development
was managed by the VTUL a PVO
(Air Force and Air Defense Force)
Technical Institute. After the dissolu-
tion of the Warsaw Pact, Hungary
joined the Czech Republic on the pro- Sojka
gram, with the Czech Air Force Re-
search Institute in Prague being least one system was operational dur-
responsible for the Sojka air vehicle, ing the 1996 Duha air defense aims of the program is to develop a
payload and launcher, and the Hun- exercises with the Sojka III being modular payload system to permit the
garian Military Technical Institute in used mainly to test the air defense use of multiple sensor types.
Budapest being responsible for the network.
ground control stations. A limited In 2004, the Czech air force re-
number of air vehicles and GCS were search institute began an effort to up-
manufactured in the mid-1990s and at grade the Sojka III. One of the main

Teal Group Analysis

The Czech Republic is likely to ac-
quire any UAV it purchases from do-
mestic manufacturers, and this would
most likely be an additional batch of
Sojka systems. The Czech army is
quite small, and its current defense
budget is barely adequate to under- nounced a modernized version that
take higher priority efforts such as the may be the basis for such an order.
NATO standardization effort.
A new UAV acquisition program
might include another Sojka system
or two, and the Czechs recently an-

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 62 European UAV Market

Czech Republic 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAV — — — — 10 20 20 — — — 50
Tactical UAV 6 — — — — — — — — — 6

Denmark
Denmark had an army requirement
for a short-range surveillance and tar-
get acquisition UAV capable of carry-
ing day and night sensors. The RFP
for the system was expected in 1996,
and the award in 1998. The request
for information was released by the
Royal Danish Air Force Air Material
Command in November 1996 with
responses due in February 1997. The
system was intended for use along-
side the Danish MLRS batteries as an
Teal Group Analysis
Denmark has been very critical of
the problems with Sperwer, even
more so than the Canadians, and has
decided to sell them off. The Danish
Army still sees a need for a tactical
Denmark 2008
Mini-UAV
Tactical UAV
artillery spotter. The objective was September 2002. The Danish Minis-
two systems each with two GCS and try of Defense was extremely disap-
six UAVs/payloads. Denmark finally pointed with the performance of the
selected the SAGEM Sperwer, a de- Sperwer system, especially when op-
rivative of the French Crécerelle sys- erated in the hot temperatures of Iraq.
tem. Denmark acquired 10 Sperwer As a result, in early 2006, the Danish
air vehicles and probably two sys- government decided to dispose of the
tems, locally called the Taarnfalken systems, and Canada decided to
(Kestrel). The first system became purchase the equipment to reinforce
operational with the Queen’s Artil- their own Sperwer units.
lery Regiment in May 2001 and the
full package completed delivery in
UAV system, so acquisition of an some mini-UAVs late in the forecast
off-the-shelf solution later in the fore- period.
cast period seems likely. It would also
be possible that Denmark will acquire
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
— — — — — — 30 30 — — 60
— — — — 4 4 — — — — 8

European Union/NATO
Europe has had a significant tradi-
tion of cooperation in UAV acquisi-
tion, especially Franco-German
cooperation. Ironically, at the mo-
ment of greatest European aerospace
industry consolidation, joint UAV ef-
forts have fallen afoul of past difficul-
ties. Th e co llap s e o f th e
Franco-German Eurodrone Brevel
program in the mid-1990s has put a
damper on cooperative UAV efforts,
and at the moment, tactical UAV ef-
forts in France and Germany are
largely separate.
The current issue is the extent to
which the European Development
Agency (EDA) will play a role in har- EADS Advanced UAV
monizing European UAV efforts. To
date, the policy has been contradic- study programs are already in the establish this program as a European
tory. On the one hand, EDA does EDA budget. On the other hand, EDA venture but, as of August 2005, that
seem to view UAVs as a particularly has been reluctant to take on specific had not occurred.
good example of a new technology engineering development efforts. A German UAV working group,
field where it will be able to wield France has been attempting to foist UAV Dach including 11 companies
some influence. As a result, UAV EuroMALE on EDA as and attempt to from Germany, Austria, Switzerland,

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

European UAV Market
and the Netherlands has established a
venture to develop a maritime surveil-
lance UAV for civil operations such
as pollution control, monitoring eco-
nomic exclusion zones, and fisheries
protection. The program will first aim
at defining the technical requirements
of the system as well as addressing the
substantial issues of airspace access
and air vehicle certification.
CL-289 Piver
Canadair was successful in its first
venture into RPVs, the CL-89, build-
ing over 500 CL-89 drones have been
built for the armies of France, Ger-
many, Britain and Italy. Having been
designed as a divisional asset, the
CL-89 suffered from a short range;
even with an extended range fuel tank
its maximum range was only 140 km.
In July 1976 Germany signed a MoU
with Canada for the development of
th e lo n g e r- r a n g e d CL - 2 8 9 b y
Canadair and Dornier and was joined
by France in March 1977. The
tripartite development contract for
$410 ($C) million was signed in No-
vember 1987 with an aim towards
fielding 14 systems and 235 air vehi-
cles. The production MoU was signed
by Germany and France in January
1986. The first system was turned
over to the German army on 29 No-
vember 1990 and the French army re-
ceived their first set in early 1991 for
trials. Production for the French and
German armies was completed in
June 1993. France procured 55 air ve-
hicles and two ground station sys-
tems, while Germany procured 188
air vehicles and eleven ground station
sets.
During the European intervention
in the Yugoslav Civil war, the CL-289
was deployed with the 7th Artillery
Regiment of the French army near
Mostar airport, with over 40 flights
through the summer of 1996. In Au-
gust 1996, the CL-289 marked its
500th mission with the French and
German armed forces since its intro-
duction in 1992. During operations
over Kosovo in April 1999 the Ger-
man army had 21 UAVs in operation
and flew 237 missions from Decem-
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
ber 1998 to July 1999. Total losses in
the fighting included five German
and two French CL-289.
EADS has managed an upgrade
package for the CL-289 called
AOLOS-289 with new flight soft-
ware and a modified computer. The
first of the upgraded systems was
turned over in May 2003 and 160
French and German UAVs will be up-
graded.
Brevel
The Eurodrone Brevel was a coop-
erative Franco-German effort to field
a reconnaissance UAV for divisional
surveillance and artillery spotting re-
quirements. Unlike the CL-289
which relied on conventional IR
linescanners and wet film systems,
the new UAV was designed to provide
real-time electro-optical surveillance
capability. In 1983, Matra and MBB
consolidated their research work on
UAVs, forming consortium called
Eurodrone in 1989. The new system,
called Brevel, was named after the
cities where the firms are based, Bre-
men and Velizy. The Brevel program
suffered from a lack of harmony in the
French and German defense budgets,
with Germany being the main source
of budget problems in 1991-92. In
October 1992, the program was re-
started again after Germany agreed to
bear the burden of RDT&E funding
for Brevel for two years. On 13 No-
v e mb e r 1 9 9 2 , E u r o d r o n e w a s
awarded a FFr 1.4 billion ($264.5
million) contract from the French
Ministry of Defense for the develop-
ment of the Brevel, even though the
French ministry of defense indicated
that they would have to defer major
funding until 1997. In February 1994,
the French and German governments
provided the Eurodrone partners with
an additional contract increment to
begin the second phase of Brevel de-
velopment. When the next French
five year defense plan was released
covering 1997-2002, funding for
Brevel procurement had been
dropped. France subsequently pro-
ceeded on its own with the Crécerelle
program, while Germany continued
Page 63
the Brevel effort under their local
name of Tucan. Both these programs
are covered below in the respective
country sections.
ECAP UAV
In October 2002, the European de-
fense ministers decided to support the
European Capability Action Plan
(ECAP) aimed at covering serious de-
fense technology gaps in Europe, no-
tably UAVs. The members of this
effort are Germany, Spain, France, It-
aly, the Netherlands, UK and Sweden,
with Austria and Belgium present as
observers. A preliminary study by the
working group concluded that the Eu-
ropeans needed about 20
MALE/HALE (medium/high altitude
endurance) UAVs for the ISTAR (In-
telligence, Surveillance, Target
Acquisition and Reconnaissance
Missions).
In October 2002, NATO nations
concluded a UAV interoperability
agreement under the STANAG sys-
tem.
The European Union has been
sponsoring a multi-national study
program called UAVNET to prepare
for potential civilian use of UAVs
within a decade.
AGS UAV
The NATO Alliance Ground Sur-
veillance (AGS) program reached a
milestone in 2004 with the selection
of the Airbus A321 equipped with the
Transatlantic Cooperative AGS Ra-
dar (TCAR) as the base platform, and
the RQ-4B Global Hawk as the sup-
porting system. Under initial plans,
NATO would acquire seven Global
Hawks and five Airbus AGS. In 2006,
the plans were revised downward due
to budget pressure with the objective
now being five Global Hawk. The
program ran into more funding tur-
moil in 2007 with Netherlands back-
ing off its commitment. There have
been suggestions that to trim costs,
the Global Hawk portion would be re-
tained but the Airbus platforms
eliminated.
Page 64 European UAV Market

Teal Group Analysis

At the moment, a common Euro-
pean tactical UAV program seems un-
likely as France, Germany, Britain,
Italy, Spain and other are in the midst
of acquiring their own tactical UAVs.
The ECAP effort may foster a
pan-European tactical UAV program
late in this forecast period, but it is un-
likely to have any immediate impact
since so many European countries are
already committed to tactical UAV
efforts in the short-term.
In the immediate future, it appears
that joint NATO efforts will be fo-
cused on the AGS requirement and
the associated acquisition of Global
Hawks.

NATO 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
HALE UAV — — — — — 1 1 1 1 1 5

Finland
During the 1990s, Finland had a
requirement for a UAV system to
make up for shortfalls in aircraft re-
connaissance. It tested the Israeli
Scout for both the maritime patrol and
artillery spotting roles. Purchases
were put off in the early 1990s due to
the high cost of the F/A-18 program.
Four systems were short-listed for the
program: Alliant Outrider, Oerlikon
Ranger, Sagem Sperwer and Matra
Tucan. The Ranger was tested in early
1998. In August 1999, Finland an-
nounced that it was acquiring one
Ranger system with six air vehicles at
a cost of FMk 110 million ($20 mil-
lion). Eventually, two systems were Patria UAV
acquired, each with five air vehicles
and associated E-O packages. velop a tactical UAV system to re- MASS Mini-UAV
Finnish firms have been active in place the existing Ranger system. The In the summer of 2006, Patria un-
studying other applications for ministry of defense has established a veiled its Mini-UAV Modular Air-
UAVs. For example, the electronics requirement for a joint army/air force borne Sensor System. This uses an air
firm Vaisala has studied the use of a reconnaissance system and has bud- vehicle with light-weight Styrofoam
weather reconnaissance system using get Euro 100 million for it, with the front elements that can be replaced
a dropsonde delivered by a UAV. expectation that the system would be due to inevitable landing damage.
In the summer of 2004, Patria es- acquired in the 2010-2015 time
tablished an industrial consortium to frame.
examine domestic capabilities to de-

Teal Group Analysis

The Finnish armed forces after the armed forces have a requirement for a either another tactical UAV system or
experience with the Ranger would Mini-UAV system, which is likely to mini-UAV system.
prefer to acquire an off-the-shelf sys- be satisfied by the new Patria design. In all likelihood, the future UAV
tem than develop one their own. Finnish officers have stated that they system will be acquired late in the
However, Patria already has a modest see a need for a medium endurance forecast period.
program underway. The Finnish system, but it has lower priority than
Finland 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAV — 30 30 50 — — — — — — 110
Tactical UAV — — — — — 6 6 6 — — 18

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

European UAV Market
France
France has the most ambitious
UAV plans of any country in Europe,
but its plans have traditionally run
aground over budget limitations. In
the tactical UAV arena, it was in-
volved in the joint Franco-German
Brevel effort, but bailed out in the late
1990s in favor of an off-the-shelf buy
of the SAGEM Crécerelle. The after-
taste of this and similar missile fias-
coes such as Polyphem and TriGAT
has led to a continuing estrangement
between France and Germany over
future developments and a noticeable
German reluctance to participate in
current French-led UAV efforts.
As detailed below, France outlined
a broad range of UAV initiatives in its
current 2003-09 defense budget
plans, but these were scuttled in the
summer of 2004 due to budget short-
falls. The French DGA put off two of
its keystone programs, the MCMM
TUAV effort and the SIDM-MALE,
ostensibly to better coordinate the ef-
fo rt w ith its n ew n et-cen tric
war-fighting program called BOA.
At the moment, France is nomi-
nally committed to a broad range of
UAV efforts, and has attempted to
skirt around the budget problems by
proclaiming these to be European
ventures in the hopes of rounding up
other European partners as substitutes
for the disenchanted Germans. In re-
ality, the programs are in a shambles
due to the frequent cancellations and
re-starts, as well as confusion over
priorities.
Early Tactical UAV Efforts
In the 1980s, a number of French
firms such as Sagem and Altec pur-
sued their own UAV efforts, and
France on occasion purchased these
in small numbers for trials. So during
Operation Desert Storm, the French
army employed four Altec Mart sys-
tems. When the Ministry of Defense
decided to pull out of the Brevel effort
in the mid-1990s, Sagem already had
a n o ff - th e - s h e lf d e s ig n , th e
Crécerelle, waiting in the wings, and
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Spewer-B
this has formed the basis for the cur-
rent French tactical UAV program.
Crécerelle/Sperwer
Although nominally committed to
the Franco-German Brevel effort, in
1988, the French armament director-
ate DGA provided initial funding to
Groupe SAGEM for the ATAOS (Au-
tonomous Tactical Attack and Obser-
vation System). This was used to
develop the Marula mini-UAV, along
with an associated flight control sys-
tem and a fully equipped system was
deployed on trials in 1993. At the
same time, the army’s Section Tech-
nique de l’Armée de Terre purchased
a few privately developed ALTEC
Mart mini-drone system in 1988 and
four systems were deployed with
French forces during Operation
Desert Storm. The tests and use of
these two systems helped defined the
French requirement which emerged
as the Crécerelle (Kestrel) in 1993.
Groupe SAGEM was provided a con-
tract in 1993 for RDT&E of this sys-
tem, and production of two complete
systems for trials. To speed the devel-
opment, SAGEM used the British
Banshee (Spectre) drone as the air ve-
hicle, and utilized flight control ele-
ments developed earlier under the
Page 65
ATAOS program. The Banshee is a
widely used target drone manufac-
tured by TTL Corp. with about 1,600
manufactured to date for about 23
countries. In 1994, the French army
awarded SAGEM a FFr50 million ($9
million) study contract to explore an
extended range Crécerelle with an
endurance of 5.5 hours versus the
current three hours.
The Crécerelle was deployed for
the first time with French forces in
Macedonia in 1999 with the 61st Ar-
tillery Regiment. A total of three were
lost in combat during operations in
Kosovo. The Crécerelle system
formed the basis for the Sperwer sys-
tem which uses a new and more capa-
ble air vehicle. This system has been
exported to Sweden, Denmark,
Greece, and the Netherlands and pro-
duction to date of this UAV family has
been about 18 systems and 100+ air
vehicles. Spain is expected to become
a client in 2004.
At the moment, the French army is
supplanting the first Crécerelle sys-
tems with the new SDTI (System de
drones tactiques interimaires), which
is an upgraded SAGEM Crécerelle
system based around Sperwer-A air
vehicle. As a short-term solution,
Page 66
DGA is trying to incorporate some
MCMM features into the SDTI. So at
Paris-05, SAGEM showed a Sperwer
fitted with a Rafael Spike anti-tank
missile as a possible option to test an
armed UAV. SAGEM began flight
tests of an upgraded, longer-range
Sperwer, the Sperwer-B in June 2006
at the Kemijarvi UAV test range in
Finland. SAGEM is attempting to in-
terest the French government in
Sperwer-B as a “mini-MALE” to sat-
isfy the requirements of the long-de-
layed Eagle/EuroMALE programs.
SDTI
The SDTI (System de drone
tactique intermediare) is a medium
endurance UAV for the army with an
original requirement for 15 systems,
since reduced to four systems.
Aerospatiale Matra offered the CAC
Systems Ranger for the SDTI require-
ment. SAGEM offered the Sperwer,
an upgraded version of the existing
Crécerelle developed for the Nether-
lands army. The Israeli firm Silver Ar-
row offered an undisclosed UAV. The
DGA selected SAGEM for the SDTI
requirement using the Sperwer-A.
The requirement was four systems
and 18 air vehicles. The standard sys-
tem consists of a ground control sys-
tem and three air vehicles, plus a
reserve of five air vehicles. System
trials were conducted at CEV-Sitres
in 2003, and two low rate production
systems were delivered for troop tri-
als in 2004. The SDTI/Sperwer-A
was accepted into service by the 61st
Artillery Regiment in April 2006,
based near Chaumont in eastern
France and replaced the worn-out
Crécerelle UAVs; the regiment oper-
ates two batteries of CL-289 Piver
and two SDTI/Sperwer-A batteries
(each battery includes two systems
and nine air vehicles). A rapid deploy-
ment SDTI cell includes 23 troops
and can conduct 1-2 missions daily. A
full strength cell is 64 troops and con
conduct up to three missions daily.
System retirement is currently
scheduled for 2011.
As a short-term solution, DGA is
trying to incorporate some MCMM
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Eagle 1 MALE UAV
features into the SDTI. So at Paris-05,
SAGEM showed a Sperwer fitted
with a Rafael Spike anti-tank missile
as a possible option to test an armed
UAV. It also displayed a Sperwer-B
with weapons at the 2006 Eurosatory
show.
SAGEM began flight tests of an
upgraded, longer-range Sperwer, the
Sperwer-B in June 2006 at the
Kemijarvi UAV test range in Finland.
SAGEM is attempting to interest the
French government in Sperwer-B as a
“mini-MALE” to satisfy the require-
ments of the long-delayed Ea-
gle/EuroMALE programs. In 2006,
SAGEM was awarded a contract to
demonstrate Sperwer-B armed with
the Israeli NT/Spike ATGM as a po-
tential hunter-killer UAV for French
army use.
SDTT
Under the current 2003-2009 bud-
get program, the French DGA was
planning to acquire a new tactical
drone called MCMM (Multi Charges
Multi Mission) and a new endurance
drone. In April 2002, SAGEM joined
with Dassault to form a consortium to
bid on this system. SAGEM unveiled
its Sperwer HV at the June 2001 Paris
air show. This uses a turbo-jet pow-
ered air vehicle to complement the ex-
isting piston-powered Sperwer for
deep-penetration missions where
greater speed is needed. EADS has
teamed with Galileo Avionica to
European UAV Market
evolve their Mirach 100/5 into the
Carapace for this role. The aim was to
field a tactical UAV with a higher
speed than systems such as Sperwer,
thereby providing better response
time, and suitable for replacing the
CL-289 as well.
The MCMM was conceived of as a
more ambitious package than SDTI
which would include a reconnais-
sance UAV as well as a hunter-killer
UAV capable of carrying various
types of guided submunitions such as
the BONUS, the STRIX, or 2.75 inch
rockets. The requirement was for 15
systems and about 80 air vehicles
with a program cost of 450 million.
Under the 2003-2009 budget plans,
40 air vehicles would be acquired
through the end of the current budget
plan by 2009, and the remaining 40 by
2010. However, in the summer of
2004, the DGA announced that it was
putting off the program for an undis-
closed duration to better evaluate its
needs based on experiences with the
new Sperwer SDTI. SAGEM dis-
played a Crécerelle UAV armed with
a Rafael NT Spike missile at the 2005
Paris air show, and there have been
earlier hints at an armed UAV as a pre-
cursor to the delayed MCMM
multi-role UAV. The French DGA
provided a development contract in
2006 to SAGEM to begin the study of
an armed UAV, separate and distinct
from the Neuron effort.
©Teal Group Corporation
European UAV Market
In recent years, the MCMM re-
quirement has been renamed as SDTT
(Systeme de drone tactique terrestre:
Army tactical drone system). This
system is intended to replace both the
CL-289 Piver and SDTI/Sperwer in
the 20011 period. A demonstration is
scheduled for 2007. The army is cur-
rently studying a VTOL solution for
the program, and in 2006, SAGEM
was awarded a contract to demon-
strate the Bell Textron Eagle Eye
VTOL UAV as a possible candidate
for both French army and navy
requirements.
MALE Endurance UAV
France acquired a single US
Hunter system in 1995 to test out its
requirements for a medium endur-
ance UAV, and the system was de-
ployed in Kosovo. In the spring of
2000, the French DGA released an
RFP for the MALE (Moyen altitude
longue endurance) for the air force
with a stated requirement for five sys-
tems. EADS offered the Eagle, a de-
rivative of the IAI Heron, for the
MALE requirement. The Israeli firm
Silver Arrow offered the Hermes
1500 and SAGEM offered the US
General Atomics Predator UAV
under the name Horus-SD.
In July 2001, DGA announced that
it would acquire a few Eagle-1 as a
SIDM-MALE (Systeme Interimaire
de Drones MALE: Interim MALE
UAV System) until a fully developed
system is ready. The SIDM effort cost
about 90 million consisting of 54
million for the UAVs and 36 million
in operational costs. The Heron had
its first flight on 18 October 1993. De-
velopment of the Eagle began at IAI
in the mid-1990s and the first flight of
the French version of the air vehicle
was conducted in 1998. Through June
1999, a total of 10 flights had been
conducted including two of over 20
hour duration and including at least
one mission 4,000 km from the base
near Paris. The Eagle was first dem-
onstrated at the 1999 Paris air show
and was shown again at Paris 2003 in
a slightly more refined form. The Ea-
gle-1 system employs Israeli ground
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
stations and payloads as EADS has
not had time to develop these sys-
tems. EADS is working on a further
package called Eagle 2 with Euro-
pean payloads, an uprated engine, and
a flight control station and communi-
cations package more compatible
with US/NATO. In 2004, EADS re-
ported that it was planning to use the
data-link technology developed for
the Brevel/KZO. In 2005, EADS an-
nounced that it was acquiring the ex-
clusive intellectual property rights for
the Eagle airframe from IAI Malat.
The Eagle one MALE system will
constitute EuroMALE Block 0. The
first flight of the definitive SIDM de-
sign took place from the Istres test
base in September 2006. It is fitted
with a IAI TAMAM electro-optical
sensor and an Elta EL/M-2055 SAR.
The French government is consider-
ing ordering a small number of
additional air vehicles to provide
immed iate cap ab ility u n til a
definitive EuroMALE is ready.
The current French five year de-
fense plan for the 2003-2008 time
frame envisioned the acquisition of
five systems and 16-24 MALE air ve-
hicles, of which 12 air vehicles would
be funded under the current program,
and the remainder afterwards. Initial
deployment would begin in 2009.
The program cost, including support
and maintenance for 15 years, was
pegged at 1.1 billion, with the acqui-
sition costs estimated as 591 million.
However, in June 2004, DGA post-
poned the MALE program for a dem-
onstration program aimed at testing a
EuroMALE in 2008. In June 2005,
the French defense minister an-
n o u n c e d th e la u n c h o f th e
EuroMALE program. The program is
pegged at about Euro 300 million and
Dassault subsequently teamed with
E A D S to d e v e lo p a c o mmo n
EuroMALE endurance UAV. This
could be a further elaboration of the
Eagle such as the proposed Eagle 2, or
a wholly new design.
The French DGA has been trying
to shift responsibility for EuroMALE
to the European Defense Agency
(EDA), but to date, this has not met
Page 67
with success. Germany is actively
planning to acquire the Global Hawk
in its EuroHawk configuration; Italy
has already acquired Predator; Britain
has leased and purchased Predator for
operations in Iraq and has its own
Watchkeeper program in place. As a
result, there is no great enthusiasm to
sponsor a program aimed mainly at
French requirements. France would
like to limit its financial stake in
EuroMALE to about 25%. A report
from the French Senate in 2006
strongly criticized the program as
c o n f u s e d a n d w a s t e f u l an d
recommended dumping the program
altogether.
SAGEM has been trying kill the
current MALE UAV program with a
twin-headed program. On the one
hand, SAGEM has been promoting
the idea that a MALE UAV is not what
the French armed forces need, but
rather an improved tactical UAV. It
has argued that in typical peacekeep-
ing missions such as the recent French
operation in the Ivory Coast, that a
MALE UAV is excessive in perfor-
mance and insufficient in number. In-
stead, SAGEM is proposing a
longer-range Sperwer, the Sperwer-B
which was unveiled at Eurosatory in
June 2006. The second approach is to
offer an alternative to the long-de-
layed D assau lt/EA D S Ea-
gle/EuroMALE, namely its own
Busard (Buzzard). This is a joint pro-
gram with the government research
organization Onera using a German
Stemme powered sailplane as surro-
gate for endurance UAV research.
The Stemme sailplane can be oper-
ated in controlled civil airspace that
would be off-limits for UAVs at the
moment to permit studies of UAV
subcomponents. This will permit fur-
ther research on civil UAV applica-
tions as well as military endurance
programs. SAGEM has publicly dis-
played a model of a purely UAV vari-
ant of the Busard which suggests that
SAGEM views the Busard as a poten-
tial MALE UAV alternative to the Ea-
gle. To further confuse matters, in
2006, the DGA visited with Thales in
the UK to receive a briefing on the
Page 68
EADS DRAC Tracker
Watchkeeper. Some French officials
have argued that the Watchkeeper
will satisfy 70% of the French MALE
requirement at 30% the cost. How-
ever, in June 2006, the head of the
DGA, Francois Lureau ruled out ac-
quiring the Watchkeeper for the
MALE requirement, but suggested
that it might be satisfactory for a
future tactical UAV requirement.
In late 2006, French officials be-
gan another round of discussions with
German and Spanish officials about a
joint MALE program. The Germans
made it clear that they had no interest
in joining the existing French pro-
gram, pushing for a MALE UAV
closer to Predator A in size rather than
the larger Predator B size preferred by
the original French EuroMALE re-
quirement. In addition, the Germans
pushed for a greater role in the pro-
gram, offering to use their EADS
Barrakuda UCAV demonstrator as the
core of the program to save cost and to
offer an alternative jet-powered de-
sign. This configuration was origi-
nally dubbed AGILE and was
envisioned as a multi-configuration
design. Using modular components
based around a common fuselage, the
AGILE could be configured as a tacti-
cal UAV/UCAV more suitable for Eu-
ropean requirements than current US
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
prop designs, while it could also be
configured with sail-plane type wings
to provide MALE capability. EADS
finally conceded to the German pres-
su re an d th is altern ativ e w as
promoted by EADS at the 2007 Paris
air show under the name “Advanced
UAV”.
In response, the partners on the
Neuron UCAV including Dassault,
Alenia and Saab have been discussing
an alternative using Neuron technol-
ogy as the core for a MALE UAV
(even though there is no apparent core
technology ready at the moment).
Alenia has already begun to fly its
own MALE demonstrator and has a
larger design on the drawing board.
HALE
In the past, Aérospatiale has also
shown illustrations of a possible
HALE (Haute Altitude longue endur-
ance) UAV called the Fregate and
SAROHALE. Dassault has shown its
own conceptions of an ultimate
HALE as well using an unconven-
tional configuration. The French Mil-
itary Intelligence Directorate would
like to deploy a HALE for strategic
reconnaissance by 2012. The pro-
curement objective would be five sys-
tems, and would be in the class of the
Global Hawk.
European UAV Market
The DGA in late 2006 solicited
French industry to embark on the new
Mirador program (Moyen infrarouge
a e ro p o r te p o u r la d e te c tio n
d’observation rapide anti-missile:
Mid-Infrared Airborne for anti-mis-
sile detection/rapid observation). As
the name implies, this is envisioned as
an orbiting, long endurance platform
that could be used for cueing
anti-TBM systems as is being pro-
posed for the SAMP-T air defense
system.
ONERA has been promoting stud-
ies of a HALE UAV as a high-altitude
communications relay during crises
or during events such as the Olympics
w h ere ex istin g s atellites are
overwhelmed.
DRAC Mini UAV
EADS has been selected to supply
the French army with its first
mass-produced mini-UAV as part of
the DRAC (Drones de renseignment
au contact: Contact Intelligence
UAV) requirement. On 10 January
2005, EADS received a contract for
about 30 million for 160 Tracker
systems.
The French army acquired four
AeroVironment FQM-151 Pointer
mini-UAVs for trials and used them
operationally in 2004 in Haiti. These
tests helped the French army establish
a requirement for a mini-UAV desig-
n a ted as D RA C ( D ro n e s d e
renseignment au contact: Contact In-
telligence UAV). The program is the
responsibility of the ETAS section of
D C E ( Direction d es Centres
d’Expertise et d’Essais). The UAV
system is designed to be man-portable
by a crew of two, with the UAV han-
dled via a touch-screen laptop con-
nected to a portable ground control
station with a radio-link to the UAV
and a small met station to survey wind
conditions. The meteorological sta-
tion is an interesting innovation and is
prompted by the widely recognized
vulnerability of mini-UAVs to wind.
The UAV used for the initial trials in
2003 was the EADS Tracker. The
plan was to place the DRAC require-
ment out to competitive bid, with
©Teal Group Corporation
European UAV Market
Hovereye
hopes to deploy the first systems in
2006. In 2005, the DGA selected the
EADS Tracker for the requirement
and ordered 160 systems. Each sys-
tem consists of two air vehicles, two
laptops for image exploitation and
one GCS. The Tracker is a small,
hand-launched mini-UAV operated
by a two-person team. It uses a
twin-boom sail-plane configuration
to maximize endurance and is pow-
ered by a small electric motor located
in a pod over the wing. Endurance is
two hours and the sensor is a
day/night camera. The air vehicle and
camera are cheap enough that the
Tracker air vehicle can be considered
expendable for some high-value
missions. The first 25 DRAC systems
were scheduled for delivery in 2007.
The French firm Tecknisolar-Seni
has received some modest funding
from the DGA to examine solar-pow-
ered mini-UAVs. These are small,
hand-launched mini-UAVs using
both solar power, and other types of
battery powered propulsion. The
small Coccinelle (ladybird)
mini-UAV has already been tested by
the French army which is considering
the incorporation of mini- and mi-
cro-UAVs into its Felin future infan-
try s ystem. Th e f irm also
manufactures a smaller UAV called
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Bourdon (bumblebee) which also
uses electric propulsion, and some
were apparently sold to the UAE.
However, the DGA decided to go for a
more conventional approach with the
EADS Tracker.
Future French Micro-/Mini-UAV
DRAC is intended to serve as a
forerunner to a more extensive family
of micro- and mini-UAVs intended
for the Felin future infantry system.
DGA’s approach to this requirement
has been to fund a large number of
small programs. Felin is expected to
incorporate mini- and micro-UAVs
for scouting at the company, platoon
and perhaps squad level. The baseline
UAV was the Odin mini-UAV, but lit-
tle detail on this system has been re-
leased. It is designed to operate at a
range of a few kilometers for about an
hour, and is optimized for the urban
environment.
The DGA has funded The Institut
Polytechnique in Grenoble teamed
with Novadem to develop the CPX4
min-UAV. This helicopter UAV uses
four sets of propellers for better sta-
b ility an d w as d isp layed at
Eurosatory 06. The CPX4 weighs less
than half a kilogram, has an effective
range of one km, and an endurance of
25 minutes on battery power. It has an
effective payload of 90 g which con-
sists of a CMOS color daylight cam-
e r a . T h e mi c r o - U AV a l s o
incorporates an acoustic sensor to
avoid obstructions such as walls.
CPX4
Page 69
The DGA has also funded the de-
velopment of a larger helicopter
mini-UAV called Hovereye which
was developed by Bertin Technolo-
gies. In contrast to the CPX4 which is
expected to be used with the Felin in-
fantry suite, the Hovereye is intended
for mechanized infantry due to its
greater weight and size. It was on dis-
play in the SAGEM area mounted on
a VAB infantry vehicle as well as in
DGA’s technology innovation dis-
play.The core program is sometimes
called Hovereye, the aim being to
field a small h elicopter type
micro-UAV.
The Merlin UAV is a light UAV
with somewhat greater range (seven
km) and a one hour endurance. It is in-
tended for missions in terrain and is
operated via two touch-screen
laptops. The US firm AeroVironment
demonstrated its RQ-11 Raven to the
French army at Mourmelon in March
2006.
DGA has also participated in a
multi-national effort codenamed
MAVDEM with Italy, Norway and
Spain which will see flight demon-
strations in 2007-08 and which is ex-
pected to transition to direction of the
European Defense Agency in 2006.
DGA is also participating with the
French research agency ONERA in a
university microdrone program initi-
ated in September 2005 to encourage
the development of new approaches
to mic r o - U AV s s u itab le f o r
operations in an urban environment.
Page 70
Orka-1200
erations from frigates. Recent plans
French Naval Requirements called for the beginning of advanced
The French navy’s interest in a development in 2006 focusing on the
vertical-take-off UAV was consoli- particular needs of seaborne launch
dated by the DGA into a joint helicop- and recovery, followed by an initial
ter UAV requirement called Devil, deployment in 2012. In late May
and an RFP was released to industry 2005, the DGA released an RFP to in-
in early June 2005. However, the pro- dustry for a VTOL UAV called
gram has been continually reorga- “Devil” which could be employed in
nized as the French navy rethinks its either army or navy roles. The aim is
requirements. to have a deployable system by 2008.
The French navy explored the util- The specifications call for a take-off
ity of ship-based UAVs by sponsoring weight of 700 kg, a payload of 150 kg,
a technology demonstration program a speed of 90 km/h and an endurance
with the Canadian CL-227 Sentinel. of 14 hours. This may be an effort to
In the summer of 1995, the DGA consolidate both navy designs as well
awarded a contract to a team of as possible army applications into a
Freewing Aerial Robotics and Matra single VTOL UAV.
Defense to supply a Scorpion In recent years, Dassault has
Tilt-Body for trials (locally known as teamed with Elbit from Israel, Thales
Marvel). This was conducted with the from France and Ameur Aviation in
French Defense Ministry’s CERT/ France on a hybrid maritime surveil-
ONERA research laboratory. lance UAV demonstrator based on a
In the autumn of 2002, the DGA DGA contract. The program was
restarted this effort by funding based on an Ameur Aviation compos-
ONERA to study two possible mari- ite airframe light aircraft. The idea is
time UAVs for its DMT (Drone Mari- to employ a manned aircraft as the
time Tactique) requirement. One was demonstrator which can be switched
expected to be a small helicopter de- to remote control operation to speed
sign converted into a reconnaissance development of the concept. The na-
UAV akin to the US Navy Fire Scout ture of the airframe means that the de-
which would be operated from sign will be used primarily from shore
French aircraft carriers and the new bases or large flat deck ships such as
Batiment de Projection. The other aircraft carriers or amphibious assault
was a small rotary wing UAV for op- ships with aviation decks.
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
European UAV Market
The EADS Orka-1200 is intended
for the larger maritime UAV require-
ment while the smaller Scorpio is in-
tended for the small naval UAV
requirement. The Orka-1200 has also
been offered to the German navy as a
r e p l a c e me n t f o r t h e G e r man
SAEMOS program which has col-
lapsed after over a decade of funding.
The system is based on a manned heli-
copter developed by Helicopter
Guimbal. The Orka-1200 has a 7.2 m
rotor and a maximum take-off weight
of 680 kg of which 180 kg is payload.
The payload is the usual modular type
and can include E-O/IR, ESM/ECM,
SAR or others. The landing system is
automatic, but there is no evidence
that EADS has actually demonstrated
this feature at sea yet. The usual con-
figuration would be to deploy two
Orka-1200s per ship, and they can be
stowed in a 6.6x8.5 ship hanger. The
Orka-1200 has a 195 kph maximum
speed, eight hour endurance and a
1 8 5 d a ta- lin k r a n g e w h e n
transmitting real-time imagery.
The Scorpio is the smaller member
of the EADS helicopter pair. There
are two configurations available, the
smaller Scorpio-6 and larger Scor-
pio-30. Both share common sensor
and flight control packages but the
Scorpio-6 is limited to a six kg pay-
load while the Scorpio-30 can carry a
package up to 15 kg. Both types are
based on large remote control model
helicopters with Scorpio-6 having a
1.7m blade and Scorpio-30 having a
two meter blade. Take off weight is 13
kg and 38 kg respectively. Both oper-
ate at altitudes of about 2000m, and
have an effective operating range of
10 km which is limited mainly by the
radio data link. Flight control is au-
tonomous and relies on both an iner-
tial an d G P S p latfo r m. Th eir
endurance is rated at one hour for the
Scorpio-6 and two hours for the Scor-
pio-30. Besides being offered for the
French navy requirement, EADS is
trying to interest a broader range of
customers in the Scorpio systems, in-
cluding both military and paramili-
tary/police forces. The Scorpio is
intended as an “entry-level” UAV
©Teal Group Corporation
European UAV Market
with useful features but a low
purchase and operating cost.
In June 2005, Eurocopter teamed
with Guimbal to form a new VTOL
UAV business called Vertivision. Bell
Helicopter has teamed with SAGEM
in France and Rheinmetall in Ger-
many to market the Eagle Eye tilt-ro-
tor in Europe for naval requirements.
In November 2006, SAGEM was
awarded a contract to demonstrate the
Eagle Eye as a potential solution for
joint army/navy VTOL UAV require-
ments. In December 2006, DGA re-
leased an RFP to evaluate the
suitability of VTOL UAVs to meet the
joint army/navy requirements.
Early French UCAV Efforts
France initially participated with
the US in examining flight control
systems for UCAVs in the late 1990s.
Before the turn of the century,
France began to study UCAV require-
ments, and Dassault built and flew a
sub-scale demonstrator, the Petit Duc
(Little Horned Owl) AVE (aeronef de
validation experimental: experimen-
tal demonstration air-vehicle) starting
in July 2000. At Paris 2003, models of
both the Petit Duc and Petit Duc C
demonstrators were displayed. The
European aerospace consortium
EADS undertook preliminary studies
of a UCAV called the URAV which
could be used for either reconnais-
sance or tactical strike. In April 2002,
Dassault and SAGEM announced
plans to team on UAV ventures in-
cluding a UCAV dubbed the “Moyen
Duc” (Medium Horned Owl) based
on the earlier “Petit Duc” demonstra-
tor. The long term plan is to build a
Teal Group Analysis
Although France would like to see
itself as a driving force in European
aerospace technology, the collapse of
its UAV programs over the past five
years has deflated these pretensions
in one of the most dynamic areas of
development. The collapse of the
Brevel program with Germany in the
1990s has soured the most obvious
route of co-operative ventures, and in
combination with the turmoil at
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Neuron
full scale demonstrator, or “Grand
Duc”. During the 2003 Paris 2003 Air
Show, the French defense minister
Michele Alliot-Marie pledged to
commit €300 million to a UCAV pro-
gram and invited the other major
European countries to join the
program, with Dassault in the lead.
France has been the principal
player in the Neuron program, and is
expected to maintain a majority of the
work even if additional European
firms join. Sweden was the first major
partner in the Neuron program, com-
mitting about €75 million compared
to France’s €300 million pledge. Italy
pledged about €40-70 million, and
Greece committed to about €20
million.
The Swedish decision in favor of
supporting the Neuron program in
January 2006 paved the way for the
initial development funding for Neu-
Airbus, has made the Germans in-
tensely skeptical about “European”
UAV ventures that leave French com-
panies with a disproportionate share
of the pie. Germany opted out of Neu-
ron, rejected EuroMALE, has gone its
own way on mini-UAVs, and is buy-
ing American for its HALE require-
ments. France’s ambitious $1.5
billion UAV program in the original
2003-2008 budget plan has collapsed.
Page 71
ron with DGA awarding Dassault a
$486 million contract on 9 February
2006 to build and test the demonstra-
tor. Six countries are participating on
the program: France, Sweden, Italy,
Spain, Switzerland, and Greece.
D G A w ill a c t a s th e g o v e r n-
ment-to-government management
agency on the program while
Dassault will lead the industrial team.
The work-share includes Alenia’s
work on the avionics, EADS CASA
on the wing, data link and ground sta-
tion, Hellenic Aerospace the rear fu-
selage and integration rig, Ruag the
wind tunnel testing and weapons
launcher, and Thales the data relay
and command-control interface. Bel-
gium is still debating participation
with possible involvement in the
satellite up-link feature.
All that resulted from the plan was a
single Eagle one demonstrator, four
Sperwer systems, and a few dozen
DRAC mini-UAVs, a very emaciated
shadow of the original scheme.
France has tried to position itself as
the European leader in UAV technol-
ogy, but instead has fallen behind
most of its neighbors such as the UK
and Germany which have active pro-
grams well underway. While France
Page 72
debates and talks about UAVs, other
countries have actually been building
them.
A comprehensive French UAV ef-
fort will have to await the next
2 0 0 9 - 1 4 b u d g e t p lan . I n th e
mini-UAV area, France already has
DRAC underway, but may acquire
more mini-UAVs and even mi-
cro-UAVS to complement the Felin
program late in the forecast period.
France’s tactical UAV fleet is puny
with only a single army artillery ob-
servation regiment. There is still no
consensus about future needs, with
some talk now of consolidating the
army and navy requirements in a
France
Mini-UAV
SDTT
MALE UAV
Naval VTUAV
Civil UAV
UCAV
Germany
Germany has a number of pro-
grams underway to acquire UAVs
ranging from mini-UAVs through
tactical UAVs.
The Eurodrone Brevel was a coop-
erative Franco-German effort to field
a tactical UAV for divisional surveil-
lance and artillery spotting require-
men ts . F o llo w in g th e F r e n c h
withdrawal from the program, Ger-
many has decided to proceed with ac-
quisition of the Tucan variant. In
August 1998, the Bundeswehr placed
a DM500 million ($280 million) or-
der with STN Atlas for six Tucan sys-
tems. The first system was delivered
in 2005.
Germany has also acquired
smaller mini-UAVs from EMT in
Penzburg such as the Luna and
Aladin and has a standing require-
ment for mini-UAVs. At the high end
of the UAV scale, German is consid-
ering the adoption of the Global
Hawk under the name Euro Hawk as
a n e n d u r a n c e U AV s ys tem.
EADS-Germany has begun flight
tests of the Barrakuda UCAV demon-
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
common air vehicle such as a French
version of Eagle Eye. SAGEM would
like to convince the government to
abstain from grandiose schemes and
simply buy more Sperwer UAVs to
satisfy its needs. What may emerge is
a mixed configuration, with some
Sperwer-B’s being acquired to re-
place the Sperwer-A, and some faster
and more capable system being ac-
quired to replace the CL-289 Piver,
perhaps from the EADS “Advanced
UAV” design or an Eagle Eye VTOL
UAV.
France may acquire a handful of
Eagle SIDM UAVs to provide an im-
mediate MALE capability until the
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
140 150 150 — — — 150
— — — 5 15 20
1 1 — — — 1
— — — — 3 6
— — 1 — — —
— — — — 1 —
strator and this air vehicle is also be-
ing proposed as the core of a joint Eu-
ropean MALE UAV. Germany also
has a requirement for a naval UAV
system in the wake of the failure of its
own SEAMOS program.
CL-289 Piver
Germany was the co-developer of
the CL-289 drone along with Canada
and later, France. Under the original
production MoU Germany was to
have received one battery set in each
of 1988 and 1989, followed by two in
1990, three in 1991 and the final four
in 1992. The first system was turned
over to the German army on 29 No-
vember 1990 and production for the
German army was completed in June
1993. Germany procured 188 air ve-
hicles and eleven ground station sets.
During the peacekeeping operations
over Kosovo in April 1999 the Ger-
man army had 21 UAVs in operation
and flew 237 missions from Decem-
ber 1998 to July 1999. Total losses in
the fighting included five German
CL-289s. Dornier has proposed to de-
European UAV Market
EuroMALE follow-on program is re-
solved. HALE UAVs at the moment
seem destined to remain in the limbo
of technology demonstration.
France has also been very slow in
addressing civil applications for
UAVs aside from some minor demon-
strations related to forest fire observa-
tion. It is likely that France will follow
the general pattern of using govern-
mental requirements to help pave the
way for civil use of UAVs, and these
are likely to be endurance UAVs used
f o r f ir e p a tr o l an d b o r d e r
surveillance.
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
300 300 — 1,230
20 10 — — 70
1 1 1 1 8
6 6 6 6 33
— 2 2 2 7
— 2 — 1 4
velop an extended range version of
the CL-289, called KWS-289, which
would carry additional fuel. This
would enable the drone to cover
1,500 square miles of territory vs. the
300 square kilometers possible with
the current version. A proposal was
made to the German BWB in early
2001, but to date it does not appear to
have been approved.
KZO Tucan Tactical UAV
Due to the delays in fielding the
Brevel tactical UAV system, in the
summer of 1996, Germany acquired a
single unit of six Phantom UAVs at a
cost of $1 million from Meggitt Tar-
get Systems for use as a low-cost, in-
terim brigade intelligence system.
As mentioned above on the Euro-
pean Union section, Germany was a
participant with France in the devel-
opment of the Brevel tactical UAV.
Following the French decision in
1997 to pull out of the production
phase of the program, Germany de-
cided to proceed with acquisition of
the Brevel, under its original German
©Teal Group Corporation
European UAV Market
Tucan
d e s ig n a tio n o f Tu c a n K Z O
(Kleinflugger-zur- Zielortung). In
August 1998, the Bundeswehr placed
a DM500 million ($280 million) or-
der with STN Atlas. The original plan
was to acquire eight systems consist-
ing of 16 GCS and 80 air vehicles.
However, by the time that the
Bundestag approved the procurement
project in December 2001, the objec-
tive had been trimmed to six Tucan
systems. Each system includes two
ground control stations (GCS) and 10
air vehicles for a program total of 12
GCS and 60 UAV. The first system
was handed over to the army in De-
cember 2005. In 2006, the first system
was prepared for deployment with
German peacekeeping forces in
Afghanistan.
Taifun/Tares Attack UAV
The German armed forces have
been studying the possible use of the
Brevel system as the basis for the
Taifun anti-radar drone for air de-
fense suppression, and also the
Mucke for jamming battlefield com-
munications. Other potential applica-
tions include minefield detection and
surveillance, real-time data link relay
missions for extended range mis-
sions, real time long range naval tar-
g et lo catio n , an d civ ilian
environmental research. Due to the
cut-backs in the 1997 defense budget,
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
defense minister Volker Ruhe ordered
a postponement in the decision on the
development of the army Taifun UAV.
The original Taifun requirement
called for 20 launcher systems and
3,000 air vehicles with a development
cost in 1997-2004 of DM452 million
($280 million) and a procurement
phase in 2005-2011 of DM940 mil-
lion ($535 million). In 1997, the Fed-
eral Audit Office reported to the
German parliament that the Taifun’s
operational requirement was open to
question and that its long range raised
conflicts between army and air force
Taifun
Page 73
targeting. It recommended a recon-
sideration of the program in light of
current German out-of-area require-
ments. STN Atlas has also been work-
ing on an electronic support measures
d e r iv a tiv e o f Tu c a n c a lled
Fledermaus (Bat). In early 2003, it
was reported that the defense ministry
procurement agency recommended
the termination of the Tucan program
due to lingering technical shortcom-
ings and escalating costs. Program
cost estimates had grown from the
original 372 million to about 1.2 bil-
lion. More recent plans have been to
conduct demonstrations through
2006 and user trials in 2007. If
accepted for service in 2008,
production could begin in 2009.
In May 2004, Rheinmetall’s De-
fense Electronic division acknowl-
edged that it was looking at a small
UCAV based on a tactical UAV to
serve in the anti-radar role. The
UCAV would not be lost after engag-
ing the radar, but would attack it with
some form of undisclosed munition.
Although Rheinmetall described the
concept as a “follow-on” to Taifun, it
may in fact be an alternative to this
troubled and long-delayed program.
In 2005, Rheinmetall unveiled its
TARES which is a reconfigured
Taifun. In place of a dedicated anti-ra-
dar mission, TARES is fitted with an
Page 74
optical sensor and a data-link which
would allow an operator to direct the
TARES to attack a wider range of tar-
gets. In this respect, it is more of a
persistent loitering missile than a
UCAV.
Micro-UAV
The German BWB development
agency has been supporting an aca-
demic and industry effort to examine
the feasibility of micro-UAVs. The
Insitut fur Luft- und Raumfahrt-
systeme of the Technische Universitat
Braunschweig has been developing
several micro-UAVs including the
390 gram Carolo and a scaled-up ver-
sion called Carolo XL. Carolo is be-
in g co mmercially o ffered b y
Rheinmetall in its P50 variant.
Braunscheweig has also been work-
ing on a helicopter mini-UAV with
the capability to automatically follow
a target such as a moving vehicle.
On the industry side, EADS-
Dornier has been working on their
DO-MAV weighing less than 500
grams and a 500 gram helicopter mi-
cro-UAV called MAV VTOL-Solu-
tion.
Special Forces VTUAV
The Bundeswehr has a standing
requirement for a close-range
VTUAV capable of operating indoors
which is believed to be focused on a
micro- or mini-UAV. This is intended
mainly for special forces uses. These
could involve some of the designs
mentioned above. To start the ball
rolling, the Bundeswehr began flight
trials of five contenders for this re-
quirement in June 2006. EMT has
been working on a small VTUAV
called Fancopter for this requirement.
The Fancopter has an operating range
of 500 meters and an endurance of 15
minutes. Diehl/BGT is offering its
SensoCopter which is a small heli-
copter UAV with four blades around
th e p e r ip h e r y b a s e d o n th e
Microdrones GmbH MD4-200.
MBDA is offering a tail-sitter. SIM
Security & Electronics is offering the
Air Robot/Skyeye. Rheinmetall also
offered the Kolibri 60.
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Luna Mini-UAV
The German army initiated its
LUNA (Luftgestutze Unbemannte
Nahaufklarungs-ausstattung) re-
quirement in 1995 for a mini-UAV for
use with forward ground troops with
an effective operating radius of about
10 km. Eight manufacturers were in-
vited to participate in the bidding with
proposals due in April 1997. The re-
quirement included various procure-
ment options from 50 to 300 systems.
The design from EMT in Penzburg
was selected for trials deployment. In
August 1996, the BWB acquired two
EMT X-2000 Luna systems on an ex-
perimental basis, which are a
mini-UAV deployed at brigade level
or lower. These were first deployed in
Kosovo in March 2000 and con-
ducted 174 sorties as part of the
KFOR operation. In June 2002, three
systems including six GCS and 28 air
vehicles conducted a further 139 sor-
ties in support of the multilateral bri-
gade in Macedonia. A basic system
consists of a GCS, launch catapult,
four air vehicles and associated sup-
port equipment and can fit in a C-130.
The German army plans to deploy 13
Luna scout units, each with four
ground control systems and twelve air
vehicles.
Aladin Mini-UAV
The first Aladin mini-UAV system
was delivered to the Bundeswehr in
April 2003. In contrast to the Luna
which serves with artillery reconnais-
sance battalions, the Aladin is in-
tended for use with armored and
mechanized reconnaissance units.
The Aladin is smaller than the Luna,
also manufactured by EMT and was
originally developed to be compatible
with the Fennek scout vehicle now
being acquired by the German and
Dutch armies.
The initial contract is for six sys-
tems each consisting of a GCS and air
vehicle, and intended for deployment
with the International Security Assis-
tance Force in Afghanistan. The Ger-
man army is currently committed to
acquiring 202 Fennek. The Dutch
army is acquiring over 400 Fennek, so
European UAV Market
there could be an export market as
well. The acquisition objective for
Aladin is currently pegged at 115 sys-
tems starting in early 2005, with a
portion of the order compromising an
upgraded Aladin based on lessons
from their employment in Afghani-
stan. A contract for 115 Aladins was
awarded to EMT in April 2005 at a
cost of Euro 25 million ($32 million).
EMT is also o ff erin g th e
Bundeswehr a micro-UAV called Mi-
kado with a weight of only half a kilo-
gram. EMT displayed two new UAVs
at Eurosatory 04. The X-13 UAV is an
attempt to enlarge the EMT UAVs
into the close-range UAV/tactical
UAV arena. The take-off weight of
the X-13 is 130 kg, considerably more
than the previous EMT UAVs, and
with an extended endurance of six
hours and operating range of 200km.
The system is designed primarily to
address a German navy requirement
due to the failure of the earlier
SEAMOS helicopter UAV. Fancopter
is a different approach to the
mini-UAV requirement, and as the
name implies is a small, vertical
take-off design using an electric mo-
tor. The take-off weight is under one
kg, and it has an effective range of
only 500 m and an endurance of 15
minutes. It is being considered as an
infantry small-unit scout due to its
very limited capabilities. The German
army currently has a requirement for a
close-range vertical take-off UAV ca-
pable of being operated indoors. This
is intended for special forces units,
and Fancopter is aimed at this
requirement.
German MALE Requirement
The BWB development agency
concluded a study in 2004 over its re-
quirements for an endurance UAV.
The plan notes the requirement for a
system with 24 hour endurance and to
operate without restrictions in
non-segregated airspace. The BWB
wants a mixed sensor array including
E-O, IR and SAR with data fusion at
the ground control station. The sensor
array needs to be detailed enough to
acquire and track small targets such as
©Teal Group Corporation
European UAV Market
Sensocopter
a hostile infantry platoon, and be able
to track such targets through a forest
canopy. BWB wants a modular pay-
load option with plug and play which
would permit support of other mis-
sions such as electronic warfare, NBC
recon, and other alternatives. BWB
has noted that the requirement fol-
lows current NATO Staff Require-
ment approaches. General Atomics
has teamed with Diehl BGT Defense
and Rheinmetall Electronics to offer
the Predator to satisfy various Ger-
man requirements. In the autumn of
2006, Germany began to discuss a co-
operative venture with France,
though substantially different than
the original EuroMALE scheme.
Germany would like to exploit the
technology developed for the
Barrakuda effort, and use the core
systems as the basis for a MALE UAV
with longer wings for endurance
flight. This effort was originally
called Agile UAV, but in 2007 was re-
named as Advanced UAV. The con-
cept is to develop a modular UAV
with a fuselage core to which would
be added either sailplane wings for an
endurance UAV for shorter wings for
a tactical UAV/UCAV. The endurance
UAV would have a different nose
with a satellite uplink antenna. The
system would also be supported with
modular payloads. The concept was
publicly displayed by EADS at the
J u n e 2 0 0 7 P a r is air s h o w. A
competing team from the Neuron
U CAV c o n s o r tiu m in c lu d in g
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Dassault, Alenia and Saab are
expected to offer a competitor.
The dual configuration also ad-
dresses a German perception of the
UAV field that differs from the cur-
rent US concepts, a distinction be-
tw e e n r e c o n n a is s a n c e an d
surveillance. The Germans see a need
for a loitering system such as Predator
for persistent surveillance. However,
they also see the need for a fast,
near-supersonic, penetrating UAV for
more demanding air defense environ-
ments to carry out deep reconnais-
sance missions in a timely fashion.
This is based in part on past experi-
ence with the CL-289 which is used in
this reconnaissance, vs. surveillance
fashion.
EuroHawk
Germany has a requirement for an
endurance UAV for strategic recon-
naissance and maritime patrol and has
examined the RQ-4A Global Hawk as
a possible candidate for this require-
ment. The EuroHawk is envisioned as
a maritime surveillance version of the
Global Hawk which substitutes an
ELINT package for the current elec-
tro-optical sensor package. In 2005,
EADS and Northrop Grumman were
finalizing their arrangements for
work-shares on this and related
E u r o p e a n M A L E / H A L E U AV
efforts.
Plans to conduct trials of a Global
Hawk fitted with an EADS sensor
package were delayed due to the com-
Page 75
mitment of the aircraft to combat op-
erations in 2003. Instead, the sensor
was test fit to Global Hawks at Ed-
wards AFB. A Global Hawk and was
finally deployed to Germany on 15
October 2003 for a series of six test
flights from Nordholz naval air base
near Cuxhaven in Germany. Al-
though the original plans were to test
a synthetic aperture radar, the pro-
gram shifted to the trials of an ELINT
sensor instead due to shifts in German
requirements. The Luftwaffe consid-
ered other platforms for this mission
as well including the Predator and
Airbus A320 but rejected them. The
trials concluded after about 30 hours
of flight time. The short term objec-
tive is to acquire four-six Global
Hawks to replace four Atlantic
E L I N T a ir c r a f t, th o u g h th e
EuroHawk could also be used for a
broader range of surveillance require-
ments. The German partner for
Northrop-Grumman is EADS-
Dornier. The German BWB released
a restricted RFP to EADS/Northrop
Grumman in September 2004 to bid
for five EuroHawk HALE systems
and the combined response was deliv-
ered in late March 2005. The program
plans were for the delivery of the first
EuroHawk in 2007, and the second in
2008-09 but these have changed. The
program value is expected to be at
least Euro 350 million ($450 million)
for the first five systems. However,
funding shortfalls have delayed this
effort. An MoU was finally signed in
May 2006, the first step towards a
risk-reduction contract. The plan now
is to deliver a single system by 2010
to provide interim capability to
conduct SIGINT operations in place
of the old Breguet Atlantiques now in
service.
Germany is also considering a fol-
low-on buy of up to six more
EuroHawks which would be fitted
with a synthetic aperture radar for im-
aging intelligence missions. This
would take place after the ELINT
version.
EADS has also offered a proposal
to the Bundesmarine to equip the
EuroHawk with a new phased-array
Page 76
surveillance radar to satisfy the mari-
time patrol aircraft requirement. The
German Navy recently announced
plans to retire its fleet of Atlantic mar-
itime patrol aircraft, and as an interim
solution to purchase surplus Dutch
P-3C Orion aircraft. A navalized
EuroHawk would presumably re-
place these if accepted, since the radar
has not yet been developed.
SEAMOS Naval UAV
Dornier, now part of EADS, has
been working on VTOL UAVs since
the 1960s. In 1986, the firm began to
work on a derivative of the Gyrodyne
Q H - 5 0 D a s a te s t b e d f o r a
Bundeswehr requirement under the
GEAMOS (Gefechtsfeld Aufklar-
ungsmittel und Ortungssystem) pro-
gram. After demonstration flights,
Dornier was awarded a development
contract in 1992 to design a naval de-
rivative for use from frigates for re-
connaissance, renamed SEAMOS.
The phase one development contract
followed in December 1995. Ship-
board trials began in 2002, and the
program was monitored by other
NATO navies including France, Italy,
Britain and the US. However, prob-
lems with the SEAMOS led to its can-
cellation in 2003. The Bundesmarine
has subsequently begun to look at the
EADS ORCA-1200 naval helicopter
UAV, and has also examined the US
RQ-8 Fire Scout. Bell Helicopter has
teamed with SAGEM in France and
Rheinmetall in Germany to market
the Eagle Eye tilt-rotor in Europe for
naval requirements.
The requirement is to begin de-
ploying the SEAMOS on a scale of
Teal Group Analysis
Germany has been stepping up its
UAV efforts over the past several
years as UAVs have proved to be ex-
tremely useful in recent peacekeeping
operations. The Tucan KZO is one of
the larger efforts at the moment, yet
one of the less relevant since it is pri-
marily oriented towards an artillery
fire support role which has little con-
nection to recent peacekeeping mis-
sions. Germany at the moment is
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
AGILE
two UAVs per each K-130 corvette
beginning in 2006-2008; this sched-
ule has slipped. To date, there are five
K-130 planned, though original re-
quirements called for 15.
Barrakuda
EADS-Germany has been funded
by the German BWB to develop a
low-observables UCAV named the
Barrakuda. A series of a high-speed
taxi trials were conducted near the
plant’s Machning site in early 2006,
and there have been reports that both
Spain and Switzerland have been in-
volved in the program. The aircraft is
powered by a Pratt & Whitney Can-
ada JT15D-5C turbo-fan and a
twin-engine version is also being con-
sidered. The German government has
not formally described the program,
though it is widely reported that the
first flight was scheduled for 2005 but
delayed until May 2006 and that oper-
ational research is expected to begin
by 2008. It is suggested that the pri-
considering a reorganization of its
UAV assets to make them more useful
for immediate requirements, and this
could result in a re-tasking of the
Tucan KZO system to a general ISR
role.
Germany has been in the forefront
in the use of mini-UAVs in Europe,
primarily the EMT mini-UAVs. Hav-
ing already demonstrated the value of
the Luna system in Kosovo, the
European UAV Market
mary role for the Barrakuda is to serve
as a replacement for Germany’s Tor-
nado reconnaissance aircraft. Ger-
man officials have stated that they see
several possible contenders for this
requirement, including Barrakuda,
P r e d a to r B, E a g le Eye, an d
EuroMALE. The Barrakuda proto-
type was lost during landing at San
Javier AFB in Spain on 23 September
2006 during flight trials.
Germany has been promoting
Barrakuda as an alternative to the
French Neuron effort. In addition,
EADS-Germany has been pushing to
use the core technology developed for
Barrakuda as an alternative to the
EuroMALE configuration proposed
by EADS-France for a joint MALE
UAV. EADS has indicated that a sec-
ond prototype will be built but proba-
bly not in the Barrakuda UCAV
configuration but rather as a fast
reconnaissance system.
Bundeswehr is now planning to
acquire the smaller Aladin for assign-
ment to the Fennek mechanized scout
units. This could have some spin-off
into the export market. The German
special forces are also likely to ac-
quire some mini-UAVs.
Germany’s remaining large re-
quirements are for both MALE and
HALE endurance systems and for a
maritime UAV for operation from its
©Teal Group Corporation
European UAV Market
new K-130 corvettes. A strategic en-
durance UAV seems like a likely ac-
quisition and one of the main issues is
what roles will finally emerge. At the
moment, it would appear that
EuroHawk will be acquired initially
for the strategic ELINT role, but a
later maritime patrol version is a real
possibility, particularly once the US
Navy settles down on its BAMS re-
quirement. Most likely, the ELINT
version will be acquired within the
time frame of this forecast, while the
maritime patrol UAV would be most
likely late in this forecast period.
Germany has a standing require-
ment for a MALE UAV but has been
reluctant to join a French-dominated
EuroMALE consortium. In the sum-
mer of 2006, Germany proposed us-
ing the core technologies of its
Barrakuda demonstrator as the basis
for a European MALE UAV program,
and in November 2006, EADS sug-
gested that this was being finalized
Germany 2008
EMT
Germany (Luna) 30
Germany (Aladin) 110
Northrop Grumman
Germany (EuroHawk)
Undetermined Mfg.
Germany (MALE UAV)
Germany (Recon UAV)
Germany (Naval UAV)
Germany (Mini/Micro UAV)
Greece
The Greek firm HAI has adver-
tised a small mini-UAV called Pega-
sus. This program was sponsored by
the chief of the Greek Air Force.
About 10 were built in 1990 for eval-
uation by the Greek Army. The Greek
firm EADS-Sigma developed a
close-range UAV called Nearchos in
the mid-1990s. The Nearchos pro-
gram was subsequently supported by
a number of government initiatives
with the Technical University of
Crete and the National Technical Uni-
versity of Athens with funding from
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
but no agreement has been reached to
date beyond a modest risk-reduction
contract which is simply another way
to buy time until a consensus can be
reached. It is possible that Germany
will acquire a modest number of Pred-
ators to provide immediate capability,
followed by a domestic program
based on the AGILE UAV program
later in the forecast period.
The Bundesmarine is fairly inter-
ested in a naval UAV, but its approach
to this requirement is not yet clear. It
could opt to join a European venture
with the French, opt for a US system
such as Eagle Eye or Fire Scout, or
begin a national effort as a method to
reinforce its flagging defense aero-
space sector. Lack of a clear approach
suggests that this procurement effort
will slide to late in the forecast period.
The prospects for the Barrakuda
UCAV demonstrator are poor. Ger-
many has been trying to tempt other
European countries away from part-
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
— — — — — —
110 — — — —
— — 1 — 1 1
— — 1 2 2 —
— — — — — —
— — — 1 2 2
— 5 40 50 50 50
the General Secretariat of Research
under the Ministry of Development.
The air vehicle has been used as a
test-bed for a collision avoidance sys-
tem and also a remote fire detection
system.
In December 1995, the Greek
army released a tender for four UAV
systems with an operational radius of
100 km. The tender was reissued in
September 1997 with clarifications.
In August 2001, the Greek press re-
ported that the air force would pro-
ceed with the manufacture of a
Page 77
nership with the French on Neuron,
but aside from Spain and Switzerland,
the other major aerospace players ap-
pear to be going their own way. It is
possible that over the next few years,
a consensus will be reached to merge
the demonstration programs prior to
commitment to a dedicated engineer-
ing development effort. In the mean-
time, Germany seems committed to
using the Barrakuda technology to
satisfy its immediate MALE require-
ment as well as a fast jet-powered tac-
tical reconnaissance UAV as well to
replace the aged CL-289.
Germany so far has shown very lit-
tle interest in civil UAVs. Typical fed-
e r a l r e q u ir e men ts s u c h as
fire-fighting and border patrol do not
have much resonance. It is possible
that Germany might participate in
some European civil UAV program
for EU border security, but the do-
mestic requirement at the moment
seems very restrained.
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
— — — 30
— — — — 220
1 1 — — 5
— — — 2 7
1 1 2 2 6
2 2 3 3 15
50 — — — 245
squadron of the Pegasus UAVs.
While this may have pleased the
Greek air force development agen-
cies, the air force wanted a more ro-
bust and capable system. They
selected the SAGEM Sperwer in
2002, ordering a total of three sys-
tems. One system was delivered at the
end of 2004 and became operational
in 2005. A second system was deliv-
ered in early 2006. In the summer of
2006, Greece ordered a further two
systems.
Page 78 European UAV Market

Teal Group Analysis

The Greek armed forces have not
been a technology innovator, and the
selection of the Sperwer in 2002
probably represents the only tactical
UAV system that the Greek air force
will acquire in this forecast period.
Greece is likely to participate in joint
European UAV efforts such as Neu-
ron, and a small purchase of a
mini-UAV system and a naval UAV
system late in the forecast period is
possible.
The large scale destruction of the
wildfires that plagued Greece in the
summer of 2007 may encourage a
more active program to examine a
civil UAV program for fire monitor-
ing.

Greece 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini UAV — — — — 10 10 30 30 — — 80
Tactical UAV 5 — — — — — — — — — 5
Naval UAV — — — — — 1 3 2 2 — 8

Hungary
Hungary has shown little interest
in UAV development to date. Re-
cently, the Hungarian Ministry of De-
fense’s Electronics, Logistics and
Administration office has helped to
fund a private venture UAV effort run
by the Italian firm International Avia-
tion Supply based in Brindisi. This
may indicate interest in tactical UAV
development.
Sofar Mini-UAV
In December 2005, the Hungarian
government decided to acquire two
Sofar mini-UAV systems from WB
Electronics in Poland at a cost of
800,000. Each system includes three
air vehicles. The Sofar is a derivative
of the Israeli Top-I-Vision Casper 250
with a Polish ground control system.

Teal Group Analysis

Hungary has not been very active years. Hungary’s limited procure- ing the border area with the former
in this field, but most of the former ment budget has probably been a ma- Yugoslavia.
Warsaw Pact states in the central Eu- jor obstacle, but a tactical UAV
ropean region have embarked on tac- system could play a role in monitor-
tical UAV programs over the past few
Hungary 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAV 6 — — — — — — — — 6 12
Tactical UAV — — — — — — — — 4 4 8

Italy
The Italian Army has a standing
requirement for UAVs as part of its
CATRIN corps level communication
and information system. Meteor SpA
has developed two systems for this re-
quirement, the Mirach 26 close range
UAV and the Meteor 150 medium
range UAV. These are based on the
earlier Mirach 20 and Mirach 100 that
had been ordered by the Italian armed
services in the 1980s. The Italian
Army has ordered one system of each
for evaluation, with additional pro-
curement delayed for several years.
The Kosovo air campaign finally con-
vinced the Italian armed forces of the
need for such systems, and eight sys-
tems each of the Mirach 26 and
Mirach 150 were ordered in January
2000 with deliveries concluding in
2002. In addition, Italy has acquired
four RQ-1 Predators for the air force.
Italy is currently experimenting
with the Sky-X UCAV concept air ve-
hicle for future requirements. Alenia
is developing a number of new UAV
designs running the gamut from tacti-
cal UAVs such as Falco through
HALE UAVs such as Molynx.
Past UAV Efforts
Meteor SpA has been developing
UAVs since the early 1980s in two ba-
sic configurations, a pusher-propeller
short-range system, and a turbojet
medium range system. The Mirach 20
short range system was produced in
limited numbers (about 40) beginning
in 1987-88 for the Italian army under
the codename Condor, and for the
Italian navy as the Pelican. Other
variants with autopilot enhancements
to permit preprogrammed flight in-
cluded the Raven reconnaissance
UAV and Parrot data relay UAV. Ver-
sions of the Mirach 20 were produced
in Argentina as the MQ-4 Agilucho
by Quimar, and in the US by Pacific
Aerosystems as the Heron 26. Quimar
was formerly privately owned, but in
1988, was acquired by the Argentin-
ean ministry of defense. The Mirach
20 became operational with the
Italian Army in 1988.
The medium range drone system
was designated as Mirach 100. This
was built primarily as a target drone,

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

European UAV Market
with about 75% of the 600 manufac-
tured serving in this role. About 150
had been produced up to 1987, in-
cluding export to both Libya and Iraq.
The Mirach 100 has been license pro-
duced in Argentina since 1985 as the
MQ-2-2 Bigua by Quimar. The sur-
veillance version is usually fitted with
a BAE MIRLA IR linescanner. The
Argentinean version was launched
from a Pucara tactical strike aircraft in
1988 under a program called South-
ern Hawk. An extended range version
of the Mirach 100 developed in con-
junction with Pacific Aerosystems
was submitted for the US JPO’s
UAV-MR program but was not
selected.
CATRIN Requirement
In the late 1980s, the Italian army
began development of its CATRIN
corps communications and informa-
tion system. This system was devel-
oped by Alenia, the parent company
of Meteor SpA, and included a re-
quirement for a target surveillance
and acquisition system, dubbed
SORAO. The main element of the
SORAO requirement was a family of
UAVs. Not surprisingly, Alenia se-
lected the Mirach 20 and Mirach 100
for f u r th e r d e v e lo p me n t,
redesignated Mirach 26 and Mirach
150 respectively. The navigation sys-
tems of both were substantially up-
graded to include a GPS navigation
feature, and sensor improvements,
c o mman d u p g r a d e s a n d o th e r
modifications took place.
The Italian army ordered one
Mirach 26 system and one Mirach
150 system for further evaluation for
their SORAO requirement. In 1995,
Alenia announced that it had received
a “launch order” for the Mirach 26,
but no details have been released on
the scope of this order.
Mirach 26 is currently being of-
fered to several potential customers.
It has been offered to Netherlands for
its requirement in competition with
Crécerelle and several other drones;
in 1 9 9 5 it lo s t to th e F r e n c h
Crécerelle. It has also been demon-
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Sky-X UCAV
strated to Finland, Australia and
Austria.
The Kosovo air campaign finally
convinced the Italian armed forces of
the need for such systems, and eight
systems each of the Mirach 26 and
Mirach 150 were ordered in January
2000 with deliveries to conclude in
2002.
Predator MALE UAV Acquisi-
tion
As a result of the Kosovo cam-
paign, in May 2000, the Italian air
force announced plans to acquire six
Predator systems as a result of “les-
sons learned” during the Kosovo air
campaign. The contract included four
UAVs with payload and two without
with delivery beginning in late 2001
and ending in 2002 and Meteor will
serve as the Italian prime contractor;
only five were delivered. One of the
air vehicles was lost during training,
reducing the force to four. Opera-
tional capability was reached in De-
cember 2004. Four Predators are
operated by the 32 Stormo, 28
Gruppo Velivoli Teleguidata “Le
Streghe” which deployed from its
home base, Amendola AFB near
Foggia, to Tallil AFB near An
Nasiriyah in Iraq in January 2005.
The UAV group reached 1,000 flight
hours by early 2006.
Page 79
In August 2004, Italy announced
plans to acquire another five Preda-
tors, but to date this has been limited
to two, one attrition spare and one
more to fill out the original order for
six. Predator assembly in Italy is un-
dertaken by Galileo Avionica, a unit
of Finmeccanica. In June 2004, the
Italian parliament passed legislation
to open up Italian airspace to the Pred-
ator UAV for operations. Plans to ac-
quire two more Predators in 2005
floundered due to budget problems,
with the plans now shifted to the 2007
budget.
CIRA Program
In the summer of 2001, Italy’s
CIRA aerospace research facility an-
nounced plans to invest about $65
million in a seven year program to de-
velop UAVs for military and civil ap-
plications. The first project, dubbed
Cirrus will develop a tactical UAV
with an operating radius of 200 km
and 10 hours endurance. A long term
effort, dubbed CR/X3 will be an en-
durance design capable of flying for
four days with a 250 kg sensor pack-
age. It is expected to fly in 2008.
New UAVs
With the Canadair CL-289 ending
its useful life, Italian and French firms
have been teaming to offer replace-
Page 80
ments. Meteor (now Alenia) showed
another version of Mirach 100 de-
rived UAV at Eurosatory 2002, the
Nibbio (Kite). This is intended as a
high-speed UAV which does not pro-
vide real-time intelligence, but is re-
covered and then its sensor package is
processed. EADS showed the Cara-
pace UAV at Paris 2003 for the first
time, which is another reconnaissance
derivative of the Meteor Mirach 100
target drone offered to replace the
CL-289 but with real-time data link
capability.
Falco Tactical UAV
Meteor (now Alenia) displayed its
new Falco UAV for the first time at
Eurosatory 2002. This is as a tactical
UAV to bridge the capabilities gap be-
tween the Predator and smaller
UAVs. The Falco first flew in Decem-
ber 2003. The Italian army has a re-
quirement for a tactical UAV for
operation at brigade level to replace
the Mirach 26 system, and Falco is
aimed mainly at this requirement.
In 2007, Alenia announced that the
first production would take place of
16 Falco for an undisclosed customer,
widely reported to be Pakistan.
Endurance UAVs
In October 2006, Alenia released
illustrations of its new HALE UAV
called Molynx designed for a range of
3,700 km, an endurance of 25-30
hours and a 800 kg payload. In 2007
at the Paris air show, Alenia displayed
its Sky-Y MALE UAV for the first
time. The first test flight of the Sky-Y
took place on 20 June 2007. Repre-
sentatives indicated that Sky-Y is in-
tended to act as a precursor to full
HALE capability as a demonstrator,
with the Molynx starting to fly in
2009 ready for production by
2010-2011. Both Sky-Y and Molynx
are intended primarily for civil appli-
cations. The development program is
expected to cost about $500-600 mil-
lion. Alenia has been discussing the
possibility of teaming with Dassault
and Saab to offer a counter-proposal
to the EADS team bidding on the
EuroMALE follow-on program.
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Sky-Y MALE
Alenia is also examining military
spin-offs of the Sky-Y and Molynx
under the codename Black Lynx
which would be oriented towards the
hunter-killer mission.
Italian Sky-X UCAV
The most impressive of the new
Italian UAV ventures debuting at
Paris 2003 was a large jet-powered
UCAV demonstrator, the Alenia ITV
(Integrated Technology Vehicle). No
sensor package was displayed on the
design, though it was noted that it
could carry a 300 kg modular pay-
load. In 2004, Alenia renamed the
ITV as Sky-X. Under new program
plans, the first set of test flights were
conducted in 2004-2005, and fully
autonomous flights will be achieved
by 2007-08. A total of 20 flights were
conducted through May 2005. Flight
testing is expected to continue
through 2013.
The Italian air force would like to
be able to deploy a UCAV by 2020,
but a firm decision has not yet been
made whether to pursue this as a do-
mestic venture such as the Alenia
Sky-X program, as a multi-national
venture with other European firms,
such as the French-led Neuron pro-
gram. At a presentation in 2006, rep-
resentatives from Alenia indicated
that full scale system development of
a full-scale UACV could begin as
European UAV Market
early as 2007 which would make se-
ries production possible as early as
2016.
Alenia is also reported to be coop-
erating with the Russian Yakovlev
firm on a UCAV derived from the
Yak-130 jet trainer, designated as
Proryv (Breakthrough).
MALP
Galileo Avionica is developing a
mini-UAV called MALP (Multi-pur-
pose Air-Launched Payload) which is
a type of parasite UAV. It is small
enough to be carried on a tactical
UAV such as the firm’s Falco. The
MALP is designed for multiple roles
including a reconnaissance role, but
also a potential strike role against en-
emy air defense to eliminate threats
before the arrival of the main UAV.
Mini-UAV
The Italian army has a requirement
for a mini-UAV for company level
surveillance. As of early 2004, the
Army had approved of the purchase
of a small number of AeroVironment
Pointers to study this mission. The
Italian Marines have a similar re-
quirement. In late 2006, the Italian
a r my ordered a dozen
AeroVironment RQ-11A Raven
mini-UAVs for delivery in 2007.
Selex Sensors (part of Galileo
Avionica) displayed a small tail-sitter
©Teal Group Corporation
European UAV Market
VTOL mini-UAV in 2007 called
Asio.
Teal Group Analysis
Italy has a very active indigenous
UAV effort, and has had a state policy
to buy Italian where and when possi-
ble. After a decade of delay, the
Kosovo air campaign finally forced
the Italian armed forces to acquire a
new generation tactical UAV. In addi-
tion, the turmoil in the Balkans has
prompted Italy to acquire a modest
number of Predators for the strategic
reconnaissance/maritime patrol role.
Italy will probably buy a new tactical
UAV late in the forecast period ori-
ented towards battalion or regimental
surveillance rather than the corps
Italy 2008
Mini-UAV
Tactical UAV
MALE UAV
Civil MALE UAV
Naval UAV
Netherlands
The Netherlands delayed its acqui-
sition of UAVs for the Army to 1995,
having earlier hoped to acquire a tac-
tical system in 1993. The 1994-98 de-
fense plan earmarked 120 million
guilders ($66.7 m) for the acquisition
of long- and medium-range UAVs.
The Crécerelle was considered for the
requirement along with the British
Phoenix, Swiss Ranger and Meteor
Mirach 26. In July 1995, it was an-
nounced that SAGEM was being
awarded a 134.5 million guilder
($87.4 million) contract. The Dutch
MoD spokesman indicated that the
Swiss Ranger was considered the
next closest competitor. The system
that was finally acquired was actually
based on the Sperwer export variant.
Delivery of the Sperwer air vehicles
began in 2002 and a total of four sys-
tems each with three air vehicles was
delivered. The first operational de-
ployment of the Dutch Sperwers was
in December 2006 when Sperwers
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
level approach of the CATRIN sys-
tem. Mini-UAV acquisition is already
underway, an off-the-shelf purchase
from the US in the short-term, and a
domestic development and acquisi-
tion effort in the long term. Italy is
likely to try to blend its MALE UAV
effort into a common European pro-
gram. There is some interest in ac-
q u ir in g a MA L E f o r c iv il
applications, presumably for moni-
toring the sea lanes off Malta and in
the Adriatic to interdict illegal immi-
gration. The Italian air force has a
long-term ELINT requirement but
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
15 — — — — 30
— — 5 10 10 15
— — — — — 1
— — — — — —
— — — — — —
were flown in southern Afghanistan
to support NATO peace-keeping op-
erations. At least two Sperwer air
vehicles were lost during these
operations in early 2007.
Mini-UAV requirement
The Dutch Army had a short-term
requirement for a mini-UAV system
to support peace-keeping operations
in Afghanistan. As a result, the MoD
acquired five Aladin systems from
EMT in Germany, deploying them in
2006. The acquisition included five
GCS and 10 air vehicles. This may be
followed by more Aladins as the sys-
tem was designed specifically to in-
teract w ith th e F en n ek
reconnaissance vehicle which is oper-
ated by the Dutch army. The Dutch
also bought a small number of Elbit
Skylark mini-UAVs in 2006 to pro-
vide immediate patrol capability for
Dutch bases in Afghanistan.
Page 81
this is likely to follow similar efforts
elsewhere in Europe such as the
German EuroHawk program.
Italy is also likely to join any
French program for naval UAVs as
both countries have been jointly de-
veloping their frigates/corvettes. It
remains unclear whether Italy will
continue its own Sky-X program in-
dependently or whether it will decide
to join the French-led Neuron pro-
gram. In either event, UCAV pur-
chase by the Italian air force is not
likely until after the forecast period.
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
45 45 — — 185
— — — — 40
1 1 1 1 5
1 1 1 1 4
3 3 3 3 12
Micro-UAV
A number of Dutch firms and uni-
versities have teamed on a program
called DelFly based on the Delft Uni-
versity of technology to development
micro-UAVs. The program has fo-
cused mainly bio-mimic flying types.
MALE Requirement
The Royal Dutch Air Force has
funded a Dutch consulting firm to as-
sist in formulating plans for the
MALE UAV. The aim was a system
capable of 30 hours endurance at
25,000 feet with a 500 kg payload.
The system would replace recon ver-
sions of the F-16 fighter and could be
used to replace the P-3C in some per-
sistent maritime surveillance roles.
The plan was to acquire eight MALE
UAVs. In 2007, the Dutch govern-
ment decided against the planned
MALE acquisition due to budget
issues.
Page 82 European UAV Market

Teal Group Analysis

The Netherlands has recently ac-
quired a tactical UAV for the army, so
any further tactical UAV purchases
are unlikely until the end of the de-
cade except for possible attrition
spares. The use of Aladin mini-UAVs
in Afghanistan is likely to spur more
interest in this direction, and may lead
to further acquisition beyond the ini-
tial, minimal purchase. The Nether-
lands is a partner with Germany in the
Fennek reconnaissance vehicle pro-
gram, and Germany is currently ac-
quiring the Aladin mini-UAV to
complement this system. It is quite
possible that the Netherlands will fol-
low suit, as the system would make
the Fennek even more valuable in typ-
ical peacekeeping missions. The scale
of the purchase is difficult to foresee.
Germany is acquiring fewer Fennek
than the Netherlands, but the Nether-
lands is probably less likely to acquire
as many Aladin per Fennek as the
Germans.
The Dutch navy is currently work-
ing on a multi-national frigate pro-
gram with Germany. Should there be
interest in a naval UAV, it should ide-
ally be linked with this frigate pro-
gram. A Dutch interest in a naval
UAV, though probably not a high
probability, is possible. The Nether-
lands has traditionally had a marine
force, and so applications such as gun
fire spotting would be attractive. In
addition, the Dutch have had strong
commitments to UN operations, and a
sea-based intelligence capability
might be attractive.
The Netherlands signed an agree-
ment with France in October 2002 to
pursue the endurance UAV require-
ment based around the French MALE
program, but in 2007 backed off a
MALE UAV purchase in the near
term. It is quite possible that the Neth-
erlands will acquire a modest number
of MALE UAVs late in this forecast
period.

Netherlands 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAV — — — 15 25 25 40 40 — — 145
Naval VTUAV — — — — — — 2 2 2 2 8
MALE UAV — — — — — — — — 1 1 2

Norway
The Norwegian Army examined exercise in March 2002. Norway also cal UAV in late 2003/early 2004 for a
the German EMT Luna X-2000 dur- tested the German Tucan KZO tacti- standing tactical UAV requirement.
ing the NATO Strong Resolve winter
Teal Group Analysis
Norway does not have a large de- tactical UAV systems. Some acquisi-
fense procurement budget, and future tion of a mini-UAV system is also
UAV acquisitions will probably be likely.
modest, on the order of one or two

Norway 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAV — 15 15 — — — — — — — 30
Tactical UAV 6 6 — — — — — — — — 12

Poland
Poland began a reconnaissance
UAV program in 1994 at PZL-Mielec
under the codename Vektor. The
Poles approached the French firm
SAGEM to discuss possible French
involvement in providing ground sta-
tions and avionics. The issue of turbo-
jet vs. piston propulsion was not
immediately settled and PZL- Mielec
has discussed powerplants with
Gobler-Hirthmotoren in Germany
and Microturbo in France for a piston
engine and turbojet respectively. The
payload is intended to be 35-40kg and
would provide real-time imagery. The
program was being funded by the
state Committee for Scientific
Research.
Another source of funding and ex-
perimentation in recent years has
been the Instytut Technicznego
Wojsk Lotniczych (Air Force Techni-
cal Institute) which has been examin-
ing mini-UAVs along with the
electronics firm Radwar. In 2005,
they began test-flying prototypes of a
mini-UAV called HOB-bit. Another
series of trials have been conducted
by WB electronics with the SOFAR
mini-UAV and the TOPAZ artillery
fire control system as a method for
artillery spotting.
Mini-UAV Requirement
In 2005, the Polish army’s Grom
special forces branch announced a re-
quirement for a mini-UAV system to
support its operations. Contenders in-
cluded the Orbiter from Aeronautics,

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

European UAV Market
the Raven from AeroVironment, the
Sofar from WB Elctronics and the
BridEye 400 from IAI. The Orbiter
was selected, represented by the Pol-
ish firm G&R Zintegrowane Systemy
Bezpieczenstwa. The system cost was
about $400,000 and a small number
of systems were apparently acquired.
Several other Polish firms con-
tinue to promote mini-UAVs as there
is a presumption that the regular army
will eventually acquire systems. The
Bumar-Labedy group, Poland’s larg-
Teal Group Analysis
Poland’s defense budget is ex-
tremely modest, and the Polish Army
is having a great deal of difficulty
funding existing programs, including
the recent F-16 acquisition. The cur-
Poland 2008
Mini-UAV
Tactical UAV
Portugal
Portugal has a small scale RDT&E
effort for a UAV called the Armor.
The program is being undertaken by
the state Instituto Superior Tecnio.
Teal Group Analysis
Portugal’s program appears to be
very modestly funded, and it does not
seem likely that it is interested in for-
eign cooperation beyond the Spanish
ties mentioned. Should Spain buy
Portugal 2006
Tactical UAV
MALE UAV
Romania
Romania purchased a handful of
French TSI Vigilant UAVs in the
early 1990s, as well as a small number
of AAI Shadow 600 systems in May
1998. The state owned Arsenalul
Armatei and Electromecanica Ploesti
have developed a small remotely pi-
loted target, the ATT-02, which could
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Page 83
est defense contractor, has teamed a purchase of about 30 air vehicles.
with Elbit to offer a variety of UAVs The original requirement was for at
to the Polish armed forces including least four systems to equip four Polish
the Skylark mini-UAV. The Polish brigades plus spares and training, but
firm WB electronics has already sold in early 2006, the requirement was
a modest number of Sofar mini-UAVs pegged at a shot-term acquisition of
to Hungary and they are being offered two systems (three air vehicles plus a
as well to the Polish armed forces. spare each) followed by acquisition
of four more through 2010. The initial
Shadow Acquisition deal was signed in the summer of
In early 2005 it was reported that 2006 for the first two RQ-8B systems
Poland would become the first export and eight air vehicles.
customer for the RQ-7 Shadow, with
rent UAV program is probably in- small purchase of a locally developed
tended more to gain industrial mini-UAV is likely.
RDT&E experience in this field
rather than any strong requirement. A
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
— 25 50 — — — — — — — 75
8 — — — — — — — — — 8
The Armor is designed to operate for ordinate the effort with the SIVA
12 hours for patrol of Portugal’s mari- system.
time exclusion zone. The Portuguese
have worked with the Spanish to co-
Crécerelle as planned, this might en- tem for maritime patrol of its coastal
tice the Portuguese, but the scale of waters, but this would probably be
the acquisition would probably be late in the forecast period, once the
quite small. Portugal may eventually larger European states have acquired
show some interest in a MALE sys- similar systems.
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total
— — — 4 4 — — — — — 8
— — — — — — — — 1 1 2
be sued to form the basis for an indig- lion and will be funded through the
enous tactical UAV. US DoD Defense Export Loan Guar-
antee program. The six UAVs were
Shadow UAV Purchase delivered in the spring of 1998. The
In May 1997, Romania reached an Shadow 200 UAVs were operated
agreement with AAI Corp. in the US with Romanian forces deployed to
for the purchase of the Shadow UAV. Iraq in 2005.
The contract was valued at $23 mil-
Page 84 European UAV Market

Teal Group Analysis

Romania has a very modest de- very modest during this period. While Shadow 200 force is possible, it
fense procurement budget and its the acquisition of a tactical UAV to re- would probably be on a very small
UAV requirements are likely to be place or supplement the small scale.
Romania 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Tactical UAV — — — — — 6 — — — — 6

Russia
The former Soviet Union had an
extensive UAV development effort
which like the rest of the aerospace in-
dustry, has suffered a significant de-
cline since the end of the Cold War.
The Russian army has deployed a new
generation tactical UAV, the Schmel,
but efforts to field new endurance
UAVs have languished due to a lack
of funding.

Air Force UAV Development

The first Soviet UAV reconnais-
sance system was the Tupolev DBR-1
strategic reconnaissance system
based around the large Tupolev
Tu-123 Yastreb and 52 air vehicles
were built in 1964-72. The system
was retired in 1972 as it was uneco-
nomical; by this time its strategic re-
connaissance role had been taken by
satellites and it had become too vul-
nerable to air defenses.
The VR-3 Reys (Voyage) is cur-
rently the standard unmanned recon-
naissance system of the Russian Air
Force. Development began around
1970 and about 152 systems and 950
of the associated Tupolev Tu-141
Tupolev Reys
Reys air vehicles were manufactured
by the time production ended in 1989.
It was a conventional system for the
period, relying on wet film sensors
and infrared line scanners with no real
time capability. The VR-3 was ex-
ported to several of the former War-
saw Pact countries in the early 1980s:
Czechoslovakia received the system
in 1984, and it was also exported to
Romania. Other customers included
Syria, and Iraq. In 1985, an improved
version of the system, called Reys-D,
entered development with the ex-
tended range Tu-243 UAV. Produc-
tion was ready in 1994, and it was first
publicly displayed at the 1995 MAKS
Moscow air show.

Army UAV Development

The first Soviet tactical UAV was
th e TBR- 1 b a s e d a r o u n d th e
Lavochkin La-17MM subsonic target
drone. It was withdrawn from service
in 1973. In 1982, the Soviet Ground
Forces cited a requirement for recon-
naissance UAV systems, based in part
on Israeli experiences in the 1982
war. The overall designation for this
requirement was Stroy, with three
Pchela
component systems being required:
the Stroy-P (Polk: regiment); Stroy-A

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

European UAV Market Page 85

(Armiya: army) and Stroy-F (Front)

intended for the three tactical organi-
zational levels as the names implied.
The Stroy-P requirement was to be
satisfied by the Yakovlev Pchela, the
Str o y- A b y th e S o k o l D ia te l/
Yakovlev Diatel-2, and the Stroy-F by
the Tupolev Korshun. In the event,
only the Pchela reached deployment
stage
Development of the first Soviet
tactical, real-time UAV, codenamed
Pchela (Bee) and the associated
Stroy-P system was undertaken by the
Yakovlev design bureau (UAV) and
the NII Kulon (system) forming the
Malakhit consortium. The first flight
tests of the system took place in the
autumn of 1982, and 73 Pchela-1M
UAVs were ordered in 1983-84 to Irkut TUAV
help the Soviet army develop tactics
support deep attack systems such as two U AV systems: the Yula
and UAV doctrine. The Pchela system
the Iskandr-M tactical ballistic short-range tactical army UAV sys-
was refined through the 1980s, and
missile. tem based around the Moskit propel-
the upgraded system is designated as
The Yulia air vehicle has a more ler-driven mini-drone and the
Sterkh with the Shmel (Bumblebee)
extensive range of sensors than the Malak h it-F s ystem (fo rmerly
air vehicle. The Sterkh system was ac-
Pchela including a Raduga two-chan- Stroy-F) based around the large
cepted by the Russian army for use as
nel line scanner, a GOES-630 ball Sukhoi Filin air vehicle or Tupolev
a tactical UAV system in 1994, and
mo u n te d E - O s e n s o r, las e r Korshun air vehicles. The Filin is in-
small scale orders followed in 1992.
rangefinder, and a RSA M402K3 syn- tended as a replacement for the exist-
The system was operationally de-
thetic aperture radar. The Raduga in g V R-2 Strizh o p eratio n al
ployed during the war in Chechnya.
line-scanner operates in the 1.1 and reconnaissance drone used by the
Syria placed the first export order for
8-12 micron bands, and has a 120 de- Russian air force, and for the army
the Sterkh system although there is
gree viewing angle. The GOES-630 Stroy-A requirement as well.
little evidence they were delivered.
is a standard, stabilized, ball mounted
sensor package including a TV chan- GrANT Civil UAV/Moshkara
Upgraded Stroy-P
nel, a thermal imaging channel, and a ELINT UAV
Kulon and their partner Vega OAO
1.57 micron laser rangefinder. The A s p in - o ff co mp a n y o f th e
in 2007 began to promote a more
M402K3 SAR has an effective oper- K ysh tym Rad io Plan t called
elaborate version of the Stroy-P sys-
ating range of 20 km over land and 80 Novik-21st Century debuted their
tem called Stroy-PD. This adds the
km over ocean covering a 10km new civil surveillance UAV called
propeller-driven, twin-engine Yulia
swath over land and a 40km swath G r A N T D P L A ( G r a z h d a n s k iy
air vehicle. The Yulia adds capability
over the ocean. aerodinamicheskiy nablyudatel
to the system by providing greater en-
durance and range and adding to the televizionniy: Television guided civil
Future Designs aerodynamic UAV) at the 2003 Mos-
variety of sensors added to the sys-
Various Russian firms had UAV cow Air Show. This is basically a
tem. Yulia has an operating range of
programs underway at the time of the large model airplane with a puller
400 km vs the 100 km operating range
Soviet collapse, most of which are in prop configuration fitted with a small,
of Pchela. Part of the range extension
limbo. In addition, there were numer- commercially available video cam-
is made possible by using one or more
ous private ventures by Russian firms era. The control system is laptop
Yulia air vehicle as data relays for the
in the 1990s, attempting to win for- based and called Kotleta (Cutlet). The
system; with the ATR-E relay system,
eign sales to underwrite the develop- system is aimed at civilian applica-
the Yulia can communicate with the
ment efforts. tions, and has an effective operating
GCS from as far as 300 km away, and
Russia’s primary UAV systems de- radius of about 70 km. Other UAVs
up to 250km with a neighboring Yulia
veloper NII Kulon in Moscow, has are also being offered although they
UAV. The extended range is being
been managing the development of were not displayed. Novik is also de-
promoted as a means for Story-PD to

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 86 European UAV Market

chure released by the firm claims that

serial manufacture would begin in
March-April 2004. The system is
aimed at Russia’s Ministry of Emer-
gency Situations for monitoring,
search-and-rescue and similar para-
military roles. A basic system consists
of four air vehicles, a ground control
station, a data exchange station and
related support and maintenance
equipment.

Luch/Vega 9M62 Tipchak Tac-

tical UAV
Two Russian firms, the Vega Ra-
dio engineering corporation and the
Luch aviation design bureau from
Rybinsk have teamed to develop a
new tactical UAV called 9M62
Tipchak Tipchak, unveiling the system at the
August 2005 Moscow Air Show. The
veloping a somewhat more sophisti- though it could be used for military basic system consists of six air vehi-
cated UAV called Otshelnik which surveillance such as the Moshkarets cles and four associated ground sup-
was not displayed at MAKS-03 but project mentioned above. port vehicles: a launch vehicle,
which was advertised. It is a antenna vehicle, maintenance vehi-
pusher-type configuration with twin Irkut Tactical UAV cle, and ground control station vehi-
booms tail. The Irkut Corporation, a new orga- c l e . T h e Ti p c h a k U AV is a
The GrANT program is a spin-off nization based on the Irkutsk aviation conventional pusher propeller type
of an earlier, army sponsored pro- plant, had a tactical UAV on display at weighing 50 kg with a 14.5 kg pay-
gram codenamed Moshkara that was MAKS-03 called MUAS (Multipur- load.
a joint effort by the Kyshtym Radio pose Unmanned Aerial System)
Plant and the Voronezh NII-Svyaz which is a license manufactured de- Sukhoi UAVs
aimed at developing a mobile ELINT rivative of the Israeli Aerostar tactical The Sukhoi booth at the 2003
U AV. T h e p r o g r a m b e g a n in UAV by Aeronautics UAV Systems Moscow Air Show had three models
1999-2000 and test flights took place Ltd. of Petah Tikvah, Israel. A bro- of endurance UAVs called Zond-1,
in the winter of 2000. The role of the
system is to provide an orbiting inter-
cept antenna to detect and intercept
enemy radio communications. The
operating range of the UAVs in this
role is 50 km, and they operate at an
altitude of 3,000 meters.
Novik is also marketing the small
hand-launched Granit-F mini-UAV,
aka BRAT (blizniy razvedchik
aerodynamicheskiy televizionniy:
Short-range TV flying scout). This
was developed with Impuls, a Mos-
cow firm better known for its radio
design. The Granit-F weighs only
three kg with a payload of 0.3 kg. It is
powered by a small electric motor and
uses a conventional aircraft configu-
ration with puller prop. The applica-
tions described for the system are Sokol Baruk
primarily civilian in application

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

European UAV Market
Zond-2 and Zond-3. The Zond-3 is
the smallest of the three and appears
to be an analog to Predator. It employs
a pusher prop, has a dielectric panel
on the nose presumably for a satellite
uplink antenna, and has a ball-shaped
stabilized E-O platform under the
nose as its primary sensor. The
Zond-2 is significantly larger and is
presumably a Global Hawk analog. It
is turbo-jet powered with a V butter-
fly tail. It has a very large dielectric
panel over the upper nose for a satel-
lite uplink antenna, and there is a large
sensor tray under the fuselage with di-
electric panels that suggest a SLAR or
other sensor package. Zond-3 is es-
sentially the same as Zond-2 except
that is had a large triangular radar an-
tenna mounted on a fairing over the
centerline of the fuselage, presum-
ably for use in a remote AWACS role.
There was no evidence that these are
anything more than conceptual de-
signs.
Orel Strategic UAV
The Russian air force has been
sponsoring a high endurance UAV
under the code name Orel. The sys-
tem is intended to have an endurance
of 24 hours, a maximum altitude of
20,000 m, and a take-off weight of
about two metric tons. The program
was being competitively undertaken
by the Tupolev, Myasishchev and
Yakovlev design bureaus but it now
appears to be in limbo.
Yakovlev Proryv
In 2006, Yakovlev unveiled a new
family of UAVs codenamed Proryv.
The idea is to use a common central
core with the basic Al-222 turbojet
propulsion system, common sensors
and flight control system, but with at
least three wing configurations. Two
are designed for subsonic surveil-
lance missions, the Proryv-R recon-
naissance UAV and the Proryv-RLD
SIGINT UAV. The later is fitted with
a large over-fuselage antenna for
SIGINT collection. The third member
of the family, the Proryv-U is de-
signed as an attack UAV with swept
wings, and higher speed.
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Page 87
Tupolev Tu-300
craft, and could deliver a payload of
Baruk Hunter-Killer
up to 500 kg. There are very few de-
The Sokol plant unveiled its
tails about the fate of the design.
Dan-Baruk hunter-killer UAV at the
The newest of the Tupolev UAVs,
MAKS-07 air show in Moscow.
the Tu-300, was unveiled at the
Sokol is the design bureau associated
MAKS-95 air show in Moscow. Al-
with the Sokol aviation plant in
though following the configuration of
Kazan and in the past has manufac-
the earlier Tu-141 and Tu-243, it has a
tured the Dan target drone as well as
distinctly different sensor arrange-
missiles and helicopters.
ment in the nose and was apparently
The Dan-Baruk is a pusher-prop
intended as a UCAV.
driven conventional aircraft design
MiG has built a full-scale model of
which is intended for tactical recon-
a proposed UCAV which was re-
naissance. The E-O sensor is located
vealed in 2007. It was not cleared for
in the nose of the aircraft behind an
exhibit at MAKS-07, but MiG
angled panel rather than in the more
brought a TV crew to the hanger and
typical ball mount. The air vehicle is
allowed them to film it for a broadcast
also fitted with a small nose-mounted
on Moscow television. The Skat
radar. While this is unremarkable by
(skate, stingray) is configured much
itself, the air vehicle has been de-
like the Boeing X-45 UCAV though
signed from the outset to include
the air intake is significantly larger
strike features. The air vehicle can be
and more vertical. Propulsion will be
fitted with pods to dispense munitions
a Klimov turbojet based on the RD-33
against targets encountered during its
providing 5,000 kgf thrust. The Skat
surveillance mission. The brochure
is fitted with an internal bomb-bay ca-
released at the show indicated the use
pable of carrying two air-to-surface
of the Motiv submunition which is a
missiles or two 250 or 500 kg bombs.
Russian equivalent of the USAF
The performance parameters are a
SFW.
range of up to 4,000km, ceiling of
12,000m and a speed of 800 km/h.
UCAV
In the mid-1970s, the Sukhoi bu-
reau began work on a UCAV code-
named Korshun that was controlled in
the air from a Su-24 Fencer strike air-
Page 88
Teal Group Analysis
Russian UAV systems have been
shrouded in secrecy for many years,
and it has only been in the past few
years that any significant amount of
information has emerged. Even now,
there are many unanswered questions
about their programs. It would appear
that over the past decade, most Rus-
sian UAV programs are either in
limbo, or barely funded. The Russian
armed forces have been suffering
through a “procurement holiday”
since the late 1990s with few or no
systems being manufactured. The
Shmel has been offered for sale as
have several other UAVs at interna-
tional air shows for the past several
years, but with little evidence of sales.
Russia 2008
Tactical UAV
Mini-UAV
MALE UAV
HALE UAV
Civil/Police UAV
Serbia
Prior to the break-up of the former
Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav People’s
Army was funding development of a
tactical UAV with a real time
TV/FLIR system called VBL-200.
Take off was by a solid-rocket booster
and recovery by parachute. The cur-
rent status of the program is un-
Teal Group Analysis
Under current circumstances,
U AV p r o c u r e men t b y S e r-
bia-Montenegro (former Yugoslavia)
Spain
Spain has had a modest tactical
UAV program going on now for a de-
cade, called the SIVA (Sistema
Integrado de Vigilancia Aerea). SIVA
is the military version of the ALO
(Avion Ligero de Observacion) civil-
ian UAV.
The SIVA program began in 1993
as an effort to develop a UAV system
suitable for both military and civil ap-
plications. The military uses are con-
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Part of the problem has been that
many of the systems were based
around older UAV concepts using
wet-film recovery systems instead of
offering real-time intelligence.
In the past few years, the Russian
government has been attempting to
restart production of advanced aero-
space systems. Most of the UAV ef-
forts will have to be started from
scratch, as the older programs are for
the most part based on outdated re-
quirements and technology. The
whole panoply of types is likely in-
cluding tactical UAVs, endurance
UAVs, and UCAVs. Russia has some
genuine requirements in the area of
civil UAVs, particularly for border
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
— — — 5 10 10
— — 15 — — 45
— — — — — 1
— — — — — 1
5 — 15 — 35 — 15
known. The program was being
managed jointly by the JNA R&D In-
stitute and the Krusik Company in
Valjevo. It was offered for export in
th e la te 1 9 9 0 s b y th e S D P R
government export agency.
Utva Aircraft in Pancevo has de-
veloped a small UAV called Gavran
is not very likely for some years to
come, and is likely to be on a small
scale.
ventional surveillance tasks. The civil
applications are expected to include
forest fire surveillance, and maritime
patrol of Spain’s economic exclusion
zone, as well as some coast-guard
tasks.
The Spanish firm Ceselsa formed a
partnership on the program with
Dornier Aerospace, which is provid-
ing much of the technical support on
the GCS portion of the program.
European UAV Market
patrol, pipeline security and other
paramilitary applications. There is a
standing requirement for a modest
number of systems for the MVD state
police for use in patrolling the
upcoming Olympic winter games in
Sochi.
Recent Russian air shows have
shown more of a focus on civil re-
quirements than on military pro-
grams. This is more likely due to a
decision to classify military UAV pro-
grams due to their use in the intelli-
gence role, with the exception of
systems that are being offered for
export.
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
20 20 20 — 85
60 60 60 60 300
2 2 2 2 9
1 1 1 1 5
— 15 — 85
(Raven) and conducted flight trials of
the Gavran I starting in May 2000.
Initially, the Yugoslav government
planned to award a production con-
tract for the larger Gavran II for a joint
army/police requirement, but it was
cancelled due to a lack of funds.
Tadiran of Israel is providing the sen-
sor package. The final prototype con-
figuration of the SIVA was scheduled
to fly in December 1995. The pro-
gram is now being managed by the
Instituto Nacional de Tecnica
Aerospacial, but there has been little
evidence of any sales of either the
military or civil version over the past
decade.
©Teal Group Corporation
European UAV Market Page 89

Searcher II Acquisition
In April 2007, Spain announced
plans to acquire a single IAI Malat
Searcher II system for deployment
with Spanish troops in Afghanistan
which will include four air vehicles.
The cost was put at about $17 million.

Basque Fishery Patrol

In 2006, the Basque regional gov-
e r n me n t u s e d a s ma l l 2 0 k g
Aerovision Fulmar UAV to conduct a
demonstration of fisheries patrol
f r o m A u g u s t to D e c e mb e r.
Aerovision is based in San Sebastian,
Spain and has been supported by
Basque government research centers
since its organization in 2003 as part
of a local development incentive
program. SIVA

Teal Group Assessment

Like many countries aspiring to
create an aerospace business, Spain
has selected a UAV program as one
aspect of this effort. This is an attrac-
tive option since development costs
are relatively modest, and technologi-
cal risk is relatively low. SIVA is sup-
posed to satisfy the requirements of
all three services, though there has
been little evidence of a firm procure-
ment requirement. In recent years, the
Spanish defense ministry has been
discussing a possible acquisition of
the Sperwer from SAGEM in France
but this apparently fell through. Spain
acquired a single Searcher system in
2007 to support its immediate needs
in peacekeeping operations, and it
seems likely that a further purchase
will occur later, though it may or may
not be additional Searchers.
In the mid term, Spain has a
MALE requirement, tied in some
measure to the need to monitor illegal
immigration across the Gibraltar
straits. Spain has discussed participa-
tion with France on the EuroMALE
program, but has also discussed the
possibility of acquiring a US system
such as Predator or Global Hawk for
this requirement. Global Hawk seems
excessive for this requirement, and it
does not seem likely that the US
would approve this given the strained
relations with the current Spanish
government. A more likely candidate
would be Predator, or perhaps a small
number of Predator in the short-term,
followed by participation in a joint
European effort in the long term.

Spain 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAV — — — 20 — — — — — — 20
Tactical UAV 4 — — — — — 4 4 — — 12
Naval VTUAV — — — — — — 2 2 — — 4
Civil (MALE) UAV — — — — — 2 — — — — 2

Sweden
Sweden has generally been active
in recent years in UAV technology,
but more often than not this has been
confined to technology demonstra-
tion rather than procurement. Sweden
currently has three active UAV pro-
grams, two of them being undertaken
cooperatively with France. Sweden
has been working with France on the
Neuron UCAV and EuroMALE en-
durance UAV, while it is developing
its own tactical UAV under the
TUMAV program. Two other re-
search/demo projects, SHARC and
FILUR, are both supporting the Neu-
ron and TUMAV effort. Saab re-
ceived a contract in 2002 for the
FILUR (Flying Innovative Low-Ob-
servable Unmanned Research) effort,
which aimed at testing a stealth air ve-
hicle for future UAV requirements by
2005. The demonstrator will have a
wingspan of 2.5 meters and by pow-
ered by an AMT Olympus engine
with a thrust of 0.19kN. This demon-
strator provided airframe design in-
formation for TUMAV and also
assisted in the UCAV effort. Saab
Aerospace has been promoting its
NetDefense concept for the Swedish

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 90 European UAV Market

would be developed “not with one of

Skeldar
FMI2020 program, a Ministry of De-
fense study of Swedish defense re-
quirements two decades from now.
The Saab concept involves the
extensive u se of tactical and
endurance UAVs, integrated into a
command and control network.
VTOL UAV
Sweden purchased a small number
of British ML Aviation Sprite heli-
copter UAVs in the 1980s for evalua-
tion. In 1992, the Swedish MoD
provided small scale funding to Tech-
nology Management Co. (TechMent)
to develop a small helicopter-config-
uration UAV for carrying a small TV
camera for battlefield surveillance.
The program was called the RPG
(Remotely Piloted Gyroplane) or
Midget, and it first flew on one Janu-
ary 1992. The system is capable of
carrying only a small payload to about
30 kg. The program was a technology
demonstrator and did not lead to serial
production.
In 2006, Saab unveiled its own he-
licopter UAV, the Skeldar 150, built in
c o o p e r a tio n w ith Cyb a e r o o f
Linkoping based on their Apid 5 heli-
copter. This is a small 150 kg tactical
UAV with a belly-mounted E-O pack-
age. The Apid 5 was developed for a
UAE UAV requirement. First flights
of the Skeldar took place in April
2006. Saab has indicated that Skeldar
is intended mainly in the “land do-
main” and would have to be modified
to permit naval use.
Tactical UAV
T h e S w e d is h a r my h a d a
long-standing requirement for a tacti-
cal UAV for operations at battalion or
brigade level.
In late 1997, the Swedish armed
forces selected a version of the Sagem
Crécerelle/Sperwer under the desig-
nation Ugglan for Swedish army use.
The contract was for three systems.
The first system was delivered in
1998, and the remaining two in 1999.
Sweden had a standing requirement
for another UAV system for brigade
or battalion level use with plans to ac-
quire the system in the 2002-2004
time frame, but this requirement slid
past these dates. This requirement is
now being dubbed TUMAV (Tactical
Unmanned Multirole Air Vehicle).
The program aimed at fielding a UAV
in the 500 kg class to replace the
Ugglan sometime after 2005, and the
FMV plans to develop the UAV
jointly with at least one other partner.
Swedish officials have stated that it
Sweden’s traditional partners” which
implies that it would involve a
non-European/American firm, possi-
bly Israeli or South African. The
TUMAV is expected to be ready for
production around 2010. In 2006,
Saab announced it was developing a
tactical UAV with its own funds.
However, in 2007, Saab indicated that
it was seeking a form of cooperative
development as it did not want to
waste resources developing a new air
vehicle. It aims to acquire the rights to
an existing air vehicle and to adapt
that air vehicle to a new system,
somewhat akin to the practice with
Skeldar. Saab indicated that the time
line for the program is to support the
EU Rapid Reaction Force Nordic
battle Group 11 which would mean an
initial operating capability in 2009-10
Endurance UAV
In 2000, the Swedish Forsvarets
MaterielVerk (FMV) development
agency began examining endurance
UAVs as an aspect of its research on
net-centric warfare. Four UAVs were
considered including the Predator,
Altus, Hermes 1500 and Eagle. So far,
Sweden has not made any firm com-
mitments whether it will acquire Ea-
gle as part of a joint European effort
or wait until a more definitive
EuroMALE is ready. EuroMALE
could be the Eagle 2, but Swedish of-
ficials have also indicated that Swe-
den may opt to develop its own sys-
tem. The acquisition objective is
2012.
Stealth UAV
The Swedish Ministry of Defense
has also actively supported an effort
to develop UAV technology in Swe-
den. Saab received a contract in 2002
for the FILUR (Flying Innovative
Low-Observable Unmanned Re-
search) effort, which is aimed at test-
ing a stealth air vehicle for future
UAV requirements by 2005. The
demonstrator has a wingspan of 2.5
meters and by powered by an AMT
Olympus engine with a thrust of
0.19kN. The maiden flight of the

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

European UAV Market
Filur was undertaken in October
2005.
UCAV
Sweden was among the first Euro-
pean countries to sponsor UCAV de-
velopment. Saab Aerospace has been
conducting a study program on a
stealthy UCAV dubbed SHARC
(Swedish Highly Advanced Research
Configuration). The program will in-
clude wind-tunnel models, but Swe-
Teal Group Analysis
Sweden has shown a fair amount
of interest in UAVs in terms of stud-
ies, but so far, little of this has trans-
lated into actual procurement. It
would appear that the Swedish MoD
is envisioning the acquisition of
larger numbers of UAVs late in the
forecast period as part of an effort to
move towards a local netcentric war-
fare doctrine. Saab has been very ac-
tive in promoting UAVs as it views its
Gripen fighter as perhaps the last
manned fighter Sweden will acquire.
During the 1990s, the Swedish
army had a requirement for 10 tactical
Sweden 2008
Mini-UAV
Tactical UAV
Naval VTUAV
MALE UAV
Switzerland
Switzerland had an active tactical
UAV program in the mid-1990s
which resulted in the ADS 95 Ranger.
It does not have a known long-term
requirement for additional UAVs.
ADS 95 Ranger
In 1985, the Swiss army acquired
an IAI/Malat Scout UAV system with
four air vehicles for trials to help de-
fine their own UAV requirements.
The Scout had several performance
shortfalls; the Swiss required a higher
operational ceiling, greater payload,
less noisy engine, better all-weather
capability, and an emergency para-
chute retrieval system. In 1986, the
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
den has no specific requirement for
such a system until it begins to look
for a Gripen replacement later in the
decade. In September 2003, Sweden
began negotiating with the DGA in
France about becoming a partner in
the Neuron UCAV effort. Sweden is
expected to absorb about 25-30% of
the development costs, making it the
largest partner except for France.
Sweden has apparently pledged about
50 to 70 million to the Neuron pro-
UAV systems (3-5 air vehicles each)
but to date has funded only three. The
army is likely to acquire a few more
during the forecast period, though the
original objective is unlikely to be
met due to cut-backs in the size of the
army.
A naval UAV may be attractive
since the confined Swedish waters
make some traditional naval sensors
(radar and sonar) relatively ineffec-
tive in coastal missions. This is more
likely to be a combination of short
range ship-based UAVs like Skeldar
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
— — 5 20 20 40
— — 5 10 10 — —
— — — 2 2 2
— — — — 2 2
Swiss government agreed to a joint
development program between
IAI/Malat and Contraves-Oerlikon.
Developmental systems built for the
trials were introduced into Swiss ser-
vice in 1993 on an interim basis. In
April 1995, Oerlikon Contraves was
finally awarded a major procurement
contract for Ranger after several de-
lays. The total contract value is stated
to be SFr 280 million ($240 million)
with delivery in 1998-00. The con-
tract was for 28 air vehicles, and an
undisclosed number of systems. Pre-
vious statements have indicated that
five systems were sought.
Page 91
gram, and is expected to be most
heavily involved in the flight control
aspects of the study. The Neuron ef-
fort began initially as a Dassault pri-
vate venture but is now emerging as a
multi-national effort. Further details
will be found above in the French
Neuron UCAV section. Sweden
signed up for the Neuron program in
2006.
and medium endurance UAV for
maritime patrol.
Sweden has generally had an ac-
tive air reconnaissance effort, and so
participation in a European endur-
ance UAV effort seems possible if not
likely.
Sweden‘s interest in UCAV con-
cepts is likely to lead to further fund-
ing for SHARC or its follow-ons.
Procurement of a UCAV seems possi-
ble, but it would probably not begin
until after the forecast period here.
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
— — — — 85
— — — 25
— — — — 6
— — — — 4
The first full system was delivered
in mid 1998 and deliveries continued
through 2000. Deployment of the
Ranger was delayed in 1999 due to
system software problems and an un-
expected complication with the sys-
tem data-link. The data link operates
on frequencies that are used with
Switzerland’s new Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System for mo-
bile phones. An upgrade shifted the
frequency band.
Super Ranger
The Swiss Army XXI plan envi-
sions the acquisition of more Rangers
as well as a new medium endurance
Page 92 European UAV Market

UAV at a total cost of SFr 1.1 billion

($810 million). Ruag Aerospace un-
veiled its Super Ranger at the June
2007 Paris Air Show which is aimed
at this requirement. This is an en-
larged version of the Ranger with the
wingspan increasing from 5.7 to 9.5
m, payload from 45 kg to 150 kg, and
endurance from nine hours to 20
hours. Two prototypes began con-
struction in 2007 with an aim to begin
flight testing in 2008.

Teal Group Analysis

Switzerland is likely to acquire an-
other batch of Ranger in the forecast
period. Switzerland might be a candi- Ranger
date for a micro/mini UAVs later in
the decade.
Switzerland 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAV — — — — 20 40 — — — — 60
Tactical UAV — — 15 15 — — — — — — 30

Turkey
Turkey has had a standing require-
ment for a significant number of tacti-
cal UAVs for more than a decade.
Like many Turkish defense pro-
grams, these ambitious objectives
have declined in the face of severe de-
fense budget shortfalls.

Past UAV Acquisition

Turkey was provided with some
older CL-89 reconnaissance drones
from Germany in 1991. In late 1992,
the Turkish ministry of defense ac-
quired test batches of General
Atomics Gnat-700, AAI Falcon 600
and IAI Searcher UAVs for a local re-
quirement. The two American com-
panies received contracts for $30
million each for a ground control sta-
tion and six air vehicles each. How- Turna
ever, Turkey ran into serious funding
difficulties after the first three were (TAI)/TUSAS Turkye Havacilik ve developed and tested in 1989-92 but
delivered. In the end, Turkey received Uzay Sanayii AS called UAV-X1 there was no large scale production.
two ground control stations and six Witness. TUSAS was established in Work on the UAV-XI served as the ba-
Gnat 750 air vehicles in 1994 and or- 1987 to manage the Turkish co-pro- sis for the Turna and Keklik target
dered two more air vehicles as duction of 160 F-16C/D Peace Onyx drones which were developed starting
attrition spares in 1998. fighters. It is jointly owned by Turk- in August 1995. The Turna is a con-
Turkey has had an indigenous ish companies (51%) and General ventional design using a pusher prop
UAV program being undertaken by Dynamics/GE (now Lockheed-Mar- and has been offered both as a target
Tu r k is h A e r o s p a c e I n d u s tr ies tin: 49%). The main facility is located drone and as a potential reconnais-
at Murted air base. The UAV-X1 was

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European UAV Market Page 93

sance UAV. TAI worked on at least UAVs used to train UAV pilots. The
two other UAV programs, the Baykus flew in 2003, but no orders
UAV-X2 Baykus tactical UAV and have been noted.
the Pelikan and Marti semi-scale
Changes in Turkish UAV Requirements
(UAV Systems) 1998 1999 2001 2002 2004
Short-range 14 n/a — — —
Medium-range 8 n/a 5 5 6
Endurance 5 n/a 6 2 3
Total Systems 27 19 11 7 9
Total UAVs 162 114 54 40 28

Turkey announced an interna-

tional UAV requirement in 1998 with
an aim to team a foreign firm with a
Turkish firm. The objective was
about 10 systems, each with six air
vehicles and one GCS. There was
some debate over the mix of systems,
whether they would be medium en-
durance to complement the Gnat 750
or all close-range tactical UAVs. The
requirement was redefined in 1998 to
14 short-range, eight medium-range,
and five endurance UAV systems
with a likely program cost of
$350-700 million. Each system was
expected to include at least one GCS
and six air vehicles. The 1998
shortlist of competitors for the re-
quirement included an Israeli consor-
tium of Elbit/Silver Arrow/IAI; TAI MALE
General Atomics, and China’s
CATIC. However, budget realities UAV program was again cancelled in Turkish Tactical UAV Develop-
caused this program to be chopped May 2004, and then resurrected in ment
back in early 1999 to 19 systems. By October 2004. Under the October In February 2005, Turkey an-
the time the requirement was reissued 2004 program, Turkey would pur- nounced that it would sponsor a pro-
in 2001, the program had been chase three off-the-shelf MALE UAV gram to develop a new tactical UAV
chopped back to nine systems and 54 systems for the army, air force and to meet the requirement for six sys-
air vehicles consisting four long- and navy (4+4+2 air vehicles) as well as tems and 18 aircraft. Under the pro-
short-range systems for the Army, six TUAV systems from the Turkish gram, TUSAS would develop one
three long-range for the Navy, and TUSAS firm. system and build three air vehicles
two long-range for the air force. In ad- TUSAS has been developing a under a $30 million contract, with the
dition, the reissued RFP opened up MALE UAV called Tiha (Turk first flight in 39 months and delivery
the competition yet again. Five re- Insansiz Hava Araci: Turkish UAV) completion in 51 months. Following
sponses were received from local since 2004 with plans to build three this, a further five systems and 15 air-
firms which will be teamed with inter- prototypes. The configuration is a 17 craft would be delivered by 2010.
national firms. The foreign bidders meter wing with pusher propeller. Aselsan has been contracted for the
included General Atomics, the Israeli TUSAS/Turkish Aerospace Industry sensors on board the Israeli Heron,
UAV Partnership (IUP) of IAI and displayed illustrations of this MALE and presumably they would develop
Elbit. The requirement was trimmed at the 2007 Paris Air Show. The Pred- the sensors for the Turkish UAV as
back yet again and by 2002 was ator and IAI Heron were competitors well. Recent Turkish statements sug-
pegged at 28 tactical and 12 strategic for the MALE requirement and in gest that the new UAV would be a me-
air vehicles, the 28 TUAV going to the April 2005, Turkey selected the d iu m e n d u r a n c e typ e , n o t a
army and navy, and the 12 strategic Heron with a $183 million contract short-range tactical UAV. However,
UAVs going to the air force. The 2002 going to IAI Malat for 10 systems. in July 2006, Turkey announced plans

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 94 European UAV Market

to jointly acquire tactical UAVs with

Pakistan. This will involve the use of
Pakistani airframes and Turkish elec-
tronics. The initial acquisition is
stated to be 6-7 systems.

Mini-UAV Requirement
In August 2005, the Turkish De-
fense Industries Undersecretariat re-
leased an RFP to Turkish firms for the
acquisition of 19 mini UAVs. The
bidding is apparently limited to Turk-
ish firms. A joint venture called
Kalebaykar was formed in response,
a n d d e v e l o p e d th e B a y r a k t a r
mini-UAV. Development started
around 2003 and in first flew in Octo-
ber 2005. The Turkish MoD awarded
a contract for 19 systems in 2006 for
delivery in 2007. Kalebaykar
The Turkish firm Vestel Defense
Industry had the first display of their with a 2.5 hour endurance, and 15 km a mission radius of one km with a
new tactical UAVs outside Turkey at operating radius. The smaller of the half-pound sensor pack.
IDEX-07. The larger of the two is the two is the Ari hand-launched UAV
EFE, an electric powered mini-UAV which has a 30-minute endurance and

Teal Group Analysis

Turkey‘s defense budget has had a tion. A total of 32 major defense likely to acquire the Heron UAVs in
roller-coaster ride of economic boom programs worth about $19.5 billion the forecast period, the pace of its in-
and economic bust over the past de- have been delayed or suspended. Fur- digenous UAV program is likely to be
cade, not helped by the 1999 earth- thermore, the IMF has conditioned much more prolonged than the cur-
quake. The most recent economic further loan guarantees on defense rent, ambitious schedule, particularly
crisis of early 2001 has thrown its am- cutbacks. if the program aims at deploying a
bitious defense procurement program In this environment, Turkey‘s MALE UAV.
into a tail-spin with many recent pro- UAV program has been continually
curement decisions now under ques- cut back and delayed. While Turkey is
Turkey 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAV 30 30 — — — — — — 30 30 120
Tactical UAV — — — — — — — 6 12 — 18
Tiha MALE UAV 1 — 1 — 1 — — — 1 2 6
Heron MALE UAV 4 10 10 — — — — — — — 24

Ukraine
Ukraine does not appear to have an
active UAV program, but Ukrainian
firms have begun to display tactical
UAVs at various international exhibi-
tions, oriented primarily to the export
market.
Ukrainian UAV Programs
The Vzlet Design Bureau in Kiev
has offered two UAVs since 2005, a
mini-UAV designated Remez-3 and a
tactical UAV called Albatros-4. The
Remez-3 is a small, catapult launched
UAV weighing 12 kg with a range of
five km. The configuration is a canard
style with pusher prop. The Albatross
is also catapult launched and uses a
pusher prop. The basic system is two
air vehicles, a ground control station
and associated launch and handling
equipment.
Strelets

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

European UAV Market Page 95

Two other families of tactical payload and four hour endurance and an endurance of two to four
UAVs have also been offered by other when using a 4.5 hp engine to 15 kg hours.
firms. The R-400 is a conventional payload and seven hour endurance in
tactical UAV with a twin boom con- the 14 hp version. A smaller design
figuration and pusher props. It comes using a conventional puller prop con-
in three variants distinguished by dif- figuration was also displayed, the
ferent power-plants. These options R-100 with four engine options rang-
result in various weight and endur- ing from three to 14 hp. This provides
ance differences ranging from a 6kg a payload ranging from three to 10 kg
Teal Group Analysis
At the moment, the prospects for still operate older Soviet era UAVs tem late in the forecast period, in part
Ukrainian government support of the such as the Strizh. It is possible that to bolster the local UAV industry.
budding Ukrainian industry seem the armed forces will begin to acquire
slim due to perennial shortages of mini-UAVs and a tactical UAV sys-
funds. The Ukrainian armed forces
Ukraine 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAV — 10 40 50 — — — — — — 100
Tactical UAV — — — — — — — 6 6 6 18

United Kingdom
The British MoD selected a UAV
package from Thales UK as the win-
ner of its Watchkeeper UAV program
in July 2004. The Watchkeeper em-
ploys the Elbit/Silver Arrow Hermes
450 UAV, redesignated as the WK450
in the British version.
Britain has several long term UAV
requirements which are likely to in-
clude a mini-UAV, an endurance UAV
and one or more naval UAV systems.

Phoenix Tactical UAV

Phoenix is the first British de-
signed UAV artillery reconnaissance
system to enter Army service and is
intended to provide the Royal Artil-
lery with a deep target spotting capa-
bility. Development began in 1982 to
supersede the canceled 1970’s
Westland Supervisor program and to
replace the Canadair CL-89 Midge
under the Army Endorsed Staff Tar-
get—GSR 3846 effort. Program
plans slipped eight years and limited
production did not begin until 1994.
The program objective was believed
to be about 10 systems and over 100
air vehicles. Due to long delays and
serious technical shortcomings, the
program was subjected to intense
scrutiny by the British MoD in 1995,
and came near to being canceled.
H o w e v e r, in A p r il 1 9 9 5 ,
Watchkeeper
GEC-Marconi was given a warning
and a one year’s reprieve to get the
program back on track or face cancel-
lation. A contract was signed in Octo-
ber 1996 under which GEC-Marconi
was committed to maintaining an ac-
ceptable level of airframe availability.
(Marconi merged with BAE Systems
in 1999.) Service entry took place in
December 1998.
The Phoenix was first deployed in
combat over Kosovo in 1999, losing
12 of the 27 UAVs deployed. This led
to a requirement for additional spares
for the system. The losses included
two lost to enemy air action and three
lost during training. The Phoenix
continued to be plagued with prob-
lems with 23 air vehicles destroyed
and 13 more damaged but repairable
during 138 sorties in the 2003 Opera-
tion Telic in Iraq of which only about
15% were due to combat action. The
Iraq operations also showed other
problems, particularly its poor hot
weather performance which rendered

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 96
the system almost useless in May and
afterwards when the temperatures
rose. Nevertheless, the use of Phoenix
over Iraq convinced the British Army
of the need for a durable tactical UAV
system beyond the narrow artillery
observation requirement of the Phoe-
nix. Phoenix operations in Iraq have
been very troubled due to poor perfor-
mance in the hot temperatures. In ad-
dition, the system has proven to be
very vulnerable to radio interference
problems with its command data-link.
Watchkeeper Tactical UAV
Program
Problems with the Phoenix led the
British MoD to begin funding a new
generation UAV effort in the late
1990s. In 1998, the MoD’s DERA or-
ganization at Farnborough displayed
its new Observer short-range UAV
based on the Cranfield Aerospace
XRAE1 drone as a test-bed for future
requirements. The first flight took
place in late 1998 and was intended to
serve as a demonstrator for a future
British Army system. Eventually, two
requirements were drawn up, one for
a unit UAV called Sender which
would have a range of 30 km and re-
port to battalion and other small unit
commanders, and a 150km formation
UAV called Spectator which would
report to division and higher forma-
tions. The industry was briefed on the
Sender requirement in June 1999 and
several companies bid. The MoD nar-
rowed down the group to four teams:
BAE Systems, Lockheed Martin UK
Government Systems, Northrop
Grumman, and Racal Defence who
were awarded £10 million contracts
for a 12 month study effort.
In late 1999, the four contractor
teams were notified that the Sender
requirement could be merged with the
Spectator requirement, which would
significantly change the range and en-
durance requirements for the pro-
gram. This did in fact occur in 2000,
with the overall program then being
renamed as Watchkeeper.
The MoD planned to select the
winner in 2004, provide some limited
capability in the British Army by
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
2006 and see the full system in the
field by 2007. The Comprehensive
Spending Review in 2002 recom-
mended pushing up the initial capa-
bility date to 2005. These objectives
have slipped considerably.
The MoD down-selected to two
competing teams in the January 2003
for the System Integration Assurance
Phase (SIAP). The teams were:
Northrop Grumman teamed with
General Dynamics, BAE Systems,
Ultra Electro n ics, Detica an d
STASYS based around the Fire Scout
UAV and the Swiss Ranger, and the
second team headed by Thales-UK
including Aerosystems Int’l, Elbit,
and QinetiQ offering the Israeli Her-
mes 180 and Hermes 450 UAVs. On
20 July 2004 the MoD announced that
Thales-UK had been selected as the
preferred bidder, initiating the con-
tract negotiation phase. The full sale
development contract was finally
awarded on 4 August 2005. The pro-
gram had an In-Service-Date of 2007,
but in 2005, the date was pushed back
to 2010. The UK MoD estimates the
total program cost on the order of
£800 million ($1.4 billion). Elbit offi-
cials stated that they expected a con-
tract valued at about 300 million
pounds later in 2005. There have been
some discussions about the purchase
of a small number of Predator B
UAVs as a stop gap, as well as service
life extensions of the Phoenix TUAV.
In March 2005, the MoD an-
nounced that the Watchkeeper would
be limited to a single type of UAV, the
WK450, rather than both the WK180
and WK450; this led to a cost savings
of about 100 million pounds. The
WK450 air vehicle has almost twice
the endurance of the WK180 (17
hours), but carries multiple payloads
including a SAR/GMTI radar. The
WK450 is capable of fully autono-
mous ramp or runway launch and is
also C130 deployable.
An initial test flight of the Hermes
450 was conducted in UK controlled
air space in September 2005. Due to
th e lo n g d elay in f ield in g
Watchkeeper compared to the initial
plans, in 2007, the MoD announced
European UAV Market
plans to add 55 million pounds to field
a small number of Hermes 450 UAVs
to provide immediate capability even
if n o t in fu ll Watch k eep er
configuration.
The latest announced plan was to
begin fielding the Watchkeeper in
2009 with Battery 1, followed by Bat-
tery 2 in 2010 and Battery 3 in 20011.
The full scope of the program has not
yet been disclosed.
Naval UAV
The Royal Navy has already
signed an agreement with the US
Navy to examine the tactical control
system being developed for the
navy’s program, with the effort being
undertaken by DERA Malvern.
In August 2002, the UK Defence
Procurement Agency asked industry
to consider novel solutions such as
the use of UAVs to satisfy the Mari-
time Airborne Surveillance and Con-
trol (MASC) requirement.
The Royal Navy has continued to
study its requirements under the cur-
rent JUEP (Joint UAV Experimenta-
tion Program). The MoD has leased
some Boeing ScanEagles for these
trials which were conducted in
2004-05.
Expectations of a Royal Navy re-
quirement for a VTOL UAV led to a
July 2007 deal between Thales UK
and Schiebel for a partnership in of-
fering the Schiebel S-100 Camcopter
as a contender in any such program.
Global Hawk Demonstration
The UK approached the Pentagon
in early 2004 for a demonstration of
the Global Hawk in the UK as a possi-
ble replacement for the RAF’s Can-
berra PR9 aircraft under the new
L o n g Ran g e - L o n g E n d u r a n c e
Requirement.
Predator Acquisition
Predator was one of the systems
originally offered to satisfy the Brit-
ish Watchkeeper requirement but not
part of the final bid package. In early
2004, British officials began discus-
sions with the US about borrowing or
leasing Predators for use by British
©Teal Group Corporation
European UAV Market
units in Iraq. The RAF formed the
1115 Flight in 2004 near the USAF
15th Recon Squadron in Nevada for
training on the Predator. The RAF es-
tablished a 3-year urgent operational
requirement in 2004 for the lease of
several Predator Bs which have been
operated in Iraq over Basra and other
areas. A British operated MQ-1 Pred-
ator was involved in an air strike in
late 2004 using one of the leased air-
craft. British officials in April 2006
indicated that British operator Preda-
tors had been involved in at least six
strike missions in Afghanistan and
Iraq. The UK also conducted a series
of trials dubbed Falcon Prowl in early
2005 using a Predator B fitted with a
Goodrich DB-110 recon system as a
possible candidate for the RAF Long
Range Long Endurance (LRLE) re-
quirement to replace the Canberra
PR9 photo recon aircraft some time
after 2006.
On 27 September 2006, the US
Congress was notified of the pro-
posed sale of two MQ-9 Reaper air
vehicles with associated GCS and
support equipment at a cost of about
$77 million. The first was scheduled
for delivery in 2007 to 39 Squadron at
RAF Waddington.
British UCAV
The British Ministry of Defence
began a major study of its FOAS (Fu-
ture Offensive Air) requirement in the
late 1990s. This emerged in 2006 as
the Taranis program and this is cov-
ered in detail in the European UCAV
section of this report.
BAE Herti
BAE as part of its previously clas-
sified UAV work has been developing
a MALE UAV under the codename
Herti. This is a pusher-propeller con-
figuration, and conducted the first au-
tonomous flight in UK controlled
airspace in August 2005. BAE is de-
veloping the Herti as a multi-purpose
system for a variety of applications
including border patrol, maritime pa-
trol and pipeline surveillance, sug-
gesting a largely civil orientation due
to the selection of the Thales Hermes
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
for the Watchkeeper military UAV
program.
Desert Hawk Mini-UAV
In 2004, the UK acquired four
Desert Hawk mini-UAV systems
from Lockheed Martin to support
British peace-keeping missions. In
February 2006, Lockheed Martin was
awarded a $2.65 million contract to
upgrade the Desert Hawk into the
Desert Hawk III configuration which
were delivered in March 2006, and
w e r e d e p lo ye d f o r u s e in
Afghanistan.
In October 2006, the US Army lent
the British forces in Iraq a total of
three RQ-11 Raven mini-UAV sys-
tems due to problems encountered in
the use of Desert Hawk 1+ in Iraq.
British Taranis UCAV
The British Ministry of Defence
began a major study of its FOAS (Fu-
ture Offensive Air) requirement in the
late 1990s. This is intended to be a fu-
ture air attack system to replace Tor-
nado aircraft in their ground strike
and long range penetration missions
by 2015/2020. The missions assigned
to FOAS are offensive air operations,
secondary air space interdiction mis-
sions above the battlefield, anti-sur-
face naval warfare, strikes to suppress
air defense systems, and tactical re-
connaissance. Another objective is a
capability to perform close-up air
support and air defense missions. The
FOAS will cover all these missions by
combining the use of conventional
manned aircraft, uninhabited combat
air vehicles (UCAV) and second gen-
eration cruise missiles. In November
1998, Air Chief Marshal Sir John
Alison, commander of RAF Strike
Command, stated that he thought that
UCAV technology is not far enough
along to replace the Tornado. In 2002,
the British Ministry of Defence began
preliminary discussions about be-
coming a potential partner with the
US on the engineering manufacturing
development of the A-45 UCAV.
This was intended to be a future air
attack system to replace Tornado air-
craft in their ground strike and long
Page 97
range penetration missions by
2015/2020. The missions assigned to
FOAS were offensive air operations,
secondary air space interdiction mis-
sions above the battlefield, anti-sur-
face naval warfare, strikes to suppress
air defense systems, and tactical re-
connaissance. Another objective is a
capability to perform close-up air
support and air defense missions. The
FOAS will cover all these missions by
combining the use of conventional
manned aircraft, uninhabited combat
air vehicles (UCAV) and second gen-
eration cruise missiles. This was ex-
pected to be a cooperative program
involving about fifteen partners on
each side of the Atlantic with an esti-
mated cost at almost FFr100 billion
($16 billion). So far, nothing has
come of the international aspects of
this effort.
An evaluation system efficiency
and a development agreement by the
British Ministry of Defence took
place in 2000. In February 2001,
Geoff Hoon, the defense secretary,
decided against the development of a
strike aircraft to replace the Tornado.
Although he did not rule out the pos-
sibility of eventually pursuing such a
program, he indicated that the combi-
nation of the Eurofighter and JSF
would meet British defense needs. In-
stead, the program would focus on
other strike alternatives, especially
cruise missiles and UCAVs. The
program has not been formally
initiated to date.
At Farnborough 04, the CEO of
BAE Systems, Mike Turner, stated
that Britain may opt to go it alone on
UCAV development as a means to
preserve aerospace design and devel-
opment capabilities at BAe, spon-
sored by Britain’s Defence Industrial
Policy (DIP). Turner expects Britain
to fund the UCAV effort as one of six
planned Technology Validation
Programmes (TVP) of the Aerospace
I n n o v a tio n an d G r o w th Te a m
(AIGT). BAE’s Warton design team
was responsible for a stealth demon-
strator codenamed Replica that could
be used to form the basis for the
UCAV. Although a British UCAV
Page 98
could be fostered under the existing
FOAS (Future Offensive Air Strike)
program, Turner stated that current
d is c u s s io n s a r e f o c u s e d o n a
stand-alone UCAV effort. Britain has
considered joining the US UCAS-
program, but so far no firm commit-
ment has been made and Turner’s
statements suggest that the MoD was
leaning the other way.
In 2005, the FOAS program was
cancelled and in its place, a new pro-
gram codenamed SUAVE (Strategic
Unmanned Air Vehicles Experiment)
was introduced. As the name implies,
the new study program is focused pri-
marily on unmanned platforms in-
cluding both UCAV and cruise
missile options. BAe has apparently
been contracted to examine stealth
UCAV technologies under the code-
name Nightjar, and extension of the
earlier Testbed/Replica demonstra-
tion program of the 1990s. In 2005,
BAE revealed that it had been work-
ing on sub-scale UCAV demonstra-
tors all along, designated CORAX
and Raven. This effort, in conjunction
with Qinetic, Smiths Aerospace and
Teal Group Analysis
Britain’s UAV program has been
in turmoil over the past few years due
to continued delays and backpedaling
on Watchkeeper and delays in issuing
the development contract. In Febru-
ary 2005, senior MoD officials seem
to rule out much in the way of other
UAV acquisition until at least 2015
due to a high level of uncertainty over
requirements. To further add to the
confusion, a variety of classified
UAV efforts were revealed in early
2006, mainly UCAV demonstrators
which raise the issue of whether some
of the earlier statements were merely
cover for black programs.
Britain has traditionally had a
strong ISR commitment, and it is
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Rolls-Royce, is continuing under the
UK’s Defence Industrial Strategy.
Qinetic has been examining autono-
mous UCAV flight control using a
surrogate BAC-111 test-bed.
In March 2005, the British MoD
announced plans to join the US
DARPA effort to participate in the
J-UCAS effort. The UK-DARPA ini-
tiative includes a $40 million invest-
ment in the real-time distributed
simulation center at Wright-Patterson
AFB. The program is expected to run
through 2009 and will primarily in-
volve the Defense Science and Tech-
nology Laboratory, part of the UK’s
DERA.
In spite of the public debate, the
MoD was surreptitiously developing
a UCAV program in conjunction with
BAE, including a stealth demonstra-
tor called Rave. In December 2006,
the program became open with an-
nouncement of a 124 million pound
($240 million) contract to BAe to de-
velop a UCVA designated Taranis
(the Celtic god of thunder). The prin-
cipal partners in the program are
Smiths Aerospace, Rolls-Royce and
fairly surprising that this has taken a
back seat to the tactical requirements.
While Watchkeeper will eventually
satisfy some of these needs, it is likely
that the RAF will expanded the Pred-
ator B beyond the current small acqui-
sition to provide to provide a basis for
endurance recce requirements and
hunter-killer requirements.
Br itain h a s alr e a d y b o u g h t
mini-UAVs in small numbers, and
continued peace-keeping operations
in Iraq and Afghanistan are likely to
lead to some mini-UAV acquisitions
even if not in the current plans.
British naval UAV activity is also
likely due to the traditional navy/ma-
rine connection and Britain’s tradi-
European UAV Market
QinetiQ. The current schedule calls
for taxi tests in 2009 and first flight in
2010.
Civil UAV
At the moment, UAVs cannot op-
erate in British airspace except under
restricted conditions. In 2006, the UK
government began funding the
Astraea Project which is aimed at de-
veloping technologies, systems, facil-
ities and procedures to allow UAVs to
operate routinely in UK air space. The
initial funding for the effort was
pegged at 32 million pounds.
In the summer of 2007, the UK
Home Office began a program to ex-
amine a nationwide program to dem-
o n s tr a te U AV s f o r p o lice
applications. In the short term, the ef-
fort is aimed at exploring possible
roles for UAVs, both for routine pa-
trolling and for emergency services.
A trials program was started by the
Merseyside police and West Mid-
lands emergency services using a
Microdrone MD4-400 UAV to
demonstrate UAV activities.
tional maritime interests. It is
surprising that Britain has shown so
little interest in a naval UAV to date.
The SUAVE program is a long
term effort by the UK to address its
future strike requirements and could
eventually involve the acquisition of
UCAVs stemming from the Taranis
program.
So far, Britain has shown little spe-
cific interest in civil UAV efforts,
though the 2007 floods might encour-
age the development of a domestic
emergency response UAV capability.
However, the greater likelihood is
that the UK will use its military assets
for this requirement.
©Teal Group Corporation
European UAV Market Page 99

United Kingdom 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAV — — — 20 35 35 35 35 — — 160
Watchkeeper 2 2 1 10 20 20 20 20 20 20 135
Naval VTUAV — — — — — 5 5 5 5 5 25
MALE UAV — — — — — — 4 4 — — 8
HALE UAV — — — — — — — — 1 1 2
Taranis UCAV — — 1 — — 1 — — — — 2
Small Civil UAV — — — — — — — — 12 12 24

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 100 European UAV Market

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

Rest of the World UAV Market

RoW UAV Forecast

(Production, Air Vehicles) (Expenditures, $ Millions)
700 $1,200

600 $1,000

500
$800
400
$600
300
$400
200

100 $200

0 $0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Mini Tactical MALE HALE
Naval Civil Expenditures

RoW=World less US and Europe

Market Overview
International UAV Programs
Israel, which was the pioneer for
many of the current tactical UAV ef-
forts, has continued to be a major
player in UAV sales to armed forces
around the globe. One of its most im-
portant sales in recent years was to In-
dia, which is part of a broader effort to
interest India in joint military technol-
ogy ties. India is interested in a robust
reconnaissance capability in the diffi-
cult terrain of Kashmir, and decided
to buy some off-the-shelf Israeli
UAVs rather than wait for its indige-
nous programs to mature. Pakistan is
employing indigenous UAVs as well
as imported Chinese UAVs along the
troubled frontier with India. Coun-
tries in the Mid East and Asia in-
volved in recent conflicts have shown
a quick appreciation for the value of
UAVs. Iran has begun to include its
own UAVs in wargames along the
Gulf, and Syria operates Russian
UAVs.
In the Pacific, Japan has an active
UAV program, including an endur-
ance UAV, a VTOL tactical UAV and
a more conventional tactical UAV.
Australia has shown special interest
in endurance UAVs due to the sheer
scale of its zone of strategic interest.
With conditions in Indonesia being so
unsettled, Australia is considering the
Global Hawk as a means to monitor
trouble spots along its northern mari-
time frontier. China has displayed a
variety of UAVs at international trade
shows, though there is little evidence
to what extent such systems have
been deployed in the army.
Likely Export Customers
Tactical UAVs are a new technol-
ogy that does not readily fit within ex-
isting force structures. In general,
new technologies such as these tend
to be adopted by the more technologi-
cally advanced armed forces. The
most likely candidates are the NATO
countries, the former Warsaw Pact
countries, and select advanced armed
forces around the world. This latter
category would include countries in
the Pacific such as Japan, Australia,
South Korea, India, Thailand, Singa-
pore, and Taiwan. Some of these
countries have already bought tactical
UAVs (Thailand) and others have ac-
tive programs (Korea, Japan, and In-
dia).
The other main area outside Eu-
rope and the Pacific for the export of
advanced military technology has
been the Middle East. Israel was the
pioneer of this technology, and its
neighbors have also adopted UAVs
(Egypt from the US, Syria and Iraq
from the former Soviet Union). The
Gulf States have traditionally been a
major purchaser of US technology.
However, these armies are not partic-
ularly well known for tactical innova-
tion and are unlikely to acquire UAVs
for their armed forces until UAVs are
well established in European and the
US armed forces. While the Gulf
States may not be a significant
near-term market for tactical UAVs
for the army or navy, there is the pos-
sibility that UAVs might be applied to
paramilitary problems. Many of these

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 102
states have border problems and
UAVs might be attractive as a
low-cost, low-risk alternative for bor-
der patrol. Both Saudi Arabia and Ku-
wait are known to have requirements
for UAVs that seem to be more closely
oriented towards patrol duties than
traditional military surveillance mis-
sions. In addition, such systems might
be applicable to other state needs in
remote areas, such as patrolling along
oil pipelines. Oman, Qatar, and the
UAE are all said to be interested in
UAVs.
Unlikely UAV Customers
Neither sub-Saharan Africa nor
South America has been lucrative ar-
eas for high technology military sys-
Middle East
Bahrain
Bahrain apparently purchased a
small number of Teledyne Ryan
Teal Group Analysis
Bahrain may consider the acquisi-
tion of a medium endurance or tacti-
cal UAV system in the next decade for
maritime surveillance and patrol, but
Bahrain 2006
Tactical UAV
Coast Guard MALE UAV
Egypt
Egypt is one of the few Arab ar-
mies to have shown interest in UAVs,
probably inspired by Israeli successes
in this field. Egypt purchased 20 De-
velopmental Sciences’ R4E-50
Skyeye (now BAE Systems), a UAV
that had been developed for the US
Army’s 1987 IEW-UAV program. In
1988, Egypt also acquired 56
Teledyne Ryan 324 Scarabs for its
medium range reconnaissance re-
quirements. The Scarab apparently
has an operational tempo of about one
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Rest of the World UAV Market
tems (with certain limited exceptions
such as South Africa). In the case of
Africa, the sub-Saharan countries are
wretchedly poor with few exceptions
(Nigeria, South Africa, and Kenya)
and have difficulty maintaining even
modest armed forces.
In the case of South America, the
US State Department has discouraged
US arms sales into the region with
some exceptions. Several of the coun-
tries (Argentina, Chile and Brazil)
have embarked on important pro-
grams to build up their aerospace in-
dustries. However, these efforts have
focused on more traditional areas of
development. Brazil is the sole
known exception, being involved in
an abortive RPV program in the late
Scarab UAVs in the late 1980s, and
later a c q u ir e d s o me BA I
its requirement is likely to be modest
in scope. Bahrain has been discussing
possible coast guard applications for
endurance UAVs, and is a possible
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
— — 6 — — —
— — — — — —
flight per month to maintain crew pro-
ficiency. In April 1997, Egypt re-
ported that it was on the verge of
manufacturing its own reconnais-
sance UAV called the Saham-1 (Ar-
row).
The Egyptian navy ordered a small
n u mb e r o f A u s tr ian S c h ieb e l
Camcopter helicopter UAVs for naval
surveillance, and deliveries were
completed in 2002.
Since the mid-1990s, Egypt has
had a requirement for at least two
1980s. South America raises the issue
of other potential uses of UAVs.
Brazil has an active government pro-
gram to undertake environmental sur-
veys of the Amazon basin. Although
the program is now oriented towards
the use of satellites, it is conceivable
that it could use UAVs in some roles.
The second potential role of UAVs
(that might receive US government
support as well) would be surveil-
lance of the drug crop. Surveillance of
drug crop fields by helicopters has be-
come increasingly dangerous, and it
is conceivable that the US govern-
ment would support an effort to de-
velop a UAV to fulfill this mission.
Aerosystems Exdrones for internal
security missions.
customer for a MALE or HALE sys-
tem for this role.
2012 2013 2014 2015 Total
— — — — 6
— 2 — — 2
UAV systems, an army electronic
warfare UAV and a new air force re-
connaissance UAV.
In 2005, the Egyptian government
approached BAE and Northrop
Grumman about modernizing its two
UAV squadrons of Scarabs and
Skyeyes. BAE proposed the addition
of one new squadron, but was appar-
ently turned down. In 2007, Egypt
continued negotiations with an aim to
keeping the Skyeye and Scarab in ser-
vice rather than replacing them.
©Teal Group Corporation
Rest of the World UAV Market
Teal Group Analysis
Egypt was the first Arab country to
show much interest in UAVs. This
was probably due to experiences in
the wars with Israel, and specifically
the great utility of photographic re-
connaissance missions by Soviet
MiG-25s during the 1973 war. The
Egypt 2008
Mini-UAV
Tactical UAV
MALE UAV
Iran
Iran has a significant domestic
UAV effort and one or more of these
tactical UAV systems have reached
the procurement and deployment
s tage, being u sed in r ecent
war-games. Some UAVs were used to
trail the US Navy in the Gulf in 1997.
In addition, Iran has provided small
n u mb e r s o f Mis r a d U AV s to
Hezbollah in Lebanon which has used
them to harass Israeli positions across
the border on at least three occasions.
The first use was on 7 November
Teal Group Analysis
Iran‘s acquisition of UAVs is ham-
strung by its pariah status and its lim-
i t e d h a r d cu r r e n c y d e f e n s e
procurement funding. Its indigenous
Iran 2008
Tactical UAV
MALE UAV
Israel
Israel pioneered the tactical use of
mini-RPVs with the Scout and Mas-
tiff programs of the early 1980s. The
Malat division of Israel Aircraft In-
dustry dominated early UAV devel-
opment in Israel, though in recent
years, several other firms have devel-
oped privately funded UAVs. At-
tempts to merge the privately owned
Silver Arrow with the publicly owned
IAI Malat plant were frustrated in
1997 by an IAI worker’s strike, and
Silver Arrow is now part of Elbit. In
spite of its extensive array of UAV
companies, Israeli domestic UAV re-
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
current program is focused on keep-
ing its older systems in service. While
this may be possible for a time, both
the Skyeye and Scarab are relatively
old and at some point will require out-
right replacement. The forecast here
presumes that a new tactical UAV and
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
— — — 20 20 20
— — — — — —
— — — — — —
2004 using a UAV dubbed Mirsad-1,
but apparently a standard Iranian
Mohajer-1 of the type built by Qods
Aviation Industries. The second was a
flight on 11 April 2005. The third was
an Ababil UAV shot down by Israeli
aircraft over the Mediterranean on 8
August 2006 during the 2006 Leba-
non war. On this last occasion, the
UAV was used as a crude cruise mis-
sile, armed with about 100 pounds of
explosive.
programs are relatively unsophisti-
cated, but point to a genuine interest
in this technology. Some further ac-
quisition of tactical UAVs over the
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
— — — 10 30 30
— — 6 6 6 —
quirements to date have been very
modest, with Israel seldom operating
more than about 30 UAVs (at least ac-
cording to public information). In-
d e e d , th e s h o r tf a ll in U AV
capabilities led the Israeli govern-
ment to contract out UAV work for se-
curity patrols over Gaza and the West
Bank.
The Israeli air force 200 Squadron
flies the Malat Scout and Searcher
UAVs and is based at Palmachim
AFB. The new Silver Arrow Heron
450 purchased in 2000 permitted the
creation of a second Air Force UAV
Page 103
new MALE UAV will be acquired
late in the forecast period for this
function.
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
20 — — — 80
6 6 6 6 24
— — 3 3 6
In March 2007, the Yemeni gov-
ernment reported shooting down an
I r a n i a n A b a b i l U AV in th e
Hadramawt area. There is some sus-
picion that the UAV was operated by
the pro-Iranian al-Houthi group in the
area, not actually by Iran.
The Ababil I tactical UAV was first
offered for export by the Iran Aircraft
Manufacturing Industries in Dubai in
1997 and the Ababil II tactical UAV
was first offered for sale in 1999.
forecast period is likely, though a lack
of information on these programs
makes any estimate extremely specu-
lative.
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
30 — — — 100
— — — 6 24
squadron. The Israeli army also has
formed a UAV squadron for tactical
operations, which has increased the
Israeli order of battle from one to
three squadrons. The Navy joined in
UAV operations in January 2006,
fielding a small unit in conjunction
with the IAF for coastal surveillance
using two Heron (Mahatz).
Early Israeli RPV Development
During the 1973 Mid-East war, the
Israeli Defense Force used two types
of US RPVs, the Teledyne Ryan
Model 124I for strategic reconnais-
Page 104
IAI Searcher
sance, and the Chukar target drone as
a SAM decoy. Development of the
first Israeli RPVs was the brainchild
of Alvin Ellis, who had worked on au-
topilot design for the Teledyne Ryan
Firebee series in the 1960s. Ellis was
present at trials of a Firebee recon-
naissance version using video cam-
eras for real-time surveillance. His
experiences convinced him that
high-speed RPVs like the Firebee
were unsuitable for real-time obser-
vation at low altitude, and that a
smaller and slower mini-RPV would
be more suitable. Ellis returned to Is-
rael in 1967, and with a colleague at
IAI, Jehuda Manor, began the private
development of a mini-RPV called
the Owl. Ellis proposed commercial
development of a mini-RPV to IAI,
but was turned down. A second proto-
type of the Owl using an inexpensive
Sony video camera was demonstrated
to Tadiran in February 1974, leading
to a development contract. The
Tadiran mini-RPV was code named
Mastiff and the first prototype was
demonstrated in 1975. Through 1979,
interest in the Mastiff was minimal
with only two sold. The Israeli air
force formed its first UAV squadron
in 1971 at Palmachim AFB and began
using it for real-time observations in
1980 with the acquisition of the Mas-
tiff. There were a small number of
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Rest of the World UAV Market
Mastiff 3 UAVs in service during the
1982 Lebanon war.
Unwilling to leave the market en-
tirely to Tadiran, in 1976 Israeli Air-
craft Industries (IAI) decided to
embark on an RPV program, aimed
primarily at the Israeli Air Force.
Their Scout 2 RPV was first displayed
in 1981 and some developmental
models may have been used in the
1982 war.
Details of the scope of production
of early Israeli UAVs are sparse. The
Elbit Hermes 1500
Mastiff was sold to the Israeli Army,
the US Navy and Taiwan (two sys-
tems). The Scout UAV system was
sold to the Israeli Army, Israeli Air
Force, and several other countries in-
cluding Singapore (operated by 128
Squadron), South Africa and Switzer-
land (one system, four air vehicles).
The South African firm Armscor was
involved in licensed production of the
Scout, and this system was employed
in combat over Mozambique in 1983
where at least one was shot down.
During development of the Mastiff
and Scout, aeronautical research by
Tadiran and IAI at the Haifa Institute
of Technology convinced the Israeli
government that the two separate de-
velopment efforts were too similar
and wasteful. The Israeli government
instructed IAI and Tadiran to consoli-
date their efforts. This led to the for-
mation of the Mazlat joint company,
with IAI providing the air vehicle and
Tadiran, the ground control system.
In 1989, Israel Aircraft Industries ac-
quired the Tadiran share of Mazlat,
and the new subsidiary was renamed
Malat Systems.
New IAI Tactical UAVs
In 1988, the IAI Malat Systems di-
vision began work on a third genera-
tion UAV, the Searcher. This is
©Teal Group Corporation
Rest of the World UAV Market
IAI Heron
intended as a long-endurance UAV,
and is significantly larger than the
earlier Scout and Mastiff, but smaller
than the BQM-155 Hunter. The sys-
tem was first announced in 1989 and
the first prototype was displayed in
Singapore in January 1990. Testing
by the Israeli Defense Force was com-
pleted in November 1991. Besides
conventional electro-optical sensors,
the Searcher can be fitted with nuclear
monitoring equipment.
Searcher production started in
1992 to replace the Mastiff and the
first deliveries to the air force were
made in July 1992. The first foreign
order for the Searcher came in Febru-
ary 1992 of one ground station and
four air vehicles at a cost of about $10
million for the Royal Thai Army. Re-
cent orders include Singapore.
IAI Heron
IAI’s latest design is the Heron
(Mahatz in Hebrew), designed for
long endurance roles. The airframe is
partly composite, and it has an
8.5-meter wingspan with a wet wing
design. Israeli sources indicate it is
being offered “for several programs.”
It had its first flight on 18 October
1993. In June 1995, IAI announced
that it is planning to fit the Heron with
the Elta EL/M-2022U surveillance
radar for naval surveillance roles. In
1994, IAI announced it was working
on a high-altitude UAV patterned on
the Heron. The Heron has formed the
basis for the Eagle 1 being developed
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
in Europe for France‘s endurance re-
quirement. The first sale of the Heron
was to India. In 2005, IAI announced
that the Israeli air force was planning
to acquire “several dozen” Herons to
replace the existing Searcher inven-
tory. The contract announced in May
2005 was for $60-80 million for eight
air vehicles and the associated GCS.
Heron has been exported to sev-
eral countries with Turkey ordering
10 systems in 2005, and the Indian
Navy ordering four in 2004.
Elbit/Silver Arrow Hermes
Silver Arrow, a newcomer to the
Israeli UAV market in the 1990s is
Elbit Hermes 450
Page 105
jointly owned by the Israeli electron-
ics firm Elbit and Israeli defense
optronics firm El-Op which pur-
chased the remaining 50% stock in
May 1998. In 1995, Elbit unveiled the
Hermes 450 endurance UAV at the
Paris Air Show. The -450 designation
indicates the maximum take-off
weight of the air vehicle. Silver Ar-
row has also developed the heavier
Hermes 750 design. Silver Arrow has
also demonstrated a long endurance
drone, the Hermes 1500, which has a
mission radius of 200 km and an en-
durance of over 40 hours with a
400-kg payload. This UAV is pow-
ered by a pair of Rotax 914 100 hp en-
gines. It was first rolled out in the
spring of 1998.
Silver Arrow showed two new
UAVs at the 1995 Paris Air Show, the
Darter, a small battlefield surveil-
lance drone with a combat radius of
90 km and endurance of 10 hours, and
the Colibri, a small drone intended to
be used for UAV crew training. In
1997, it unveiled the Sniper close
range UAV, with a 50-km radius,
6-hour endurance and 20-kg sensor
package using the Hermes type
ground control station. Silver Arrow
has also developed another tactical
UAV called Hermes 180.
Page 106
I-View
Elbit w as a p artner with
Th ales-U K in th e British
Watchkeeper UAV program, offering
its Hermes 180 and -450 under the
names WK-180 and WK-450. In July
2004, the British MoD announced
that this team was the preferred bidder
over a team headed by Northrop
Grumman. Due to immediate needs
by British forces overseas, the
Watchkeeper program was acceler-
ated in 2007 by directly acquiring
Hermes 450 systems from Israel.
They were first operationally de-
ployed in September 2007.
Harpy Anti-Radar Drone
In 1997, the first details of Harpy
anti-radar drone sales were made
public. The Harpy is an IAI-MBT Di-
vision derivative of the Dornier DAR
air vehicle, fitted with a passive radar
seeker and a small warhead. It has re-
portedly been in production since
1988 for the IDF. A joint venture to
interest the US in the system in con-
junction with General Dynamics
Convair in 1988 was unsuccessful,
reportedly after GD became disturbed
by IAI approaches to Hughes.
In April 1997, it was announced
that South Korea is purchasing 100 of
the drones at a cost of 40 billion won
($45 million) with deliveries through
1999. Turkey acquired 108 Harpies
for the air force, and has plans to ac-
quire a further 46. IAI also noted that
the drone has been sold to India, but
details of the scope of the sales have
not been revealed. In June 1997, it
was reported that sales of the Harpy to
date have totaled more than $200 mil-
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Rest of the World UAV Market
lion, which suggests that production
will total about 450 air vehicles. In
late 2000, IAI announced that it had
developed a datalink system for
Harpy which would allow a user to
launch several harpies into a target
area, and receive periodic updates and
instructions based on other intelli-
gence sources. Israel also sold Harpy
to China in 1994 and this caused a ma-
jor row with the US in 2005 when it
was disclosed that Israel was also pro-
viding China with updates. The up-
grade was supposed to include a
datalink to allow army units to direct
the Harpy against specific targets.
Stalker UCAV
In February 2002, Israeli officials
indicated that development work had
begun on a “sensor-to-shooter”
UCAV called Stalker. The system ap-
pears to be a demonstrator as it is de-
scribed as being powered by a 22 hp
engine with a take-off weight of only
120kg and a payload of only 25 kg.
Moab BMD UAV
The US Ballistic Missile Defense
Organization had about $15 million
in the FY96 budget to fund collabora-
tive efforts between the US and Israel
to examine the use of a boost-phase
interceptor (BPI) type weapon,
launched from a high altitude UAV.
Rafael is currently examining such a
missile, called Moab (a.k.a. Moav),
which uses seeker technology from
the Python 4 AAM mated to a new
high-speed booster that gives it a 2m/s
speed and a range of 80-100 km. In
1994, the Israeli government awarded
a development contract for the
associated HA-10 UAV to IAI for the
air vehicle, Rafael for the Moab mis-
sile and Wales for system integration.
This program was cancelled in May
1999.
The program was revived in 2001,
with the UAV being developed by
IAI’s Malat division. Current plans
call for a UAV with a 3,000-4,000 kg
take-off weight and a wingspan of
about 20 m.
I-View Close-Range TUAV
One of the new IAI UAVs shown
at the Paris Air Show in 2003 was the
I-View. This is a close-range tactical
UAV which is intended to fill the gap
for requirements under the Searcher.
While the Searcher has a 100 kg pay-
load, the I-View has a 30 kg payload.
Likewise, range and endurance is
less. The layout is conventional with a
“V” butterfly tail and a front mounted
puller propeller. The UAV has a con-
ventional wheeled undercarriage.
I-View was offered in a teaming ar-
rangement with Boeing for the Aus-
tralian TUAV requirement and was
selected in late 2005.
New Israeli Skyrider Mini-UAV
Requirement
The Israeli Defense Forces have
had a program underway since 2002
for a mini-UAV for army and other
operations. The program formally
started in 2004 when the Elbit Sky-
lark was selected for a technology
demonstration. A contract for serial
production was slated for late in 2005
but has been continually delayed as
additional companies have entered
the competition.
In 2002, the Israel Defense Force
established a requirement for a
mini-UAV for support of army pla-
toons and companies. Rafael’s entry
in the competition was different from
most UAVs in this category, it was de-
signed to be tube launched like a mu-
nition. The system was man-portable
and designed for short-range,
short-endurance for small tactical
units. Once out of its launch tube, the
UAV wings fold into position and the
©Teal Group Corporation
Rest of the World UAV Market Page 107

w eig h t sailp lan e w ith g r eater Skylark II with a larger payload and
wing-span and lift than the Rafael de- greater endurance.
sign. The Elbit Skylark has its E-O In the intervening period, several
sensor suspended in a pod under the other Israeli firms have been entering
wing. The Skylark was used opera- the Mini-UAV field. TOPiVision,
tionally by the IDF in the August based in Holon, debuted their Cas-
2006 Lebanon fighting. per-200 mini-UAV at Paris-05. This is
The Elbit/Silver Arrow Seagull is typical of this class of UAV with elec-
another Elbit mini-UAV using a fly- tric propulsion and a model sailplane
ing wing design. The air vehicle is configuration, weighing 2.3 kg. It is
small and light (5.5 kg, 2.14m wing- designed to be entirely portable in a
span) with a four hour endurance. The single back-pack and the GCS is a
EMIT Sparrow-N Mini-UAV was the small control station similar in size to
third Israeli mini-UAV to debut at the a lap-top. The camera is mounted in
Paris 2003 air show. Unlike the Sky- the fuselage nose with a swiveling
larks, this system uses a bungee ball structure to permit a wide angle
launcher similar to that of the German of camera swivel. The usual operating
Luna program. The configuration is altitude is 70-250 meters and it flies at
conventional with a rear mounted 15-45 knots. The endurance was not
pusher prop. The air vehicle has a E-O given, but in view of its 1:15 glide ra-
payload in the nose like the IAI Sky- tio, it could presumably be powered
lark. It uses inflatable bladders to into an area and coast back to con-
cushion the landing rather than a serve power.
parachute. The IDF finally selected Aerostar is offering their Orbiter
Rafael SkyLite the Elbit design for its Skylark tech- for the mini-UAV requirement. It is
nology demonstration in 2004. One somewhat different from other UAVs
Skylark is powered by a conventional of these was lost in action when it in the class in being significantly
pusher prop. The usual tactical orga- crashed while supporting a special larger while still being portable in a
nization would be a two man team forces unit near Nablus on 20 Febru- back-pack. It also uses electric pro-
each carrying one UAV and launcher ary 2006. Elbit has subsequently pulsion, but is about three times the
an a mission control unit. At Paris-05, demonstrated an enlarged version, the weight of the Casper 200 at 6.5 kg.
Rafael displayed a reconfigured a re-
named version of this mini-UAV, now
dubbed SkyLite. This retains the ba-
sic configuration of the earlier Sky-
lark, but the new launch tube has a
square rather than round cross-sec-
tion. This is a relatively heavy UAV
for the mini-UAV category, coming in
at six kg. Rafael delivered a number
of Skylite B UAVs to the IDF for use
in the August 2006 fighting in Leba-
non.
The Elbit Skylark entry was a
more conventional design with a
launch weight of 5.5 kg and a two
hour endurance. It is controlled from
a ma n - p o r tab le G CS w ith a
line-of-sight range of 5-10 km. In
contrast to the unconventional Rafael
design, the Elbit design places less fo-
cus on transportability of the system,
and more on actual performance of
the UAV. The UAV can be hand
launched or launched using a bungee
Rafael Skylark I
sling-shot. The airframe is a light-

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 108
Rafael Skylark II
Aerostar representatives argued that
the larger weight and size are neces-
sary to provide an adequate stabilized
sensor package. They contend that
most of the smaller mini-UAVs are
constrained by their small size which
invariably means cameras which lack
stabilization or adequate fields of
view. The sensor in the Orbiter is a
Controp D-Stamp stabilized CCD
camera.
IAI’s Malat division is offering
two mini-UAVs. The BirdEye 400 is a
back-back contained flying wing de-
sign with electric propulsion and an
overall take-off weight of 4.1 kg. The
ground control station is a hardened
laptop. Malat is also offering the Bird
Eye 100, which uses the same system
but is a smaller air vehicle with a more
conventional aircraft configuration
weighing 1.3 kg. Malat is also work-
ing on a micro-UAV dubbed Mos-
quito which can operate using the
same Bird Eye system but the air ve-
hicle weighs only half a kilogram.
IMI entered the contest in early
2006 with a small electric powered
mini-UAV called Rainbow.
IDF Acquires New UAVs
In 1997, it was reported that the
IDF was purchasing an undisclosed
number of Hermes 450S UAVs but
other accounts suggest that this did
not occur until February 2002.
In May 2005, it was reported that
IAI was selected to supply the Israeli
air force with a version of the IAI
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Rest of the World UAV Market
Heron, variously called Mahatz 1 and
Shoval, as its next TUAV with inten-
tions to replace the Searcher. The re-
quirement is stated to be eight air
vehicles along with associated
ground control equipment and sen-
sors, at a cost of about $50 million.
Hunter-Killer UAV
There have been repeated press ac-
counts of the Israeli use of armed
UAVs, but little public discussion of
their configuration or operations.
They have apparently been used on
several occasions for strikes against
Hamas operatives in the Gaza strip.
The first reported case was the attack
on Sheikh Ahmed Yassin of Hamas in
March 2004. During the August 2006
fighting in Lebanon, there were nu-
merous reports of the use of armed
UAVs. Reports suggest that the Heron
is the main airframe used in these op-
erations, and that both Spike NT and
Hellfire missiles have been em-
ployed.
IAI Bird Eye
Eitan/Heron 2 HALE UAV
IAI’s Malat division has been
working for some time on a long en-
durance UAV about three times the
size of the current Heron-1. The pro-
gram is called Eitan (Strength) and
two prototypes began flying around
2005. The air vehicle has a 26 meter
wingspan, 5,000 kg take-off weight,
and 50 hour endurance. It is powered
by a Pratt & Whitney Canada
PT6A-67 1,200 hp turboprop and is
intended for long range reconnais-
sance. Presumably it is intended to
supplement the Ofeq spy satellite pro-
gram which has encountered launch
difficulties in recent years, especially
over crucial targets such as Iran. In
2006, Israeli press accounts indicated
that Eitan is also being viewed as a
potential armed UCAV to deal with
distant objectives such as Iran. The
Eitan was first unveiled at the Paris
Air Show in June 2007.
There have also been press ac-
counts that Eitan would be employed
for long-range naval patrol, and Israel
is also contemplating an aerial refuel-
ing version.
Maritime Patrol UAV
The Israeli MoD began consider-
ation of a maritime patrol version of
the Gulfstream Aerospace G550
bizjet converted into a UAV. A similar
concept has already emerged as a con-
tender for the US Navy BAMS UAV
effort. Israel is planning to acquire a
replacement for the IAI 1124 Seascan
maritime patrol aircraft, and a
robotized Gulfstream is one of the op-
tions under consideration. Israel is al-
ready contracted to acquire four G550
©Teal Group Corporation
Rest of the World UAV Market
aircraft under a $473 million contract
with Gulfstream. Elbit/Silver Arrow
has unveiled a version of its Hermes
1500 MALE UAV for this role as
well, and the IAI Malat Eitan is being
considered for maritime patrol as
well. In the interim, the Israeli navy
began operating two Herons with IAF
support starting in early 2006.
Lebanon Air Campaign
D u rin g th e f ig h tin g w ith
Hezbollah in Lebanon in August
2006, the IDF conducted 16,000
hours of UAV operations of which
Teal Group Analysis
The maturation of Israeli tactical
UAV systems as well as their demon-
strated utility in recent conflicts will
help Israel garner new export orders.
Although Israel’s share of the world
market has dropped compared to the
1990s, this is of less significance
since the overall size of the market in
UAVs is expanding. Israeli firms have
had a string of successes in recent
years including some significant sales
to India, the I-View sale to Australia,
S h a d o w 2 0 0 in th e U S , an d
Watchkeeper in the UK.
The Israeli armed forces have a
very modest UAV force, currently
building up to three squadrons (two
IAF, one Army). UAVs have proved
to be very useful in recent peacekeep-
ing operations during the Palestinian
intifada and the 2006 Lebanon war,
Israel 2008
Mini-UAV 100
Army UAV
Strike UAV
Police TUAV
Heron-1 UAV
HALE UAV
HALE/BMD UAV
Jordan
Until recently, Jordan has not been
significantly involved in any known
UAV operations. In 2005, Jordan
Aerospace Industries announced it
was teaming with the KADDB (King
Abdullah II Design and Development
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
13,000 hours were intelligence mis-
sions. The Hermes 450S was credited
with 15,000 hours of flight time with
three lost during operations. The pri-
mar y U AV s in u s e w e r e th e
Searcher-2, the Hermes 450S “Zik”
and the Heron-1 “Shoval”. Besides
the tactical UAVs, the IDF also re-
ceived low-rate production versions
of the Elbit Skylark and Rafale
Skylite B mini-UAVs.
Civil UAV
Israel has conducted a number of
demonstrations of civil UAVs. The
and this is likely to lead to a stream of
small orders as attrition spares.
Should Israel continue with its plans
to build a security fence along the
frontier with Palestine, an expansion
of the UAV force for border patrol is
likely, with the UAVs probably being
controlled by the border police. Israel
has been acquiring the Heron MALE
UAV and is likely to field a squadron
of the new Eitan HALE UAV.
Israel has shown considerable in-
terest in the development of an endur-
ance UAV to serve as a platform for a
boost-phase anti-missile system.
Such a project is expensive, and so far
the US has proved to be only mildly
enthusiastic about funding such a
venture due to the conviction that the
US Air Force Airborne Laser is a
better approach. Israel may decide to
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
— — — — 100
— — 15 15 — —
— — — 5 5 5
— — 10 10 10 5 —
8 — — — — —
2 2 — — — —
— — — — — 1
Bureau) weapons organization to
begin local development and manu-
facture of UAVs under the name Jor-
dan Advanced Remote Systems. The
consortium debuted a family of UAVs
at the IDEX-05 in the UAE in Febru-
Page 109
government has leased Aerostar
UAVs from Aeronautics Defense
Systems to conduct police surveil-
lance over the Gaza strip and West
Bank. In 2006, the Israeli Highway
patrol leased Aerostar UAVs to con-
duct a demonstration of the use of
UAVs in police highway patrol mis-
sions. The demonstration was widely
regarded as successful due to the rela-
tively low operating costs of the UAV
vs. manned aircraft.
fund this indigenously, but the cost
and complexity implies that it may be
a decade before such a system is ready
for deployment.
Given Israel’s traditional role as a
pioneer in this technology, it would
not be surprising to see Israeli firms
push ahead in many of the new areas
of UAV development, if for no other
reason than to spur export sales. A
UCAV effort comparable to the US
X-45/X-47 is probably outside Is-
rael’s budget, but development of a
hunter-killer strike UAV has already
taken place using existing TUAVs as
platforms, and the development of a
dedicated strike UAV is possible. Is-
raeli firms have developed mini- and
micro-UAVs, but aside from the Sky-
lark program, most of these are proba-
bly intended for the export market.
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
100 100 100 — 500
— — — — 30
5 — — — 20
— — — 35
— — — — 8
— — — 2 6
2 — — — 3
ary 2005. The booth had three UAVs,
ranging from a back-pack mini-UAV
to a small tactical UAV. The Jordan
Silent Eye is a small, hand-launched
mini-UAV operating at about 300 feet
with an operating radius of about 10
Page 110 Rest of the World UAV Market

km. The Jordan Falcon is a small tac- TV or infrared sensor. The Jordan Ar-
tical UAV using catapult launch and row is similar in size to the Jordan
parachute recovery. It has a endur- Falcon but is intended to be a con-
ance of four hours and has a payload trolled aerial target rather than a re-
of six kg with a nose mounted color connaissance UAV.
Teal Group Analysis
Jordan’s indigenous UAV effort gion. The Jordanian armed forces are whether JAI’s ambitions will be
appears to be aimed both at domestic likely to acquire modest numbers of matched to successful technology.
requirements as well as at addressing the two new UAVs under develop-
a modest market for UAVs in the re- ment, though it remains to be seen
Jordan 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAV 20 — — — — — — — — — 20
Tactical UAV — 6 — — — — — — — — 6

Kuwait
Kuwait has a formal requirement mary orientation of its current re- region giving demonstrations in the
for a surveillance UAV, but details are quirement. No details are known mid 1990s.
lacking. Kuwait has traditionally had whether it has already studied exist-
interest in surveillance systems that ing systems, but General Atomics
could be used to patrol its border with Gnat, Kentron Seekers and Flight Re-
Iraq, and it is likely that this was pri- fueling Raven teams toured the Gulf
Teal Group Analysis
Kuwait is a possible candidate for primarily for maritime surveillance
a medium endurance UAV system, and border patrol.
Kuwait 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
MALE UAV — — 2 2 — — — — — — 4

Qatar
Qatar had a requirement for a tacti-
cal UAV system in its 1999 defense
plan. This never materialized.
Teal Group Analysis
Qatar may finally procure a tacti- but the size of the acquisition is likely
cal UAV system over the next decade, to be modest.
Qatar 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Tactical UAV — — — — — 6 — — — — 6

Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia has had a formal re-
quirement for a surveillance UAV for
nearly a decade but has taken little ac-
tion on it. It is believed that the gen-
eral details of the requirement call for
a range of 100-200 km and an endur-
ance of 4-6 hours. Systems that have
been demonstrated are believed to
have included General Atomics Gnat
750, Kentron’s Seeker and the Flight
Refueling Raven. Saudi Arabia has
also examined several UAVs for po-
tential applications in patrolling both
desert border areas and its maritime
frontier.
MIKSA
Saudi Arabia has been negotiating
with Thales (formerly Thomson-
CSF) since the 1990s for a major bor-
der security system called the Saudi
Border Guard Development program,
though more commonly called
MIKSA, the acronym for the Ministry
of the Interior Kingdom. The program
is supposed to involve 225 border sur-
veillance radar stations, about 20 sur-
veillance helicopters, a number of
surveillance cameras, 400 border
frontier posts with associated com-
munications, and caserns for about
20,000 border guards. The value of
the project has been pegged at 7 bil-

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

Rest of the World UAV Market Page 111

lion ($8.7 billion). The program is ex-
pected to last 12 years.
Although France had expected to
win a sole source contract, during the
March 2006 visit of President Chirac
to Riyadh, the French were informed
that the competition would be thrown
open to international bidding. Com-
petition is expected to include BAE
Systems, EADS, Finmecannica, and
Raytheon.
The program is expected to incor-
porate UAVs for some of its surveil-
lance needs, though the scope of the
program is likely to vary from pro-
posal to proposal. The RFI were due
in August 2006 with a formal re-
sponse to the RFP in late December
2006.

Teal Group Analysis

Saudi Arabia’s main interest in
UAVs is for a system suitable for con-
ducting border patrols in the desert
wastes under the Miksa program.
These missions are now performed by
mounted ground units and to some
extent by helicopters. This is primar-
ily a policing role to prevent smug-
gling but might be expanded to
include commercial oriented surveil-
lance such as pipeline patrol. This
could be a very substantial program,
but so far, the extent to which UAVs
will play a part is not at all clear.
Saudi Arabia has also discussed
possible maritime patrol require-
ments, though this is more of a coast
guard approach than a naval one.

Saudi Arabia 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAV — 60 120 300 — — — — — — 480
Tactical UAV — — 18 18 18 — — — — — 54
MALE UAV — — — — 6 6 6 — — — 18
Navy MALE UAV — — — — — 2 2 2 — — 6

United Arab Emirates

The UAE tested a South African
Seeker UAV system in the late 1990s
and there were reports that the
emirates would acquire a small num-
ber of these systems. A total of five
Seekers were delivered in 2003,
though it is unclear if this was systems
or air vehicles.
A holding company in the UAE,
AES Ltd. has been offering small tac-
tical UAVs based on Italian designs
such as the Nibbio and Falco. There
have been reports that the UAE pur-
chased 60 Bourdon solar powered
mini-UAVs from the French company
Technisolar in 2002, but details are
lacking.
A UAE based aircraft maintenance
firm is teaming with Korean, Swed- Yabhon
ish, Austrian and other foreign firms
to establish a UAV business. Called the firm had two displays, one in the with a new mobile launcher system.
the UAV Research and Technology Korean area, and another with the The basic launch vehicle is a UAE
Center and based in Abu Dhabi, the UAE UAV program. UAVs on dis- Nimr 6x6 tactical vehicle, while the
firm is team with the South Korean play included the RemoEye 002 and GCS and resupply vehicles are based
Ucon System based in Taejon to offer RemoEye 006 mini-UAVs and the on the HMMWV. Full-scale exam-
their mini and tactical UAVs. The RemoEye 015 small tactical UAV ples of both the GCS and re-supply
UAE Armed forces first contracted The Center is also working with vehicle were shown at IDEX-05 and
Ucon in August 2004 to develop a the Austrian Schiebel firm which again at IDEX-07. The UAE placed
GCS for UAVs, and signed a MoU manufactures helicopter UAVs. Their an order with Schiebel for 60 S-100
with the UAV R&T center in April joint effort is the Al Saber UAV which helicopter UAVs in 2006 with options
2005. At the IDEX-07 in Abu Dhabi, packages the Schiebel Camcopter for 20 more. The first 30 were deliv-

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 112 Rest of the World UAV Market

ered in late 2006, and two were de-
ployed with UAE peacekeeping
troops in Afghanistan. Some local as-
sembly is expected in the UAE.
The Center has also teamed with
Cybaero from Sweden on their Apid
55, a small helicopter UAV and with
GAMCO on their target drones and
tactical UAVs. These efforts were
covered at the IDEX-05 show but not
repeated in 2007, which may indicate
that the program is in limbo due to the
use of the Camcopter.
A second UAV venture is being
s p o n s o r e d b y th e U A E b a s e d
ADCOM Group which has been op-
erating an advanced target system di-
vision since 1992, now called
“Advanced Target Systems”. The
systems on display at IDEX-05 were
mostly target drones except for one
reconfigured as a tactical UAV under
the name Yabhon-M. Since the
IDEX-05 show, ATS had added two
more UAVs to their inventory, the
Yabhon-R and the Yabhon-RX. The
Yabhon-RX is a significantly en-
larged design with a 60 kg payload
compared to the other two designs
which are in the 30kg range. It is also
a long endurance design, with a stated
performance of 42 hours.

Teal Group Analysis

The UAE government has been ac-
tively supporting local firms to de-
velop UAV capabilities. This is part of
national industrial policy, and is pred-
icated on the idea that the UAE could
become a significant exporter of tacti-
cal UAVs to other Arab states in the
region.
The UAE has generally been fairly
adventurous in its own defense acqui-
sitions, and it has a long standing pro-
gram to monitor Iranian activity on
some of the contested islands in the
Gulf. A tactical or endurance UAV
system would mesh with this objec-
tive, but the scale of such a program
would likely be modest. Much of the
other activity may be aimed at the re-
gional export market of other Arab
countries.

UAE 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Tactical UAV (Al Saber) 20 20 20 — — — — — — — 60
MALE UAV — — — — 3 3 — — — 6 12

Africa
Algeria
In 1997, the South African firm Algeria. According to company offi- African officials indicated that the
Kentron was granted a marketing per- cials, the potential sale had not pro- Seeker would go into operational ser-
mit from the South African govern- c e e d e d b e y o n d p r e l i mi n a r y vice with an undisclosed export cli-
ment for the sale of Seeker UAVs to discussions. In October 2000, South ent, and this is believed to be Algeria.
Teal Group Analysis
Algeria is a likely client for a tacti-
cal UAV system based on the lessons
of its recent civil war.
Algeria 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Tactical UAV 6 — — — — — — — — — 6

Angola
There have been reports that An-
gola has contracted UAV services
Teal Group Analysis
Angola is a possible candidate for
coast-guard type patrol UAVs, but in
from Israeli firms for patrolling been no known military UAV pur-
off-shore oil terminals. There have chases.
the foreseeable future, it is more vately funded for security applica-
likely that UAV activity will be pri- tions.

Angola 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Tactical UAV — 5 5 — — — — — — — 10

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

Rest of the World UAV Market Page 113

Botswana
Botswana acquired three short
range UAVs or UAV systems from
Elbit’s Silver Arrow branch in 2001.
Teal Group Analysis
Botswana is unlikely to acquire
any more tactical UAVs beyond its
The plan was to deploy them for pa-
trolling the borders with South Af-
rica, Namibia and Zimbabwe. Recent
initial purchase in 2001 for another
decade.
reports have also stated that Bot-
swana acquired a “small numbers” of
Hermes-450 UAVs from Elbit.

Ivory Coast
Ivory Coast acquired an undis- They were found by French peace- ment about the sale, asking them to
closed number of tactical UAVs from keeping forces during the fighting enforce the arms ban.
the Israeli firm Aeronautics Defense and destroyed. The French govern-
Systems in 2005 during the civil war. ment protested to the Israeli govern-
Teal Group Analysis
The Ivory Coast is probably un-
likely to purchase any UAVs for the
foreseeable future.

Libya
Libya acquired Border Eagle has sold about 15-20 air vehicles to $300,000 which suggests that the sale
UAVs from Integrated Dynamics in five clients at a value of about to Libya was fairly small.
Pakistan in late 2006. The company
Teal Group Analysis
Libya is currently rebuilding its acquisition of conventional arms to mini-UAVs in the forecast period, but
forces since the arms embargo was replace old weapons in service. It is Libyan arms acquisition is notori-
lifted in 2003. At the moment, its possible that Libya will acquire a ously erratic and larger sales might
plans seem to be focused mainly on modest number of tactical UAVs and occur.
Libya 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini- UAV — — — 10 35 — — — — — 45
Tactical UAV — — — — — — 5 15 — — 20

Morocco
Morocco has purchased an undis-
closed number of Developmental Sci-
ences R4E-50 UAVs in the 1980s.
Teal Group Analysis
Morocco has purchased small the Western Sahara. With this border UAV system late in the forecast pe-
numbers of UAVs, probably to sup- war over, its short-term needs for such riod to replace it.
port its military operations against the systems may have ended. However,
Polisario movement in the wastes of Morocco may acquire another tactical
Morocco 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Tactical UAV — — — — — — — 5 5 5 15

Nigeria
Nigeria has not operated UAVs as need for UAVs as a possible response on its oil and gas revenues, but in the
far as is known, but in 2005-2006, the to the growing problems of illicit production areas, local civilians have
government began to examine the “bunkering” of fuel. Nigeria depends regularly determined ways to open up

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 114 Rest of the World UAV Market

pipelines and steal gas and oil. In ties. In 2006, there were reports that
some cases, this has led to massive ex- Nigeria had contracted Aeronautics
plosions which have killed dozens of Defense Systems from Israel three
people and wrecked the pipelines. tactical UAV systems plus three
The aim would be to use the UAVs to Seastar systems for maritime patrol.
patrol the pipeline to spot these activi-
Teal Group Analysis
Nigeria’s armed forces, once one acquired little new equipment. How- ria to either acquire and operate its
of Africa’s most modern, have fallen ever, the importance of oil production own UAV force, or to lease such ser-
on hard times in recent years and have to the nation’s wealth may force Nige- vices.
Nigeria 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAV — — — — — 10 — — — 10 20
Tactical UAV 24 — — — — — — — — — 24

South Africa
South Africa has had a well-estab-
lished surveillance and target UAV
program since the 1980s, largely
through collaborative efforts with Is-
rael. In recent years, South Africa has
struck out on its own in this field, and
has been making serious efforts to be-
gin exporting its systems. The most
significant manufacturer of these sys-
tems is the state-controlled Kentron
Division of Denel, but private compa-
nies such as ATE have also become
involved.

Seeker Tactical UAV

The South African government ac-
quired two Israeli Scout UAV systems
in 1980, and the Scout was employed
in combat over Mozambique in 1983.
Dissatisfied with the Scout, the South
African air force commissioned
Kentron to develop a local derivative
that entered development in 1982.
The Seeker UAV is heavily influ-
enced by Israeli designs. It first en-
tered service in 1986 and was
publicly revealed in 1988
The Seeker was deployed with the
10 Squadron at Potchefstroom and
saw combat service during the fight-
ing in Angola. The squadron was dis-
banded in 1991 and its assets put in
storage; this was apparently about
three systems and ten UAVs. Total
production is believed to have been
16 UAVs for the SAAF.
The South African Air Force later
contracted Kentron to operate the sys-
tem when necessary to cut down on
Kentron Seeker
costs. Two Seeker systems have been
built for undisclosed clients (some
sources claim two clients).
In 2004, Denel began to advertise
an upgraded version of Seeker called
Seeker 2.
Lark
The Lark was developed in the late
1980s as an air defense suppression
drone to combat air defense radars
like those encountered during the
fighting in Angola. It was first pub-
licly revealed in 1991 under the des-
ignation ARW-10. Lark appears to be
connected to the Israeli Harpy pro-
gram. The first flight tests were con-
ducted in November 1984, and it
reached the final stage of develop-
men t in 1 9 9 5 . I t h a s b e e n
test-launched from ships as well as
ground stations. Although based on a
SADF requirement, it is not yet clear
if there remains an actual procure-
ment objective.
UAOS
Advanced Technologies & Engi-
neering Co. (ATE) developed the Un-
manned Aerial Observation System
(UAOS) on the basis of a South Afri-
can National Defence Force
(SANDF) contract for a small system
that can be launched without a run-
way to support self-propelled artillery

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

Rest of the World UAV Market
units. This is part of a broader pro-
gram called AS2000 aimed at fielding
an integrated artillery C3I system.
The air vehicle first flew in March
1995, and government funding began
that year as well. Company spokes-
men state that procurement was
scheduled to begin in 1997.
In 1997, ATE announced that the
South African National Defense
Forces are examining a new design
for their artillery spotting role,
dubbed the Super Vulture. This is an
improved version of the original Vul-
ture for the UAOS requirement. A
production decision on the Vulture
Teal Group Analysis
South Africa has had its defense
development programs heavily
shaped by its contacts with Israel, and
its relatively extensive efforts in the
UAV field are another sign of this.
The Seeker is a fairly conventional
design, and has been built in modest
numbers for an air force requirement.
The Vulture UAOS is a new system
South Africa 2008
Mini-UAV
Tactical UAV
MALE UAV
Asia-Pacific
Australia
In recent years, Australia has be-
gun a fairly robust UAV program,
with plans to acquire systems ranging
from mini-UAVs to HALE UAVs.
The Australian armed forces have
not operated any significant number
of reconnaissance UAVs except for
demonstration purposes until re-
cently. In September 2003, the Aus-
tralian Army operated four UAVs
from Aerosonde Ltd of Melbourne
and used them to conduct reconnais-
sance in the Solomon islands during
peacekeeping operations there. These
UAVs belong to the Defense Science
a n d Te c h n o lo g y O rg a n iz a tio n
(DSTO) which has been operating
five Aerosonde UAVs to test sensor
payloads for future UAVs and to ex-
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
UAOS was scheduled for 2000, but
was put off due to the decision to con-
sider the upgraded Super Vulture for
the requirement.
Seraph Stealth UAV
At its 2002 aerospace show,
Kentron unveiled its Seraph stealth
UAV. This is an outgrowth of the ear-
lier Flowchart program, and is aimed
at deploying a reconnaissance UAV
capable of speeds of up to Mach 0.85
with an endurance of about 100 min-
utes. The program appears to be based
on export potential rather than a
South African requirement, and may
with somewhat more limited range
and payload capability tied to an am-
bitious Army artillery modernization
effort; acquisition was delayed until
recently. Although a clever concept, it
is hard to see a domestic requirement
for the Lark anti-radiation UAV that
would justify procurement under cur-
rent circumstances. A more likely av-
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
— — — — — 20
— — — — — —
— — 1 1 1 1
amine tactical UAV requirements. In
May 2005, Lockheed Martin an-
n o u n c e d a p a r tn e r s h ip w ith
Aerosonde to exploit the mini-UAV
market.
The government-owned Aero-
space Technologies of Australia
(ASTA) had manufactured the
Jindivik target drone since the 1950s,
but production was halted in 1993 and
the ASTA Systems Division was
closed. A UK order for 18 Mk 4A
Jindiviks led ASTA to reopen the line
in 1995.
Mini-UAV
The Australian firm Codarra Ad-
vanced Systems sold at least five
short-range UAVs to the Australian
Page 115
be an attempt by Kentron to recoup
e a r lier in v e s tmen ts in
low-observables technology. In 2005,
Denel ads showed the Seraph in a Ser-
aph II UCAV configuration launching
a Mokopa anti-tank missile.
Bateleur MALE UAV
Denel began advertising its new
Bateleur MALE endurance UAV in
late 2004. This air vehicle has an en-
durance of 18-24 hours and an operat-
ing radius of 750 km. So far, Denel
has shown a preliminary mock-up of
the design, but it is not expected to fly
until 2006.
enue for South African development
will be a hunter-killer UAV later in the
forecast period. South Africa has also
been asserting a regional power pro-
jection policy, and the eventual acqui-
sition of an endurance UAV for
strategic reconnaissance would fit
this policy, presumably the new
Bateleur.
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
20 20 — — 60
— — — 6 6
— — — — 4
government in 2000. These appar-
ently went to the Australian Special
Air Services to explore their utility in
special operations.
In November 2005, the ADF se-
lected the Elbit Skylark mini-UAV to
provide support for the army’s Al
Mutthana Task Group in southern
Iraq, and has also operated the RQ-11
Raven.
In the longer term, the ADF sees a
need for a mini-UAV force of about
88 systems, each with four air vehi-
cles.
Tactical UAV
In 1997, the Australian MoD be-
gan Project Warrendi, part of Joint
Project 129 for air surveillance. The
Page 116
aim was to study the possible use of
UAVs to enhance the ADF’s ability to
detect, locate, identify and monitor
incursions into Australian territory
and territorial waters.
The program later was defined into
two principal categories: (Broad Area
Aerial Surveillance) and FAAS (focal
area aerial surveillance). The BAAS
requirement was dropped in 2002,
leaving only the FAAS portion.
FAAS encompasses tactical UAV re-
quirements while BAAS is aimed at
medium-endurance UAV require-
ments. The procurement objective for
FAAS was for 15 TUAVs.
Under the current JP 129 plan, the
program calls for tender submissions
by November 2004, evaluation com-
pleted in April 2005, source selection
in July 2005 and first system handed
over by August 2007. The procure-
ment phase of the effort is expected to
cost A$100-150 million. The UAV is
expected to be deployed at brigade
level, and the objective is for an initial
order of three systems with an even-
tual goal of up to five systems, each
with multiple air vehicles. The Aus-
tralian MoD has also stated that the JP
129 program could be extended to in-
clude system upgrades for the UAVs,
and also to expand the program to
handle a ship-board TUAV require-
ment.
Some of the identified teams bid-
ding on the requirement included:
• Hermes 180 (ADI Ltd /Thales and
Elbit Systems/Silver Arrow)
• Hermes 450 (ADI Ltd /Thales and
Elbit Systems/Silver Arrow: sec-
ond separate bid)
• Sperwer and Aerosonde UAV
(Tenix Defence teamed with
SAGEM and Saab Systems he
• Shadow 200 (BAE Systems Aus-
tralia teamed with AAI)
• I-View (Boeing Australia teamed
with IAI’s Malat Division)
• ing Australia in December 2006, but
Fox-T and/or Eagle 1 (Australian
Aerospace teamed with EADS)
• Aerostar (Point Trading Co
teamed with Aeronautics of Israel)
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Rest of the World UAV Market
I-View
• Night Intruder 300 (Korean
Aerospace)
In the event, only three firms actu-
ally submitted bids in November
2004: ADI/Elbit; BAE/AAI, and
Boeing/IAI. The selection was sched-
uled for June/July 2005 but this has
slipped. The program cost is expected
to be A$100 million ($75 million) for
two systems each consisting of two
GCS and four air vehicles.
In December 2005, the ADF se-
lected the IAI I-View-250 at a cost of
A$145 million (US$110 million).
The plan is to form a new TUAV regi-
ment, the 20th Surveillance, target &
Acquisition Regiment with two bat-
teries, each battery including two
GCS and four air vehicles. The plan is
to activate the units in 2008 at
Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera,
Queensland. Boeing-Australia is
slated to provide support for the sys-
tems. The contract for the program
was delayed in July 2006 due to diffi-
culties over the terms of the support
for the system being managed by
Boeing-Australia, and as a result, the
team of ADI/Elbit offering the Her-
mes 450, the second-placed bidder,
were asked to re-submit its bid. The
contract was finally signed with Boe-
the delays have meant that the sys-
tems will not become operational un-
til late 2009. The contract value was
placed at A$103 million ($80.3 mil-
lion) of which about A$74.5 million
goes to IAI and the rest to Boeing
Australia for the integration of the
L-3 Systems tactical data-link.
To provide interim capability in
July 2006 the ADF began negotiating
with Boeing over the possible acqui-
sition of one or two ScanEagle UAV
to support operations in Afghanistan
and Iraq. A six-month contract was
signed for ScanEagle lease at a cost of
$12.7 million. The operations began
in November 2006 and lasted about
six months.
UAV Study Efforts
The Australian firm Sonacom and
the University of Sydney’s Depart-
ment of Aeronautical Engineering de-
veloped the Mirli UAV in 2000-2001
for naval applications as part of the
BAAS effort. Flight trials began in
2001.
BAE Systems Australia and the
University of Sydney’s Australian
Centre for Field Robotics have been
funded to examine the ANSER (Au-
tonomous Navigation and Sensing
Experimental Research), an effort to
manage the operation of multiple
UAVs simultaneously on surveillance
missions.
In May 2004, the Australian gov-
ernment announced plans to conduct
a national UAV technology demon-
stration program aimed at developing
a 100-150 kg air vehicle. The pro-
©Teal Group Corporation
Rest of the World UAV Market
gram is being funded by the Depart-
ment of Industry, Tourism and
Resources as part of the Aerospace
Industry Action Agenda released by
the government in April 2004.
HALE UAV
The Australian air force has stud-
ied its requirements for aerial surveil-
lance, reconnaissance and fire
support for the land forces under pro-
ject AIR 87 including the applications
of UAVs to the requirement. The
army is also known to have aerial sur-
veillance on its list of priorities since
the 1993 Defense review as part of
Project Ninox. Program plans called
for an RFP in 1996 and a contract
award in 1998 which did not occur.
Australia examined several potential
candidates, but the program went into
limbo with Project Air 7000 largely
taking its place.
Australia joined the US RQ-4A
Global Hawk program as a potential
element of the Joint Project 129
Broad Area Airborne Surveillance.
This effort was subsequently re-
named as Phase 1 Project Air 7000
New Maritime Patrol and Response
Capability (now MUAS: Multi-Mis-
sion Aerial System) and the main goal
is to replace the existing AP-3C mari-
time patrol aircraft force of about 13
aircraft. A Global Hawk was de-
ployed in Australia for trials in 2001.
Phase 2 of PA 7000 is a later manned
maritime patrol aircraft.
Australia would like to acquire 4-6
aircraft and a decision was scheduled
for 2004-2005. Australia deferred its
planned acquisition of the Global
Hawk in 2003 by at least two years to
consider merging its land and mari-
time surveillance requirements into a
single aircraft. In 2004, Australia de-
cided to open the bid and consider
General Atomics Predator C/Mariner
as well. Northrop announced its Aus-
tralian team at the 2005 Paris air show
which includes Tenix Defense, Saab
Systems-Australia, L-3 Communica-
tions-Melbourne.
The aim recently was to fund the
aircraft in FY06/07 instead of FY04
with an aim to deploy them in
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
2009-2011 instead of 2007. Australia
has also been considering the long
term potential for the HALE UAV in
conjunction with the Wedgetail air-
borne early warning radar aircraft.
The PA 7000 requirement is expected
to have a price-tag of A$1 billion
(US$770 million). Australia planned
to conduct a series of trials of the
Global Hawk and Mariner from Lear-
month over the northwest coastal
shelf in 2005 to help make this deci-
sion. A Global Hawk transited from
Qatar to Adelaide in February 2006
for a demonstration in the region in-
cluding Singapore and Japan. In May
2006, the government awarded Gen-
eral Atomics a $2.6 million contract
for a six-month demonstration from
RAAF Base Edinburgh, north of
Adelaide. This base has hosted about
10 transit flights of Global Hawk
from forward bases in Qatar back to
US bases in California. A General
Atomics Mariner was used in demon-
strations transmitting imagery to the
HMAS Pirie, flying about 75 hours
starting in late August 2006. Due to
operational commitments, no Global
Hawks were available so a simulation
was conducted from the Northrop
Grumman Cyber Warfare Integration
Center in San Diego for 10 days in
October 2007.
The US Air Force has made a pro-
posal for a multi-national Global
Hawk regional force to be based on
Guam. The fleet could be jointly
funded with the UAVs providing re-
gional surveillance, or the individual
countries could field their own Global
Hawks but operate them jointly. The
proposed partners are Australia, Ja-
pan and Singapore.
During the summer of 2006, the
Australian government began to dis-
cuss the possibility of tying its acqui-
sition to the US Navy BAMS
maritime UAV effort, and did become
part of the BAMS effort. This has had
the effect of pushing back any final
decision since it will be tied to the US
Navy decision which is supposed to
take place in the final quarter of 2007.
Australian officials have also be-
gun to discuss the need for a larger en-
Page 117
durance UAV capable of lofting an
active electronically scanned array
radar (AESA) as a long-term objec-
tive.
Coastwatch Border Protection
UAV
The Australian government has
established a new Coastwatch/Civil
Maritime Surveillance 2005/CMS 04
border protection program to exam-
ine new technological approaches to
civil maritime patrol. Since 1994, this
requirement was satisfied by a con-
tract with Surveillance Australia us-
ing Bombardier Dash 8 turboprops.
The Australian government has re-
cently shown more interest in shifting
at least in part to UAVs for this role,
and the annual budget for the program
is pegged at about A$70 million
(US$46 million). General Atomics
has teamed with the Australian based
National Air Support firm to offer the
Predator B/Mariner for this require-
ment. Other bidders are expected to
be Aerosonde, EADS, IAI, and
Northrop Grumman. This program is
viewed as a civil program, distinct
from the Joint Project 129 effort. A
Request for Tender was scheduled for
the 2004-05 time frame. General
Atomics has teamed with National
Air Support which currently provides
fixed wing aircraft for the Coastwatch
program. General Atomics is offering
the Mariner (Predator C) UAV for this
requirement.
The Australian government
signed a $1 billion (US$740 million)
contract with the National Air Sup-
port subsidiary of Surveillance Aus-
tralia for Civil Maritime Surveillance
with the contract running from 2008
to 2020. The Surveillance Australia
bid included the use of the Mariner
UAV. The scale of the purchase so far
is unclear in terms of time-frame or
scope of purchase.
The federal government has also
s p o n s o r e d w o r k s h o p s a t th e
Queensland University of Technol-
ogy to begin to examine future
civil/government roles for UAVs in-
cluding wildfire detection, crop
Page 118
spraying, border surveillance and
other applications
UCAV
The Defence Science and Technol-
ogy Organization (DSTO) launched a
program in 2004 to begin exploring
swarming UCAVs for future defense
needs. The study program is being
conducted in conjunction with BAE
Systems Australia, and has been
dubbed FURI (Future UAV for Re-
connaissance and Interdiction). The
Teal Group Analysis
The troubles in Indonesia have
forced Australia to reassess its de-
fense policy. Reconnaissance of the
northern frontier towards Indonesia
has assumed a high priority, not only
due to security concerns, but potential
immigration concerns in the event of
further turmoil. In the short-term,
Australia is looking at Global Hawk
or Mariner to fulfill its endurance
UAV requirement.
The Australian army is also likely
to support the JP 129 tactical UAV ef-
fort after its experiences in East
Australia 2008
Mini-UAV
Tactical UAV
Navy VTUAV
HALE UAV
Coastwatch MALE UAV
China
China has had an active UAV pro-
gram since the mid-1990s. However,
data on the actual extent of UAV pro-
duction is nearly non-existent, and
there is no information on the pro-
curement objectives of the Peoples
Liberation Army or Air Force. Chi-
nese aerospace firms have been dis-
playing an increasing number of
UAVs at international trade shows in
recent years.
Early Chinese UAV Programs
Chinese earliest known UAV pro-
gram was a reverse engineering of the
Northrop BQM-34 Firebee drone ob-
tained from Vietnam in the late 1960s.
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Rest of the World UAV Market
program is expected to include a
data-fusion effort by BAE Systems
Australia, and a collaborative effort
between BAE and the University of
Sydney using the Brumby UAV and
Aerosonde UAV to test ELINT pack-
ages on UAVs in conjunction with
data-fusion to demonstrate targeting
capabilities of UAVs.
Australian air force officials in
2006 began to discuss cutting the fu-
ture F-35 JSF fighter acquisition from
100 to 65-70 with the remaining
Timor and the Solomons where UAVs
should prove useful in extreme ter-
rains for peacekeeping missions. So
far, this is a fairly modest program in-
volving about two dozen air vehicles.
Australia has also begun to acquire
mini-UAVs on a crash basis and a
more structured program with addi-
tional mini-UAVs seems likely.
The application of endurance
UAVs for coastal patrol also seems a
possibility, though given Australia’s
past track record on schedules, this
will probably slip to late in the fore-
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
— — — 40 80 80
12 12 — — — —
— — — — — —
— — — — 1 1
— — — — — —
In recent years, China has offered a
modernized version configured for
reconnaissance. This program has
been supported by the Beijing Uni-
versity of Astronautics and Aeronau-
tics.
AVIC Tactical UAVs
There have been a large number of
Chinese UAVs displayed at various
air shows and exhibits from several
different plants and in recent years,
the AVIC-1 aviation consortium has
absorbed many of the Chinese firms
working on UAVs. Aisheng Technol-
ogy Corporation (ASN) in Xian, now
part of AVIC-1, has displayed its
money to be diverted to a UCAV in-
stead.
Naval UAV
Australia is expected to have a re-
quirement late in the forecast period
associated with its Sea 4000 Air War-
fare Destroyer. The program is ex-
pected to include the capability to
carry up to three vertical take-off na-
val UAVs. The overall requirement is
for three of the ships with the first en-
tering service in 2013.
cast period. It is not at all clear why
the Coastwatch and endurance UAV
program have not been integrated
given their similarities. The federal
government has begun studies of fu-
ture UAV applications, but these seem
a fairly distant requirement at the mo-
ment and probably beyond the current
forecast period.
Australia is considering the use of
UCAVs for its future strike require-
ments, but 2018 is cited as the earliest
possible date for use, so is outside the
time frame of this forecast.
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
100 — — — 300
— — — — 24
— 3 3 3 9
1 — — — 3
— — 1 1 2
ASN-206 tactical UAV system at sev-
eral international shows since the late
1990s. This is a conventional Tactical
UAV in pusher-configuration with
twin booms. It is launched from the
rear of a truck using a zero-length
RATO and has a take-off weight of
222 kg. The payload is a stabilized
sensor platform with a CCD camera
or several other options including
Color/B-W TV, LLLTV, IR line-scan-
ner, frame camera, panoramic camera
or others. The ASN-206 has an endur-
ance of 4-8 hours and an operating
range of 150 km. This appears to be
one of the more serious tactical UAV
efforts for the PLA.
©Teal Group Corporation
Rest of the World UAV Market
AVIC HALE
AVIC-1 is also marketing the
ASN-105B, another tactical UAV
formerly marketed by CATIC. This is
a conventional puller-prop design,
marginally smaller than the ASN-206
with a take-off weight of 170kg. The
air vehicle apparently shares a sensor
package with the ASM-206, with
most of the same features on offer.
The system configuration is a bit
more typical of contemporary UAVs
than is the ASN-206 which is based
around a single air vehicle per system.
In contract the ASN-105B has six air
vehicles per system along with a mo-
bile GCS, “main” (stationary?) GCS,
photo-processing shelter, TV/IR in-
terpretation shelter and a launcher.
Like the ASN-206, the ASN-105B
uses a zero-length RATO launch
method.
A third tactical UAV on offer from
AVIC-1 is the ASN-15. This is actu-
ally in the mini-UAV category with a
launch weight of 6.5 kg. The configu-
ration is conventional using a sail-
plane air frame with the fuselage
suspended under the wing. Propul-
sion is a small model airplane motor
with puller prop configuration. The
system can use either hand or rail
Teal Group Analysis
Any assessment of Chinese acqui-
sition of military UAVs is bound to be
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
launch and either belly landing or
parachute. Endurance is one hour and
the operating range is 10 km. The
standard sensor packages include
CCD camera with real-time video
downlink or a film camera. The stan-
dard configuration is a system with
three air vehicles, and a ground con-
trol station with a transmitter, video
receiver, video cassette recorder,
monitor and display. The system ap-
pears to be small enough to be carried
on a small vehicle, or perhaps for
man-portable use.
AVIC displayed models of two
new UAVs at Paris-07, an exotic
UCAV and an endurance UAV. These
had been shown at previous shows in
China, but there is little information
as to whether these are merely con-
ceptual schemes or actual develop-
ment programs. The Anjian (Dark
Sword) is a large, stealthy UCAV.
Chengdu Aircraft Corporation
(CAC) is also offering an endurance
UAV patterned roughly on Global
Hawk.
CPMEIC Tactical UAVs
The Chinese CPMEIC missile ex-
port agency has displayed their PW-1
extremely speculative given the lack
of data on the Chinese programs.
Page 119
tactical UAV at aerospace shows in
2005. This is a conventional tactical
UAV design using twin boom tails
and a rear pusher prop configuration.
The UAV weighs 130 kg with a 20 kg
payload. The UAV uses a RATO
zero-launch system, being launched
from a 6x6 truck. The air vehicle has
an operating altitude of 1,000 to 3,000
m, an operating radius of 100 km and
a six-hour endurance.
CPMEIC displayed two new tacti-
cal UAVs at the MAKS-07 air show
near Moscow in August 2007, the
SH-1 and SH-2. These are both fairly
conventional tactical UAVs. The
SH-1 is the larger of the two and a fly-
ing wing design with a pusher prop.
The SH-3 uses a twin boom design
with an inverted V tail and a pusher
prop. The SH-1 system was described
in more detail and the brochure shows
a conventional GCS mounted in a
shelter on a truck which can control
two SH-1 UAVs simultaneously
Other Chinese UAV Programs
The Guizhou Aircraft Plant dis-
played a stealthy WZ-2000 tactical
UAV in 2000, but this appears to be a
prototype only. Chinese universities
have also displayed many UAV de-
signs, most of which appear to be stu-
dent design studies rather than
seriously funded engineering devel-
opment efforts. The Nanjing Univer-
sity of Aeronautics and Astronautics
appears to be a major center for AUV
engineering efforts and has displayed
its designs at international air shows.
These included the Green Dove-03
micro-UAV, Skylark-01 micro-UAV,
Yujinling helicopter mini-UAV, and
Goldfinch-06 micro-UAV. None of
these designs appear to be intended
for manufacture and were intended
more to demonstrate the academic
programs at the university.
China has shown an interest in keep
abreast with international develop-
Page 120
ments in military technology, and the
US use of UAVs in Afghanistan in
2001-02 and in Iraq in 2003 has no
doubt been noticed. China is likely to
deploy some number of tactical UAVs
over the next decade, and an endur-
ance UAV and strike UAV program
are both likely as well.
China 2008
Mini-UAV
Tactical UAV
MALE UAV
HALE UAV
India
Indian UAV Programs
India has attempted to step up its
UAV program largely due to experi-
ences along the frontier with Pakistan
in Kashmir. Although India has an ac-
tive indigenous program, it has re-
cently turned its attention to the
import of UAVs primarily from Israel
to provide immediate capability.
India has had at least two indige-
nous drone programs. The Lakshya
PTA (Pilotless Target Aircraft) is a
turbojet powered target drone and
limited series production was sched-
uled to start in 1994 in cooperation
between the state Aeronautical De-
v e lo p me n t Es ta b lis h me n t in
Bangalore and Hindustan Aeronau-
tics Inc. ADE and HAL are also work-
ing on a reconnaissance UAV called
Nishant based on an Indian Army re-
quirement. Final tests were conducted
in 2003, and it was scheduled to be in-
ducted into Indian service in late
2003. More recent statements indi-
cate that Nishant will be inducted into
service in 2007, but like many Indian
missile programs. Nishant may fall
into the limbo of perpetual schedule
changes with deployment always
seeming to arrive a year or two further
down the road. In 2004, the Indian
army decided to acquire 12 Nishant
UAVs at a cost of $3.5 million each.
This appears to be intended to support
the indigenous development effort
since at the same time Indian officials
indicated that continued UAV pur-
chases from Israel were likely.
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Rest of the World UAV Market
Chinese aerospace industry in re-
cent years has become less central-
ized w ith sev eral d ifferen t
organization structures competing
with one another in the export market,
and probably within the domestic
market as well. So for example, firms
associated with the missile industry
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
— 15 50 50 50 50
5 5 5 5 5 5
2 — — 4 4 4
— — — — — —
In the 1980s, ADE developed the
experimental Kapothaka reconnais-
sance UAV, but this never progressed
beyond a test-bed so far as is known.
This appears to be a competitive ef-
fort with another reconnaissance
drone program called Falcon, being
managed by the Indian Defense Re-
search and Development Organiza-
tion (DRDO). DRDO built several
test airframes in the early 1990s be-
fore settling on a 120 kg air vehicle
for the Falcon requirement. The Fal-
con was first test flown in early 1995.
Indian officials have admitted that
the Nishant could not fulfill all Indian
requirements so that some import was
likely. In 2003, India announced
plans for a tactical UAV program
aimed at acquiring 16 short-range
UAVs at a program cost of $87 mil-
lion. This apparently refers to the IAF
requirement.
Israeli UAV Import
India began negotiating with Israel
for the purchase of the Seeker UAV in
the mid-1990s. In early 1997, India
concluded a deal with IAI for the pur-
chase of 12 Searcher UAVs followed
by a further order in 2000 due to attri-
tion. The Indian-Israeli deal was
based on a broader cooperative ar-
rangement with Israel offering
off-the-shelf systems to give the In-
dian armed forces some immediate
capability, while offering to assist In-
dia on its long delayed Falcon UAV
effort. At the time, India had a stated
have been developing UAVs, as well
as separate firms under the aviation
ministry. This sometimes causes con-
fusion as multiple Chinese UAVs will
have similar technical parameters
since they are addressing similar mar-
ket niches.
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
50 50 50 50 415
5 5 5 5 50
4 4 4 4 30
— — 1 2 3
requirement for 60 systems. Pakistan
has also claimed that India operates a
South African UAV, probably the
Kentron RPV-2 Seeker, but this could
also be a misidentification of similar
Israeli UAVs. The Indian Air Force
deployed two UAV squadrons using
Israeli UAVs during Operation
Parakam, the forward deployment on
Kashmir border in 2002. The stated
requirement was to increase the Air
force order of battle from two squad-
rons to five UAV squadrons, with a
budget plan of about Rs 657 crore.
Pakistan estimated that India oper-
ated 30-40 UAVs in the recent Kash-
mir dispute. Other estimates vary
considerably: one sources indicated
that India acquired a total of about
100 UAVs of various Israeli types
other sources claim up to 150. An In-
dian account places the total pur-
chases in 1999 to 2005 as 12 Searcher
1, eight Searcher 2 and 16 Herons for
the Army; 16 Search 2 and eight Her-
ons for the Air Force; and eight
Searcher 2 and four Herons for the
Navy for a total of 12 Search 1; 32
Searcher 2, and 28 Herons.
India also acquired the larger
Heron UAVs from Israel for army,
navy and air force use. The navy has
been operating these over the
Andaman sea from Kochi near the
headquarters of Southern Naval
Command, but they may also be de-
ployed with other naval commands in
the future.
©Teal Group Corporation
Rest of the World UAV Market
Tactical UAV Requirement
Recent Indian MoD procurement
plans have advocated a substantial in-
crease in tactical UAV acquisition.
The short term requirement is stated
to be 200-250 tactical UAVs at a cost
of $300 million and a long term objec-
tive of about 500 UAVs. There were
reports in January 2004 that India was
planning to place an order with IAI
for a package of Searcher 2 UAVs,
Heron UAVs, and Harpy anti-radar
drones at a cost of $300 million. As
mentioned below, India now plans a
domestic initiative, but Indian offi-
cials have also stated that continued
purchases from Israel are likely.
New Indian UAV Program
In the wake of continued problems
with its existing domestic Nishant
UAV program, in 2005 the Indian
Teal Group Analysis
During the Kashmir crisis over the
past few years, both India and Paki-
stan have made use of UAVs due to
the difficulties of the terrain in the
area. This has convinced India of the
utility of UAVs, and the Air Force
currently has two UAV squadrons.
However, Indian defense procure-
ment policy is frequently torn be-
tween the desire to build up the
domestic aerospace industry and the
India 2008
Mini- UAV
Army Tactical UAV
AF Tactical UAV
Navy UAV
MALE UAV
Indonesia
The Indonesian Army’s BAIS
Strategic Intelligence Agency ac-
quired a single system of EADS (for-
mer ly CA CA S ys tems ) F o x
AT2-MLCS tactical UAVs consisting
of one GCS and four air vehicles.
There have also been unconfirmed re-
ports that Indonesia acquired some
Blue Horizon UAVs, though it is not
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Aeronautical Development Estab-
lishment in Bangalore announced
plans to initiate a new program under-
taken with assistance from Israel’s
IAI Malat division.
The program will encompass three
UAVs: the Rustam medium-altitude
lone endurance (MALE) UAV, the
Gagan Tactical UAV and the Pawan
short-range UAV. The program is ex-
pected to start with the Rustam
MALE requirement and the develop-
ment effort is expect to cost about
$100 million for a four year program
and the construction of four proto-
types. Gagan is expected to be an off-
shoot of the existing Nishant program
with a 250km operating range and
cost about $55 million for a 3.5 year
effort with four prototypes flying by
the autumn of 2008. Pawan is ex-
pected to be similar to the Israeli
need for immediate military capabili-
ties. The defense projects managed by
the Indian defense research establish-
ment have a habit of going on for de-
cades and resulting in products which
are outdated by the time they enter
service. As a result, the combat arms
are usually in favor of import of key
technologies, or license production.
India is likely to continue to ac-
quire a modest number of tactical
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
— 20 20 — — — —
— 10 10 10 10 10
10 10 10 10 — —
— — — 12 — —
— — — — — —
clear if these came directly from
EMIT in Israel, or from license pro-
duction by firms in Singapore. A local
Indonesian firm, PT Wesco Aero-
space, has developed the SS-5 UAV
with government support with first
flight trials in September 2004. The
system is also known as the PTTA
(Pesawat Terbang Tanpa Awak). The
Page 121
Eye-View with a range of about 150
km, aimed at divisional level require-
ments. The plan is to use Israeli elec-
tro-optics and a foreign powerplant to
accelerate the program. The program
cost is pegged at $35 million and is
expected to be completed in two years
with four prototypes being con-
structed.
Naval UAV
In December 2006, Navy chief
Admiral Sureesh Mehta announced
that the Indian Navy planned to
aquire small helicopter-type UAVs
for ship-borne use.
UCAV Program
In February 2007 at the Aero India
show, the DRDO announced plans to
start a 15 year, $5.6 billion program to
design and build 100 strike UCAVs.
UAVs, probably from Israel. The In-
dian Air Force would like to expand
from the current two UAV squadrons
to five squadrons. This effort is likely
to include the acquisition of endur-
ance UAVs for at least one of the
squadrons. The Indian army is also
likely to get involved in acquisition of
short-range tactical UAVs as outlined
in the Pawan program, though these
may end up being Israeli systems.
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
30 50 150 270
10 10 10 10 90
— — 10 10 60
— — 6 12 30
10 10 — — 20
firm is expecting an order for the sys-
tem, expected to cost $6.5 million for
four air vehicles and a GCS. The In-
donesian armed forces made plans to
deploy the JSS-5 to Aceh as part of an
effort to stamp out a secessionist
movement in the province.
In November 2006, the Indonesian
air force announced plans to acquire
Page 122
four IAI Searcher 2 UAVs via the
Kital Philippines trading company at
a cost of $6 million. The sale was crit-
Teal Group Analysis
Indonesia has shown modest inter-
est in UAVs to date, but its current cri-
ses in the outlying islands has led to
more attention to this capability. In-
donesia has been criticized for its
Indonesia 2008
Tactical UAV
Japan
Japan has had an active indigenous
UAV development effort since the
1980s. However, there is little evi-
dence of any extensive production of
these designs for the Japanese
Self-Defense Force (JSDF) until re-
cently.
Army FFOS UAV
The Japanese Ground Self-De-
fense Force contracted Fuji in 1991 to
begin a program for a helicopter UAV
for use in artillery spotting. The pro-
gram is officially called the Flying
Forward Observation System. Proto-
types were completed in 1992 and en-
tered trials in 1993. A total of six
prototypes were completed by TRDI
in 1993, with flight trials beginning in
early 1994. Fujitsu provided the FLIR
for the system, Hitachi a terrain refer-
ence system and NEC the day sensor
and optical processing equipment.
The system has a range of 30 miles
and flies at an altitude of about 2,000
feet. Flight testing lasted through the
summer of 1995. The system was ac-
cepted for service by the JSDF, and
the first system was scheduled for de-
livery to the army in 2004. In 1997,
Fuji advertised a civil version of this
UAV as the RPH2. Potential civilian
uses include agricultural crop spray-
ing, surveying, environmental moni-
toring, and searching for the coast
guard or other police activities.
Fuji is also working on a vectored
thrust “tail-sitter” UAV, but this is a
technology demonstration effort for
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Rest of the World UAV Market
icized in parliament as the country has
no formal diplomatic ties with Israel.
conduct of military operations against
insurgents in the disputes, which
probably accounts for the local efforts
to develop UAV capability since there
has been some reluctance of Euro-
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
4 — — — — —
the TRDI, not linked to any specific
operational requirement.
Compact Multi-role UAV
In late 1988, the JASDF decided to
develop a “stealth” television recon-
naissance drone that would use con-
trol technology developed for the
J/AQM-1 target drone. Fuji was pro-
vided a $10.6 million contract to be-
gin the engineering development of
the program. The airframe was
all-composite and was said to resem-
ble a mini-Space Shuttle. Propulsion
is an improved version of the
Mitsubishi TJM-3 turbojet. A
high-performance television camera
and long-range transmission system
was under development by Fuji. Pro-
totype drones were completed during
1993. The system would be capable
of being air launched, or launched
from ground stations. The system
subsequently evolved into the current
“Multi-Role UAV” program. The
TRDI research institute has been test-
ing a small jet-powered multi-role
UAV developed by Fuji Heavy Indus-
tries through the late 1990s. The UAV
has been tested for launch from a
F-4EJ from Gifu AFB. The system is
apparently intended for several mis-
sions including reconnaissance, chaff
corridor dispensing, and possibly as a
target drone. TRDI is also sponsoring
the conversion of surplus F-104 fight-
ers into reconnaissance UAVs.
pean firms to sell to Indonesia, and re-
luctance of Indonesian agencies to
acquire Israeli systems.
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
— — 4 — 8
New Japanese UAV Program
In September 2003, the Japanese
press reported that the Defense
Agency had begun a multi-year pro-
gram to develop a new tactical UAV.
The program is expected to cost about
¥9 billion ($80 million) over five
years with an initial allotment of ¥300
million in 2004. The aim is to field a
tactical UAV system by 2009.
FABOT
Subaru has been developing an au-
tonomous take-off and landing sys-
tem for potential use on small UAVs
in conjunction with other elements of
its parent Fuji Heavy Industries, Ja-
pan’s premier UAV developer. The
FABOT (Fuji Aerial Robot) was
mounted in a manned powered sail-
plane as a practical method around the
usual problems of operating a UAV in
controlled air space without special
clearances. This permitted extensive
experimentation without the constric-
tions currently in place over UAV op-
erations. The system relies on GPS,
gyro and other air data sensors, and a
flight control computer linked to the
air vehicle controls by means of addi-
tional actuators. The system provides
three main flight control functions:
navigation data generation, guidance
command output and actuator com-
mand generation. The system re-
quires a small station at the landing
strip including a GPS receiver and a
laptop for monitoring, but these are
considerably less extensive than the
©Teal Group Corporation
Rest of the World UAV Market
equipment traditionally need for in-
strumented landing systems (ILS).
The FABOT system was tested under
normal conditions as well as under
high cross-winds. The system is
viewed as having two primary appli-
cations: flight control of highly au-
tonomous UAVs and a flight control
system to act as a cheap alternative to
ILS on light civilian aircraft.
Endurance UAV
In 2003, the US C-in-C PAC and
Japanese Joint Staff Office initiated a
bilateral study dubbed NSP (Notional
Sensor Platform). The study will ex-
amine the possible applications of a
high-altitude, long-endurance UAV
for conducting maritime surveillance
in the sea of Japan. The program
dovetails with an earlier effort by the
Japanese Coast Guard started in 2000
to develop a long-range surveillance
capability to reach out as far as 3,500
miles from Japan to the Strait of
Malacca to support a variety of mis-
sions including anti-piracy patrols.
Japan began development of an in-
digenous endurance UAV in FY03,
spending about 2.4 billion yen ($23
million) through 2005. There are con-
tradictory reports about the current
progress of the program. Some ac-
counts indicate that the Japanese De-
fense Agency has decided to go with
the RQ-4 Global Hawk for this re-
quirement, citing an immediate need
to have the capability to monitor de-
velopments in North Korea. Accord-
ing to these accounts, funding would
begin in FY06 with an aim to deploy
the first system by FY07. Japan re-
ceived formal permission to acquire
the Global Hawk in June 2005.
Other Japanese press accounts
claim that the TRDI is continuing to
receive funding to build two proto-
types of an endurance UAV with an
aim to begin testing them by 2012 at a
cost of 22 billion yen ($200 million).
It is possible that both accounts are
correct as it is not unusual for Japan to
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
buy US systems but continue to de-
velop indigenous analogs as a method
to encourage its defense industries.
Japan has been developing an Infra-
red Ballistic Missile Observation
Sensor System for trials on a UP-3C
aircraft, but there has been no firm de-
cision over whether it would eventu-
ally be carried by manned or
unmanned aircraft.
Agricultural Helicopter UAV
In 1983, Japan’s Ministry of Agri-
culture, Forestry and Fisheries
awarded a contract to Yamaha to de-
velop a crop-dusting UAV helicopter
based on the firms previous develop-
ment efforts. This program was part
of a broader government effort to sup-
port the Japanese rice industry which
supplies about 95% of internal Japa-
nese needs. The Japanese govern-
ment has had a long standing program
underway to subsidize the industry as
a matter of national policy as Japan
raises only about 40% of its crops do-
mestically due to its constricted geo-
graphic conditions. Rice was selected
as a matter of national interest due to
its traditional role in Japanese society.
One of the significant problems in
maintaining rice production in Japan
was to address the issue of declining
farm labor. As fewer and fewer Japa-
nese remain in the rural farm commu-
nities, the Japanese government has
attempted to substitute technology for
manpower where ever possible. At
first, crop-dusting of the rice industry
was accomplished using helicopters.
The Japanese rice industry encom-
passes about 1.7 million hectares of
land and by 2000, helicopters were
crop-dusting about 0.77 million hect-
ares. This work is hazardous due to
the presence of power lines, and also
relatively expensive.
Yamaha was selected for this ven-
ture in part due to its experience with
motorcycle engines which were the
most likely basis for the propulsion of
an economical VTUAV. Serial pro-
Page 123
duction of the R-50 VTUAV began in
1987, and the vehicle was substan-
tially redesigned as the RMAX which
reached production in 1991. Other
companies also tried to enter this field
such as the Fuji Heavy Industries
RPH-2, but the Yamaha designs have
dominated the market.
Fuji Heavy Industries began man-
ufacturing their own VTUAV, the
RPH-2 in 1998, but production
through 2003 was only 17 air vehi-
cles. This is a commercial derivative
of their military FFOS VTUAV. So
far, one of the primary application for
the RPH-2 has been government
emergency services with the system
used by the Japanese Meteorological
Agency since 2001 for volcano obser-
vation.
By 2 0 0 2 , Yamah a RMA X
VTUAVs totaled 1,600 of the 2,000
Japanese agricultural VTUAV in ser-
vice though in fact the figure is closer
to 1,800 counting VTUAV sold under
other brand names but built using
Yamaha components. The continuing
increase in VTUAV cut into manned
crop-dusting with VTUAV’s ac-
counting for 337k hectares in 200 and
649k hectares in 2004 compared to
the decline in manned helicopter crop
dusting of 777k hectares in 2000 and
only 347k hectares by 2004. Accord-
ing to Yamaha, the annual production
requirement for this class of UAVs is
about 300 units with a value of about
$100 million. There are about 6,000
licensed pilots for these VTUAV in
Japan. The method used to avoid air-
space restrictions has been to restrict
the operating altitude of these
VTUAV to 150 meters.
Yamaha and other firms are at-
tempting to increase the use of these
air vehicles for other applications in-
cluding surveying, surveillance of di-
saster/high risk environments such as
volcanoes and nuclear power-plants,
and inspection of bridges.
Page 124 Rest of the World UAV Market

Teal Group Analysis

Japan has traditionally supported a
vigorous defense RDT&E effort.
This is in part due to traditional Japa-
nese defense industrial policy. Be-
cause of the 1% of GDP allotted to de-
fense and the relatively small size of
the JSDF, there is usually a significant
pool of funds available. Much of this
is directed towards domestic procure-
ment efforts as part of state industrial
policy to bolster Japan‘s high tech in-
dustries, especially in aerospace and
shipbuilding. It is somewhat surpris-
ing that Japan has shown such modest
interest in UAVs over the past decade.
The recent crisis in neighboring
North Korea has led to an accelera-
tion in certain aspects of the Japanese
defense effort, including the launch of
Japan‘s first spy satellite. This has
lead to greater interest in UAVs, espe-
cially those that could prove useful in
monitoring events in Korea. The ac-
quisition of an endurance UAV for
maritime surveillance would be the
most likely avenue, but some acquisi-
tion of tactical UAVs for army mod-
ernization also seems likely. In view
of Japan‘s traditional enthusiasm for
robotics, it would not be surprising to
see a technology demonstration effort
in the UCAV field, and some experi-
men tatio n w ith micro an d
mini-UAVs.
Japan is the only country with a
significant civil UAV industry,
mainly oriented towards domestic ag-
ricultural requirements. This program
has been bolstered by government
support and seems likely to continue
given Japan’s long term commitment
to the rice industry. It is less clear that
the VTUAVs used in agriculture have
much chance of diffusing into other
commercial areas as there are no pres-
ent guidelines for their access to air
space beyond the current 150 meter
altitude limit.

Japan 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAV — 15 60 75 100 100 100 100 — — 550
FFOS VTUAV 20 — — — — — — — — — 20
Tactical UAV 5 5 5 15 15 15 15 — — — 75
Naval VTUAV — — — — 3 6 12 12 12 12 57
MALE UAV — — — 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 17
HALE UAV — — 1 — 1 1 1 1 3 2 10
Coast Guard MALE UAV — — — — — — 1 2 2 2 7
Commercial VTUAV 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 3,000

Korea (ROK)
The Republic of Korea has had an
active UAV development effort for
over a decade, but little of this has
translated into actual hardware for the
military until recently.
In December 1995, it was reported
that South Korea was on the verge of
signing a contract with Israel for the
acquisition of unspecified UAV sys-
tems as part of a $32.5 million recon-
naissance program. The UAVs would
be acquired in 1997-2000. In August
1997, it was reported that South Ko-
rea had signed a $50 million contract
for the Searcher UAV with deliveries
to begin in early 1998.
A UAV program was established
by the Ministry of Science and Tech-
nology (MOST) in 2002. The Korean
industrial plan is to attempt to secure
about 5% of the international UAV
market by 2012. Korean analysts be-
lieve that a significant civilian market
is likely to emerge by then, and Korea
would like to tailor its requirements in
that direction.
Tactical UAV Programs
Daewoo Heavy Industries in
South Korea began at least three UAV
programs in the early 1990s. The
TRPV-1 Doyosae (Snipe) is a
mini-UAV carrying a very small TV
camera for real-time surveillance.
Development started in 1988 for a
Korean Air Force reconnaissance re-
quirement. The first flight was 1993;
the program was intended mainly to
gain some experience in UAV tech-
nology. By 1994, the Korean govern-
men t ’s A g e n c y f o r D e f e n s e
Development (ADD) sponsored early
tactical UAV development with
Daewoo and Korean Aerospace In-
dustries working on a new UAV re-
quirement called Bijo (a.k.a. Beejoe),
which emerged in 1999 as the Night
Intruder 300 tactical UAV. Korean
Aerospace Industry is now the lead on
the program, and the Night Intruder
300 was offered to Australia for its
Joint Project 129 UAV requirement,
but missed the final bid. The Night In-
truder 300 has a twin boom configu-
ration, fixed undercarriage and rear
mounted pusher prop with the E-O
payload suspended under the fuse-
lage. It has a payload of 45 kg and an
endurance of six hours. The Korean
MoD awarded a production contract
for the Night Intruder 300 in Septem-
ber 2001 with first deliveries in No-
vember 2003. A total of five systems
were delivered when the program
ended in late 2005. Each system con-
sists of six air vehicles plus the associ-
ated GCS and support equipment.
The Night Intruder program had been
based in KAI’s Changwon plant, but
the program was consolidated into the
Sacheon plant in 2005 after the engi-
neering staff fell from about 70 to 20.
Korean Air Lines Aerospace dis-
played a small tactical UAV in Sep-

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

Rest of the World UAV Market
Remo Eye 002
tember 2007 which it states is aimed
primarily at the civil UAV market.
VTOL Tactical UAV
Daewoo provided some funding to
the Russian Kamov helicopter firm
for work on the helicopter-type Ka-37
UAV. This work was stated to be for a
civilian requirement called the Agri-
cultural Remote Controlled Helicop-
ter (ARCH) involving agricultural
work (crop spraying). Daewoo was
also reported to be working on its own
ARCH contender which flew in 1992.
Daewoo has estimated that the market
for ARCH is about 500 air vehicles.
Mini-UAVs
The ROK Army released a request
for information to domestic and inter-
national manufacturers in February
2 0 0 7 f o r a s in g le s ys tem o f
short-range UAVs.
The South Korean firm Ucon is
planning to market the Durami
mini-UAV developed by the Korean
Aerospace Research Institute under
the name Remo Air 015. This is a long
endurance meteorological UAV simi-
lar in concept to the Saab/Aerosonde.
The firm already markets a smaller air
vehicle called the Remo Air 06 which
is roughly comparable to the US
Pointer mini-UAV. This mini-UAV is
aimed at a South Korean Army re-
quirement for a platoon and company
level surveillance system for opera-
tions along the DMZ. Ucon is also as-
s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e U A E U AV
programs.
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
A potential competitor in this field
is Y4K Telecom’s NMAS/Sky In-
spector mini-UAV. This firm is work-
ing with German and Russian
partners on the program, and the
small UAV is aimed at both civilian
and military applications.
KARI has also been sponsoring
work on micro-UAVs include the
Konkuk University Spot MAV, and
Batwing UAV.
Smart UAV
The Korean Aerospace Research
Institute (KARI) teamed with Bell
Helicopter in July 2002 to launch its
Smart UAV program. This is based
around the Eagle Eye Tilt rotor UAV
and is aimed at developing a reliable
UAV for the civil market that can op-
erate in controlled airspace. Govern-
ment funding for the program is stated
to be $120 million through 2012, with
the initial phase 1 costing about $22
million. Phase 2, scheduled to begin
in 2005, involves the design of a local
tilt-rotor UAV and Phase 3, starting in
2009 will deploy prototypes and con-
duct flight demonstrations.
Endurance UAV
South Korea formally asked the
US for the sale of four RQ-4 Global
Hawks in mid-2005. The US re-
sponse to date is that the sale may be
prohibited due to MTCR concerns.
The sale was denied in 2006, and so
Korea may request other US systems
such as the Predator or take a look at
other alternatives.
Page 125
In November 2005, it was an-
nounced that Korea Aerospace Indus-
tries would undertake work on a
MALE UAV with government spon-
sorship, with the timeline being a start
in 2006 and a 10 year development
cycle. An air vehicle is expected to fly
in 2008. The R&D program is ex-
pected to cost $440 million. The gov-
ernment also expects to spend about
$210 million on a HALE UAV devel-
opment effort starting in 2008.
Naval Endurance UAV
In late 2005, the Korean Agency
for Defense Development ap-
proached the US Navy about formal
participation in the BAMS HALE
UAV program with an aim towards
acquiring such a system when it be-
comes available.
Airship UAV
The Korean Aerospace Research
Institute (KARI) has been working on
a powered airship UAV since 2000.
The program began with a 10 meter
long pilot, followed by a 50 meter
VIA-50 prototype that first flew in
September 2003. Phase 2 of the pro-
gram began in December 2003 and
aims at displaying a system capable of
remaining on station for 72 hours at
65,000 feet. This phase is expected to
cost $34 million of which about $9
million will come from Korean firms
involved in the program. The final
phase beginning in late 2007 is aimed
at developing and testing a 200 meter
long airship powered by solar panels
and regenerative fuel cells with an en-
durance of up to one month at an alti-
tude of 65,000 feet. The main role for
the system is seen as being civilian
earth observation and telecommuni-
cation relay roles.
UCAV Program
KARI and MOST are expected to
begin funding a Korean UCAV pro-
gram starting in 2005. The program is
expected to be a local development
effort.
Page 126 Rest of the World UAV Market

Teal Group Analysis

Korea was one of the first Asian
countries to show strong interest in
UAVs, and to actually have a dedi-
cated civilian UAV requirement. The
KAI UAV programs are probably be-
ing supported by the government as
part of its general policy to bolster ad-
vanced RDT&E efforts. UAVs are
p r o b a b ly r e g a r d e d as a g o o d
foot-in-the-door for a country like
Korea, and a possible export product
in the region.
There are several obvious tactical
applications for UAVs by the ROK
Army. There has been long-standing
interest in surveillance to locate
North Korean multiple rocket launch-
ers and missile sites, and a tactical
UAV system would have applications
to this mission.
North Korea has periodically
staged small raids along the coast, and
has often infiltrated agents into South
Korea by small boat. A persistent en-
durance UAV for surveillance could
help address this problem.
Much of Korea’s UAV acquisition,
especially big ticket items like endur-
ance UAVs, will probably occur later
in the forecast period as the economic
troubles at the turn of the century
pushed back several high priority de-
fense programs such as the F-15K
purchase, and this is likely to absorb
the defense procurement funding for
the next several years.

Korea (ROK) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAV 10 — — — — 30 30 30 30 100 230
Tactical UAV — — — 5 5 5 5 5 10 10 45
Naval VTUAV — — — 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 21
MALE UAV — — — — 2 2 2 2 2 2 12
HALE UAV — — — — — — 1 1 1 1 4

Malaysia
In 2001, BAE Systems received a
$8.5 million contract from the Malay-
sian Ministry of Defense to develop a
package to convert the two-seat Eagle
150 aircraft into a surveillance UAV
in conjunction with the local firm of
Composite Research Technology
Malaysia (CTRM) which manufac-
tures the aircraft. The three converted
aircraft were intended for trials to de-
termine their suitability to the mari-
time surveillance role. If the program
is successful, the Malaysian MoD has
expressed interest in acquiring a sig-
nificantly larger number. The first
successful flight of the UAV was con-
ducted in September 2001. The sys-
tem is “ready for production when
demand requires”, that is, there has
been no actual procurement funding.
Other accounts indicate that at least
one has been sold to the Royal Malay-
sian Air Force.
Exxcelnet Sdn Bht. (partner with
CTRM) has begun an effort to de-
velop UAVs, with the emphasis at
first on its Mini-UAV, a 6.5 kg air ve-
hicle with eight foot wingspan for a
Malaysian Customs requirement. The
aim is to design a system within a
price-tag of about RM 1.8 million
($500,000). The Mini-UAV first flew
in 2003. Excelnet has begun work on
a tactical UAV which was expected to
be available in 2005. The aim was to
develop a system with a unit cost of
$7.5 million per system. The market
is stated to be oil and gas companies
in Africa and South American for sur-
veillance and security.
In late 2005, the Army decided to
foster a UAV program and in Decem-
ber 2005, CTRM, Ikramatic and Sys-
tems Consultancy Services pooled
their resources to form a new UAV
team. The plan is to base the new
UAV around the Eagle SR2 demon-
strator with a new design weighing
about 200 kg with a 25-50 kg payload.
Besides army interest, the Malaysian
navy has stated potential interest in
the system for coastal patrol. In May
2007, the MoD awarded the firms a
$1.4 million contract for further de-
velopment work on what is now
dubbed the ALUDRA (Allianced Un-
manned Developmental Research
Aircraft)

Teal Group Analysis

Malaysia seems to be trying the Eagle UAV program is entirely practi- augur well for a medium endurance
usual approach of funding a UAV de- cal or based on an actual requirement. UAV for surveillance. Malaysia is
velopment to bolster the local aero- Malaysia‘s traditional security prob- also a probable candidate for small
space industry. It is not clear if the lems along the coast would seem to numbers of tactical UAVs.

Malaysia 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAV — — — — 30 40 — — — — 70
Tactical UAV — — — 10 10 — — — — — 20
MALE UAV — — — — — — — 2 2 — 4

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

Rest of the World UAV Market Page 127

Pakistan
Pakistan has had a modest UAV
development effort since the 1990s
aimed at providing small tactical
UAVs for border surveillance in the
troubled Kashmir region. These have
been designed by firms associated
with the National Development Com-
plex, directed by Pakistan‘s National
Engineering and Scientific Commis-
sion. These include the Vector Mk 2,
Nishan Mk 2 and Hornet Mk 6, manu-
factured by Integrated Defense Sys-
tems ( I D S ) . Th e s e h a v e b e e n
displayed at international trade shows
for potential export.
The Vector is a conventional de-
sign using a twin book configuration
and pusher prop propulsion. The air
vehicle has a wingspan of 7.09 meters
and an empty weight of 66 kg. It is
powered by a 25 hp twin cylinder gas-
oline engine. It can carry a 25 kg pay-
load. It has an operating range of AWC Vision 1
about 150 km and an endurance of 4.5
hours. The fuel capacity is 25 liters.
range of 20 km, and an endurance of with India since 2000, and has im-
Flight control consists of an ID-AP4
one hour 35 minutes. The flight con- ported some UAVs from China.
digital gyro autopilot with heading
trol and telemetry system is the same In March 2006, Pakistan an-
and height control. The datalink back
as used on the vector. nounced that it would acquire Galileo
to the ground control station is a
Falco tactical UAVs from Italy. The
ID-TM6 telemetry module which in-
AWC UAVs size of the initial purchase is four sys-
cludes a GPS system. The normal
T h e A ir We a p o n s Co mp lex tems.
payload is a real time daylight cam-
(AWC) manufactures the Bravo and
era, but apparently other packages are
Vision tactical UAVs for the Pakistan Predator Requirement
available including acoustic sensors
army. Pakistan has bought an undis- The Pakistan government has
and radar.
closed number of the recon UAV ver- placed an official request with the US
The Hornet is a short-range ad-
sion of the Meggitt Banshee 400 in government for potential purchase of
junct to the Vector. The Hornet appar-
2001. the I-Gnat and/or RQ-1A Predator for
ently stems from earlier work on
use as a strategic ISR asset.
aerial targets. It has a wingspan of
3.87 meters, an unloaded weight of 30 Mini-UAV Import
In march 2006, Pakistan an- Integrated Dynamics UAVs
kg, a takeoff weight of 46 kg, and a
nounced plans to acquire the EMT Pakistan’s Integrated Dynamics
fuel capacity of 15 liters. It is powered
Luna mini-UAV from Germany has sold about 15-20 UAVs to cus-
by a 22 hp two-cylinder engine. The
tomers in Spain, Australia, South Ko-
payload capacity is 12 kg and typi-
TUAV Import rea, Libya, and the US through the
cally includes four smoke flares or six
Pakistan has repeatedly used end of 2006. The air vehicles are
infra-red flares, and a real time video
UAVs in its recent border disputes small, costing about $20,000.
camera. The system has an operating

Teal Group Analysis

Pakistan has a clear requirement sible choice given Pakistan‘s politics, plier, but its own experience in this
for additional tactical UAV systems, and Israeli clones such as the South field is limited. Pakistan has recently
but the main issue is where these African programs are problematic. been turning to Europe and the US. In
could be obtained. Israel is an impos- China is Pakistan‘s traditional sup- 2003, the chief of the air force sug-

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 128
gested that Pakistan needed two or
three dozen Predators. At the mo-
ment, the supply of the Predator
Pakistan 2008
Mini-UAV
Tactical UAV
MALE UAV
Philippines
The Philippines is reported to have
spent about $1 million in September
2001 with the Israeli firm EMIT Avia-
tion Consultancy for a small number
of Sting I, Sting II and Blue Horizon
tactical UAVs. These have been used
for the base at Basilan to support
anti-guerilla operations. The Philip-
pines Army has its own UAV devel-
Teal Group Analysis
The Philippines is a likely candi-
date for a modern tactical UAV sys-
tem to support counter-insurgency
operations. In addition, a requirement
probably has recently emerge for a
Philippines 2008
Mini-UAV
Tactical UAV
Singapore
Singapore acquired the Israeli
Scout UAV system which was oper-
ated by 128 Squadron at Murai Camp
Singapore purchased about 40
Searcher air vehicles from IAI in the
mid-1990s as a replacement for the
Scout under a $90 million contract,
but refused to accept further deliver-
ies after the first batch of systems
failed to live up to requirements.
There have been reports that a fine
was levied by the Singapore govern-
ment over the problems.
In 2003, the Singapore Ministry of
Defense set up a Future Systems Di-
rectorate, and one of its tasks is to ex-
amine future UAV requirements. To
date, most of the Singapore UAV ef-
forts have been commercial ventures
aimed at the potential export market.
In May 2006, the Singapore Air Force
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Rest of the World UAV Market
seems a bit far-fetched due to cost and
technology concerns.
Pakistan would probably like to
acquire an endurance UAV in this
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
20 20 20 — — — —
12 — — — — 6 6
— — — — 1 1
opment effort, but few details of the
program have been revealed.
Maritime Aerial Reconnais-
sance and Surveillance
(MARS) UAV Program
in January 2006, the Philippine
president signed an executive order to
initiate a maritime surveillance pro-
maritime patrol UAV. The main issue
will be funding as the Philippines has
a long list of urgent defense require-
ments without the means to fund
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
— 20 40 — — — —
— — — — 6 6
set up a UAV Command at Murai
Camp which will be responsible for
the 119 and 128 Squadrons equipped
with Searcher UAVs and the new 116
Squadron equipped with the recently
purchased Hermes-450 UAVs. The
new command is tri-service.
Initial Development Efforts
Singapore Dynamics has shown
models of various configurations of
tactical UAVs over the years, though
there has been little evidence that any
have gone into production. In 2000, it
displayed the Blue Horizon tactical
UAV at the Asian Aerospace show.
This is a license manufactured ver-
sion of the Israeli EMIT Blue Horizon
UAV and part of a $14 million tech-
nology transfer deal in 1998.
time frame, and there is some possi-
bility this could occur if China devel-
ops such as system.
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
— — — 60
— — — 24
1 — — — 3
gram. The program is aimed at field-
ing a small fleet of UAVs for
protection of the maritime economic
zone, counter-terrorism, internal se-
curity, and disaster assistance and be
suitable for use by both military and
civil authorities.
them. The tactical UAV requirement
is likely to be met first.
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
— — — 60
— — — — 12
Singapore Mini-UAV Develop-
ment
Singapore Technologies Dynam-
ics displayed a VTOL Mini-UAV at
the 2002 Eurosatory show, now
called Fantail. This project is being
undertaken in cooperation with Micro
Autonomous Systems LLC. While
most micro UAVs are winged designs
using conventional flight profiles, the
VTOL Mini-UAV uses a mid-body
propeller to permit it to take off verti-
cally, and then transition to horizontal
flight for high speed dash. It can then
revert back to a vertical hover posi-
tion for surveillance. The system is
quite small, weighing only 2.3 kg on
takeoff, and has an endurance de-
scribed as being “up to one hour”. The
payloads are described as being the
usual types of sensors such as day-
©Teal Group Corporation
Rest of the World UAV Market
light or low-light video, uncooled IR
cameras, microphones, or other types
of sensors. There is a small transpar-
ent dome at the front of the vehicle for
these sensors, though presumably
they could be rear mounted as well.
The Singapore Army has expressed
interest in the design for potential ur-
ban operations, and France reportedly
is examining the system as well. The
flight testing of the Fantail began in
May 2005 with the expectation that it
will demonstrate the transition from
vertical to horizontal flight in 2007.
The plan is to transition to production
in late 2007.
Also under development is the
Skyblade, a more conventional
hand-launched, battery powered
UAV with a two meter wingspan. It
has also been demonstrated in Austra-
lia. The Singapore Defense Force
placed an order for the Skyblade in
late 2004 for delivery in 2005. The
cost is $200,000 per system which in-
cludes three air vehicles and one
GCS. In 2005, ST Aero unveiled
Skyblade II which introduces an in-
terchangeable sensor payload and
other changes requested by the Singa-
pore MoD. In late 2005, the Singa-
pore MoD announced plans to buy
seven Skyblade II mini-UAV systems
in 2006 and to gradually increase the
purchase to 20 systems by 2008.
A third version was demonstrated
in 2006, the Skyblade III which uses
an electric rather than gasoline en-
gine. ST Aero is also developing a
somewhat larger version called
Skyblade IV which is rail-launched
and has its endurance extended to six
Teal Group Analysis
Singapore has been attempting to
break into the defense export market
for a number of years, and UAVs
would seem to be an excellent en-
try-level niche. The Singapore de-
fense forces probably will have a
Singapore 2008
Mini-UAV
Tactical UAV
Naval VTUAV
MALE UAV
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
hours. It appears to be similar to the
EMIT Sparrow and may be a license
produced version or derivative. Curi-
ously enough, Cradance Service of
Singapore unveiled a version of the
EMIT Sparrow called the Sparrow-N
at the 2005 arms show in Bankok.
LALEE Endurance UAV
In 2001, Singapore announced
plans to award a contract to Rutan
Aviation to assist in the local develop-
ment of the LALEE (low altitude long
enduring endurance) UAV. The UAV
is intended to provide long range sur-
veillance for Singapore warships.
Singapore officials have stated that
they may examine the Global Hawk
for this role, but for the moment plan
to focus on a local initiative.
MAV-1
Singapore Technologies Aero (ST
Aero) unveiled its MAV-1 (Miniature
Air Vehicle-1) jet powered tactical
UAV in 2004. This UAV is expected
to enter flight trials in 2004, and the
firm has stated that it has the capabil-
ity to develop a UCAV based on the
MAV-1. ST Aero is best known as a
jet repair and maintenance firm.
Hermes-450 Purchase
In June 2007, Singapore an-
nounced that a contract had been
signed with Elbit for an undisclosed
number of Hermes-450 UAVs.
Global Hawk
In September 2005, Singapore re-
ceived a formal briefing on the Global
Hawk. Singapore is currently exam-
requirement to replace some Searcher
UAVs later in this decade and will
probably purchase locally to support
the industry.
Singapore will probably acquire
an endurance UAV, but if it follows
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
15 15 — — — —
— — — — — —
— — — 6 — —
— — — — — —
Page 129
ining future surveillance require-
ments and at the moment is leaning
towards the use of Gulfstream G550
aircraft with AEW and SIGINT pack-
ages. However, there is long-term in-
terest in an endurance UAV for
persistent surveillance and maritime
patrol. A Global Hawk transited from
Qatar to Adelaide in February 2006
for a demonstration in the region in-
cluding Singapore and Japan. The US
Air Force has made a proposal for a
multi-national Global Hawk regional
force to be based on Guam. The fleet
could be jointly funded with the
UAVs providing regional surveil-
lance, or the individual countries
could field their own Global Hawks
but operate them jointly. The pro-
posed partners are Australia, Japan
and Singapore.
Maritime Operations
During 2004, Singapore officials
began discussions with neighbors
over the operations of UAVs over the
South China Sea to familiarize air
traffic control officials with their use.
The idea is that this could open up the
region to wider use of UAVs for mari-
time patrol, an operation that cur-
rently runs afoul of international
aircraft lanes.
Maritime Requirement
The Singapore Navy has a stand-
ing requirement for a Navy UAV for
shipboard operations. Two systems
under consideration are the MQ-8
Fire Scout and the Boeing ScanEagle.
the course of indigenous develop-
ment as is currently planned, this
would probably push the acquisition
date late in the forecast period here, if
not beyond.
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
— — — — 30
— 10 10 — 20
— — — — 6
— 1 1 — 2
Page 130
Sri Lanka
S r i La n k a a c q u i r e d th r e e
Superhawk UAV systems from Israel
in 1996, but after losing all three in
training, acquired another two air ve-
hicles. These have been described at
Super Scouts in other accounts. The
fourth UAV was lost in May 1997 on
an operational sortie. The contract
Teal Group Analysis
Sri Lanka‘s budget is very small
and has been stretched to the maxi-
mum by the civil war with the Tamil
Sri Lanka 2008
Tactical UAV
Taiwan (ROC)
Kestrel II
Taiwan has developed tactical
UAVs in recent years including the
CSIST Kestrel tactical UAV and the
larger Chung Hsiang. In 2005, the
government announced plans to ac-
quire three battalions of UAVs in the
2005-2010 time-frame.
CSIST UAV Programs
The Chung Shan Institute of Sci-
ence and Technology (CSIST) began
a UAV effort in 1994 as an offshoot to
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Rest of the World UAV Market
cost about $7.6 million. The UAVs
were very successful in operations
against the Tamil Tigers in coun-
ter-insurgency operations, and there
have been unconfirmed reports that
Sri Lanka subsequently tested or ac-
quired a small number of IAI
Searcher tactical UAVs. According to
Tigers. Tactical UAVs have proven
useful in this conflict for surveillance,
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
6 — — — — —
a government funded program to
study autopilots. The first UAV was
the Kestrel I with a 20 kg payload.
Two were built and were followed by
the Kestrel II with some six built since
1998.
The Kestrel II is a fairly conven-
tional tactical UAV with eight hours
endurance and a 30 kg payload, and it
has been offered for export at interna-
tional air shows. CSIST also built a
larger UAV, the Chung Hsiang,
Ceylonese accounts, most or all Is-
raeli UAVs had been shot down,
crashed or rendered otherwise inop-
erative by 2006. A small, locally de-
veloped UAV called Superstar has
also been put into air force service,
and one crashed in March 2006 near
the Vanni air base.
and some modest future purchase is
possible.
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
— — — — 6
though less detail has been released
about this program. As of early 2003,
both types were only in prototype
stage and were first used in the May
2003 Hankuang No. 19 wargames.
CSIST is also developing an armed
UAV equipped with the AGM-114
Hellfire or similar missiles, based on
the 2005 requirement.
Another locally developed tactical
UAV dubbed Thunder Tiger was un-
veiled at the Taipei Aerospace Tech-
nologies Exhibition in 2003.
VTUAV
CSIST has developed a helicopter
UAV known as Hummingbird and has
attempted to interest the Taiwanese
army. The Hummingbird stems from
a proof-of-concept study using the
Eagle 600 two-seat helicopter.
Fireant Mini-UAV
The Taiwanese firm Pegasus Avia-
tion has developed a mini-UAV
dubbed Fire Ant and has recently
partnered with AIDC to market the
system to the Taiwanese defense
force. The Fire Ant has a wingspan of
eight feet, a payload of 2-10 kg and a
system cost of about $1 million.
©Teal Group Corporation
Rest of the World UAV Market Page 131

Teal Group Analysis

Taiwan has generally been sup- predicament, but a coastal surveil- Army and Coast Guard in these pro-
portive of advanced technology ef- lance UAV might prove a useful effort grams since the late 1990s.
forts by its aerospace industry. both for the industry and the navy.
Tactical UAVs have some distinct CSIST has been trying to interest the
limitations given Taiwan‘s strategic
Taiwan 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAV — — — — 30 90 — — — — 120
Tactical UAV 10 10 25 — — — — 20 20 — 85
Naval UAV — — — 6 6 6 — — — — 18
MALE UAV — — — 2 2 2 — — — — 6

Thailand
In 1982, Thailand acquired a
squadron of six R4E-30 SkyEye
UAVs from Developmental Sciences
for use by the Royal Thai Air Force
for surveillance work. These air vehi-
cles were in need for replacement by
the early 1990s. Thailand examined a
number of systems, and in February
1 9 9 2 s e le c te d th e I s r a e li I A I
Searcher, ordering one ground station
and four air vehicles at a cost of about
$12 million for the Royal Thai Army.
In 1995, Thailand announced
plans to spend 300 million baht
($12.1 million) on the Shadow 600
UAV. However, shortly afterwards
the program came under fire from
government auditors over the issue of
whether the system was actually in
production. The Searcher system has
been used for anti-drug operations
along the Burmese frontier. Attrition
of the four systems has led the Thai
government to consider a local initia-
tive to manufacture UAVs. The De-
fense Ministry and the Thailand
Research Fund have committed 84
million baht ($2 million) for a devel-
opment effort in 2004-07, with the lo-
cal TUAV being called Puksin.

Teal Group Analysis

Thailand has had a modest interest gling and local warlords. The Search- durance UAV system for coastal sur-
in UAVs, mainly to perform recon- ers will probably need replacement veillance.
naissance in remote regions where within this forecast period. Thailand
there are problems with drug smug- might also consider the use of an en-
Thailand 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAV — — — — 20 20 — — — — 40
Tactical UAV — 6 — — — — — — — — 6
MALE UAV — — — — — 1 1 — — — 2

The Americas
Argentina
The Argentine firm Nostromo De-
fense announced that it had begun
small scale manufacture of its Yarara
Teal Group Analysis
Argentina has had an active local
aerospace industry for many years,
but funding difficulties and cut-backs
have trimmed earlier ambitions.
small tactical UAV in late 2006,
building six for an undisclosed cus-
tomer in the US.
UAVs may prove to be an attractive the forecast period. Chile’s recent ac-
entry point for the industry, and small quisition of mini-UAVs will probably
scale purchases of both tactical and encourage an Argentine purchase.
mini-UAVs are certainly possible in

Argentina 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAV — 25 — — — — — — — — 25
Tactical UAV — — 4 4 — — — — — — 8

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 132
Brazil
Brazil embarked on a number of
missile and aerospace programs in the
1980s, most of which appear to have
been canceled or simply ended due to
a lack of government interest. The
Acaua UAV program was among
those efforts that were cancelled.
In 2003, the Brazilian agricultural
research corporation Embrapa
teamed with the Sao Paulo University
Teal Group Analysis
Brazil‘s defense industries have
been in a shambles since the late
1980s when Iraq defaulted on pay-
ments for Brazilian military equip-
ment. A tactical UAV program will be
most likely late in the forecast period,
and a mini-UAV program may be
started to encourage the local indus-
try. Brazil might eventually develop a
requirement for a UAV to comple-
ment its SIVAM effort. SIVAM is an
integrated air defense, surveillance,
and air traffic control (Sistema de
Brazil 2008
Mini-UAV
Tactical UAV
MALE UAV
Canada
Canada had very active, corporate-
and government-sponsored UAV de-
velopment effort over the past two de-
cades, by Canadair, now part of
Bombardier. Neither the Canadian
Army nor the Canadian navy have
shown deep interest in UAVs until re-
cently, mainly connected with the
support of peacekeeping missions.
Canada had a standing requirement
for a new generation UAV system
since the mid-1990s called UASTAS
(unmanned airborne target acquisi-
tion system). This is a close-range
tactical UAV with an operational ra-
dius of 50-150km. The requirement
had been pegged at one operational
troop with two ground control sta-
tions, and a budget of about C$60 mil-
lion. The plan was to release the RFP
in the summer of 1999, but budget
problems forced the government to
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Rest of the World UAV Market
to develop a small agricultural UAV
called Arara. The air vehicle weighs
35 pounds and has a small CCD cam-
era that can download real-time im-
ages to the control station. The Arara
is designed to survey plantations,
identify crop distribution, soil flow
and pest infestations. A total of six
prototypes were built for trials. The
aim is to develop a civil UAV that is
Vigilancia da Arnazorsia) for moni-
toring the Amazon region. It was ini-
tially conceived as a combined
military early warning and civil ATC
program, subsequently evolving into
a complex network of satellite, air-
borne and ground-based sensors
aimed primarily at monitoring the
threatened local environment.
SIVAM is now intended to help the
government track deforestation, pol-
lution, illicit mineral extraction and
illegal narcotics cultivation. The data
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
— — — 15 35 — —
— — — — 4 4
— — — — — —
postpone the program. As mentioned
below, this eventually emerged as the
Sperwer acquisition effort.
CL-89 Midge
The first Canadian tactical UAV
was th e CL-89 Mid g e
(AN/USD-501) which began devel-
opment in 1961 as a joint Canadair/
Canadian government program. Pro-
duction began in 1967 and more than
500 were manufactured for the Brit-
ish, German, French and Italian ar-
mies.
CL-289
The CL-89 was followed in 1976
by a joint Canadian/German program,
the CL-289. The CL-289 is a turbo-
jet-powered reconnaissance also
known by its NATO designation
AN/USD-502 and its French designa-
cheap enough for landowners to use
for land observation.
In 2007, the Brazilian firm Flight
Solutions unveiled its Watchdog tac-
tical UAV. The firm is also working
on a mini-UAV and on a helicopter
UAV.
will be collected at four evaluation
and control centers in the Amazon ba-
sin, then process and transferred to
the appropriate government agency.
Brazil is currently using five Ericsson
Eireye airborne radar aircraft but it is
conceivable that an endurance UAV
might be considered for this role if the
program matures.
2014 2015 2016 207 Total
— — — 50
— — — — 8
— 1 1 — 2
tion Piver 289 (Programmation et In-
terpretation des Vols d’Engins de Re-
connaissance). A corps-level system,
it is a follow-on to the earlier divi-
sion-level CL-89 (AN/USD-501)
with longer range, more sophisticated
guidance system, and a real-time data
link. France procured 55 air vehicles
and two ground station systems,
while Germany procured 188 air ve-
hicles and eleven ground stations sets.
Production for French and German
requirements was completed in June
1993. Battery sets (comprising
ground equipment and about 17 air
vehicles) had a hardware unit cost of
DM 89.9 million, and when docu-
mentation, test equipment, etc. were
factored in the cost rose to about $85
million per battery.
©Teal Group Corporation
Rest of the World UAV Market
CL-227 Sentinel
The Canadair CL-227 Sentinel en-
tered development around 1976 as a
private corporate venture. The Cana-
dian government agreed to share final
development funding on the program
in May 1985. Unlike the earlier
Canadair UAVs, the CL-227 is a ver-
tical take-off type, primarily though
not exclusively oriented towards na-
val applications. It was first demon-
strated to the US armed forces in
September 1989 at Point Mugu, CA.
It was subsequently involved in
NATO Comparative Testing includ-
ing demonstration with a Texas In-
struments FLIR sensor to the US
Army at Ft. Huachuca in 1990. In
May 1990, the UAV JPO awarded
Canadair a demonstration contract for
trials of the CL-227 Sentinel (called
Sea Sentinel in its maritime version)
for the MAVUS I (Maritime VTOL
UAV System) demonstration.
Under the initial demonstration
contract, the Navy conducted opera-
tional demonstration of the CL-227
aboard the USS Doyle with participa-
tion of the navies of Canada, Ger-
many, the Netherlands, France and
the United Kingdom and completed
the demonstrations in FY92. In June
1993, the CL-227 Sentinel/MAVUS
program was extended through Au-
gust 1994 with the award of a $10 mil-
lion Navy contract. The contract
covered the demonstration of the Si-
erra Nevada Corp. Common Auto-
matic Landing System (CARS). The
FY94 program for the maritime UAV
requirement included the MAVUS
II/Canadair Sentinel demonstration
program of the CARS automated
take-off and landing system. In 1994,
Canadair received a $6.8 million con-
tract to integrate an improved
turbo-shaft engine into the Sentinel,
substituting the WTS-125 (an im-
proved version of the Williams
WTS-117 gas turbine) for the
WTS-34.
Separate from the US program,
France funded a technology demon-
strator program using the Sentinel in a
naval role. The program began in
March 1994 and tests were conducted
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
from a French corvette. The French
p r ime o n th e p r o g r a m w a s
Thomson-CSF (now Thales). The
role of the system was for drug inte-
gration, maritime patrol, search and
rescue and electronic warfare. This
program did not proceed beyond the
trials.
Sperwer
In 2003, Canada bought a single
Sperwer system to fulfill an urgent
short-term requirement for its Un-
manned Airborne Surveillance and
Targ et A cq u isitio n S ystem
(UASTAS) program to support its
peacekeeping force in Operation
Athena in Afghanistan. Two of the
four air vehicles crashed and the other
two were found to have stress cracks
which prevented further operations.
Canadian officials have stated that
they expect to acquire about five ad-
ditional Sperwer air vehicles to make
up the losses and may acquire a sec-
ond system. Denmark’s decision to
shed its troublesome Sperwers has led
to a recent Canadian plan to acquire
their remaining assets to bolster the
Canadian fleet. This is expected to in-
clude three GCS and 10 air vehicles..
ISTAR Omnibus UAV Program
In 2004, the Canadian Department
of National Defense set up a joint
UAV program office aligned with the
Canadian Forces Experimentation
Centre (CFEC) to oversee a new UAV
acquisition effort called Omnibus
Land Force Intelligence Surveillance
Target Acquisition and Reconnais-
sance Project. The CND has estab-
lished requirements for three types of
UAVs: a mini-UAV, a tactical UAV to
replace the Sperwer, and a me-
dium-endurance UAV. The Army
plans to form a UAV detachment of
the 1st Royal Canadian Horse Artil-
lery Regiment’s counter-battery unit
in 2005-2006.
Canada tested three Silver Fox
mini-UAVs for the mini-UAV mis-
sion, and awarded Thales a contract
for C$649,000 on 5 April 2004 with
delivery in July 2004. Canada has al-
r e a d y ex a min e d th e P o in ter
Page 133
mini-UAV. The Silver Fox mini-UAV
program is a collaborative study ef-
fort between CFEC and the three ser-
vices. Funding in the FY04-05 budget
was C$2.5 million for the MALE
demonstration and C$800,000 for the
mini-UAV program. In June 2006,
Canada acquired Elbit Skylark 2
mini-UAVs for immediate needs in
Afghanistan. In the longer term, the
CND is expected to release a tender in
the second half of 2006 for five
mini-UAV system each with 6-10 air
vehicles for service by 2008.
CDND began studies of an endur-
ance UAV in 2002 with demonstra-
tions of an Eagle 1/Heron from IAI
off Vancouver. CDND has also nego-
tiated for the tests of the Altair version
of Predator for the endurance require-
ment. The endurance program is
pegged at about C$250 million ($183
million US) which is expected to total
four to eight air vehicles. Canadian
Forces awarded General Atomics a
contract in February 2004 to deploy
an Altair UAV in support of the Atlan-
tic Littoral ISR Experiment (ALIX)
in August 2004. The aim is to help
further acquaint the various branches
of the Canadian forces with endur-
ance UAV capability and to help de-
fine the endurance requirement.
Current objectives are to prepare ten-
der documentation for release in
mid-2007 with an objective to acquire
five systems: one for off-shore opera-
tions, one each for Atlantic, Pacific
and Arctic operations and a fifth sys-
tem for training. In February 2006,
General Dynamics-Canada has
teamed with General Atomics to offer
Predator-B for this requirement.
Skylark Acquisition
The Canadian army acquired five
Elbit Skylark I mini-UAV systems
with an option for five more in June
2006 to support operations in Af-
ghanistan. The contract was to Thales
Canada which has been acting as
Elbit’s partner on the program. They
deployed in September 2006 with E
battery, 2 Royal Canadian Horse Ar-
tillery near Kandahar. They were
grounded in November 2006 due to
Page 134 Rest of the World UAV Market

operational malfunctions and prob-
lems with the viewability of the lap-
top GCS screen.
Endurance Requirements
The CDND has established a re-
quirement for a MALE UAV with
plans to acquire up to 8-9 systems un-
der the program name of Joint Air-
borne ISR Capability (JAIC). The
aim is to provide capability in the
short term and the system will be ori-
ented mainly towards army needs.
The plan was to award a contract in
2007. In March 2007, the CDND pro-
posed going sole-source for the Gen-
eral Atomics Predator, but there was
some opposition ion the government
to this approach.
In the longer term, the air force has
a long term objective called JUSTAS
(Joint Unmanned Surveillance and
target Acquisition System) which is
expected to be a MALE or HALE
consisting of two systems, based on
the Atlantic and Pacific Coast with
about three air vehicles each. The ob-
jective

Teal Group Analysis

Canadian experiences with UAVs led some army officers to promote ac- though the aim of the program was to
in Afghanistan have sparked new in- quisition of a MALE UAV instead, field JAIC immediately and then ac-
terest in the use of UAVs for a variety preferably with some armed attack quire JUSTAS about five years later,
of missions. Combat use of UAVs in capability. A short-term acquisition is delays in JAIC could lead to an even-
Afghanistan has sparked Canadian possible, but from past experience, tual merger or attempt to coordinate
interest in further systems. Acquisi- Canadian procurement policies tend the requirements.
tion of additional mini-UAVs may oc- to lead to prolonged programs. It is
cur to deal with the problems unclear whether the army JAIC re-
encountered with the Skylark. The quirement will be merged with the air
use of the Sperwer in Afghanistan has force JUSTAS requirement. Al-
Canada 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAV — — — — 30 30 — — — — 60
MALE UAV (JAIC) — 2 3 — — — — — — — 5
MALE UAV (JUSTAS) — — — — — — 5 — — — 5

Chile
Chile has not yet begun any major flight demonstrations of its Skylark
UAV effort, but there have been indi- mini-UAV in Chile in 2006 and there
cations that a UAV program is immi- have been reports that a small number
nent. Elbit conducted a number of are being acquired.
Teal Group Analysis
Chile is one of the few South scale acquisition of UAVs over the
American countries to maintain a rel- next decade is possible
atively modern air force, and a small
Chile 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAV 15 — — — — — — — — 45 60
Tactical UAV — — — 4 6 — — — — — 10

Mexico
Mexico’s Hydra Technologies be-
gan manufacture of the S4 Ehecatl for
the Mexican Air Force and Navy in
2006, and it went operational in 2007.
It is a tactical UAV with the mission
thread being provided by General Dy-
namics Advanced Information Sys-
tems. The primary mission for the
systems is border surveillance with
the air force undertaking surveillance
missions along the southern frontier,
and the navy responsible for coastal
patrol missions. The new UAV sys-
tem was first publicly revealed at the
2007 Paris Air Show.

Teal Group Analysis

Mexico has quietly become the new system with modest US technical and the air force and navy have been
first country in Latin America with a assistance. The primary aim of the tasked with operating the system due
UAV force, designing and building a system is paramilitary surveillance, to the recognition that they are better

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

Rest of the World UAV Market Page 135

situated to operating such systems army, though this is possible. Contin- date, no acquisition details have been
than would be federal police agen- ued acquisition of a few more systems released.
cies. At the moment, there are no spe- over the next few years is likely, but to
cific plans to extend its use to the
Mexico 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total
Mini-UAV — — — — — — 35 — — — 35
Tactical UAV 6 6 6 6 — — — — — — 24

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 136 Rest of the World UAV Market

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors

UAV E-O/IR Funding Forecast

RDT&E+Procurement Available to the US
(FY07 $ Millions)
800

600

400

200

0
FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16
Global Hawk BAMS Predator/Warrior
UCAV Tactical Mini/Micro
Other US International

Market Overview
The Demand for ISR
In February 2005, Deputy Direc-
tor of Air Force Strategic Planning
Christopher Bowie said: “In the
1960s, spending [for C4ISR (com-
mand, control, communications,
computers, intelligence, surveillance
and reconnaissance) and airlift] rep-
The UAV Market
After years of talk, and periodic
bouts of media hype, the US UAV
(unmanned aerial vehicle) market is
finally showing real growth. This is
The Market Upside
UAVs are one of the most dynamic
growth sectors of the aerospace in-
dustry. Teal Group estimates that
U AV electro -o p tical/in frared
(E-O/IR) system spending available
to US manufacturers will grow from
$438 million in FY07 to $774 million
resented about a third of our effort. It
now stands at about 45 percent, and is
projected to grow to half.” He also
claimed the Air Force is now only
spending 25 percent of its budget on
“shooter” forces: fighters, bombers,
ICBMs and so on, with plans calling
not to say that UAVs will totally re-
place manned platforms, for recon-
naissance or any other mission, but
that after recent combat action, culmi-
in FY15 (a 77% increase in eight
years).
The most significant catalyst to
this market has been the enormous
growth of interest in UAVs by the US
military, tied to the general trend to-
wards information warfare and net-
for this segment “to shrink even
smaller, to about one-fifth of our bud-
get…. So we will spend double on
ISR and mobility what we spend on
shooters.”
nating in Afghanistan and Iraq, UAVs
have proven their utility. UAVs have
also recently proven effective in ur-
ban fighting.
work-centric systems. UAVs are a
key element in the intelligence, sur-
veillance, and reconnaissance (ISR)
portion of this revolution, and they
are expanding into other missions as
well with the advent of hunter-killer
UAVs.

Reality Check
However, to put UAV funding in States will spend about $385 million million in FY16 – including all
perspective, although the United for UAV E-O/IR in FY07 and $662 RDT&E and procurement funding –

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 138 Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors

it spent about $800 million FY06 just
for manned fighter targeting systems,
largely for Sniper, ATFLIR and
Litening pods. Looking at the overall
E-O/IR market, US spending on
manned systems was about $2.2 bil-
lion in FY06 and will be about $2.1
billion in FY15, which puts UAV
E-O/IR in perspective, as a substan-
tial but by no means dominant seg-
ment of the market.
On the other hand, UAV sensor
system growth rates will exceed al-
ready mature manned system mar-
kets, compared with little or no
growth for already-mature manned
system markets. Thus, although it will
never be the biggest market, UAV
E-O/IR will be one of the fast-
est-growing.

Persistent Surveillance and Endurance UAVs

Persistent surveillance has be-
come a buzz-word for supporters of
endurance UAVs such as Global
Hawk and Predator. While manned
platforms such as P-3C Orions have a
relatively long endurance (about 6
hours), several UAVs can stay air-
borne for a day or more. This multi-
plier effect is one of the strongest
arguments for endurance UAV recon-
naissance and surveillance.
Due to this persistence, the single
Global Hawk operational in Iraq in
2003 flew only 3% of all aircraft im-
agery-collection sorties and only 5%
of high-altitude missions, but col-
lected data on 55% of all air de-
fense-related time-sensitive targets. It
reportedly located at least 13 sur-
face-to-air missile (SAM) batteries,
50 SAM launchers, 300 canisters, and
70 missile transporters. It also imaged
300 tanks, 38% of Iraq’s total known
armor force.

Sensor Payloads
Typical Medium Altitude Endur-
ance (MALE) UAVs (e.g., Predator)
fly at about 30,000 feet for 24 hours or
more, with sensor payloads weighing
between 250-400 kg. High Altitude
Endurance (HALE) UAVs (e.g.,
Global Hawk) fly at up to 60,000 feet 150-500 kg, with sensor payloads
for 24 hours or more, with sensor pay- weighing between 20-100 kg.
loads weighing up to 1,000 kg or
more (900 kg for the RQ-4A Global
Hawk; 1,350 kg for the RQ-4B). Typ-
ical tactical UAVs weigh between

Funding Forecast
US UAV E-O/IR RDT&E
RDT&E (FY07$ Millions) FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 Total
Global Hawk E-O/IR 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 300
BAMS E-O/IR 7 12 13 22 20 16 8 8 11 9 126
Predator & Warrior ER/MP E-O/IR 16 19 17 11 9 9 7 9 9 9 114
UCAV E-O/IR 8 10 14 18 14 16 20 20 18 14 152
Naval UAV E-O/IR 10 11 9 8 6 11 10 8 7 6 86
Tactical UAV E-O/IR 13 15 19 20 24 30 30 33 34 34 252
Mini/Micro-UAV E-O/IR 16 25 23 23 22 28 29 32 32 31 261
Other UAV E-O/IR 45 43 47 51 45 59 62 58 66 65 541
Total 145 165 172 183 170 199 196 198 207 198 1,832

US Airborne Hyperspectral E-O/IR Technology RDT&E+Procurement (also for non-UAVs)

RDT&E+Proc. (FY07$ Millions) FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 Total
SPIRITT & USAF
Hyperspectral (speculative) 35 44 50 58 64 62 80 80 80 86 639
USN & Army
Hyperspectral (speculative) 28 32 42 54 68 66 86 98 115 145 734
Total 63 76 92 112 132 128 166 178 195 231 1,373

US UAV E-O/IR Procurement

Procurement (FY07$ Millions) FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 Total
Global Hawk E-O/IR 39 79 94 90 92 80 57 41 45 49 685
BAMS E-O/IR — — — — — 12 14 26 28 22 102
Predator & Warrior ER/MP E-O/IR 48 58 72 83 140 106 103 83 82 72 847

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors Page 139

UCAV E-O/IR — — — — — — — — 16 20 36
Naval UAV E-O/IR — 1 5 5 6 6 7 8 8 8 54
Tactical UAV E-O/IR 19 14 25 3 16 13 13 17 32 34 184
Mini/Micro-UAV E-O/IR 98 118 124 128 114 88 90 120 130 135 1,145
Commercial UAV E-O/IR 2 2 2 2 2 14 26 26 34 44 154
Other UAV E-O/IR 34 40 50 55 65 65 70 70 75 80 604
Total 240 312 372 366 435 384 380 391 450 464 3,811

International UAV E-O/IR Procurement

Procurement (FY07$ Millions) FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 Total
HALE UAV — — — 8 6 9 6 8 5 11 51
MALE UAV 7 8 6 9 8 15 17 23 16 9 117
UCAV — — — 17 — 31 34 — 32 — 113
Naval UAV — — — — 7 5 7 9 10 11 49
Tactical UAV 18 17 11 18 20 20 18 17 17 15 171
Mini/Micro-UAV 8 10 11 13 14 12 17 18 17 12 131
Civil UAV 19 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 23 218
Total 53 56 50 87 77 114 121 96 117 80 851

UAV E-O/IR Funding Share

RDT&E+Procurement Available to the US
100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%
FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16
Global Hawk BAMS Predator/Warrior
UCAV Tactical Mini/Micro
Other US International

Endurance UAV E-O/IR Sensors

Global Hawk Basic and Enhanced Integrated Sensor Suite
Status: In Production
Manufacturer: Raytheon Network Centric Systems, El Segundo, CA
Unit Cost: ISS – $8 million (without HISAR); EISS – $12 million (without HISAR) (according to Northrop
Grumman, 7/06); Ground station – $14 million (GAO estimated cost, 4/06): RQ-4A with sensor – $82 million
(up from original estimate of $60 million); Northrop Grumman claimed costs (6/06): Block 10 RQ-4A with sen-
sor – $31.6 million; Block 20 RQ-4B with sensor –$45.9 million; Block 30 RQ-4B with sensor – $54.2 million;
Block 40 without sensor [MP-RTIP] – $39.2 million (we suspect these are low-end accounting estimates)

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 140
Overview
The USAF’s Global Hawk High
Altitude Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
conducted its first flight in February
1998, and a second Global Hawk
made its maiden flight in November
1998. A total of five prototypes were
built through 1999, with two more
pre-series aircraft procured with
FY01 EMD funds. Series production
was first funded in the FY02 budget.
Unlike the Predator and Predator
B, Global Hawk is to remain un-
armed, and will serve entirely as a re-
connaissance platform, similar to the
U-2.
In mid-2005, the Air Force’s plan
for a series of evolutionary upgrades
called “spirals” was shifted back to a
mo r e t r a d i t i o n a l p r o c u r e men t
scheme, with Global Hawks stabi-
lized into blocks. The older “A” mod-
els are now designated Block 0 and
10, while the larger payload RQ-4B
aircraft will be Block 20, 30, and 40.
Those blocks will primarily refer to
changes in payloads and not changes
in the air vehicle.
The initial Global Hawks pro-
duced under the advanced concept
technology demonstration (ACTD)
and a follow-on contract are known as
YRQ-4A Block 0. Four of these air-
craft survive, but are not expected to
see much more operational use.
The USAF took delivery of the last
of seven initial RQ-4A Block 10 air-
craft in June 2006. Three of these
have been accepted operationally:
two at a forward operating location
(believed to be Al Dhafra in the UAE)
and a third has not flown since it was
delivered to Beale Air Force Base
(AFB) in late 2004, where it is in use
as a maintenance trainer. The remain-
ing aircraft have been delivered to the
US Navy for the Global Hawk Mari-
time Demonstration (GHMD) pro-
gram. The Block 10 has minor
improvements over the YRQ-4A. In
FY07, the Block 10 aircraft are ex-
pected to be able to maintain a single
24-hour orbit over the Middle East.
The Air Force will apparently procure
more Block 10s to fill out its LRIP re-
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
quirement, until the larger RQ-4B is
ready.
Th e in itial v ersio n o f th e
larger-winged RQ-4B, the first of
which is due to fly in 2006, is the
Block 20. Six of these aircraft are to
be delivered, followed by 26 Block 30
aircraft. The RQ-4B has a 3,000 lb.
payload capacity versus 2,000 lbs. for
the RQ-4A, and a power increase
from 10 KVA to 25 KVA available for
sensors.
The Block 20 will mount the En-
hanced ISS (EISS), and a limited sig-
n als in tellig en ce (SIG IN T)
capability. Block 20 will have an open
systems architecture (OSA), and a
sensor management system rigor-
ously separated from the vehicle man-
agement system (VMS), with power
and local area network connections
for changing out or upgrading
sensors.
The Block 30 will add the Air-
borne Signals Intelligence Payload
(ASIP) SIGINT package.
The Block 20/30 versions are ex-
pected to be supporting imagery intel-
ligence (IMINT) orbits in FY09,
including the first Global Hawk units
to be deployed to the Pacific and Eu-
ropean commands. By FY12, with 26
vehicles delivered, the Block 20 and
Block 30 variants will be supporting
four IMINT orbits and two multi-in-
telligence orbits with SIGINT.
The final version of Global Hawk
will be the Block 40, with the
Multi-Platform – Radar Technology
Insertion Program (MP-RTIP) radar.
The 15 Block 40s will carry only the
radar, which will require almost all
the weight, power and cooling capac-
ity on the aircraft.
Integrated Sensor Suite (ISS)
Raytheon (El Segundo, CA) de-
veloped the 400 kg Global Hawk In-
tegrated Sensor Suite (ISS), which
combines the HISAR Synthetic Aper-
ture Radar (SAR) with MTI (Moving
Target Indication), along with E-O
and IR sensors. The E-O/IR system
pairs a Raytheon third-generation
FLIR with a Kodak digital CCD
visible light camera.
Air Vehicle (AV) #6 was delivered
in April 2002, along with the third
ISS. The first full ISS was lost when
AV #5 crashed. The second ISS was
lost in July 2002 when the second
Global Hawk crashed over Afghani-
stan due to engine problems. The Air
Force has asked Raytheon for accel-
erated completion of additional ISSs
after each loss.
Global Hawk ISS Too Expen-
sive
I n 2 0 0 2 , th e U S A F as k e d
Raytheon to lower ISS costs. Other-
wise, the Air Force suggested re-com-
peting sensors or building U-2s
instead. Raytheon claimed only 9
more ISSs were planned before
MP-RTIP, and cited this as a reason
for continuing the ISS as is. However,
Teal Group forecasts many more
Global Hawks and ISSs before
MP-RTIP is ready, which will not
meet its 2002 projected in-service
date of 2008.
Global Hawk costs as of May 2002
(according Air Force sources) were:
Global Hawk+ISS+ground station
had grown from $18-20 million to
$48 million; with non-recurring ex-
penses, the total reaches $70 million
per Global Hawk. The ISS cost about
$12 million in mid-2002 (a decrease
from $13 million in early 2002).
Enhanced ISS
The Enhanced ISS is an upgraded
sensor suite developed for the larger
RQ-4B. It reportedly has a 50%
greater range than the Basic ISS, for
both E-O/IR and SAR. E-O/IR im-
provements include an improved tele-
scope with better optics and real-time
focus control. The SAR has an in-
crease in transmitted power and a
larger antenna.
The Block 20 EISS will use most
of the RQ-4B’s additional power for
an interim “clip-in” signals intelli-
gence (SIGINT) sensor, Hyperwide,
developed by BAE Systems. Block
30 will replace this with the ASIP
SIGINT suite.
©Teal Group Corporation
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
Enhanced ISS LRIP
In October 2004, the Air Force
Aeronautical Systems Center (ASC),
Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, awarded
Northrop Grumman a $207.7 million
firm-fixed-price (FFP) contract mod-
ification to fund Global Hawk LRIP
Lot 3, to include one Global Hawk
RQ-4A production air vehicle with
one basic ISS, two RQ-4B air vehi-
cles, one Global Hawk production air
vehicle with one Enhanced ISS and
Clip-in Sensor (Hyperwide), one Mis-
sion Control Element (MCE), one
launch recovery element, one basic
ISS, and support equipment and
spares. The work is to be conducted in
San Diego, CA, and is to be com-
pleted by October 2005. Contract
funding will come from the Air Force
Aircraft Procurement (APF) account
(F33657-03-C-4310/PZ02).
Lot 4 LRIP Advance Procure-
ment
In March 2004, the ASC issued
Northrop Grumman a $50.7 million
contract to provide for long lead
parts/advance procurement for LRIP
Lot 4 items, including RQ-4B air ve-
hicles with Enhanced ISSs and
Clip-in Sensors (Hyperwide), one
mission control element (MCE), one
launch recovery element, and support
equipment and spares. Contract fi-
nancing will come from the Air Force
Aircraft Procurement (APF) account
(FA8620-04-C-3410).
New Data Architecture
In mid-2005, the Advanced Infor-
mation Architecture (AIA) was being
added to the Global Hawk, which re-
places the mission recorder with a
server that can connect to radio. This
allows individuals on the ground to
download data directly from Global
Hawk onto a PDA, similar to
MapQuest. AIA was an idea that
came from recent military operations
where Global Hawk was deployed,
a n d p r o c u r e men t h a s b e e n
accelerated.
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Australian Global Hawk
Australia joined the US RQ-4A
Global Hawk program as a potential
element of its Joint Project 129,
Broad Area Airborne Surveillance,
subsequently renamed as Phase 1 of
Project Air 7000, New Maritime Pa-
trol and Response Capability. The
main goal is to replace the existing
AP-3C maritime patrol aircraft force
of about 13 aircraft. A Global Hawk
was deployed in Australia for trials in
2001. Phase 2 of PA7000 is a later
manned maritime patrol aircraft.
Australia wanted to acquire 4-6 air
vehicles and a decision was sched-
uled for 2004-2005, but Australia de-
ferred its planned acquisition of the
Global Hawk in 2003 by at least two
years to consider merging its land and
maritime surveillance requirements
into a single platform.
Australia has also been consider-
ing the long term potential for the
RQ-4A Global Hawk in conjunction
with its Wedgetail airborne early
warning radar aircraft. The PA7000
requirement is expected to be worth
A$1 billion (US$770 million)
In mid-2006, the Global hawk de-
cision date was set for 2007-2008,
with the system entering service in
2009-2011.
Global Hawk Sensor Pods Pro-
posed
In June 2005, at the Paris Air
Show, Northrop Grumman unveiled
external sensor pods for the RQ-4B,
which could carry a pod holding up to
1,000 lb (455 kg) on a station on each
wing, according to Ed Walby, director
o f b u s in e s s d e v e lo p me n t f o r
Northrop Grumman’s High Altitude,
Long-Endurance Systems Enter-
prises. The pods could carry sensors
to complement the Raytheon ISS.
Northrop Grumman conducted pre-
liminary wind-tunnel testing of a pod
on a scale-model Global Hawk.
While the Global Hawk design has
always included hard-points on the
wings to accommodate pods, Walby
said there has been no requirement for
pods so far from the USAF. NASA
has reportedly been interested in us-
Page 141
ing Global Hawk to deploy pods with
temperature-sensing devices above
the Earth to measure patterns of
global warming and cooling. Such
measurements would help to predict
hurricanes and typhoons more
accurately.
Sensor Details
In July 2006, much technical detail
regarding Global Hawks sensors was
released.
The Block 10 RQ-4A HISAR has a
peak power output of 3.5kW and
weighs 290 kg, and requires 4.7 kW
of 400Hz power and 1.3kW of 28V
DC power. The Block 10 ISS weighs
100 kg and requires just over 0.58 kW
of 28V DC power.
The Block 20 RQ-4B has un-
changed power requirements for the
EISS, but the upgraded HISAR has a
peak power output of more than
3.5kW, with an increased power
transmitter.
The Block 10 ISS and Block 20
EISS both use the same Recon-Opti-
cal, Inc. E-O camera and a Raytheon
IR sensor. The E-O system uses a
commercial, 1,024 x 1,024 pixel Ko-
dak digital silicon charge coupled de-
vice, and a Raytheon 640 x 480 3-5
micron indium antimonide FPA. Both
E-O and IR sensors are fed by a fixed
1.75m focal length reflecting tele-
scope with a beam splitter and
254mm reflecting mirror. The differ-
ence between the ISS and EISS is in
the material of the mirror, which can
be more precisely focused, and the in-
troduction of a real-time precise focus
capability. Both systems use a
step-stare scanning telescope and
back-scan mirror, to provide the
needed >6,000 pixel width. The entire
system uses a gimbal mount derived
from Raytheon’s AN/AAQ-16/29,
that can roll +/-80 degrees or move
+/-15 degrees in pitch and yaw. It is
stabilized to 3mrad, rather than the
“standard” 20mrad, and can cover up
to 104,000 km/day in wide-area
search mode. Data throughput for
b o th Blo c k 1 0 I S S is ar o u n d
400Mb/s, and can be compressed to
Page 142 Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors

a b o u t 4 0 Mb /s u s in g JPEG
techniques.

Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
ISS
USAF (Block 0 RQ-4A) 4 — — — — — — — — — — 4
USAF (Block 10 RQ-4A) 5 2 — — — — — — — — — 7
EISS
USAF (Block 20 RQ-4B) — 1 3 2 — — — — — — — 6
USAF (Block 30 RQ-4B) — — 2 4 5 5 4 3 2 2 2 29
Total 9 3 5 6 5 5 4 3 2 2 2 46

Global Hawk SYERS (Senior Year E-O Reconnaissance System)

Status: Upgrade & Support
Manufacturer: Raytheon, El Segundo, CA
Unit Cost: $5 million for SYERS Multispectral Upgrade; much more for a complete system

Overview
SYERS (Senior Year Electro-Op-
tical Reconnaissance System) is an
electro-optical/infrared long-rang
oblique photographic (LOROP) re-
connaissance system carried on the
US Air Force’s U-2 reconnaissance
aircraft, and, since 1997, aboard two
UK RAF Canberras. SYERS 2 up-
grades may continue, but recent Air
Force plans are to retire the U-2 early,
from FY08 to FY13, and shift its mis-
sion to the Global Hawk.
Flight testing was completed in
July 2000 for a major upgrade which
adds a 7-band multispectral capabil-
ity (but only 3 at any one time) and
real time data transmission. It also
adds stabilization, to improve resolu-
tion. IR resolution will now reach pre-
vious E-O levels, and E-O resolution
will improve by 20 percent. SYERS
cameras have a slant range of “around
100 miles”, according to US sources
in 2001. SYERS now allows preci-
sion-guided munitions targeting.
SYERS 2 was reported to have a
“National Imagery Interpretability
Rating Scale” (NIIRS) of 7 in 2006,
Teal Group Analysis
U-2s are still the most important
reconnaissance/surveillance plat-
forms in the US inventory. In Opera-
tion Allied Force over Kosovo, U-2s
collected 80 percent of the total imag-
ery, and imaged all targets both pre-
from typical U-2 altitudes. This
means ports, ladders, and vents are
visible on electronics vans, as well as
fittings on a grounded fighter aircraft.
As of 2001, SYERS data was
routed through Mobile Stretch
(MOBSTR) image compression
ground stations. SYERS can down-
load still frames in near-real time, but
not video images. Imagery is then
routed via satellite for processing at
Beale AFB, CA.
Sensor Support Contract to
Raytheon
In November 2006, the US Air
Force snuck in a fairly substantial
$113 million contract option to
Raytheon, to provide continued field
support for U-2 sensors and data
links. Reports of the Dragon Lady’s
d e a t h h a v e ap p a r e n t l y b e e n
exaggerated….
Heavy Use Since 9-11
Since September 2001, the U-2
has seen a 30% increase in sustained
operations tempo, according to Lt.
and post-strike, with about 35 U-2Ss
(including four two-cockpit trainers)
and 2 ER-2s (NASA) in service.
Since September 2001, the U-2 has
seen a 30% increase in sustained op-
erations tempo. By April 2007,
Gen. David Deptula, deputy chief of
staff for Air Force ISR, in written tes-
timony to the HASC in April 2007.
By April 2007, Dragon Ladies had
flown more than 3,700 missions and
32,900 hours supporting the “war on
terror”, with two aircraft lost, one in
the Pacific and one in the Middle
East.
U-2/Global Hawk Schedule
By April 2007, the Air Force had
decided to delay U-2 retirement by
about a year, and to tie retirements to
Global Hawk stand-up events, under
a High-Altitude Transformation
Flight Plan. The 33 remaining U-2s
will be retired between FY08 and
FY13, if Global Hawk stays on sched-
ule. The last U-2s to be retired will be
those with a SIGINT capability, as
this is both in greatest demand today
and not provided by other resources,
including Global Hawk.
Dragon Ladies had flown more than
3,700 missions and 32,900 hours sup-
porting the “war on terror”, with two
aircraft lost, one in the Pacific and one
in the Middle East. A long future had
been planned—until 2020 or 2025 at

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
least—with four major U-2 sen-
sor/avionics upgrades recently com-
pleted: ASARS-2A AIP, RAMPS,
SYERS, and SPIRITT (still in
development).
However, Global Hawk’s support-
ers have lobbied for an early shift of
responsibility for high altitude recon-
naissance away from the U-2. Though
Global Hawk payload is less than the
U-2’s, endurance is longer, and
money might be saved by retiring the
U-2 ($1 billion was suggested in the
QDR). On the other hand, Global
Hawk costs have consistently grown
(doubling or tripling, in most cases),
and it is still not proven for all
missions.
By April 2007, the Air Force had
decided to delay U-2 retirement by
about a year, and to tie retirements to
Global Hawk stand-up events, under
a High-Altitude Transformation
Flight Plan. The 33 remaining U-2s
Global Hawk SPIRITT & USAF Hyperspectral Systems
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: BAE Systems, Communication, Navigation, Identification and Reconnaissance (CNIR),
Greenlawn, NY
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Overview
The Spectral Infrared Remote Im-
aging Transition Testbed (SPIRITT)
ATD (Advanced Technology Devel-
opment) is a hyperspectral elec-
tro-optical reconnaissance system in
development for the US Air Force.
We s e e a g r o w i n g f u t u r e f o r
multispectral and hyperspectral re-
connaissance, although delays have
been present, and SPIRITT is a
pioneer program.
BAE Systems won the SPIRITT
development contract in April 2001,
a n d a f u n c tio n a l S P I RI T T
hyperspectral imager was test flown
in late 2005. No onward development
plans have been made public (Phase 2
is no longer scheduled), but the Air
Fo rce w ill certain ly co n tin u e
hyperspectral system development.
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
will be retired between FY08 and
FY13, if Global Hawk stays on sched-
ule. The last U-2s to be retired will be
those with a SIGINT capability, as
this is both in greatest demand today
and not provided by other resources,
including Global Hawk.
It is worth realizing, however, that
in five years Global Hawk will likely
cost at least as much as the U-2 for
handling the same missions. Some ca-
pabilities will be added and some will
be lost, but $100 million a piece (with
all sensors), the $5 billion for 50 new
Global Hawks will dwarf the $1 bil-
lion savings from retiring the U-2, es-
pecially considering the U-2 airframe
is good to fly through 2025….
SYERS is one of the first opera-
tional military multispectral recon-
naissance systems (up to three
spectral bands at one time for SYERS
2), and many see multispectral and
hyperspectral reconnaissance as the
Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI)
Hyperspectral imaging (HSI), also
called imaging spectroscopy, refers to
the imaging of a scene over a large
number of discrete, contiguous spec-
tral bands, such that a complete
reflectance spectrum is obtained.
Most materials on the earth’s surface
(or above and below) contain charac-
teristic or diagnostic absorption fea-
tures. Hyperspectral imagers measure
these reflectance characteristics in
many different spectral bands, to de-
termine features not visible to the
human eye, or IR or radar sensors.
The result is often represented as
an image “cube”, with 100+ slices
layered like a piece of cake. Spectrum
coverage usually spans the visible
and infrared, with ultra-violet very
rarely included. 100 spectral bands is
the number commonly quoted to dis-
criminate hyper- from multispectral.
Multispectral sensors measure more
Page 143
wave of the future. Instead of simply
increasing resolution, analyzing and
comparing several different spectral
bands allows many new capabilities.
Detection of camouflaged targets is
possible, as is detection of buried ob-
jects (mines) and targets under fo-
liage. In the future, automatic target
recognition will be possible by
comparing several bands of data.
SYERS 2 upgrades may continue
at least for a couple more years, since,
along with ASARS-2, all SYERS 2
upgrade technology is transferrable to
Global Hawk. But we have abbrevi-
ated our forecast as it is now impossi-
ble to predict when the Air Force will
cut U-2 RDT&E funding for good. As
of FY07, funding for all U-2 C4ISR
programs will be awarded on a yearly
basis, with no pre-programmed
funding after FY06.
than dual-band E-O/IR (two spectral
bands). The U-2’s recently upgraded
multispectral SYERS (Senior Year
E le c tr o - o p tic Re c o n n a is s a n c e
System) measures 7 bands.
Flight Tests
In December 2005, SPIRITT was
first tested in a “tactical environ-
ment”, in Mojave, CA, carried aboard
a Proteus aircraft at altitudes up to
50,000 feet. SPIRITT integrated four
different sensors through one
aperture.
SPIRITT Program Schedule
The second SPIRITT Phase I ATD
demonstration flight test is planned
for 3QFY06. Phase 2 ATD develop-
ment is no longer scheduled, but was
earlier planned to run from 3QFY04
to FY07, with Phase 2 flight tests in
2007.
Page 144
Teal Group Analysis
The US Air Force’s SPIRITT
(Spectral IR Remote Imaging Transi-
tion Testbed) is still essentially a de-
v elo p men t s ystem, w ith BA E
Systems winning the Phase 1 ATD de-
velopment award in April 2001. The
Navy’s LASH (Littoral Airborne
Sensor/Hyperspectral) sensor, con-
tracted in 1999 for a 5-year develop-
ment program, preceded SPIRITT,
and has now essentially become a
BAE Systems program also, as BAE
acquired Science & Technology In-
ternational (STI), Honolulu, HI, the
LASH developer, in 2004.
SPIRITT was originally planned
for the U-2, but with BAE Systems’
development award in April 2001, the
initial planned platform shifted to
Global Hawk. With the U-2 now
scheduled for retirement from FY08
to FY13, we believe any unclassified
production program would only be
for Global Hawk. On the other hand,
the U-2 may already be carrying a
classified SPIRIT derivative….
Multispectral and hyperspectral
reconnaissance may well be the wave
of the future, but development has
been fairly slow over the past half-de-
cade. Perhaps we just expected too
much, too soon. Although there is not
yet a single hyperspectral system in
series production (at least not an un-
classified system), airborne and
spaceborne reconnaissance have al-
ready begun a fundamental shift from
concentrating solely on high spatial
resolution from a single sensor, to us-
ing different spectral data. This shift
is well underway with the use of
Navy BAMS E-O/IR Sensor
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: In Competition
Unit Cost: $2-3 million (speculative)
See BAMS program description in
Synthetic Aperture Radars (SARs)
chapter.
BAMS Mariner E-O/IR
In May 2007, FSI was integrating
a retractable E-O/IR sensor ball into
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
dual-band E-O/IR sensors and SAR
(Synthetic Aperture Radar). Kosovo,
Afghanistan, and Iraq re-emphasized
the need to detect camouflaged and
hidden threats and mines. These con-
flicts essentially strengthened the di-
rection of where research was already
headed. In 2000, the Joint Staff’s
“quick look” study on Operation Al-
lied Force recommended pursuing
f u ll s p e c tr u m r e c o n n a is s a n c e
capabilities.
Instead of simply increasing reso-
lution, analyzing and comparing mul-
tiple spectral bands gives many new
capabilities. Detection of camou-
flaged and stealthy targets is possible,
as is detection of buried and underwa-
ter objects (mines) and targets under
fo liag e (FO P EN /G PEN : Fo-
liage/Ground Penetration). Addition-
ally, in “blood hound mode”, specific
spectral signatures can be searched
for – such as a black pickup truck. In
the future, automatic target recogni-
tion will be made much easier by
comparing several bands of data.
Other HSI advantages include better
discrimination versus decoys and
flares (which are getting smarter). Fi-
nally, another potential benefit of
multi- and hyperspectral imaging is
target ranging. The spectral signature
in certain bands is strongly modified
by CO2 in the atmosphere, which is
present in essentially constant
amounts. The observed signature of
objects (e.g., an airplane) is modified
by the amount of CO 2 between
imager and target.
Lockheed Martin’s US Navy BAMS
competitor, the Mariner UAV (based
on General Atomics’ Predator B).
This is noteworthy, as so far Raytheon
has supplied nearly all E-O/IR pay-
loads for the lucrative Predator mar-
ket. If FSI breaks in, this would open
However, many hyperspectral
programs have now been put on a
back burner, at least regarding pro-
duction plans, and look likely to re-
main in basic development for several
more years. Instead of improved de-
tection, improved data distribution is
getting much of the increased funding
in airborne ISR today. Single and
dual-band electro-optical data collec-
tion has grown hugely as improved
digital sensors have become ubiqui-
tous, and datalinks and processing
have been a more urgent issue than
hyperspectral sensors.
Indeed, this has been the major
p r o b le m w ith a d v a n c in g
hyperspectral imagers – data process-
ing and transmission. There is a lack
of bandwidth to transmit 50-100
times the data as might be produced
by a standard E-O/IR sensor, and ade-
quate processing and software have
not been developed to discern real
threats from false alarms, which have
been rife in testing.
But we believe SPIRITT develop-
ment will continue, if perhaps under a
new program name (though we are
forecasting Phase 2 development,
perhaps as a classified program), and
funding should continue to increase
from current low levels, if not as
quickly as we forecast a couple of
years ago. Our forecast includes both
RDT&E and procurement funding,
but when this shift will occur is now a
few more years down the road. Until
development advances, our funding
forecast is highly speculative.
more competitions with Raytheon,
where FSI would be well-placed to
compete on price.
The Australian government is also
working with Lockheed Martin for
the pre-SDD phase. Mariner will also
have an Automatic Identification
©Teal Group Corporation
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
System (AIS) to identify ships at sea,
and 34 antennas for communications.
Mariner’s payload is 1,350 lbs. inter-
nally, with an extra 800 lbs. for future
upgrades, and a 4,000 external pay-
load. If Lockheed Martin is awarded
BAMS SDD, the first UAV would be
Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006 2007
BAMS E-O/IR Sensor (Undetermined)
USN (BAMS) — —
Coast Guard Deepwater Endurance UAV E-O/IR Sensor
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Not yet in Competition
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Overview
The US Coast Guard’s $25 billion,
2 0 - y e a r D e e p w a t e r p r o g r a m,
awarded to a team led by Lockheed
Martin and Northrop Grumman (and
many other suppliers), is to include
procurement of 76 UAVs, including
Global Hawks (perhaps leased) or
other endurance UAVs, and 60-70
Bell Eagle Eye Vertical takeoff and
landing UAVs (VUAVs).
Predator AN/AAS-52(V) MTS-A/B (Multi-Spectral Targeting System)
Status: In Production
Manufacturer: Raytheon Systems, McKinney, TX
Unit Cost: $1 million (Predator A/MTS-A); $1.8 million (Predator B/MTS-B)
Overview
The RQ-1A Predator is the US Air
Force’s first medium endurance
( M A L E ) U AV. T h e P r e d a t o r
stemmed from the earlier Tier 1 and
Tier 2 Medium Endurance Unmanned
Aerial Vehicle (MAE-UAV, previ-
ously called UAV-E and Tactical En-
durance UAV). The Tier 1 was
developed primarily under CIA fund-
ing, and was operationally deployed
for surveillance missions over the for-
mer Yugoslavia in 1993-94. It uses
the General Atomics Gnat 750 air ve-
hicle. The upgraded version, the Gnat
750-TE Predator, won the DoD’s Tier
2 competition with a development
award in January 1994, and in 1997
was redesignated as the RQ-1A. The
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
delivered to the Navy in 2013,
followed by IOC in 2014.
Other BAMS E-O/IR Sensor Of-
ferings
Northrop Grumman’s Global
Hawk competitor will carry the
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
— — — — 2 2
A significant Deepwater road-
block until 2003 was the lack of FAA
certification for the operation of
Global Hawk over the US, but this
was achieved in 2003. Nevertheless,
Global Hawk acquisition probably
won’t occur until 2016 at the earliest.
In the interim, the USCG has spoken
of paying for data from UAVs oper-
ated from two land bases. These may
Predator was first deployed over
Bosnia in the summer of 1995. The
US Air Force assumed operational
control of the Predator in September
1996.
The armed forces reached final
agreement on the system’s joint oper-
ational requirements document in the
summer of 1997, and Predator be-
came the first ACTD program to be
approved for procurement in August
1997. The first series production con-
tract for two ground control stations
and 8 air vehicles was awarded to
General Atomics in August 1997.
Early p roductio n air vehicles
mounted WESCAM’s Model 14
Skyball FLIR, but this has long since
been supplanted by Raytheon sen-
Page 145
Northrop Grumman Night Hunter II
E-O/IR system, as well as the Auto-
matic Identification System (AIS).
Boeing’s BAMS 550 unmanned
business jet proposal will carry a
Raytheon E-O/IR system.
2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
4 4 3 15
be DoD operated facilities. The even-
tual requirement will probably total
about four-eight air vehicles.
Deepwater Global Hawk sensors
could be slightly cheaper than equiva-
lent size military sensors, because tar-
geting may not be as crucial. On the
other hand, the Navy’s BAMS sensor
would make an obvious choice for
Deepwater.
sors. The US Air Force had a require-
ment for 12 systems and 101 air vehi-
cles, but this is being increased to
accommodate improved types such as
the MQ-9A.
Armed Predator: MTS-A
When armed with Hellfire missiles
for the hunter-killer role, the RQ-1A
is designated as the MQ-1B. The
armed Predator first mounted
Raytheon’s AN/AAS-44(V) FLIR
with laser designator, but since De-
cember 2001 all new Predators have
received Raytheon’s upgraded
AN/AAQ-52(V) Multispectral Tar-
geting System (MTS-A), an un-
d e r- n o s e - mo u n te d s e n s o r b a ll
Page 146
incorporating a laser designator and
color E-O and IR cameras.
MTS full-rate production unit cost
is hoped for at about $1.5 million, but
early units have cost $2.2 million. The
MTS and associated improvements
have raised Predator air vehicle cost
from $2.5 to $4.5 million.
Predator B: MTS-B
A new turboprop-powered version
of the Predator was announced in
2000, the Predator B, which was first
acquired by NASA for research pur-
poses. Three Predator Bs were funded
in FY02 (with none in FY03) for test-
ing and evaluation.
In May 2004, the Air Force
awarded a 36 month Predator B SDD
contract to General Atomics-Aero-
nautical Systems (GA-ASI), which
will lead to IOT&E in the second half
of 2007 and a full-rate production de-
cision at the beginning of 2008.
Predator B is four times larger than
the MQ-1A, and is essentially a new
aircraft. In its hunter-killer version for
the Air Force, carrying at least two
Hellfire missiles and providing
self-targ etin g w ith th e
AN/AAS-52(V) MTS-B, it is desig-
nated as the MQ-9A Predator B. The
Air Force is planning to acquire the
MQ-9A alongside the MQ-1A
Predator.
T h e P r e d a to r ’s u p g r a d e d
AAS-52(V) MTS-B sensor adds a 56
cm diameter folded optics telescope,
viewing through a mammoth 56 cm
aperture, to allow surveillance from
the 48,000 maximum altitude of the
Predator B.
Another new MTS-B sensor to be
tested on the Predator B is Foglite, a
short-wave IR LIDAR claimed to be
capable of penetrating moderate
cloud cover, smoke, dust, foliage and
camouflage. It will be mounted in the
MTS-B laser designator bay, and will
be used to identify and designate tar-
gets. General Atomics is apparently
managing Foglite’s development.
General Atomics’ AN/APY-8
Lynx Radar is also being integrated
on Predator B, although a competition
for the production radar is expected.
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
The radar and MTS-B are both
carried by the Predator B simulta-
neously, in addition to the 1,730 kg
external weapons payload on three
stores stations under each wing.
MTS-B Production Contracts
In early 2004, the Naval Surface
Warfa r e Cent er Cr ane D i v.
(NSWC-CD), Crane, IN, awarded
Raytheon Systems a $17.4 million
(FFP) job order under an earlier con-
tract, to finance the production of
eight MTS-B systems for the Predator
B. The work is to be conducted in
McKinney, TX, and is to be com-
pleted by December 2005. Contract
funding is expected to come from the
Navy Other Procurement (OPN) ac-
count (N00164-00-G-0007).
In September 2004, NSWC-CD
awarded Raytheon Systems a $11.6
million contract in preparation for
MTS-B production. Work is to be
conducted in McKinney, TX and is to
be completed by June 2006.
MTS-A Retrofit for all Preda-
tors
In mid-2004, the ASC awarded
General Atomics a two-year contract
to retrofit all 79 extant Predators to
the MQ-1L Block 10+ configuration.
This will give all air vehicles the abil-
ity to designate targets for Hellfire
missiles with new MTS-A sensors, as
well as several other upgrades, in-
cluding a higher-performance Rotax
914 UL engine allowing a maximum
altitude of 26,000 feet.
In July 2004, NSWC-CD awarded
Raytheon Systems a $26.6 million
firm-fixed-price (FFP) purchase or-
der under an earlier BOA, to finance
tasks for MTS, including 17 turret
units and associated line items sup-
porting the Predator and Navy H-60
series programs. The work is to be
performed in McKinney, TX, and is to
be completed by June 2006. Contract
funding will come from Navy Air-
craft Procurement (APN) account
(N00164-00-G-0007).
MTS-A Tested for BAMS
In April 2004, Raytheon tested the
MTS-A, mounted along with the
SeaVue SAR, on the General Atomics
Mariner UAV. Mariner is derived
from the turboprop Predator B, and is
being offered for the US Navy Broad
Area Maritime Surveillance (BAMS)
program. See Global Hawk above for
full BAMS program description.
Other International Predator
Requests
Pakistan approached the US in
2002 about acquiring Predator for
border surveillance.
In early 2004, British officials be-
gan discussions with the US about
borrowing or leasing Predators for
use by British units in Iraq. Greece is
also interested in Predator
Italy Buys WESCAM for Preda-
tors
Italy reportedly bought at least
three W ESCAM three-camera
E-O/IR sensors for its Predator
UAVs. It also bought L-3 Ku-band
satellite datalinks in 2005.
Italian Predator Upgrades
In 2006, the Italian MoD report-
edly upgraded its six Predator UAVs
with two Lynx II SARs. It also up-
graded the E-O/IR systems, to replace
L-3 WESCAM Model 14 Skyballs
(presumably with Raytheon MTS
systems).
MTS-A/MTS-B Contracts
In February 2007, the ASC
awarded Raytheon a $70.4 FFP con-
tract to finance the production of 60
MTS-AS systems for the MQ-1 Pred-
ator and five MTS-B systems for the
MQ-9 Reaper. The work is being con-
ducted in McKinney, TX, and is to be
completed in August 2008. Contract
funding will come from APF account
(FA8620-06-G-4041/0002).
In September 2007, the ASC is-
sued Raytheon an $86.1 million FFP
contract against the ongoing FY06
BOA to finance the production of 27
MTS-A, 19 MTS-B, 54 MTS-A retro-
fits, three MTS-B pre-production
©Teal Group Corporation
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors Page 147

retrofits, and associated shop replace- Canadian MALE Requirement SAR/GMTI and a weapon delivery
able unit (SRU) spares, all for the In August 2007, Canada an- capability.
Predator/Reaper UAV. The work is nounced an interim requirement for a JAIC will essentially be an
being performed in McKinney, TX. Joint Airborne ISR Capability off-the-shelf procurement, to be fol-
Contract funding is coming from APF (JAIC), which would procure an un- lowed by a longer-term UAV program
account (FA8620-06-G-4041/Order determined number of MALE UAVs with IOC in 2013-2016, the Joint Un-
0004). to serve on deployments in Afghani- manned Surveillance and Target Ac-
stan and elsewhere. The RFP is to be quisition System (JUSTAS). The
MTS Improvements released in early 2008, with IOC Predator-B with the MTS-B, ASIP
In mid-2007, the Block 15 Preda- planned for June 2009. variant, and Lynx SAR are the most
tor was receiving an improved MTS Mandatory JAIC sensor require- obvious systems, though IAI will also
sensor, reportedly with a “dual-nose ments are a color E-O/IR/low light reportedly offer a Heron/Heron TP
camera”. Another upgrade was add- level system, a laser target designator, system.
ing the ability to automatically gener- and a SIGINT package. Additional
ate target coordinates for GPS-guided “rated” requirements are for a
bombs.
Teal Group Analysis
The armed MQ-1A Predator has Raytheon. Production of both of these Hawk. MTS-B provides a very large
been a great success, and production systems has already expanded to in- aperture, long-range, high-altitude
of the MTS-A is in full swing. Despite ternational Predators. The MTS-B es- sensor, potentially integrated with a
the four-times larger MQ-9A Preda- pecially seems to be a relative price synthetic aperture radar (SAR), for a
tor B not yet being fully tested, sev- bargain compared to Raytheon’s low off-the-shelf cost.
eral MTS-B production contracts more custom-designed Integrated
have already been awarded to Sensor Suite (ISS) for the Global
Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
AN/AAS-52(V) MTS-A
USAF (Predator) 106 24 24 24 24 41 26 27 20 20 20 356
USAF (Predator Retrofit) 48 — — — — — — — — — — 48
Italy (Predator Retrofit) 6 — — — — — — — — — — 6
Undetermined (Undetermined) 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 38
Total (MTS-A) 164 26 28 28 28 45 30 31 24 22 22 448
AN/AAS-52(V) MTS-B
USAF (Predator B) 12 2 3 2 9 11 9 10 7 8 8 81
Undetermined (Undetermined) — 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 32
Total (MTS-B) 12 4 7 6 11 15 13 14 9 12 10 113

Predator RAPTOR
Status: Not in Competition
Manufacturer: Goodrich, Chelmsford, MA
Unit Cost: $6-8 Million

Overview
From November 2004 to February
2005, the RAF tested a RAPTOR pod
on a Predator B UAV prototype, un-
der the Falcon Prowl Joint UAV Ex-
perimentation Program (JUEP).
RAPTOR is based on the Good-
r ic h ( w a s BF G o o d r ich , w a s
Raytheon Optical Systems, was
Hughes, was Itek Optical Systems),
Chelmsford, MA, DB-110 dual-band
(E-O/IR) long-range oblique photog-
raphy (LOROP) system, equipped
with a real-time in-flight data link. It
was developed as a podded system for
the UK Tornado RAPTOR require-
ment, but has also sold for Japanese
P-3C Orion maritime patrol aircraft.
In June 2004, Poland contracted for 7
pods for their 48 new Block 52 F-16s,
opening a much larger potential inter-
national market. Greece reportedly
provided another order in September
2006. We see moderate future sales.

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 148
[Predator] Imaging Laser Radar Development Contract
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Lockheed Martin, Grand Prairie, TX
Unit Cost: Undetermined
In May 2006, the AFRL issued
Lockheed Martin in Grand Prairie,
TX, a $7.8 million CPFF modifica-
tion to a FY01 CPFF contract to fund
tasks for the Predator Imaging Laser
Radar program, which demonstrates a
3-dimensional imaging laser radar
Army RQ-1C Warrior ER/MP E-O/IR Sensor
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: In Competition
Unit Cost: $0.8-1.2 million (L-3 WESCAM sensor for I-GNAT); $1 million (production sensor) (speculative)
Overview
The Army has plans for a new
UAV to replace the Hunter, called the
ER/MP (Extended Range/Multi-Pur-
pose) UAV. Acknowledging the
Shadow’s limited payload capacity,
the bigger ER/MP (also bigger than
the Hunter, and with a 200 km range
and requirements for a much longer
endurance) will allow a greater diver-
sity of sensors. ER/MP will serve for
attack, reconnaissance and communi-
cations relay, and will carry a variety
of missiles including Hellfire,
Stinger, Viper Strike, the Joint Com-
mon Missile and the Advanced
Precision Kill Weapons System.
SDD contracts for the SAR and
E-O/IR payloads were originally ex-
pected late in FY03, but this was de-
layed. Significant funding in the
Army’s Advanced Payload Develop-
ment and Support project also cov-
e r e d d e v e lo p me n t o f a las e r
d e s ig n a to r, 3 - D ma p p in g , a
hyperspectral sensor, and a LIDAR
(light detection and ranging) payload
to generate high-resolution elevation
data for detailed mapping. As many
as four LIDAR payloads may also be
downsized for the Hunter UAV.
In 2005, the General Atomics
Warrior Predator derivative won the
ER/MP competition. The Army plans
to acquire 7 or more systems, each
with 12 air vehicles.
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
sensor suitable for installation on a
UAV such as Predator. The project is
responsible for demonstrating that
such a sensor can be produced in size
and weight that is compatible with a
UAV while maintaining sensor per-
formance that meets mission require-
I-Gnat Test Vehicles Ordered
In May 2003, the US Army
awarded a contract for three General
Atomics I-Gnat UAVs, based on the
Predator, to help define its UAV re-
quirements. These I-Gnats are basi-
cally the same as the Predator except
they lack the satellite datalink (pro-
duction ER/MPs will have a satellite
datalink). The Army bought L-3
WESCAM E-O turrets and General
Atomics Lynx SAR radars as test
sensors.
At least one of the I-Gnats was de-
ployed to Iraq in 2004 to help define
Army requirements, and I-Gnat has
been operating since then.
Program Accelerated
Following cancellation of the
RAH-66 Comanche helicopter in
early 2004, the Army decided to ac-
celerate development of the ER/MP
by two years, and arm the UAV as
well. Each ER/MP system will com-
prise 12-18 air vehicles and five
ground stations. ER/MP funding in
the DoD budget is planned at $1.0 bil-
lion from FY04-FY09.
The ER/MP RFP was expected in
August 2004, but was delayed while
the Army considered whether the
ER/MP would duplicate one of the
four different Future Combat System
(FCS) UAVs (the FCS Class IV
UAV). But by September they de-
cided the ER/MP would offer unique
ments. The work is to be conducted in
Grand Prairie, TX, and is to be com-
pleted by May 2009. Contract fund-
ing will come from the Air Force
Aerospace Sensors program (PE#
0 6 0 2 2 0 4 F )
(F33615-01-C-1419/PO10).
abilities, including its use of the Tacti-
cal Common Data Link (TCDL),
rather than the FCS’s Network Data
Link (NDL).
Flight Demonstration
Down-select
In late December 2004, the Army
chose Northrop Grumman and Gen-
eral Atomics for the ER/MP six-week
System Capability flight demonstra-
tion. Boeing’s ER/MP entry was elim-
in ated . F o llo w in g th e f lig h t
demonstration, the Army will choose
one team for SDD in April 2005.
General Atomics (“Team War-
rior”) is offering a version of the Pred-
ator with a Heavy Fuel Engine (HFE),
and is teamed with AAI Corp.
(Shadow TUAV) and Sparta. The
HFE reportedly enables a maximum
flight altitude above 25,000 feet with
increased horsepower and fuel effi-
ciency, and also reduces maintenance
costs and increases service life.
Northrop Grumman’s Integrated
Systems Sector is offering an armed
version of Israel Aircraft Industries’
Heron UAV, slightly larger than the
RQ-1A Predator, dubbed Hunter II
(Hunter itself is an Israeli design).
Northrop Grumman has referred to
the Hunter II as a “plused-up Heron in
terms of capabilities”. Hunter II will
reportedly include the avionics and
outer mold line of the Heron, but keep
the shape and tooling of the Hunter
©Teal Group Corporation
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors Page 149

series. Northrop Grumman and IAI
are also teamed with Aurora Flight
Sciences (Manassas, VA).
ER/MP E-O/IR/LD Solicitation
In January 2005 (following an ear-
lier solicitation in July 2004), Army
CECOM announced that it intends to
issue a request for proposals for the
System Development and Demon-
stration (SDD) of a multi-mission
E-O/IR/Laser Designator payload for
th e U S A r my’s Ex te n d e d
Range/Multi-Purpose (ER/MP) UAV.
This will be a best value, full and open
competitive procurement based on
banded operational requirements.
The contract will be for the SDD
Phase and contain one range quantity
production option. The contract will
contain a mix of Firm-Fixed-Price
(FFP) and Cost-Plus-Fixed—Fee
(CPFF) line items for SDD with the
LRIP option being FFP. The acquisi-
tion will be a 24 month effort for de-
livery of 10 SDD units and their
associated supportability to include:
logistics, qualifications testing and
training.
The payload will be integrated and
flight-tested in a contractor furnished
test-bed aircraft prior to integration
into the Army UAV system. At the
completion of an Operational Assess-
ment and successful Milestone C de-
cision, the variable quantity option
for up to 10 units maybe exercised.
The offerors will be required to estab-
lish Associated Contractor Agree-
ments with the Army’s ER/MP
vendor.
The ER/MP E-O/IR/LD payload
will be one of three initial payloads,
the other two being a Synthetic Aper-
ture Radar/Ground Moving Target In-
dicator (SAR/GMTI) payload and a
War f i g h t e r I n f o r ma t i o n N e t-
work-Tactical (WIN-T) communica-
tions payload (WCP). Further
information regarding the ER/MP
system is available in the ER/MP sys-
tem technical requirements docu-
ment. SOL is W15P7T-05-R-S610,
due February 2005. POP is US Army
Communications-Electronics Com-
mand, CECOM Acquisition Center -
DAAB07, ATTN: AMSEL-AC,
Building 1208, Fort Monmouth, NJ.
Sensor Status
In mid-2007, the ER/MP UAV was
being developed with three inter-
changeable threshold payloads (Mis-
sion Equipment Packages (MEP)),
including an E-O/IR sensor with laser
rangefinder/designator, a synthetic
aperture radar with moving target in-
dication (SAR/MTI), and a heavy
communications relay payload. The
ER/MP will simultaneously carry and
control two different MEPs.
In mid-2007, the Army was devel-
oping its own E-O/IR system for War-
rior, though the Raytheon MTS could
be bought if development delays
occur.

Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
RQ-1C Warrior ER/MP E-O/IR Sensor (Undetermined)
US Army (Warrior ER/MP) — — — 12 12 36 24 12 12 12 10 130

US Civil Endurance UAV E-O/IR Sensors

Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Not yet in Competition
Unit Cost: Undetermined

Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
US Civil Endurance UAV E-O/IR Sensor (Undetermined)
US Civil (Large UAV) n/a 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 35

SensorCraft ISR UAV E-O/IR Sensors

Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Not yet in Competition
Unit Cost: Undetermined

See SensorCraft program descrip-

tion in Synthetic Aperture Radars
(SARs) chapter.

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 150
Penetrating High Altitude Endurance (PHARE) UAV E-O/IR Sensors
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Not yet in Competition
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Lockheed Martin’s Skunk Works
is reportedly developing a high-alti-
tude, stealthy, but relatively conven-
tional UAV for the US Air Force
under a secret program, intended to
replace some of the penetrating re-
connaissance capability to be lost
UCAV E-O/IR Sensors
US Air Force/Navy UCAV E-O/IR Sensors
Status: Cancelled
Manufacturer: Undetermined
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Air Force UCAV
In the mid-1990s, the US armed
forces began to examine the concept
of unmanned combat air vehicles.
Unlike current UAVs that are in-
tended primarily for reconnaissance
missions, Unmanned Combat Air Ve-
hicles (UCAVs) are combat UAVs
that can be employed on strike mis-
sions. In March 1999, Boeing’s Phan-
tom Works was selected to proceed
with the demonstration phase of the
USAF/DARPA UCAV program.
USAF initial operational evaluation
of the first production version was
initially expected in 2007-2008.
Boeing’s X-45A UCAV weighs
19,000 lbs., with a 3,000 lb. payload
(sensors and weapons) and a range of
650 nm. Planned UCAV sensors orig-
inally included a primary SAR,
Link-16, and electronic surveillance.
Raytheon was awarded a contract for
SAR/ELINT development for the
X-45B in early 2002. Weapons were
to include the Small Diameter Bomb
(SDB) and JDAM (the X-45A can
carry two 7,000 lb. JDAMS).
The Boeing X-45A demonstrator
was delivered in September 2000 and
made its first flight in May 2002: 14
minutes, no problems, climbing to
7,500 ft. The second flight occurred
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
when the U-2 retires, and funded in
part with planned J-UCAS funding.
Lest we forget, Global Hawk would
be a sitting duck if we ever fight a na-
tion “our own size”, technologically
or militarily. Global Hawk is most ef-
fective for achieving total informa-
in June, for 32 minutes at speeds up to
195 knots.
A larger X-45B, which was to be
very similar to the initial operational
capability Block 10 UCAV, was
planned for its first flight in 2005. The
even larger X-45C was to have a
4,500 lb. payload.
Navy UCAV-N
The Navy referred to its concept as
the UCAV-N. The Navy awarded $2
million study contracts to Boeing and
Northrop Grumman in 2000, with
their designs designated the X-46A
and X-47A Pegasus respectively. Fur-
ther Phase IIA $10 Million contracts
were awarded to each in May 2002.
UCAV-N was similar in concept to
the Air Force’s UCAV, but was more
surveillance-oriented. This raised
questions about the necessity for a
“combat” UCAV. A carrier-based
UAV, if ever developed, could possi-
bly take over the UCAV-N mission. It
seems the Navy was tagging along
with the (Air Force/Army) crowd,
without a definite operational
requirement.
Northrop Grumman’s UCAV-N
completed its first taxi test in July
2002. The first flight was originally
scheduled for late 2001, but was de-
tion dominance against developing
nations unable to fight back with
modern weapons.
PHARE sensors would likely up-
date U-2 capabilities, including
E-O//IR, SAR, and SIGINT.
layed d u e to u p g r a d e s f o r a
dual-redundant avionics system.
J-UCAS Joint Program
In 2003, the Navy’s UCAV-N and
the Air Force’s UCAV programs
merged into the J-UCAS (Joint Un-
manned Combat Air System),
planned as a Joint Strike Fighter-like
competition between Boeing and a
team of Lockheed Martin and
Northrop Grumman.
The US Air Force had envisioned
one of the first missions of the Block
10 A-45 UCAV as a lethal Suppres-
sion of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD)
platform, but in 2003 planned a po-
tential non-lethal electronic attack
role instead (lethal SEAD is already
carried out by the F-16CJ). The Block
20/30 A-45 could be developed for a
“pre-emptive” or “reactive” SEAD
role, or carry out “full electronic at-
tack” missions, which would include
information warfare (computer and
network attack) missions as well as
tactical jamming. Some even see a di-
rected energy (microwave) attack
capability.
J-UCAS Plans
In May 2003, DARPA instructed
Boeing and Northrop Grumman to
develop new UCAV designs capable
©Teal Group Corporation
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
of a range of 1,300 nautical miles and
a payload of 4,500 pounds with low
observable airframes. The Spiral 0 ef-
fort will include 2 X-45As and 1
X-47A. Spiral 1 will involve the
larger X-45C and X-47 demonstra-
tors, and include demonstrations of
low-cost low observability features,
catapult launches for the naval vari-
ants, arrested landings and other dem-
onstrations of system capabilities.
This effort will be followed by a
two year operational assessment
scheduled to begin in 2007. The de-
velopment program is expected to last
seven years with operational deploy-
ment of the Air Force A-45 around
2010 and the Navy system around
2015.
EA Becomes First Priority
In April 2004, Pentagon officials
chose to prioritize electronics devel-
opment for J-UCAS, choosing elec-
tronic attack, sidelining Navy
priorities for ISR.
J-UCAS Revolutionary Tech-
nologies Solicitation
In June 2004, the Joint Unmanned
Combat Air Systems (J-UCAS) Of-
fice at DARPA, Arlington, VA, an-
nounced it is soliciting ideas that will
help achieve its objectives to develop
and demonstrate unmanned air com-
bat capabilities for high-threat com-
bat missions and environments,
including the Suppression of Enemy
Air Defenses (SEAD), surveil-
lance/reconnaissance, precision
strike and other related missions, be-
ing conducted within the emerging
global command and control archi-
tecture. Such ideas can range from
modest hardware and or software
c o mp o n e n t p r o j e c ts to ma j o r
subsystems developments.
Enabling system level technology
areas of interest encompass advanced
sensors; digital wireless communica-
tions, including networks; informa-
tion processing and integration;
intelligent algorithms and related
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
software for mission management,
data fusion, image registration, tar-
geting and other system level func-
tions; digital avionics; and other areas
that can improve or enhance system
capabilities. Unmanned air vehicle
platform technologies, including
those that impact vehicle manage-
ment, survivability, and platform per-
formance, including enhanced
propulsion, also fall within the scope
of this solicitation.
Additional ideas of specific inter-
est to the J-UCAS Office for near
term application include automated
air refueling; avionics performance
and reliability enhancement technol-
ogies (eg., spray cooling); advanced
flight stability and control; and other
technologies to reduce weight and
cost. Proposals should fall within the
general scope of the topics described
herein and extend the state of the art in
order to be considered acceptable.
The J-UCAS Office’s goal for this
Broad Agency Announcement
(BAA) is to solicit revolutionary re-
search and development that will sup-
port its Office mission. Such efforts
may involve high technical risks,
which if enabled would provide com-
mensurate high payoffs. Offerors
should initially be prepared to support
the technical feasibility of their con-
cept or idea, and then be prepared to
demonstrate and discuss successive
phases leading toward technology de-
velopment and integration with
J-UCAS system elements. SOL is
BA A 0 4 - 2 4 , P O C is Ma r k
Bennington, Contracting Officer, tel:
(703) 696-2411, fax: (703) 696-2208,
email: mbennington@darpa.mil.
J-UCAS Development Con-
tracts to Northrop and Boeing
In August 2004, DARPA obligated
$30 million to Northrop Grumman as
an increment to a $1 billion other
transaction to design and develop
three X-47B air vehicles, three mis-
sion control systems and a common
operating system, and to conduct op-
Page 151
erational experimentation and assess-
ment. The work is being conducted in
San Diego, CA (70%); Palmdale, CA
(10%); East Hartford, CT (3%); and
in Costa Mesa, CA; Clearwater, FL;
Irvine, CA; Cedar Rapids, IA; Grand
Rapids, MI; Buffalo, NY; St. Louis,
MO; Rockford, IL; Burnsville, MN;
and Torrance, CA (each location less
than 1%), and is to be completed in
September 2009. Contract funding is
coming from the DARPA Advanced
Aerospace Systems program (PE#
0603285E) (HR0011-04-9-0009).
In October 2004, DARPA awarded
Boeing Integrated Defense Systems
in St. Louis, MO a $766.7 million
modification to a FY99 other transac-
tion to fund the design, development,
and fabrication of three full-scale
X-45C J-UCAS air vehicles and two
mission control elements. In addition,
the contractor is to integrate them
with the J-UCAS Common Operating
System to meet Air Force and Navy
mission capability objectives, and
conduct an operational experiment
and assessment. The work is to be
performed in St. Louis, MO (80%); El
Segundo, CA (4%); Cincinnati, OH
(2%); Goleta, CA (2%); Lynn, MA
(2%); and in multiple other locations
(one percent or less at each), and be
completed in March 2010. Contract
financing will come from the DARPA
Advanced Aerospace Systems
program (PE# 0603285E)
(MDA972-99-9-0003).
J-UCAS Cancelled
In December 2005, the DoD or-
dered the J-UCAS program split in
two with the Air Force shifting its at-
tention to a classified program, and
the Navy responsible for the remnants
of the UCAV program. The Air Force
is likely to examine a strategic stealth
strike platform under its New Genera-
tion Long Range Strike (NGLRS)
program. The Navy effort is aimed at
fielding the carrier-borne strike
N-UCAS in FY18.
Page 152
Teal Group Analysis
With the arming underway of
many UAVs in US service, from tacti-
cal to endurance, the UCAV funding
line will provide for research and de-
velopment of E-O/IR sensors which
US Navy UCAS-D E-O/IR Sensors
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Not yet in Competition
Unit Cost: $2-4 million (in full rate production)
E-O/IR in Weapons Bay
Planned
I n A u g u s t 2 0 0 7 , N o r th r o p
Grumman’s UCAS-D reportedly was
to include E-O/IR imaging sensors in
its weapons bay, to provide the ability
to accommodate alternative sensors.
This system could be heavily based
on the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter
E-O/IR system, Lockheed Martin’s
Electro-Optical Targeting System
(EOTS), which is also an internal
ventral mount.
The F-35 E-OTS has a single aper-
ture between the radome and front
wheel well. The sensor aperture win-
dow blends into the airframe, allow-
ing full-time operation. EOTS is used
for ground surveillance and targeting,
and also extends the range of
Northrop Grumman’s Distributed
Aperture System (DAS) for situa-
tional awareness and missile warning
in the lower hemisphere (DAS might
not be necessary on an “expendable”
UCAV). As of early 2002, EOTS
shared 65% identical hardware with
Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006 2007
US Navy UCAS-D E-O/IR Sensor (Undetermined)
US Navy (UCAS-D) — — — —
Tactical UAV E-O/IR Sensors
US Navy MQ-8B Fire Scout BRITE Star II
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: FLIR Systems, Inc.
Unit Cost: $650,000
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
can be applied to nearly every US
UAV. Thus, of all the funds that may
be cut for UCAVs, platform develop-
ment may suffer, but we believe sen-
Lockheed Martin’s Sniper pod; the
other 35% involves different software
and repackaged Sniper submodules to
be carried in the JSF nose.
EOTS Development Contract
In December 2001, Lockheed
Martin won a $171 million subcon-
tract from BAE Systems for EOTS
development, which includes work
until nearly 2010. It also includes pro-
duction options for the first 22 JSF
aircraft. EOTS will be flown in an
F-35 nose section around 2005.
JSF E-O for Other Stealthy
Platforms
In February 2005, Lockheed Mar-
tin discussed the possibility of devel-
oping the JSF E-O/IR system for
other stealthy platforms, such as the
B-2 bomber and F-117 Stealth
Fighter. Oddly, Don Bolling, business
development manager for JSF EOTS,
said he did not see a high probability
of installing EOTS on the F-22A Rap-
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
— 2 — —
sor and C4I funding will remain fairly
strong.
tor, claiming it would entail “a major
modification”.
Lockheed Martin proposed adding
EOTS to the B-2 as part of its current
AN/APQ-181 radar upgrade. The Air
Force’s non-stealthy B-52H and
B-1B bombers are currently being fit-
ted with Litening and Sniper pods, so
a stealthy EOTS fitment for the
stealthy B-2 seems a natural choice.
EOTS Testing
In February 2005, BAE Systems
Avionics, Crewe Toll, Edinburgh, de-
livered the first laser system to be in-
tegrated into EOTS, for rangefinding
and target designation.
In August 2005, Lockheed Martin
completed building the first three
EOTS systems; a total of ten units will
be built for testing. Flight tests were
to begin aboard Northrop Grumman’s
Combined Avionics Test Bed aircraft
in June 2006, with the first flight
aboard a JSF in 2008.
The first EOTS production con-
tract is expected in 2007.
2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
— 4 5 11
©Teal Group Corporation
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
VTUAV Development
The US Navy has sponsored sev-
eral technology demonstration efforts
to develop a UAV better suited to
shipboard launch and recovery than
conventional UAVs. In the summer of
1997, the Navy began the process of
developing an operational require-
ments document (ORD) for a Vertical
Takeoff and landing Tactical UAV
(VTUAV).
The Navy initiated a VTOL UAV
program in its FY00 budget, and the
FY01 budget showed $325 million to
be spent by FY05. In February 2000,
the Navy selected the Northrop
Grumman Fire Scout, based on the
Schweizer Aircraft Model 379 light
helicopter. The requirement was ini-
tially for 23 systems (12 Navy, 11 Ma-
rine) with four air vehicles each, with
options for up to 56 systems with a to-
tal program cost of $1.3 billion.
Development Payload
Initial sensor package plans in-
cluded an IAI-Tamam stabilized sen-
s o r b a l l b a s e d o n t h e MO S P
Multi-mission Optronic Stabilized
Payload, with an E-O/IR sensor and
laser rangefinder/designator. Fire
Scout payload capacity is 200 lbs.
VTUAV Cancelled
But in late 2001, the Navy an-
nounced plans to cancel the Fire
Scout program, and to buy four
Global Hawk UAVs instead. Only
three Fire Scout systems were to be
acquired from the original contact,
and presumably be used for trials
purposes.
One of the primary reasons for the
death of the Fire Scout was its rela-
tively short endurance and corre-
sponding lack of persistence. Navy
Vice Admiral Dennis McGinn, Navy
requirements chief explained in De-
cember 2001: “My sense is that the
payload is a bit too small, the range
and endurance are too limited, and be-
cause of its [slow] speed at low alti-
tudes, it is vulnerable to a much wider
variety of ground-based defenses
than most UAVs.” The Fire Scout’s
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
rotor also produces a large radar re-
flection, part of its vulnerability.
Fire Scout Reborn for LCS
In August 2002, the DoD formally
appealed the House authorizors’ pro-
posal to cut FY03 VTUAV funding,
and Navy funding continued for test-
ing of existing Fire Scout air vehicles.
Also in August 2002, the Navy asked
companies submitting proposals for
high-speed littoral warships to plan
around the VTUAV as a key mission
system.
Proving that persistence can pay
off, Fire Scout is again a funded Navy
program, with one RQ-8 system now
planned for each Littoral Combat
Ship (LCS). Fire Scout was tested in
April 2003 aboard a surrogate Littoral
Combat Ship (USS Denver) to exam-
ine its suitability for this future
requirement.
The Navy planned to procure 8
RQ-8B Fire Scouts using FY04 fund-
ing, to serve as the basis for trials.
This LRIP II batch is scheduled for a
contract award in 2QFY04, with de-
livery from 4QFY05-3QFY07. Un-
der current plans, the Navy will
conduct a critical design review of
Fire Scout in 1QFY05. The aim is to
provide early operational capability
on an initial LCS ship by 1QFY07 and
initial operational capability by
1QFY08 using the LRIP II aircraft.
Assuming the program proceeds ac-
cording to plan, full rate production
would take place starting in 1QFY08.
The Navy is also considering a
hunter-killer version as the MQ-8
Seascout.
FLIR Systems Inc. to Provide
Three Sensors
In November 2004, Northrop
Grumman awarded FLIR Systems,
Inc. an FFP contract for three BRITE
Star E-O/IR/LD sensors for Navy Lit-
toral Combat Ship SDD Fire Scouts.
Deliveries are to begin in 2005.
Presumably, these systems will be
tested by the Navy and compared with
Fire Scout’s earlier IAI-Tamam
MOSP sensors. Teal Group did not
expect Northrop Grumman or the
Page 153
Navy to stick with an all-Israeli sen-
sor, but Northrop and Tamam are now
co-developing a MOSP follow-on,
the Raven Eye II. FLIR Systems has
not won a production contract yet,
and we are sure Northrop Grumman
will try their hardest to prevent it. We
suspect Raven Eye II will be pro-
duced at least for the Navy LCS Fire
Scouts.
On the other hand, FLIR Systems
has a reputation for providing inex-
pensive, capable systems for small in-
ternational procurements, and this
could help Fire Scout’s prospects in
the wide open international naval
UAV market.
Test Payloads: BRITE Star
The Fire Scout system is designed
to accommodate modular payloads to
suit evolving operational require-
ments. The RQ-8A air vehicle has
been fitted with a UAV Multi-mission
O p tro n ic Stab ilized Paylo ad
(UMOSP) developed by Israel Air-
craft Industries’ Tamam Division
with electro-optical sensors including
i n f r a r e d imag e r an d a la s e r
rangefinder/designator.
The MQ-8B for the System Devel-
opment and Demonstration (SDD)
phase for the US Navy Littoral Com-
bat Ship (LCS), the payload will in-
clude FLIR Systems BRITE Star
thermal imaging laser designator sys-
tem. BRITE Star includes 3-5 micron
indium antimonide focal plane array
thermal imager, a high-resolution
C C D - T V c a me r a an d a la s e r
designator/rangefinder.
USMC
The Navy has been trying to en-
courage the US Marine Corps to ac-
quire Fire Scout as a replacement for
the Pioneer, but under current plans
the Marines envision starting their
own program in FY06 for a new
tactical UAV.
German Navy Tests Fire Scout
Since the 1980s, the German Navy
has been developing a rotary-wing
UAV derived from the US Navy’s
1960s-era Gyrodyne (St. James, NY)
Page 154
QH-50, for its Seamos (sea reconnais-
sance and location system) program.
Production was to start in 2005, for
new K130 corvettes, which will re-
quire a rotary-wing UAV (they are not
b e in g d e s ig n e d f o r a ma n n e d
helicopter).
The Seamos QH-50 program has
now been shelved, and Germany
tested a Fire Scout from a frigate in
2003. Unmanned versions of the
Eurocopter EC120 Colibri helicopter
are also being considered. Seamos
was developed with a 1,100 kg (2,425
lbs.) maximum take-off weight, but
the new requirement could specify
half that.
Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006 2007
BRITE Star I
US Navy (MQ-8B Fire Scout) 3
BRITE Star II
US Navy (MQ-8B Fire Scout) —
US Army MQ-8B FCS Class 4A (Fire Scout) E-O/IR Sensors
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: In Competition
Unit Cost: $500-700,000 (speculative)
Overview
The Army began considering the
use of Fire Scout as a test-bed for their
UCAR (Unmanned Combat Armed
Rotorcraft) program in 2002-2003.
However, in August 2003, the Army
chose Fire Scout RQ-8B as the basis
for its Class IV UAV for the Future
Combat System (FCS) program, and
Boeing and SAIC awarded Northrop
Grumman a $115 million SDD con-
tract in early 2004.
Most of the sensors the FCS Fire
Scout will carry will be provided by
the FCS Class IV UAV program, such
as the General Atomics Lynx 2 Syn-
thetic Aperture Radar SAR. Fire
Scout communications are to be Gen-
eral Dynamics [GD] Joint Tactical
Radio System (JTRS) Cluster 5,
air-to-ground communications.
In September 2007, the SASC
asked the Army to speed procurement
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
COBRA Testing
In July 2007, NAVAIR announced
it intends to issue a cost type order un-
der an existing BOA (N00019-05-G-
0009) with Northrop Grumman, San
Diego, CA, to provide ground testing
and flight demonstration of the
Coastal Battlefield Reconnaissance
and Analysis (COBRA) Block 1 Sub-
system for Fire Scout.
Other International Interest
Spain has begun examining Fire
Scout as a contender for its F-100
frigate.
Japan has also expressed interest
in the Fire Scout, and several other
European and Asian navies have re-
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
— — — — — —
— 1 6 6 8 8
of Fire Scout. Army plans call for ad-
ditional engine and sensor testing
prior to a 2010 flight test, with de-
ployment between 2012 and 2014.
But the Army has already received at
least six air vehicles, and final testing
delays have resulted largely due to de-
layed FCS network and JTRS devel-
opment. The SASC believes Fire
Scout is essentially ready to go.
Army UCAR: Replaced by Fire
Scout
In May 2002, DARPA awarded
four Phase I 12-month development
contracts for the Unmanned Combat
Armed Rotorcraft (UCAR) to Bell
Helicopter Textron and Lockheed
Martin, Raytheon and Sikorsky, Boe-
ing, and Northrop Grumman. In Oc-
tober 2003, DARPA chose two teams,
led by Lockheed Martin and Northrop
Grumman, for 15-month Phase II
quirements for ship-launched naval
UAVs in the next few years.
BRITE Star II for LCS Fire
Scout
As of mid-2007, the BRITE Star II
sensor was part of the baseline modu-
lar mission payload for the LCS Fire
Scout. In May 2007, the LCS Fire
Scout attained Milestone C approval
for LRIP, with payload flights in late
2007 and IOC in 2008.
Note that sensor costs have likely
risen, due to today’s Fire Scout em-
phasis on targeting (as with the
Army’s BRITE Star II for the Armed
Reconnaissance Helicopter [ARH]),
instead of a simple ISR sensor.
2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
— — — — 3
9 10 10 10 68
UCAR development, to continue
through the end of FY04. UCAR air
vehicles were originally planned to
cost one-third as much as a Comanche
helicopter, or about $8 million.
In April 2004, Lockheed Martin
added Raytheon Unmanned & Re-
connaissance Systems to its UCAR
team, to provide sensor systems.
Raytheon had been one of the original
Phase I primes, teamed with Sikorsky.
In September 2004, Lockheed Mar-
tin’s UCAR completed airborne and
ground demonstrations of potential
FLIR and LADAR sensors. Addition-
ally, Raytheon completed airborne ra-
dar and ground-based distributed
aperture sensor demonstrations prov-
ing the feasibility of millimeter-wave
radar and a wide-angle IR sensor in a
low-flying aircraft.
In December 2004, DARPA fi-
nally cancelled its UCAR program,
©Teal Group Corporation
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
following the Army’s decision to not
participate. DARPA stated it could
not continue without a service part-
ner. However, DARPA announced it
“remains committed” to developing
the next generation of autonomous
military systems.
Now, the Army has replaced its
UCAR needs with an armed Fire
Scout. The Army systems will have
weapons capability, perhaps includ-
ing the Advanced Precision Kill
Weapon System (APKWS) or Viper
Strike. Northrop Grumman Viper
Strike is a precision munition which
has GPS guidance and a semi-active
laser seeker.
E-O/IR/LD Sensor Solicitation
In May 2004, the program man-
ager for Robotic and Unmanned Sen-
sors (PMRUS), Communications-
Electronics Command (CECOM),
announced it was seeking sources of
an E-O/IR/LD (laser designator) tur-
ret that could, with minimal develop-
ment, form the multi-mode payload
for the service’s tactical UAV systems
(including fixed and rotary-wing plat-
forms). Candidate turrets are ex-
pected to be 25-40 cm in diameter and
weigh 18-60 kg. PM RUS issued a
similar request to suppliers of
synthetic-aperture radars (SARs).
The E-O/IR/LD package must be
able to detect, recognize, measure the
range of and designate a target the
size of an armored personnel carrier
(3.5 x 3.5 m) from an altitude of
10-12,000 feet at 70 kt and a slant
range of 8 km (threshold) or 16 km
(objective). Identification of such a
Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006
US Army Fire Scout E-O/IR Sensor (Undetermined)
US Army (MQ-8B Fire Scout) 4 2 —
USCG Bell Eagle Eye Star SAFIRE III
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: FLIR Systems, Inc.
Unit Cost: $600,000
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
target is required from a distance of 4
km (eight km). The payload will con-
duct autonomous preplanned opera-
tio n s w ith th e cap ab ility fo r
instantaneous retasking throughout a
mission. Operating modes will in-
clude staring, strip and spot wide-area
search, together with precision
videographic registration. Require-
ments include continuous zoom when
in E-O mode and multiple fields of
view when in IR mode, selectable by
the mission payload operator (MPO).
Both sensor types must be capable
of performing progressive scan video
to support the formation of image mo-
saics in step-stare mode. The payload
will slew through 360 degrees on
command from the MPO, and provide
coverage of at least 200 km2/h in a
narrow field of view. The E-O sensor
will provide color imagery over the
f u ll v is ib le s p e c tr u m an d a
b la c k - a n d - w h ite o u tp u t w h e n
selected by the MPO.
The LD will designate stationary
or moving targets for attack by
air-to-surface weapons employing
lock-on-after-launch mode at all
ranges of up to 8 km (16 km). Addi-
tional desirable capabilities include
auto-track, auto-search and aided tar-
g et cu ein g , reco g n itio n an d
identification.
ASTAMIDS for Army Fire
Scout
In April 2005, the Army Commu-
nications-Electronics Command
(CECOM), Alexandria, VA, obli-
gated $5.5 million to Northrop
Grumman Systems in Melbourne,
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
— — — 15
Page 155
FL, to fund the incorporation of re-
connaissance, surveillance and target
acquisition (RSTA) and laser desig-
n atio n f u n ctio n ality in to th e
ASTAMIDS Block I. The work is be-
ing conducted in Anaheim, CA
(62.2%); Herndon, VA (26.3%); and
Melbourne, FL (11.5%), and is to be
completed by October 2009. Contract
funding is expected to come from the
Army Landmine Warfare/Barrier
program (PE# 0604808A)
(DAAB15-03-C-0013).
ASTAMIDS is a program to pro-
vide the tactical commander and the
stability and support operations
(SASO) commander with an airborne
capability to detect mine threats. It
identifies minefield locations and
alerts the commander to locations
where he can or cannot maneuver
freely. The system is being developed
for UAV or helicopter application,
and will be initially mounted in the
nose of a Fire Scout UAV.
Army Modular Sensors
The FCS Fire Scout will provide
modular mission packages including
a n E - O /I R s e n s o r, N o r th r o p
Grumman’s COBRA mine detection
system (based on ASTAMIDS), a
Tactical Synthetic Aperture Radar
with Moving Target Indicator
(TSAR/MTI), a four-channel Joint
Tactical Radio System (JTRS) com-
munications relay package, a Signals
Intelligence (SIGINT) package, a
training sensor, and a Mine, Chemical
and Radiological detection.
2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
15 15 15 15 75
Page 156
Deepwater Development
The US Coast Guard’s $25 billion,
2 0 - y e a r D e e p w a t e r p r o g r a m,
awarded to a team led by Lockheed
Martin and Northrop Grumman (and
many other suppliers), was to include
procurement of 76 UAVs, including
Global Hawks (perhaps leased) or
other endurance UAVs, and 60-70
Bell Eagle Eye Vertical takeoff and
landing UAVs (VUAVs).
In November 2002, the US Coast
Guard selected the Bell Textron
Teal Group Analysis
Should the Coast Guard Deep-
water UAV program proceed as
planned, it will be the first large scale
civilian use of UAVs in the United
States. The selection of the Bell
Textron Eagle Eye for the VUAV re-
quirement is a major boost for this
program, which has been offered for
over a decade to the Navy and other
Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006 2007
Star SAFIRE III
USCG (Eagle Eye UAV) — —
US Commercial UAV E-O/IR Sensors
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Undetermined
Unit Cost: $250-600,000 ($350,000 average) (speculative)
Overview
See platforms chapters for details
of future commercial UAV use. Pay-
Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006 2007
US Commercial UAV E-O/IR Sensors (Undetermined)
Undetermined n/a 5 5 5 5
US Army Shadow 200 TUAV E-O/IR Sensors
Status: In Production
Manufacturer: IAI-Tamam; Northrop Grumman
Unit Cost: $250,000
Overview
The Army’s TUAV (Tactical
UAV) program is a UAV system in-
tended to provide real-time recon-
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
HV-911 Eagle Eye (now TR911D)
over the Northrop Grumman RQ-8
Fire Scout for its vertical take off and
landing UAV (VUAV) requirement.
The USCG is considering the acquisi-
tion of 69 UAVs and up to 50 ground
control stations.
Eagle Eye has a 200-lb payload ca-
pacity.
The new USCG cutters were to be-
gin deployment around 2006, but this
has been delayed.
services. What remains to be seen is
whether the air vehicle will prove to
be robust and reliable enough to oper-
a te in th e d e man d in g n a v a l
environment.
One need only examine the related
Osprey tilt-rotor transport program to
appreciate the not inconsequential
technological risks of such a venture.
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
— — — — — 2
loads will vary by UAV size and ap-
plication.
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
5 30
naissance, surveillance, and target ac-
quisition information to US Army
brigades. The primary sensor is an in-
expensive EO/IR suite, with a syn-
FSI for Deepwater UAV+MPA
In July 2002, Lockheed Martin
tentatively selected FLIR Systems
Inc. (FSI) to provide an undetermined
number of FLIRs for Deepwater
program.
The Coast Guard now plans to buy
FSI Star SAFIRE III E-O/IR sensor
balls for Eagle Eye, and Star SAFIRE
II sensors for CN-235-300 maritime
patrol aircraft.
As a result, the forecast here should
be regarded as optimistic.
Should the program succeed, this
will significantly boost the export po-
tential of the Eagle Eye and probably
make it more attractive for use by the
Department of Defense.
2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
4 4 6 16
2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
60 60 75 100 350
thetic aperture radar (SAR)/ground
moving target indicator (GMTI) sen-
sor also planned. These payloads will
not be fitted to the TUAV simulta-
©Teal Group Corporation
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
neously, but will use a common pay-
load configuration to permit easy
substitution.
The TUAV is a small UAV, with a
fairly small payload capacity. Total
TUAV air vehicle weight is 300 lbs,
with a payload objective (unlikely to
be achieved) of 100 lbs. The Block II
production Shadow 200 payload is 60
lbs. and 1 cubic foot.
The E-O/IR payload has changed
from Inframetrics’Mk III E-O/IR (for
earlier Shadow 200 UAVs) to
IAI-Tamam’s (Israel Aircraft Indus-
tries) POP 200 (Plug-in Optronic
Payload) for the Block I LRIP and
later production air vehicles.
Current plans have Northrop
Grumman teaming with Tamam to
produce POP systems under a new
name, Raven Eye I/II (for systems
produced by Northrop Grumman).
Production Plans
In December 1999, the Army
awarded the TUAV air vehicle con-
tract to AAI Defense Systems, for
their Shadow 200 UAV. The first
Block I LRIP air vehicle was deliv-
ered in late 2000, a second LRIP con-
Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006
IAI-Tamam POP 200
US Army (Shadow 200) 205 60
US Army TUAV E-O/IR Sensor (Undetermined)
US Army (TUAV) — —
US Marine Corps Shadow 200 MCTUAS E-O/IR Sensors
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Not yet in competition
Unit Cost: $250,000
Sea Viking 2006 Solicitation
In September 2004, the United
States Marine Corps, Warfighting
Lab, Quantico, VA, announced it is
seeking potential sources, large or
small businesses, capable of demon-
strating UAV capabilities for Sea Vi-
king 2006, an advanced warfighting
experiment. Respondents must dem-
onstrate at a minimum that they can
provide the following UAV capabili-
ties – Surveillance and Reconnais-
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
tract for four systems was awarded in
March 2001, and a third in March
2002. A favorable Milestone III deci-
sion was made in September 2002,
leading to the award of a full produc-
tion contract in December 2002.
The Army has changed its pro-
curement objective several times over
the past few years. It was set at 44 sys-
tems up to FY03, and then raised to 60
systems. In the FY05 budget submis-
sion, it was reduced again to 39 sys-
tems, with procurement funding
ending in FY07 instead of FY09. The
Army is continuing to fund improve-
ments in the TUAV system including
increased payload, improved sensors,
TCS (Tactical Control System) im-
provements and other features.
By March 2004, the Army had ac-
quired 24 TUAV systems (with 72 air
vehicles), with five systems opera-
tional in Iraq.
New Sensor Planned
In 2004, under the Army’s new
FCS plans, an interim Class II tactical
UAV will be deployed by 2010.
Likely to be an upgraded RQ-7B
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
30 50 5 55 — —
— — — — — —
sance: visual imagery capable of de-
tecting/identifying/locating (with
better than 100m accuracy) tactical
elements of threat forces; Range:
150nm; Endurance: 6-8 hours;
Launch/Recovery: able to launch and
recover by MEU forces operating
ashore; Responsiveness: able to re-
spond to unplanned RSTA missions
(quick set-up, mission programming,
and launch process); Retaskable: able
to be retasked while in flight; Com-
Page 157
Shadow 200, this will include a new
E-O/IR/Laser Designator capability.
Combat Deployment
The Shadow UAV was first used in
combat in 2003 during Operation
Iraqi Freedom with the 104th MI Bat-
talion of the 4th Infantry Division.
The 4th Infantry Division did not de-
ploy during the initial combat phase,
but saw fighting later in the peace-
keeping operations in Iraq. The divi-
sion used the Shadow on a number of
missions including the division’s first
major operation, a June raid on Tikrit.
Shadow Laser
In mid-2006, Army Shadow plans
were on schedule to install a laser tar-
get designator on the UAV. The Army
also plans to arm Shadow.
FLIR Systems, Inc. MicroSTAR
II Tested
Although reports are vague, it ap-
pears that FLIR Systems, Inc.’s
MicroSTAR II has flown on the
Shadow 400 and 600 tactical UAVs,
as well the on the Camcopter, Falco,
and Sentry HP.
2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
— — — 405
— 60 60 120
munication/Data Link: able to com-
municate and display imagery to the
sea based command post with no
ground infrastructure.
Other UAV capability objectives
include (but are not limited to) the
ability to communicate and display
imagery to forces ashore simulta-
neously with the sea- based command
post, to launch and recover from am-
phibious ships, to image the targeted
area from 10,000 feet AGL or above,
Page 158
and to provide target designation.
Participation in Sea Viking 2006
could involve six days of 24-hour op-
erations for each of the ISR Limited
Technical Assessments (LTAs) and
the Limited Objective Experiment
(LOE).
The tentative time periods for the
LTAs and the LOE are below: UAV
LTA, 1 September 2005; UAV LTA, 2
December 2005; and ISR LOE,
March 2006. The UAV system will
pose as a surrogate for a future Marine
Expeditionary Brigade (MEB) UAV
capable of sea-based operations. The
UAV system must be capable of con-
ducting its mission without relying on
any ground infrastructure. The Gov-
Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006 2007
USMC Shadow 200 MCTUAS E-O/IR Sensor (Undetermined)
USMC (Shadow 200) — — 5 25
USMC RQ-2A Pioneer POP 200
Status: Upgrade & Support
Manufacturer: IAI-Tamam
Unit Cost: $250,000
Overview
The RQ-2A Pioneer is a remotely
piloted vehicle developed in Israel by
IAI (Tel Aviv, Israel) for surveillance
requirements. The US Navy acquired
it in the late 1980s as an interim tacti-
cal UAV system pending develop-
ment of the UAV-SR (now BQM-155
Hunter) for use off US Navy ships and
by the US Marine Corps. In the late
1990s, the Navy’s Fire Scout
VTUAV was planned to replace the
Pioneer, but Fire Scout was cancelled
(until reborn for the LCS), and the
Navy began looking at further
Pioneer upgrades.
Production to date has included at
least nine systems and slightly over
100 air vehicles, with AAI Corp.
(Hunt Valley, MD) the US prime.
Congress ordered the Navy to halt fu-
ture purchases in FY88 due to the de-
cision to press ahead with a Joint
Tactical UAV (BQM-155 Hunter).
However, the Navy purchased 12 at-
trition replacements after the Gulf
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
ernment will use responses from this
Sources Sought Synopsis to make ap-
propriate acquisition decisions. This
is not a solicitation announcement for
proposals nor will a contract follow as
a result of this announcement. SOL is
Sea-Viking-2006, due October 31,
2004.
Sensor Priorities
In July 2006, the Marine Corps
outlined its priorities for Tier II UAV
sensors, with E-O/IR, a laser pointer,
and a communications relay at the
top. Follow on payloads would be
SIGINT and a chemical, biological,
radiological, and nuclear (CBRN)
detection package.
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
— — — —
War, a further 20 air vehicles in FY94,
and 15 air vehicles in 1996, to keep
existing units operational until a new
UAV system arrives in service.
A total of at least four Pioneers
were lost during air operations over
Kosovo in 1999, including two in
combat.
The E-O/IR sensor package is
mounted centrally under the fuselage.
The payload bay is 0.1 m3 and is pro-
vided with up to 500 watts of power.
The basic sensor is an El-Op Moked
200 gyrostabilized daylight TV cam-
era. In addition, the Pioneer has also
been fitted with a gyrostabilized
FLIR such as the El-Op MKD-400,
for night and adverse weather
surveillance.
$100 Million Pioneer Improve-
ment Program (PIP)
After the Fire Scout UAV was
cancelled, the Marine Corps took
over the remaining 47 Pioneer air ve-
hicles and the Navy agreed to fund a
FLIR Systems, Inc. MicroSTAR
II Tested
Although reports are vague, it ap-
pears that FLIR Systems, Inc.’s
MicroSTAR II has flown on the
Shadow 400 and 600 tactical UAVs,
as well the on the Camcopter, Falco,
and Sentry HP.
Shadow to Replace Pioneer
In December 2006, the USMC an-
nounced they would replace their Pio-
neer UAVs with a purchase of 6 AAI
Shadow Unmanned Aerial Systems
(compared to the Army’s 83 UAS
plans). Shadow will replace Pioneer
as they are procured.
2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
10 — — 40
$101 million Pioneer Improvement
Program (PIP). The ground control
station, sensor payloads, launchers,
and engines will all be replaced. Only
the two-year-old avionics system will
remain, which is a common system
with the Army’s Shadow 200 TUAV
(also built by AAI). The Marines then
planned to operate Pioneer until at
least 2010 or 2011.
AAI Corp. was to award subcon-
tracts for most upgrade work, includ-
in g an E-O /IR s en so r, laser
designator, and laser spot tracker.
Mo s t s ys te ms w ill b e b o u g h t
off-the-shelf to minimize develop-
ment work.
The first improvements (con-
ducted in spirals), adding the Tactical
Control System (TCS), were to be
made by 2003. The second spiral was
to include improvements to the air ve-
hicle, including a new E-O/IR pay-
load. The final spiral was to add the
laser designator and satellite commu-
nication data links. The fully-up-
©Teal Group Corporation
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
graded version was to be ready by
2005.
In early 2002, the HASC recom-
mended a $7 million plus-up for the
USMC, for the “Marine Shadow”
UAV program: a Pioneer UAV modi-
fied by AAI with the Army’s Shadow
TUAV control system.
Pioneer Upgrade Contracts
In February 2004, the Naval Air
Systems Command (NAVAIR)
awarded Pioneer Unmanned Aerial
Vehicle in Hunt Valley, MD an $11.2
million cost reimbursement delivery
order (DO) against a FY01 BOA, to
provide for the manufacture and de-
livery of two replacement ground
control stations (GCS) for the Pioneer
UAV system. NAVAIR also awarded
an $8.5 million cost reimbursement
DO against the same BOA to finance
the production of components con-
sisting of payloads, receiver systems,
US Army Hunter Raven Eye II
Status: In Production
Manufacturer: Northrop Grumman & IAI-Tamam
Unit Cost: $400-500,000
Overview
In April 2002, the Army released a
solicitation for new sensors for its
Hunter UAVs, under the Hunter
Stand-Off Killer Team (HSKT)
ACTD. The ACTD looked at teaming
between UAVs and manned helicop-
ters. Requirements included a
500-10,000 ft range, 360 degree FOV,
10 km detection range and 2.5 km
identification range. The Army was
seeking to pinpoint targets with 10 m
accuracy, but better than 80 meters is
the requirement.
Hunters currently mount IAI’s
MOSP E-O/IR sensor.
The Army had about 50 Hunter air
vehicles. The Hunter’s first combat
use was in Kosovo in 1999, where at
least 4 were shot down.
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
engines, IFF transponders, GCS and
aircraft components for the Pioneer
UAV.
The work under the first action is
to be divided among facilities in Hunt
Valley, MD (65%); Holon, Israel
(20%); and Patuxent River, MD
(15%), and be completed in August
2005. Places of performance for the
UAV componentry order included
Ben Gurion, Israel (55%); Hunt Val-
ley, MD (25%); and Johnson City, NY
(20%), with a completion date of
March 2005. Contract financing for
the two contracts will come from the
Navy Weapons Procurement (WPN)
account (N00019-01-G-0128).
POP 200 Chosen
In 2004, the Marines Corps chose
an off-the-shelf solution for the PIP
E-O/IR sensor – the IAI-Tamam POP
200 (Plug-in Optronic Payload). The
procurement is expected to integrate
Hunter to Fly DHS Border Con-
trol
Following successful testing with
Israeli-built Elbit Systems Ltd. Her-
mes 450 UAVs, in November 2004
the Department of Homeland Secu-
rity (DHS) announced it will fly sur-
v eillan ce missio n s o v er th e
Texas/Mexico border using Hunter
UAVs.
MQ-5B Hunters for Army
The new MQ-5B Hunter has been
developed since 2005 out of Northrop
Grumman’s Hunter-based competitor
for the Army’s ER/MP program. It
has a new heavy fuel engine, arma-
ment, and a greater payload (1,950 lbs
[was 1,600 lbs]) and endurance (21
hours with an additional fuel tank
[was 11 hours]). The MQ-5B has
been called an “interim ER/MP”, in-
tended to fill the gap until the first
Page 159
with sensor purchases for the US
Army’s Shadow 200 UAV.
Pioneer Retired Early?
In early 2004, the Navy was re-
vamping its overall UAV plan, based
on experience in Iraq. At the time,
new plans called for an early retire-
ment for Pioneer systems. In June
2004, the House and Senate also
called for shifting future Pioneer PIP
funding, to instead begin procuring
Shadow 200 TUAVs for the Marines.
Shadow to Replace Pioneer
In December 2006, the USMC an-
nounced they would replace their Pio-
neer UAVs with a purchase of 6 AAI
Shadow Unmanned Aerial Systems
(compared to the Army’s 83 UAS
plans). Shadow will replace Pioneer
as they are procured.
Warrior ER/MP unit is fielded in
2011.
As of April 2006, the Army had
taken delivery of 18 new MQ-5Bs,
and had contracted for 11 RQ-5Bs to
be modified to MQ-5B standard. A to-
tal of 40 MQ-5Bs are planned by the
Army, with the first operational unit
to be deployed to Iraq in 2006.
The MQ-5B mounts the Raven
Eye II E-O/IR payload, developed by
Northrop Grumman and IAI-Tamam.
It combines a cooled mid-wave FLIR,
a zoom color TV camera, and a laser
rangefinder-designator.
Unlike the ER/MP, the new Hunt-
ers are not configured for satellite
communications.
Northrop Grumman also plans to
market the MQ-5B for homeland se-
curity and international sales.
Page 160
Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006 2007
Raven Eye II
US Army (MQ-5B Hunter) 32
USAF FINDER UAV E-O/IR Sensors
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Goodrich, Sensor Unlimited (SUI)
Unit Cost: Undetermined
In December 2006, Goodrich an-
nounced it will supply the short-wave
IR (SWIR) payload for the USAF
UAV Battlelab’s AC-130 Spectre
Flight Inserted Detector Expendable
for Reconnaissance (FINDER) dem-
onstration. The FINDER UAV will be
launched from under the wing of a
Mini-UAV E-O/IR Sensors
US Army A160 Hummingbird FCS Class II UAV ARGUS
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: BAE Systems
Unit Cost: Undetermined
UAV ARGUS-IS Wide FOV Sur-
veillance Solicitation
In February 2007, the Information
Ex p lo itatio n O ff ice (IX O ) at
DARPA, Arlington, VA, announced it
is soliciting proposals for the Autono-
mous Real-time Ground Ubiquitous
Su rv eillan ce-Imag in g S ystem
(ARGUS-IS) program under this
BAA. SOL is BAA07-23, due April
2007.
Current UAS high-resolution elec-
tro-optics (E-O) offers a narrow
high-resolution field of view (FOV).
This narrow FOV is a limiting factor
on the utility of the E-O system. The
UAS that are available offer persis-
tence; however, the effectiveness of
the E-O system is limited by the sen-
sors and available processing.
ARGUS-IS will advance technolo-
gies and systems that will enable wide
area persistent surveillance and
thereby provide greatly enhanced sit-
uational awareness to the warfighter.
These technologies and systems will
be transitioned to various partners
and customers. The objective of the
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
— — — — — —
Spectre gunship, to provide close-in
targeting support. Tests are to occur in
2007. FINDER was originally devel-
oped to be launched from under the
wing of a Predator UAV.
The gimbaled SWIR payload will
include a 640x512 Indium Gallium
Arsenide FPA, dual field of view lens,
ARGUS-IS program is to develop a
system that provides a real-time,
high-resolution, wide area video per-
sistent surveillance capability and
transition this capability to the
military.
The ARGUS-IS program is seek-
ing to provide an expanding range of
capabilities enabling wide area per-
sistent surveillance. ARGUS-IS is
composed of three major technology
components/subsystems, a Gigapixel
Sensor Subsystem, an Airborne Pro-
cessing Subsystem and a Ground Pro-
cessing Subsystem. Integrating the
Gigapixel Sensor and Airborne Pro-
cessing Subsystems together forms
the ARGUS-IS Airborne Subsystem.
The packaging of the airborne sub-
systems should be compatible with a
variety of UAS including Extended
Range/Multiple Purpose (ER/MP),
Aerostat, and A-160 (Hummingbird).
The ARGUS-IS system will be tested
and evaluated during a series of flight
experiments utilizing a surrogate
UAV. It is expected that a 200-mega-
bit per second data link will be uti-
2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
— — — — 32
and laser pointer. The SWIR sensor
detects reflected rather than transmit-
ted IR energy, and will ideally allow
the gunship to determine whether
ground personal are armed or
unarmed.
lized for these flight experiments.
POC is Michael Blackstone, Con-
tracting Officer, fax: (703) 741-0081,
email: BAA07-23@darpa.mil.
ARGUS-IS/A160 Hummingbird
Integration
In June 2007, the Information Ex-
ploitation Office (IXO), DARPA,
Arlington, VA, announced it intends
to award a sole source contract to the
Boeing Co., Advanced Systems,
Huntington Beach, CA, for the pro-
curement and redesign of an A160
pod and the procurement of an A160
Hummingbird for integration and
ground/flight test research activities
for DARPA’s Autonomous Real-time
Ground Ubiquitous Surveillance -
Imaging System (ARGUS-IS). Ques-
tions shall be submitted to, email: ste-
phen.c.davis@darpa.mil. SOL is
07-42, due August 2, 2007. POP is
3701 North Fairfax Drive, Arlington,
VA 22203.
©Teal Group Corporation
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
USAF ARGUS Contract to BAE
In September 2007, AFRL-Wright
awarded BAE Systems a $17.9 mil-
lion contract for the ARGUS (Ad-
vanced Remote Unattended Sensor)
program, expected to see application
on a UAV. The work that is to be con-
ducted will most likely dovetail with a
Marine Corps ScanEagle Photon IR Sensor
Status: In Production
Manufacturer: FLIR Systems, Inc.
Unit Cost: $40,000
Overview
In July 2004, the Marine Corps
awarded Boeing a contract to provide
two ScanEagle “mobile deployment
units” for use with the First Marine
Expeditionary Force (one MEF).
ScanEagle is mid-way in size be-
tween the Pioneer and Dragon Eye,
and has performed well in the harsh
environment in Iraq. In 2006, Boeing
will introduce a Block upgrade for
ScanEagle which will include in-
creasing endurance to 30 hours, up
from an already good 20 hours.
FLIR Systems, Inc. Photon
The FLIR Systems, Inc. 170 g,
320x240 IR Photon camera core/pay-
load has been fitted to the Aerosonde,
Airfoil, Bat, Desert Hawk, Evolution,
Helicam, Puma, RMAX, ScanEagle,
and Swift mini-UAVs.
New Data Link Tested
In 2005, ScanEagle was tested
with a Harris SecNet-11 communica-
tions relay package that made it possi-
ble to send secure streaming video
and voice-over-IP communication
from a ground control station to a
ScanEagle 30 km away, which then
instantaneously relayed it to ground
troops 10 km from the UAV. The
long-endurance ScanEagle makes
this extended line-of-sight communi-
cations relay function especially
useful.
Stabilized Payloads
As standard payload, ScanEagle
carries either an electro-optical or in-
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
similar program being conducted at
the Defense Advanced Research Pro-
jects Agency (DARPA) called
ARGUS-IS (Imaging System). This
effort seeks to provide an expanding
range of capabilities enabling wide
area persistent surveillance. It is com-
posed of three major subsystems, a
frared camera. Plans are underway to
outfit it with a dual bay payload to al-
low the aircraft to carry both cameras
simultaneously, so that Marines
won’t have to recall the UAV to
change from the IR camera to a color
camera when the sky goes from dusk
to dawn.
ScanEagle is the first small tactical
UAV with an inertially stabilized tur-
ret. The gimbaled camera allows the
operator to easily track both station-
ary and moving targets, providing
real-time intelligence to users.
Boeing is also looking at a modu-
lar payload that will carry electro-op-
tics, including a video camera with a
25:1 mechanical zoom and IR capa-
bility, which can be changed very
quickly.
The payloads are housed in the
nose section. The operators can swap
the payloads in the field in a few min-
utes. The sensors installed in the tur-
ret allow the operator to track
stationary or moving targets without
having to re-maneuver the air vehicle.
ScanEagle has a 900MHz UHF
datalink and a 2.4GHz S-band
downlink for video transmission.
Other Payloads
Other payloads include biological
and chemical sensors, laser designa-
tors and a magnetometer for identifi-
catio n an d lo catin g mag n etic
anomalies.
The nose of the ScanEagle vehicle
houses a gimbaled and inertially sta-
bilized turret. An upgraded Block D
variant houses a new sensor turret
Page 161
Gigapixel Sensor Subsystem, and
Airborne Processing Subsystem, and
a Ground Processing Subsystem. The
work is being conducted in Washing-
ton, DC. Contract funding is expected
to c o me f r o m th e A ir F o r c e
Aerospace Sensors element (PE#
0602204F) (FA8650-07-C-7732).
which accommodates larger cameras.
The sensor turret can be fitted with a
DRS E6000 high resolution uncooled
thermal imager module providing
640 x 480 pixels with a 25 micron
pitch.
Flight and Camera Control
ScanEagle flight is autonomous,
with a joystick control for the camera
but not the aircraft. Navigation is
“point and click”, and the system can
return its camera automatically to any
previously viewed point.
Although ScanEagle ground con-
trol has two consoles, each capable of
controlling up to four aircraft, when
multiple ScanEagles are flying, pay-
load access is limited to one aircraft.
Boeing has proposed developing a
multiplexing payload control.
Sniper Detection and Radar
Proposed
In January 2007, the US Air Force
initiated an assessment study for the
deployment of a sniper gun fire detec-
tion and location system supplied by
ShotSpotter Inc of Santa Clara, Cali-
fornia. The integrated air vehicle and
ShotSpotter system provides addi-
tional force protection for military
convoys and military bases against
sniper fire.
Other development programs are
underway to examine the installation
and deployment of other payloads in-
cluding a lightweight high-resolution
radar.
Page 162 Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors

Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
Photon IR
USMC (ScanEagle) n/a 75 150 120 120 65 120 120 — — — 770

RQ-11 Raven ThermoVision Micron IR Sensor

Status: In Production
Manufacturer: FLIR Systems, Inc. (Indigo Systems)
Unit Cost: $30,000 (speculative)

Overview ground control station, batteries, and USMC Dragon Eye also carries the
Raven is a small (six lbs.) bat- three sets of sensors: one high-resolu- Micron IR sensor.
tery-powered UAV used by pla- tion day camera, one high-resolution
toon-sized Army elements to provide night imager, and one side-view ther- Raven-B Supersedes Dragon
current information on close-in troop mal imager. Eye for USMC
movements at night. The system is In mid-2007, British forces in Af- In December 2006, the Marine
equipped with the ThermoVision Mi- ghanistan were also using Raven. Corps decided to shift procurement
cron IR camera (formerly known as from its ongoing Dragon Eye UAV to
“Omega”) and data links, with an en- Micron IR Sensor the new Raven-B, with 467 Raven-B
durance of 90 minutes. The camera is The Micron IR uses an uncooled systems funded through FY13. The
produced by the Indigo Systems divi- bolometer FPA operating in the 7.5 to Marines had already received 242
sion of FLIR Systems, Inc. 13.5 micron band, weighs 120g, and Dragon Eye systems.
Raven payload capacity is 200 produces 160x120 (RS-170A) or Raven-B has a stabilized payload.
grams. 160x128 CCIR) video outputs. The
As of early 2007, each Raven sys-
tem consisted of three aircraft, one
Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
ThermoVision Micron IR
US Army (RQ-11 Raven) n/a 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 — — — — — 5,000
USMC (RQ-11 Raven) — — 145 275 120 — — — — — — 540

Marine Corps Dragon Eye ThermoVision Micron IR Sensor

Status: Upgrade & Support
Manufacturer: FLIR Systems, Inc. (Indigo Systems)
Unit Cost: $30,000 (speculative)

Overview pack. It has an endurance of slightly Dragon Eye Sensors

In 1997, the Marine Corps decided
to reactivate some of their Exdrones
for trials from ships under the code
name Dragon Drone, for a require-
ment now dubbed Dragon Eye.
In 2001, the Navy awarded BAI
and AeroVironment contracts for the
competitive development of Dragon
Eye prototypes. A winner for produc-
tion was awarded in late 2002, with
the first production systems available
in early 2003.
Dragon Eye weighs 5-1/2 pounds
and has a 45-inch wingspan. It is eas-
ily disassembled and fits in a back-
less than an hour, with a video trans-
mission range of 10 km. It is hand or
bungee-cord launched.
Dragon Eye carries dual sensors –
a movable camera in the nose and a
fixed side-looking camera. Three in-
terchangeable cameras are available –
day E-O, low-light TV (LLTV), and
IR.
Future Dragon Eye developments
originally included a Block III ver-
sion which was to have vertical take-
off and landing (VTOL) capability.
Dragon Eye initially carried a day-
light E-O camera, although by 2004 it
was carrying the same ThermoVision
Micron IR camera as the Army’s Ra-
ven UAV. This may be in addition to
the daylight E-O sensor, as total sen-
sor payload is reportedly about
one-half pound (225g) – greater than
needed for the Micron. The Micron
uses an uncooled bolometer FPA op-
erating in the 7.5 to 13.5 micron band,
weighs 120g, and produces 160x120
(RS-170A) or 160x128 CCIR) video
outputs.

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
Procurement Plans
If the program proves successful,
the Marines plan to acquire 1,000
Dragon Eyes and 331 Dragon control
stations at a hoped-for cost of about
$3,000 per air vehicle and $10,000
per control station, with funding from
FY02-FY04 (about $2 million in
FY02, $2 million in FY03, and $9
million in FY04). These could be de-
ployed as early as 2003.
However, more recent cost esti-
mates allow $60-70,000 for each sys-
tem, which includes 3 air vehicles and
a control station, “in full-rate produc-
tion”. This is about three times the
USMC’s originally-planned cost.
Other Dragon Eye Tests
In January 2002, the Navy suc-
cessfully conducted the initial de-
ployment of a prototype Sea-ALL
UAV, a naval variant of Dragon Eye.
The Army has also expressed in-
terest in Dragon Eye, and announced
in June 2002 that it had purchased two
Dragon Eyes and a ground station
from the Marines Corps. It will test
Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006
ThermoVision Micron IR
USMC (Dragon Eye) 242
Pointer and Exdrone ThermoVision Micron IR Sensor
Status: Upgrade & Support
Manufacturer: FLIR Systems, Inc. (Indigo Systems)
Unit Cost: $30,000 (speculative)
The US UAV Joint Program Office
has sponsored two separate programs
to examine very low cost UAVs
(UAV-VLC). The aim of the pro-
grams was to examine the operational
utility of very small UAVs, as well as
to use the UAVs to help define the re-
quirements of larger systems. The
two UAV-VLCs are the FQM-151A
Pointer and the BQM-147 Exdrone.
Both were deployed operationally in
1991 during Operation Desert Storm
with the US Marine Corps, and the
Pointer was still in use in Iraq and
Afghanistan in 2004.
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Dragon Eye over Kosovo in the sum-
mer of 2002.
Iraq Lessons
The first generation IR sensor
night camera was equipped with a
low-light camera, but the Marines
Corps replaced it in 2005 with a com-
mercial off-the-shelf IR camera,
which has been very successful, but
now the Marines want sharper resolu-
tion, Giscard added.
The first generation Dragon Eye
also had one-time use disposable bat-
teries. Although the batteries worked
well, the Marines unit had to carry
4,500 batteries and disposing of them
was an issue. Dragon Eye now uses a
rechargeable battery.
Plans are also underway to up-
grade the communications systems.
Currently there are four uplinks and
four downlinks. A problem arose
when several Marine battalions flying
Dragon Eye along with the Army
units flying Raven shared the same
frequencies. The upgrade would be
an integrated communications suite
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
— — — — — —
In 1994, the Army began experi-
menting with the BQM-147 Exdrone
in a proof of concept under which the
UAVs were deployed forward of a he-
licopter to provide real time recon-
naissance.
The Pointer carries either an 8-12
micron LWIR sensor or a color visual
camera. It has a 90 minute endurance,
8.4 foot wingspan, and the airframe
with batteries weighs 8.3 lbs.
Payload capacity is 900 grams.
Page 163
with eight up/down links so that Ma-
rines would be able to change fre-
quency while Dragon Eye is flying,
Giscard said.
One more challenge that small sur-
veillance UAVs are encountering is
flying missions in urban environ-
ments, between buildings and down
alleys (“urban canyons”). Because
UAVs rely on line-of-sight for con-
trol, buildings prevent the craft from
getting a signal. One idea is to have
aloft one UAV that orbits and relays
information to and from the ground
control and a UAV.
Raven-B Supersedes Dragon
Eye for USMC
In December 2006, the Marine
Corps decided to shift procurement
from its ongoing Dragon Eye UAV to
the new Raven-B, with 467 Raven-B
systems funded through FY13. The
Marines had already received 242
Dragon Eye systems. Raven-B has a
stabilized payload.
2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
— — — — 242
SOCOM Pointer Procurement
In May 2002, the US Special Op-
erations Command ordered at least 28
new Pointers (and possibly more than
80) for use in Afghanistan. All were
to be delivered by August 2002. They
will mount E-O and IR cameras.
The Army got a $5 million FY03
plus-up for Pointers, from the HASC,
in May 2002.
ThermoVision Micron for
Pointer
In 2004, an undisclosed number of
ThermoVision Micron mini IR cam-
eras had been procured for Pointers.
Page 164 Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors

Probably, all air vehicles have been

upgraded.

Air Force Desert Hawk (was Sentry Owl) E-O Sensors

Status: In Production
Manufacturer: FLIR Systems, Inc.
Unit Cost: $40,000 (speculative)

Overview
In May 2002, the USAF ordered
10-pound “Sentry Owl” mini-UAVS,
quickly developed by Lockheed Mar-
tin’s Skunk Works (in development
since 1999, but with little funding un-
til recently). The Air Force was to buy
fewer than 100 six-air vehicle sys-
tems, but development plans for an
upgraded Desert Hawk III were also
underway in 2007.
Now called Desert Hawk, the pro-
duction system was planned for secu-
rity forces at front-line bases in The FLIR Systems, Inc. 170 g,
Afghanistan. It flies at a few hundred 320x240 IR Photon camera core/pay-
feet altitude for an hour or more. It is load has been fitted to the Aerosonde,
bungee-launched, with a greater than Airfoil, Bat, Desert Hawk, Evolution,
3 km range. It is a member of Helicam, Puma, RMAX, ScanEagle,
Lockheed Martin’s FPASS family of and Swift mini-UAVs.
mini-UAVs.
In mid-2007, British forces in Af-
ghanistan were also using Desert
Hawk.
Desert Hawk can carry either a
color TV or IR sensor.

US Mini-UAV E-O/IR Sensors

Status: Not yet in Competition
Manufacturer: Undetermined
Unit Cost: $40-50,000 (speculative)

Overview
See platforms chapters for details
of future US Mini-UAVs.

Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
US Mini-UAV E-O/IR Sensors (Undetermined)
Undetermined
(Undetermined) n/a — — — — — — — 1,500 1,500 1,500 4,500

Micro-Air Vehicle (MAV) E-O/IR Sensors

FCS Class I MAV E-O Sensors (DRS)
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: DRS Sensors & Targeting Systems, Cypress, CA
Unit Cost: $20-60,000 (speculative)

Overview
In December 2006, DRS received
a $7 million contract to produce light-
weight E-O/IR sensors and proto-
types of an E-O/IR system for the
DARPA-funded Honeywell FCS
Class I UAV MAV.
In mid-2007, flight tests were un-
derway on a new gimbaled sensor that
could remain on target while the small
hovering MAV is buffeted by wind.
The current sensor load is a dual pay-
load, either two E-O or two IR cam-
eras, one to the front and one to the
rear, which has had stability prob-
lems. The new gimbaled sensor will
reduce weight as well.

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006
US Micro-UAV E-O/IR Sensors (Undetermined)
Undetermined
(Undetermined) n/a — 150
Nano Air Vehicle (NAV) E-O Sensors
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Undetermined
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Overview
As the Micro Air Vehicle (MAV)
has grown in size, the original, truly
tiny UAV concept has been tenta-
tively renamed the Nano Air Vehicle
International UAV E-O/IR Sensor Programs
Sensors Overview
Few European Programs Avail-
able to US, Few Sensors Of-
fered
Unlike in the US, European manu-
facturers have developed a large
number of well-established tactical
UAV programs. Many “flagship” na-
tional systems have begun production
this decade, and offer little opportu-
nity for new sensors in the next 5
years. When E-O/IR upgrades are
bought, perhaps later in the decade,
European or Israeli providers will
typically be the favorites. Many of
these upgrades will be highly national
programs, with no pretense of an open
market for international suppliers.
Europe has also come on strong in
the past year or two with either indig-
enous or semi-indigenous endurance
UAV and UCAV programs. Often
these are based on Israeli platforms,
but with European sensors (especially
from EADS and Thales). Again, few
opportunities exist for non-European
sensors, except Israeli sensors in
some cases.
In UCAVs especially, Europe is
making an effort to be self-sufficient,
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
130 190 150 — —
(NAV). Beginning in early 2007, a
DARPA program for an ultra-light-
weight system with a 7.5 cm wing-
span and a weight less than 10 g was
with several new technology pro-
grams underway. If air vehicles are
built, they will likely see well-pro-
grammed indigenous sensor develop-
ment when nearer to service. Open
international sensor competition for
these programs is highly unlikely.
Conversely, the Europeans have
not actively marketed UAV E-O/IR
sensors abroad. In part this is due to
the accepted dominance of inexpen-
sive Israeli sensors; in part due to the
very small market, in terms of overall
funding, from a few dozen E-O/IR
sensor balls costing $100-400,000
each. Even US UAVs – including the
new Army Shadow TUAV – have typ-
ically mounted Israeli sensors rather
than develop their own. US compa-
nies have not yet had success selling
tactical UAV sensors internationally,
although this may change today, and
the Europeans have made even fewer
attempts.
Israeli E-O/IR Dominance
Long the pioneer in tactical UAVs
– including providing Pioneer and
Hunter UAVs to the US – Israel’s plat-
Page 165
2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
— — — 620
being developed by AeroVironment,
Lockheed Martin Advanced Technol-
ogy Laboratories, and MicroPulsion
Corporation.
form dominance has recently waned
due to indigenous efforts around the
globe. Today, Israel often participates
as a partner (such as with the EADS
Eagle platform and Shadow UAV
s e n s o r, o r th e E lb it/Th a les
Watchkeeper), rather than as the sole
provider of platform and sensor
equipment. Israel has also turned to
smaller non-Western markets.
However, Israeli remains the
world leader in the tactical UAV
E-O/IR sensor market, at least in
terms of numbers. Inexpensive mod-
ular sensor balls from IAI/Tamam
(MOSP and POP) have long been the
world’s best-selling plug-in optical
payloads (POP...). Sales will con-
tinue, and Teal Group forecasts the in-
creasing number of world UAV sales
will balance the declining absolute
market share for Israeli sensors,
meaning continued stable or growing
r e v e n u e s f o r I s r a e li s e n s o r
manufacturers.
Page 166
Israeli E-O/IR Programs
IAI-Tamam Plug-in Optronic
Payload (POP)
The POP is IAI-Tamam’s tactical
UAV popular E-O/IR payload, with a
unit cost of about $250,000. Designed
to meet short distance observation re-
quirements, the POP has also been se-
lected for various aircraft,
helicopters, security systems and
gun-sights. The basic POP configura-
tion contains color CCD and FLIR
cameras, with optional video tracking
and laser pointing.
POP has sold very widely, includ-
ing for the US UAVs. The POP 200
has been bought for the Army’s
Shadow 200 TUAV and, in 2004, for
the US Marine Corp’s Pioneer Im-
provement Program. Strong sales will
continue.
IAI-Tamam Multi-mission
Optronic System Payload
(MOSP)
The MOSP is IAI-Tamam’s endur-
ance UAV E-O/IR payload, with a
unit cost of about $400,000. With
very high stabilization, the MOSP can
be delivered with a wide range of sen-
sors, including CCD, FLIR, Laser
Range Finder (LRF), laser designa-
tor, laser pointer and video tracker.
MOSP has also been highly suc-
cessful, including for US UAVs, with
more than 400 systems delivered by
the end of 2004.
IAI-Tamam MiniPOP and
MicroPOP
IAI-Tamam has recently added
two new, smaller sensor balls to its
successful POP line. MiniPOP was
introduced at the Paris Air Show in
June 2005, and is a dual axis,
gyro-stabilized, 21 cm high sensor
ball with a modular plug-in sensor
“slice”, which can be easily replaced
in the field in minutes. This allows
easy upgrades, as well as swapping in
and out day E-O, IR, laser pointers,
etc., important for limited payload
UAVs which can not carry several
sensors at the same time. MiniPOP
weighs less than 7 kg.
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
MicroPOP is an even smaller sen-
sor ball introduced in 2006, typically
with a single small sensor.
IAI-Tamam Long Range Obser-
vation System (LOROS)
The LOROS is IAI-Tamam’s
high-end product, with a unit cost per-
haps between $750,000 and $1.25
million, designed to meet very
long-range reconnaissance require-
ments. In addition to a variety of
E-O/IR sensors, the gimbaled Inertial
Navigation System (INS) pinpoints
target coordinates.
LOROS has been less successful
than POP and MOSP, simply because
more expensive and sophisticated
systems are most often developed as
specific national programs, such as
the Global Hawk’s Integrated Sensor
S y s t e m ( I S S ) . F i r ms s u c h a s
Raytheon and Lockheed Martin have
also long developed relatively expen-
sive and capable modular E-O/IR sys-
tems for helicopters and manned
aircraft. These larger systems are then
available for more expensive UAV
applications, such as Raytheon’s
AN/AAS-44 and AN/AAS-52 for
P r e d a to r, w h ic h s u p p la n ted
WESCAM’s earlier, more inexpen-
sive, Model 14TS (which had been
bought as a direct commercial sale).
Elbit Compass for
Watchkeeper
In 2006, Elbit’s Elop division was
offering the Compass payload for
TUAVs. Weighing 38 kg, it includes
the latest third-generation mid-wave
infrared technology, and a complete
laser suite including a designator,
rangefinder, and illuminator. Elop
says that because it is focused on mo-
bile sensors, and it produces all its
components in-house, including op-
tics and focal plane arrays, it excels in
stabilization and in packing multiple
sensors into a single payload ball. The
company also touts its “smart-imag-
ing” technology: a family of proces-
sors and algorithms that can enhance
the image and counter the effects of
haze and turbulence.
In December 2005, Compass was
selected for Britain’s Watchkeeper
WK450 UAVs. One of Britain’s
Watchkeeper program’s biggest sell-
ing points is its dual payload system,
allowing a combination of E-O/IR,
SAR, and SIGINT sensors. The
Watchkeeper WK450 UAV is based
on Elbit’s Hermes 450.
Elbit Skylark Stabilized Sensor
In early 2005, the first of Elbit’s
Skylark mini-UAVs produced for the
Israel Defense Force (IDF) and other
customers. Its E-O payload is stabi-
lized – one of the few stabilized pay-
loads of its size – with a 10:1 optical
zoom capability. It is able to lock on to
a target using its gimbaled seeker and
the air vehicle’s navigation system.
Rafael SkyLite
Rafael uses its missile expertise to
give the SkyLite a two-axis gimbaled
and stabilized seeker, mounted in the
nose. Rafael claimed in 2005 that it
was the only dual-band day-plus-IR
seeker in the mini-UAV market, using
technology that Rafael will also use
for air-to-surface and anti-tank weap-
ons. SkyLite can lock its sensor on to
a target and recapture it if it is ob-
scured by smoke or obstacles.
Controp Stabilized D-STAMP
In early 2005, Israel’s Controp in-
troduced its under-1,000g D-STAMP
(Daylight STAbilized Miniature Pay-
load) for mini-UAVs. Controp claims
D-STAMP is the first stabilized sen-
sor payload that provides a “pointing
capability” for mini-UAVs. Most
mini-UAVs have a fixed sensor, and
the UAV must be pointed at ISR tar-
gets, resulting in “a very shaky pic-
ture”, according to a Controp official.
Controp claims there have been inter-
national sales in addition to purchases
by the Israel MoD and Israeli indus-
trial partners. Claims include the Or-
biter mini-UAV and some models of
the Skylite and Aerostar UAVs.
©Teal Group Corporation
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors Page 167

Once a camera is stabilized it can
provide higher resolution through a
longer focal length, as D-STAMP
does, according to Controp. The sen-
sor also has an electronic zoom up to
10X, which enables the operator to
choose a wide field of view for maxi-
mum coverage, and then zoom to a
target, she added. Controp currently
lists D-STAMP as having an “option
for night observation capability”, but
would not say when this will be avail-
able. D-STAMP weighs less than a
pound and a half.
Controp: Other Sensors
Controp has supplied the 26 kg
DSP-1 multisensor turret for Israeli
Scout and Searcher UAVs, as well as
its FSP-1 for Searcher.
The ESP-600C has reportedly
been in stalled aboard Dogan,
Searcher, and Scout UAVs.

French E-O/IR Programs

GlobalScan IRLS
Cose SARL’s IRLS is reported as a
chosen option for Galileo Avionica’s
Falco and Nibbio UAVs
Sagem cluding CCD piloting and surveil-
Sagem Defense Securite’s 8-12 lance cameras and the 8-12 micron
micron Corsaire IRLS has been sup- Cyclope 200 IRLS
plied to the CL-289 program.
Sagem also supplies the sensors
for the French army’s Crécerelle, in-

German E-O/IR Programs

Carl Zeiss Optronics Zeiss’s 7.5-10 micron OPHELIUS
Zeiss’s 3-5 micron ATTICA ther- is used on the German Army’s KZO
mal imager is used on the Luna 2000 UAV.
UAV.

South African E-O/IR Programs

Carl Zeiss Optronics Pty Goshawk family of multisensor pay-
In June 2007, Denel became Carl loads, which have reportedly served
Zeiss Optronics Pty. It produces the on Searcher and Sperwer UAVs.

Technology Development Programs

LASH & EPAS & AURORA & Navy & Army Hyperspectral Systems
Status: New Developments
Manufacturer: BAE Systems, Spectral Solutions, Honolulu, HI
Unit Cost: Varies

Overview
LASH (Littoral Airborne Sen-
sor/Hyperspectral) was a pioneering
pod-mounted hyperspectral elec-
tro-optical/infrared reconnaissance
system developed for multiple plat-
forms, including the US Navy’s P-3C
Orion and, possibly, aerostats and
UAVs. In December 1999, the Office
of Naval Research awarded a 5-year,
$50 million development contract to
Science & Technology International
(STI), Honolulu, HI, with additional
funding in 2003.
EPAS (E-O Passive ASW System)
is essentially the follow-on LASH de-
velopment program. BAE Spectral
Solutions, the renamed/acquired STI,
was contracted for the program in
2006.
The next generation Navy
hyperspectral program was being so-
licited in April 2007.
In Late 2006, the Army reportedly
awarded BAE Systems a contract for
five AURORA (Adaptive Unsuper-
vised Real-time Optical Reconnais-
sance Array) sensors for RQ-7
Shadow UAVs. The goal was to com-
plete flight testing in 2006 and field
the system in mid-2007.
This section also briefly treats
other US Navy and US Army
hyperspectral programs – primarily,
low altitude tactical systems, such as
for mine detection. See the Global
Hawk SPIRITT section above for a
discussion of hyperspectral technical
issues.

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 168
BAE Buys STI
In April 2004, STI Industries Inc.
reached an agreement to sell its gov-
ernment systems division to BAE
Systems North America for $27 mil-
lion in cash. The Honolulu-based
company said the sale will let it focus
on its medical research and develop-
ment unit and its dual-use technology
incubation division. STI Government
Systems is the largest of STI’s units
and employs 125 people in Hawaii.
Army Funding for Mine Detec-
tion
In July 2004, the Army Communi-
c a tio n s - E le c tr o n ic s Co mman d
(CECOM), Alexandria, VA, on be-
half of the RDEC Night Vision and
Electronic Sensors Directorate
(NVESD), Science and Technology
Div., Signal and Image Processing
Branch, announced it planned to ne-
gotiate a sole source contract with
Science & Technology International
(STI) to assess the viability of the fol-
lo w in g p a s s iv e ima g in g
hyperspectral electro-optical sensors:
the Visible to Near Infrared (VNIR)
Advanced Airborne Hyperspectral
Imaging System (AAHIS4), and the
S h o r t - Wav e I n f r a r e d ( S W I R )
H yp e r s p e c tr a l V N I R 4 0 0 n m
to1000nm (HVN0410) Sensor. The
contractor shall also provide en-
hancements as necessary to elec-
tr o - o p tics air b o r n e min e f ie ld
detection sensor and algorithm tech-
nology used in wide area airborne
minefield detection. The contractor
shall perform airborne data collec-
tions with the electro-optical sensors,
develop Automated Target Recogni-
tion (ATR) algorithms, conduct
image processing, and perform
phenomenology studies for mine and
minefield detection.
Minefield Detection Contract to
BAE
In October 2004, the Army
CECOM element in Alexandria, VA
awarded a contract to BAE Systems’
Special Solutions LLC in Honolulu,
HI, to provide for procurement sys-
tems for the Wide Area Airborne
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
Minefield Detection (WAAMD) pro-
gram. CECOM-Alexandria issued
Special Solutions a $1.2 million in-
crement as part of a $6.1 million
cost-plus-fixed-fee (CPFF) July 2004
contract for imaging hyperspectral
electro-optical sensors and algo-
rithms for WAAMD. The work is be-
ing performed in Honolulu, HI, and is
to be completed by September 2006.
Funding will come from Army Other
Procurement (OPA) (W909MY-04-
C-0051).
AURORA Production for
Shadow UAV?
In Late 2006, the Army reportedly
awarded BAE Systems a contract for
five fourth-generation AURORA
(Adaptive Unsupervised Real-time
Optical Reconnaissance Array) sen-
sors for RQ-7 Shadow UAVs. The 30
lb. (13.6 kg) payload includes a six
megapixel hyperspectral sensor. The
goal was to complete flight testing in
2 0 0 6 a n d f ield th e s ys tem in
mid-2007.
Image analysis is performed on
board by the adaptive spectral pro-
cessing and identification system. A
modified 300 kbs Common Data Link
(CDL) transmits data.
If all goes well, the Army has dis-
cussed including AURORA on the
Warrior ER/MP UAV.
Next Generation LASH Con-
tract
In March 2007, NAVAIR an-
nounced it is issuing a sole source
contract with BAE Systems Spectral
Solutions, as a result of an Office of
the Secretary of Defense competition
for Joint Concepts Technology Dem-
onstration projects. The Joint
Multi-Mission Electro-Optics Sys-
tem (JMMES) project was selected.
The project is a continuation of R&D
efforts that will incorporate improve-
ments to the precursor LASH (Litto-
ral Airborne Sensor-Hyperspectral)
and the existing EPAS (Electro-Optic
Passive ASW System) system to ex-
tend present anti-submarine warfare
capabilities into new missions for
mine countermeasures, maritime in-
terdiction operations, surface war-
fare, search & rescue, illicit crop
detection, and marine mammal
mitigation.
It is anticipated that the current
hardware configuration of EPAS will
be redesigned and prototypes modi-
fied and constructed to improve
search rate capabilities and the accep-
tance of a wider range of military/ci-
vilian aircraft such as fixed winged,
helicopters, airships and UAVs. Soft-
ware improvements will also be made
to incorporate new target and clutter
characteristics. Test and evaluation
support will be provided to demon-
strate to Combatant commands and
international users the value of the
JMMES system under operational
conditions and circumstances. SOL is
N00421-07-D-0013.
SWIR HSI FPA Solicitation
In April 2007, the Office of Naval
Research (ONR), Naval Research
Laboratory (NRL)/Stennis, Stennis
Space Center, MS, 39529-5004, an-
nounced a requirement for research
and development efforts to fabricate,
integrate, test, and deliver two (2)
small-p itch , larg e-fo rmat,
short-wavelength infrared (SWIR)
focal plane arrays (FPA) for use in
daytime hyperspectral imaging sen-
sor development. The required FPAs
shall have approximately 2000 pixels
in one dimension and at least 512 in
the other dimension, and shall be
mounted in cooling systems.
The required effort will consist of
several tasks, which shall include, but
may not be limited to: a) providing the
personnel, equipment, and facilities
to design and develop the required
FPAs and their cryogenic cooling sys-
tems; b) acquiring the necessary hard-
ware for the focal plane arrays and
their cooling systems; c) performing
integration and testing efforts on the
FPAs in their cooling systems; and d)
performing efforts to integrate the
FPAs and cooling systems with other
sensor subsystems. Detailed require-
ments, including detailed specifica-
tion/statement of work, delivery
requirements, and list of contract data
©Teal Group Corporation
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
requirements will be included in the
solicitation document.
This solicitation is a full-and-
open-competition. All responsible
sources may submit a proposal, which
shall be considered by the agency.
The Government anticipates award of
one Firm-Fixed Price contract for the
requirements. NRL uses Electronic
Commerce (EC) to issue RFPs and
amendments to RFPs. This solicita-
tion and any amendments to it will be
available via the Internet starting ap-
proximately fifteen (15) days after
Teal Group Analysis
The US Navy’s LASH (Littoral
Airborne Sensor/Hyperspectral) sen-
sor, contracted in late 1999 with addi-
tional funding in 2003, continued by
EPAS (E-O Passive ASW System) in
2006, is one of today’s furthest ad-
vanced military hyperspectral sys-
t e ms . A s f o r e c a s t , “ L A S H ”
development will again continue,
with a solicitation for the next genera-
tion system in April 2007.
Multispectral and hyperspectral
reconnaissance may well be the wave
of the future, but development has
been fairly slow over the past half-de-
cade. Perhaps we just expected too
much, too soon. Although there is not
yet a single hyperspectral system in
series production (at least not an un-
classified system), airborne and
spaceborne reconnaissance have al-
ready begun a fundamental shift from
concentrating solely on high spatial
resolution from a single sensor, to us-
ing different spectral data. This shift
Airborne UAV-Specific Solicitations and Contracts
Army Future Force Networked
Sensors
In February 2004, plans for PE#
0603710A, Project #K86, Night Vi-
sion, Airborne Systems included the
Networked Sensors for the Future
Force Advanced Technology Demon-
stration (ATD) project, which will
mature multi-mission (RSTA, coun-
termine) day/night targeting sensors
and software for small unmanned ae-
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
publication of this announcement at
the URL address provided below.
SOL is N00173-07- R-RS01, due
April 2007.
Next Generation Multi-Platform
Turret
I n J u ly 2 0 0 7 , N AW C- A D -
Patuxent River awarded BAE Sys-
tems Spectral Solutions a ceil-
ing-priced $49 million indefinite- de-
livery/indefinite-quantity (ID/IQ)
contract to fund the design comple-
tion and building of five of the next
is well underway with the use of
dual-band E-O/IR sensors and SAR
(Synthetic Aperture Radar). Kosovo,
Afghanistan, and Iraq re-emphasized
the need to detect camouflaged and
hidden threats and mines. These con-
flicts essentially strengthened the di-
rection of where research was already
headed. In 2000, the Joint Staff’s
“quick look” study on Operation Al-
lied Force recommended pursuing
f u ll s p e c tr u m r e c o n n a is s a n c e
capabilities.
However, many hyperspectral
programs have now been put on a
back burner, at least regarding pro-
duction plans, and look likely to re-
main in basic development for several
more years. Instead of improved de-
tection, improved data distribution is
getting much of the increased funding
in airborne ISR today. Single and
dual-band electro-optical data collec-
tion has grown hugely as improved
digital sensors have become ubiqui-
rial vehicles (UAV) for the Future
Force.
Technologies to be addressed in-
clude automated flight control and ul-
tra-light payloads for UAVs. The
mission equipment package for the
Class II UAV will demonstrate small,
lightweight, interchangeable pay-
loads (electro-optical/infrared, laser
radar) to support target detection,
identification, and location of diffi-
Page 169
generation of multi-platform demon-
stration turrets with a non-acoustic
sensor suite, with four earmarked for
the Navy and one for the Government
of Canada. The work is being con-
ducted in Honolulu, HI, and is to be
completed in June 2012. Contract
funding is coming from Navy
RD T&E ( $ 4 6 millio n ; PE#
0603235N) and from the Foreign
Military Sales (FMS; $3 million)
accounts (N00421-07-D-0013).
tous, and datalinks and processing
have been a more urgent issue than
hyperspectral sensors.
Indeed, this has been the major
p r o b le m w ith a d v a n c in g
hyperspectral imagers – data process-
ing and transmission. There is a lack
of bandwidth to transmit 50-100
times the data as might be produced
by a standard E-O/IR sensor, and ade-
quate processing and software have
not been developed to discern real
threats from false alarms, which have
been rife in testing.
Our forecast, highly speculative at
this point, is for another few years of
RDT&E until a serious production
program occurs, though the Army’s
AURORA could be the first produc-
tion system, beginning sooner. Sys-
tem details are uncertain at this point,
though BAE Systems likely has a lock
on at least some initial production,
and a large part of continued RDT&E
funding.
cult targets for the Unit of Action. The
mission equipment package for Class
I UAVs will demonstrate very small,
very lightweight, interchangeable
payloads (electro-optic, thermal,
acoustic, chemical) to support intelli-
g en ce, su rv eillan ce, an d
reconnaissance requirements for the
Unit of Action.
Page 170
ASTAMIDS RSTA and Laser
Designator Integration
In July 2004, Army CECOM, on
behalf of the PEO-Armaments, Pro-
gram Manager Close Combat Sys-
tems, Countermine Div., announced it
planned to negotiate a sole source
mo d if ic a tio n to co n tr a c t
DAAB15-03-C-001 3 with Northrop
Grumman, Airborne Ground Surveil-
lance & Battle Management Systems,
Melbourne, FL, for the integration of
Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and
Target Acquisition (RSTA) and Laser
Designation (LD) functionality/re-
quirements into the Airborne Stand-
off Minefield Detection System
(ASTAMIDS) platform with minimal
modification to the system, in an ef-
fort to provide a RSTA capability on a
co mmo n g imb al. SO L is
W909MY-04-Q-RSTA, due August
2004. POC is Jane Borden, tel: (703)
325-1709, email: jane.borden@
cacw.army.mil. POP is US Army
Communications-Electronics Com-
mand, CECOM Acquisition Center
Washington, ATTN: AMSEL-AC-W,
2 4 6 1 E is e n h o w e r Av e n u e ,
Alexandria, VA 22331-0700.
UACO Part 2: FCS UAV-
Ground Cooperation Solicita-
tion
In August 2004, the Army Avia-
tion Applied Technology Directorate
(AATD), Fort Eustis, VA, announced
it intends to solicit technical and cost
proposals on a cooperative engage-
ment demonstration effort that forms
Part 2 of the Unmanned Autonomous
Collaborative Operations (UACO)
program, an Army Science and Tech-
nology Objective (STO). Multiple
contracts were awarded under Part 1
of this program earlier in FY04 (So-
licitation number W911W6-04-
R-0003). This is open to all US con-
tractors and not limited t o successful
Part 1 contractors.
The goal of Part 2 of this program
is to demonstrate air-ground coopera-
tive engagements using small, highly
autonomous UAVs to enhance com-
bat effectiveness of mounted/dis-
mounted infantry companies. The
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
team of unmanned vehicles, includ-
ing small highly autonomous UAVs,
should require minimal operator ef-
fort to accomplish the mission. The
cooperative engagement demonstra-
tion envisioned is of a Future Combat
System (FCS) equipped Infantry Co.
receiving a mission to conduct a
movement to contact. The unit’s des-
ignated unmanned system user/oper-
ator develops a high-level mission
plan that will deploy a team of un-
manned vehicles to execute this
mission, at least one of these being
representative of a Class II UAV.
As part of the mission, the team of
unmanned vehicles will conduct re-
connaissance forward of the unit, de-
tect target(s), track them, and
collaborate on the execution or
hand-off of an engagement for a cho-
sen target. The team of unmanned ve-
hicles will assist the unit in executing
the mission with minimum human in-
tervention. Offerors will be required
to propose test vignettes depicting au-
tonomous, collaborative capabilities
in the unmanned team. The opera-
tional scenarios may be based on mili-
tary operations in urban terrain
(MOUT) and/or open and rolling
terrain.
Test vignettes may include day and
night operations, and may include
weapons e n g a g e men t by
ground-based manned systems. The
Government will arrange for the dem-
onstration test site. The Government
will provide ground-based manned
vehicles, targets, weapons, ammuni-
tion and associated support at this
test-site as necessary. The Govern-
ment will not furnish any unmanned
vehicles. SOL is W911W6-04-R-
0015, due September 2004. POC is
Pat Hagginbothom, tel: (757)
878-4818, email: phagginbothom@
aatd.eustis.army.mil. POP is Aviation
Applied Technology Directorate,
ATTN: AMSRD- AMR-AA-C,
Building 401, Lee Boulevard, Fort
Eustis, VA 23604-5577.
Multi-spectral UAV Mine-detec-
tion Sensor Solicitation
In May 2006, the Army Communi-
cation-Electronics-Life Cycle Man-
agement Command, Acquisition
Center-Washington, on behalf of the
U.S. Army Research, Development
and Engineering Command, Commu-
nications Electronics Research De-
velopment and Engineering Center
(RDECOM CERDEC), Night Vision
and Electronic Sensors Directorate
(NVESD), Science and Technology
Div., announced it was seeking
sources for a multi-spectral visible to
near-infrared (VNIR) to short-wave-
infrared (SWIR) airborne sensor.
NVESD is initiating an applied re-
search program for a TRL 5 airborne
demonstration of a multi-spectral, re-
flection-band (400-2,500 nm), imag-
ing brassboard sensor. The sensor
will be used for detection of surface
and buried landmines from a Class III
unmanned airborne vehicle (UAV)
flying at airspeed of 85 knots.
The proposed sensor will be capa-
ble of imaging with anywhere from 4
to 6 bands within this spectral region
and have a ground resolved distance
of 3 inches or less. Spectral data for
each ground sample shall be collected
simultaneously. The sensor should be
capable of remaining functional dur-
ing exposure to temperatures from
-51C to 81C without the use of special
kits or operational procedures with
limited degradation in performance
permitted. Payload shall accept 28V
DC from UAV with a + or - 1.2 Volt
DC drop. Power usage should not ex-
ceed 200 Watts. Output of the sensor
should be co-registered digital imag-
ery from the focal plane and not be
limited to detections.
Designs are allowed to incorporate
an upward-looking sky sensor for at-
mospheric compensation. There
should be a planned transition path to
TRL 6, which incorporates a 35 lb
sensor payload weight, to include
proposed sensor head, all electronics,
data acquisition and at least 5 hours of
data storage. The sensor does not
have a requirement for geolocation,
but must provide sufficient time tag
©Teal Group Corporation
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
information to allow geolocation us-
ing UAV resources. NVESD is inter-
ested in responses involving any of
the following capabilities: (1) FPA
development, (2) optics design and
development, (3) camera electronics,
(4) brassboard sensors and data ac-
quisition. SOL is W909MY-06-
R-PM07, due 6/9/06. POP is US
Army C-E LCMC, Acquisition Cen-
ter – Was h in g to n , AT T N :
AMSEL-AC-W, 2461 Eisenhower
Avenue, Alexandria, VA 22331-
0700.
Microsensor Contracts
In March 2007, The Defense Mi-
croelectronics Activity (DMA),
McClellan, CA, awarded a $8.7 mil-
lion CPFF contract to Signal Technol-
ogy in Plano, TX, to provide for
continuing procurements for the
Microsensor Phase VI program. The
contract was the result of a February
2007, five-company solicitation. One
proposal was received. The work is
being performed in Plano, TX, and is
to be completed by May 2008. Con-
tract financing is probably coming
from the Army Sensors and Elec-
tronic Survivability element (PE#
0602120A) (H94003-07-C-0705).
I n May 2 0 0 6 , th e D MA -
McClellan awarded Signal Technol-
ogy a $7.2 million CPFF contract for
Microsensor Phase V. The work was
to be performed in Plano, TX, and
completed by May 2007 (H94003-
06-C-6003).
UAV Sensors Contract
In March 2007, NAWC-AD-
Lakehurst awarded Pedigree Tech-
nologies, Fargo, ND, an $8.4 million
CPFF contract to fund the research
and development of electro-optical,
radio frequency (RF), and acoustic
sensors for UAV platforms. The con-
tract was competitively awarded via a
broad agency announcement (BAA),
there were three proposals received.
The work is to be performed in Fargo,
ND, and is to be completed in Decem-
ber 2011. Contract funding is coming
from the Navy RF Systems Applied
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Research element (PE# 0602271N)
(N68335-07-C-0271).
Small UAV E-O Sensors Solici-
tation
In March 2007, the Office of Na-
val Research (ONR) announced that
its Electronic Warfare Discovery and
Invention (D&I) program is inter-
ested in investing in science and tech-
nology (S&T) initiatives that will
provide naval forces (including Navy
and Marine Corps) with improved
threat warning systems, electronic
support measures (ESM), decoys, and
electronic attack (EA) countermea-
sures as well as communication and
navigation countermeasures. ONR
312 Electronic Warfare (EW) seeks
white papers for efforts that shall de-
velop and demonstrate technologies
for the next generation components
and systems in Electronic Warfare.
White papers should address tech-
nology developments in one or more
of the following areas. 1). Elec-
tro-Optical/Infrared Sensor Elec-
tronic Field of Regard, Field-of-View
(FOV) and Magnification. The Office
of Naval Research (ONR-312) seeks
innovative technology development
proposals for small, light-weight
electro-optic and infrared sensors
and/or technology for dynamically
allocatable field of view (FOV)/mag-
nification. The thrust is to develop
sensor technology enabling low cost
persistent surveillance and targeting.
It should be suitable ultimately for
small payload, 5 pounds typically, un-
manned aerial vehicles (UAV). The
sensor technology should not be me-
chanical gimbals or mechanical
pan-tilt-zoom. The sensors should be
optronically/electronically pointable
(i.e., optically agile beam steering).
The technology should ultimately be
capable of up to +/- 90 degrees point-
ing/steering and electronic magnifi-
cation (3X to 12X) capable.
Electronically addressed active optics
should enable optical sensors that can
steer quickly between lines of sight
and change to multiple fields of view
for reconnaissance applications. This
includes wide FOV for surveillance,
Page 171
high resolution narrow FOV for
target identification and tracking, and
fast electronically addressable
pointing for tracking of multiple
targets.
Attention/consideration should be
given to knowing where the sensor
FOV is directed so image registration
and target geolocation can be deter-
mined. Passive visible and infrared
imaging sensors/technology are of
particular interest.
2). E-O-IR Scene Simulation for
Persistent Surveillance Development
The objective is to develop a scene
simulation capability, in the elec-
tro-optical and infrared spectral
bands, to use for developing and eval-
uating automated scene/image under-
standing and autonomous sensor
management algorithms. The effort
should be phased and incremental to
develop initial capabilities in as
timely a manner as possible. Maxi-
mum possible use of DoD lab existing
simulations/scene generators is
encouraged. SOL is ONRBAA07-
015, due June 15, 2007.
IR Micro-Sensors Solicitation
In July 2007, DARPA solicited re-
search proposals in the area of Mi-
cro-Sensors for Imaging (MISI). The
objective of this effort is to develop
technologies for extremely light
weight micro-cameras sensitive in the
visible to short wave and in longer
wave infrared; and to demonstrate
such camera systems in micro-vehi-
cles and head mounted applications.
The proposed research should inves-
tigate and exploit innovative ap-
pr oaches t hat w i l l e n a b l e
revolutionary advances in science,
materials, detectors, focal plane ar-
rays, micro-packaging, optics, elec-
tronics and signal processing leading
to extremely light weight cameras.
Specifically excluded is research,
w h ich p rimarily resu lts in
evolutionary improvement to the
existing state of practice.
The primary goal of this program
is to establish the micro-systems tech-
nology for extremely lightweight,
low power cameras with the perfor-
Page 172
mance necessary for medium to
short-range applications. The compo-
nents comprising the lightweight
camera include the optics, packaged
detector, electronics and camera
housing. Innovations in optical and
detecting materials; sensor design
and fabrication, signal processing,
and micro packaging are necessary to
a c h iev e g o a ls f o r ex tr e mely
lightweight.
Specifically excluded is research
which primarily results in evolution-
ary improvement to the existing state
of practice. This program addresses
development of sensor technology
critical to micro-vehicle and
head-mounted system applications,
integration of sensor technology into
E-O/IR Technology Program Solicitations and Contracts
Target Exploitation Develop-
ment & Support (TEDS) Solici-
tation
In May 2004, the Air Force Re-
search Laboratory (AFRL), Rome
Research Center, Rome, NY, an-
nounced that capable sources are
sought to continue development and
enhancement of the current opera-
tional targeting functionality of joint
targeting automation software, to
move towards full automation of all
needed targeting capabilities, includ-
ing support to all elements of the joint
targeting community and time-criti-
cal and time-sensitive targeting oper-
ations, according to the approved
ORD entitled, “Final Operational Re-
quirements Document (ORD) CAF
(JS/J2) 005-00-II-A for the Joint
Targeting Toolbox (JTT) JROCM
#217-02", dated December 16, 2002.
The effort will include making
changes to improve performance and
responsiveness to operational needs;
upgrade the current suite of applica-
tions with new versions of Commer-
cial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) and
n e w ly d e v e lo p e d ( G o v e r n-
ment-Off-The-Shelf [GOTS]) soft-
ware; support integration testing with
various operating environments; and
respond quickly to user mission needs
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
a package consistent with the applica-
tion, and demonstration of system
prototypes. Micro-air and mi-
cro-ground platforms and helmet
mounted applications require: sensor
operation at room temperature or with
extremely low power cooling and
temperature stabilization, sensor mi-
cro-package with operational lifetime
consistent with military operations,
and optics and electronics consistent
with the platform. The first phase of
the program shall demonstrate the
feasibility of integrating an imaging
array into a micro-package of the size
and weight necessary for the applica-
tion and with performance compati-
ble with system goals. This will
include demonstration of the key
concerning the training, initialization,
operation and management of the
supported suite of applications.
While meeting the needs of the target-
ing community-at-large, unique ser-
vice capabilities must be provided
and interoperability with legacy and
evolving systems, databases, and
architectures must be maintained.
An Indefinite-Delivery/Indefi-
nite-Quantity (ID/IQ), Cost-Plus-
Award-Fee (CPAF)-Completion type
contract is contemplated, with an or-
dering period of sixty (60) months.
The maximum contemplated order-
ing amount is $48 million. Responses
to this sources sought notice are re-
quested from small businesses and
will be used for market research pur-
poses and possible set-aside. Should
the determination be made to select
this as a small business set-aside, an-
other notice will be posted reflecting
such. SOL is FA8750-04-R-0037,
POC is Scott Podkowka, tel: (315)
330-4716, fax: (315) 330-1608,
email: Scott. Podkowka@rl.af.mil.
Automated Sensor Manage-
ment & Data Fusion RFI
In May 2004, the Army Communi-
c a tio n s - E le c tr o n ic s Co mman d
(CECOM), Fort Monmouth, NJ,
attributes of the proposed approach,
and paths to evaluate the risk.
The measured data shall be sup-
ported by models and calculations
predicting performance. Options may
be exercised to continue the program
after this initial demonstration. The
second phase will consist of an inte-
grated system feasibility demonstra-
tion for the proposed application.
SOL is BAA06-46, POC is Ray-
mond Balcerak, fax: (703) 696-2206.
Michael Blackstone is the Contract-
ing Officer, tel: (571) 218-4804, fax:
(703) 696-2208. email: rbalcerak
@darpa.mil, michael.blackstone
@darpa.mil.
I2WD announced it is conducting
market research to receive informa-
tion on technology and products in
development and/or off-the-shelf that
can support a multi-sensor Mission
Management (MM) Module, which
will be used for the Eye-In-the-Sky
(EIS) Science and Technology Objec-
tive (STO). The MM module will per-
form sensor management and data
fusion for multiple sensors aboard a
common airborne platform. This will
include automated data correlation
and target-tracking, as well as auto-
mated payload management for
tasking and cross-cueing of sensors.
The MM module will also inter-
face to existing sensors, an onboard
aircraft GPS and inertial system, and
a data link to a ground station. The
MM Module must be compatible with
current and future military sensors as
well as allow connectivity to future
DCGS-A, FCS, 10.2 and other joint
mission ground station/architectures.
This implies reliance on an open, ser-
vice based architecture. The specific
sensors used for the payload will be
dependent on specific mission re-
q u ir e men ts . S O L is W 1 5 P 7 T-
04-I2WD-005, due May 22, 2004.
POC is Jane Calicari, tel: (732)
427-7077. POP is the US Army
©Teal Group Corporation
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
RDECOM, CERDEC, I2W Director-
ate, ATTN: AMSRD-CER-IW-BA,
Building 600, Fort Monmouth, NJ.
This is a pre-solicitation request for
information (RFI).
Dynamic Tactical Targeting
(DTT) Follow-On Solicitation
In October 2004, the Information
Ex p lo itatio n O ff ice (IX O ) at
DARPA, Arlington, VA, announced it
was soliciting proposals for the Dy-
namic Tactical Targeting: Tactical
Exercis es and System Test
(DTT:TEST) program under this
Broad Agency Announcement
(BAA). The DTT program currently
is developing technology to continu-
ously cross-cue a large set of hetero-
geneous, partially controllable sensor
platforms to maintain track on known
targets, while maintaining search ef-
forts to find new candidate targets, so
that known targets can be held at risk
until a commander authorizes en-
gagement. Abstractly, the sensors can
be viewed as a pool of resources, and
mission needs (search an area,
maintain track on a designated
vehicle) as prioritized demands.
DTT is the process that continu-
ously, and proactively, assigns re-
sources to demands as the situation
changes: new missions are defined,
known vehicles move, new vehicles
are found, existing tracks degrade,
etc. The DTT program began in 1999,
and is ending this year. It developed
an initial set of software components,
in teg r ated in to a co mp lete,
closed-loop system, that clearly vali-
dated the above premise, but vali-
dated the premise only on simulated
data. Simulated data simply cannot
contain all of the artifacts and error
sources present in the real world.
The Tactical Exercises and System
Testing (DTT:TEST) program has
been created to validate the DTT
premise in live exercises, leveraging
companion efforts in the Army (affili-
ated with the Future Combat System)
and Air Force (affiliated with the Dis-
tributed Common Ground Station).
The DTT:TEST program will vali-
date the premise that automated tools
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
can be employed to, 1). align the
transformed sensor data to a common
geospatial reference system, 2). cor-
relate data across sources into consis-
tent target tracks, 3). predict future
target motion, 4). create sensor-spe-
cific tasking that develops the most
effective way to employ sensors in the
context of anticipated target motion
(for targets in track) and remaining
search tasks (for targets yet to be dis-
covered), and 5). allow a commander
and staff to maintain situation
a w a r e n e s s an d s u p e r v i s e th e
operation of the automation.
The DTT:TEST program will
build and integrate technologies for
these five areas, and exercise them on
real-world sensor data, both recorded
and live. Some of these technologies
may be drawn from those funded by
the original DTT program, but IXO is
aware of, and interested in, other,
equally mature technologies that may
outperform those employed by DTT
to date. Validation will be accom-
plished in live exercises, leveraging
companion efforts in the Army and
Air Force. SOL is BAA05-04, due
January 29, 2005.
Efficient Mid-Wave Infrared La-
sers
In February 2006, DARPA solic-
ited for Efficient Mid-Wave Infrared
Lasers (EMIL), the objective of
which is to develop new MWIR (de-
fined here to be wavelengths between
3.8 and 4.8 microns) laser concepts
with fundamentally superior efficien-
cies, and to demonstrate MWIR lasers
which approach these efficiencies.
Specific program goals include: Wall
plug efficiency exceeding 50 percent;
CW output power exceeding 1 W;
Operation at 300K ambient tempera-
ture (TE cooled); Beam quality better
than two times diffraction limit in
both directions; and Compact physi-
cal size. Spectral tunability across the
band and narrow line widths are de-
sirable laser qualities but are second-
ary to the above program goals. The
period of performance for each of
these Phases and the milestone sched-
ule will be proposed by offerors
Page 173
within their technical proposals and
will be factors considered as part of
the source selection process (see be-
low). In general, a shorter phase is
preferable, but each Phase should
clearly be adequate in duration to
meet its objectives with reasonable
risks and costs. Proposals should
discuss plans for managing these
factors.
DARPA seeks innovative propos-
als in the following areas: I. Modeling
and Design of Efficient MWIR La-
sers; II. Fabrication of Advanced
Structures for Efficient MWIR La-
sers; III. Thermal Management of Ef-
ficient MWIR Lasers; IV. Power
Scaling of Highly Efficient MWIR
Lasers. Additional information on
these technology areas is provided in
the Areas of Interest section of the
BAA 06-20 Proposer Information
Pamphlet. SOL is BAA06-20, due
June 2006.
Super Resolution Vision Sys-
tem
In March 2006, the DARPA Ad-
vanced Technology Office (ATO) so-
licited proposals under a BAA for the
Super Resolution Vision System
(SRVS) program. The objective of the
SRVS program is to design, build, and
field a prototype man-portable optical
system that will credibly extend the
range for target recognition and iden-
tification over existing systems. The
key technical innovation is to exploit
an atmospheric turbulence-generated
micro-lensing phenomenon that cre-
ates high-resolution (lucky) image re-
gions through collection of a stream
of high-speed images to generate
better-than diffraction limited im-
ages. DARPA is interested in propos-
als that utilize state-of-the-art optical
and computational technologies to
exploit this turbulence-generated mi-
cro-lensing phenomenon, which will
facilitate new operational and tactical
opportunities for land forces. Propos-
als must culminate in a field demon-
stration of a prototype system scaled
to in-service system size, weight and
power. DARPA requests proposals
for the full scope of development
Page 174
(e.g., an end-to-end system designed
by a team of multidisciplinary re-
search organizations, plus an integra-
to r f o r c o o r d in a tio n an d
implementation support). Proposals
addressing only individual compo-
nent-level technologies will be con-
sidered non-responsive to this BAA.
Primary technical challenges include
the development of image quality
c o mp u ta tio n a l alg o r ith ms f o r
on-the-fly local image quality analy-
sis and fusion (image quality map es-
timation and fusion of (lucky)
high-resolution image regions);
rapid, on-the-fly local region shift/jit-
ter removal combined with on-the-fly
(lucky) region fusion; image stabili-
zation and local image shifts removal;
and the interface between the
high-speed camera and computa-
tional hardware. Integration chal-
lenges include incorporating the
resulting system into a compact,
man-portable package; system size,
weight and power; power manage-
ment (use of standard batteries); and
environmental packaging. The SRVS
program will build and test a field
prototype man-portable optical sys-
tem that will: Credibly demonstrate
improved recognition range over
existing systems, be less than 2
kilograms, be less than 35 cm in
length, and have an optical aperture
less than 6 cm. This BAA shall remain
open for one (1) year from the date of
publication on www.fbo.gov and
www.grants.gov. SOL is BAA06-23.
Force Protection Sensors
Technology
I n May 2 0 0 6 , CECO M/
RDECOM/NVESD solicited through
the Broad Agency Announcement
(BAA) process proposals for innova-
tive application of sensor integration
technology that supports, enhances or
stands alone with existing Force Pro-
tection (FP) sensor technology or ar-
chitecture. These technologies shall
focus on the missions of area security,
border surveillance and standoff de-
tection or manned suicide bomb
threats. This BAA will also include
interest into unique sensor integration
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
techniques and/or the seamless inter-
face into existing FP sensor system of
systems architecture for area secu-
rity/border surveillance (e.g. Cerber-
us, the integrated security sensor
trailer, or the current Suicide Bomb
Detection sensors Gauntlet). The
FPS-TMD effort is to evaluate and
demonstrate promising technical con-
cepts, their technical maturity and op-
erational utility for the missions
stated above. The objectives of the
FPS-TMD program are: Advance the
state of the art of traditional Force
Protection sensors; Stimulate innova-
tive applications of non-traditional
Force Protection Sensors; Seek to le-
verage investments in other sensors
and system integration efforts made
by industry, academia, DoD and other
Government Agencies; Demonstrate
the operational utility of integrated
sensors for the suggested FP mis-
sions. SOL is W15P7T-06-R-P816,
due May 2007. POP is US Army C-E
LCMC A cq u isitio n Cen ter -
DAAB07 ATTN: AMSEL-AC. The
technical point of contact is Michael
Jennings, tel: (703) 704-1032; email:
mike.p.jennings@us.army.mil.
NMIR FPA Contract to DRS
In October 2006, the AFRL,
Wright research Site, Wright-
Patterson AFB, OH, released a $6.3
million CPFF contract to DRS Sen-
sors and Targeting Systems in Dallas,
TX, to fund the development of a
128X128 format hqCdTE Avalanche
Photodiode (APD) Near-Mid Infra-
red (NMIR) Focal Plane Array (FPA)
receiver system. The contract saw so-
licitations issued in November 2005
and negotiations completed in Octo-
ber 2006. The workload is to include a
system trade study to investigate the
overall receiver system and model
FPA/ROIC trade space in terms of the
performance parameters such as
Readout Integrated Circuit (ROIC)
power dissipation, system noise, the
number of output channels required
for high date rate output, etc. The
work is being performed in Dallas,
TX, and is to be completed in Febru-
ary 2009. Contract funding will come
from the Air Force Aerospace
Sensors RDT&E program (PE#
0602204F) (FA8650-07-C-7703).
Anti-Sniper IR Targeting Sys-
tem Contract
In March 2006, the Marine Corps
MARCORSYSCOM, Quantico, VA,
had a requirement for continuation of
research and development services to
complete the Anti-Sniper Infrared
Targeting System (ASITS) and move
into evaluation and production of the
system for field use. ASITS is a versa-
tile bullet tracking sensor system. The
anticipated contract will consist of a
Base Year (commencing in FY06)
and four (4) one-year Options
( th r o u g h F Y 1 0 ) . MA RCO R-
SYSCOM intends to award a T&M,
ID/IQ task order contract to M2 Tech-
nologies, West Hyannisport, MA. M2
Technologies is the only company
with the corporate knowledge to con-
tinue to work on the ASITS program
and any other source other than M2
Technologies would result in substan-
tial duplication of cost to the Govern-
ment and delay in delivery schedule.
SOL is M67854-06-R-1015, due
4/12/06. POC is Mr. Dwight B.
Michael, tel: (703) 432-3740, email:
dwight.micheal@usmc.mil.
UGV Sensor Contract
In December 2006, the Army
TACOM, Warren, MI, proposed to
award a new contract on a sole source,
CPFF basis, using RDT&E funds, to
General Dynamics Robotics Systems,
in Westminster, MD. General Dy-
namics will integrate and test previ-
o u s ly d e v e lo p e d s e n s o r s a n d
algorithms to allow unmanned
ground vehicles to safely operate
among civilian vehicles and pedestri-
ans. In this program, the contractor
will integrate and test Army Research
Lab robotics-collaborative technol-
ogy alliance (ARL-CTA) developed
algorithms on a non-developmental
robotic test bed vehicle equipped with
an FCS autonomous navigation sys-
tem. This work is in direct support of
the program manager for Future
Combat Systems to address “UGV
©Teal Group Corporation
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
Safe Operations in FCS Unit of Ac-
tion (UAC)”, designated as FCS risk
UGV0213. Research will be per-
formed in the area of on-vehicle high
speed computing that is capable of
processing LADAR data and algo-
rithms at rates that all the test bed to
safely move through complex terrain
at high speeds, integration of hard-
ware and software on a non-develop-
mental robotic vehicle; and finally
testing & experimentation of the
integrated system to meet the metrics
in FCS risk UGV0213.
The total period of performance
shall be 31 months from contract
award. This action will be solicited on
a sole source basis with General Dy-
namics Robotics System, Westmin-
ster, MD. Award of a cost plus fixed
fee contract is anticipated. The esti-
mated release date for request for pro-
posal W56HZV-07-R-0200 is 22 Jan
07 and the estimated closing date is 23
Feb 07. The RFP will be available on
the contracting webpage http://con-
t r a c t i n g . t a c o m . a r m y. m i l / r e-
search/researchproc.html. The point
of contact regarding this RFP is
Rosalie Williamson, AMSTA-AQ-
ASGA, email: rosalie.a.williamson@
us.army.mil, (586) 574-8089 or
Derek McAleer, contracting officer,
AMSTA-AQ-ASGA, email derek.
mc a le e r @ u s . a r my. mil, ( 5 8 6 )
574-8093. SOL is W56HZV-07-
R-0200, due 2/7/07. POP is ARMY
TACOM LCMC, Warren, MI.
Hemispheric FPA Solicitation
I n J a n u a r y 2 0 0 7 , D A RPA ,
Arlington, VA, announced it is solic-
iting innovative research proposals to
develop Hemispherical Array Detec-
tors for Imaging (HARDI) in the
VIS-NIR-SWIR (400-1900 nm)
spectral region. The ultimate vision
for the program is to demonstrate a fo-
cal plane array integrated on a hemi-
spherical surface that will enable
high-performance imagers with a
small form factor and field of view
that far exceeds the state of the art
possible with planar focal plane ar-
rays. The program’s end objectives
are to demonstrate a focal plane array
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
prototype that achieves a D-star
greater than 10E13 cm-sqrt (Hz)/W
over a wide spectral range, a 1 cm ra-
dius of curvature with million pixels,
a large 120 degree FOV, and a 60 Hz
frame rate. Proposed research should
investigate innovative approaches
that enable revolutionary advances in
organic and/or inorganic material sys-
tems with inexpensive, easily scal-
a b le p r o c e s s in g meth o d s .
Specifically excluded is research that
primarily results in evolutionary im-
provements to the existing state of
practice. The objective of the HARDI
program is to exploit the optical, elec-
trical, and mechanical properties of
both organic and inorganic semicon-
ductor materials along with innova-
tive processing methods to create
compact, lightweight detection sys-
tems. The program goal is to develop
new photo-detectors that will allow
the use of fewer optical elements and
eliminate the need for image post pro-
cessing since the hemispherical pla-
nar array will inherently correct for
spherical and other optical
aberrations. The challenge to be
addressed in this program is to
a c h iev e h ig h p h o to - d e te c to r
performance over a wide 400-1900
nm spectral band on a curved surface.
Multiple awards are anticipated.
Collaborative efforts/teaming are en-
couraged. Cost sharing is not required
and is not an evaluation criterion but
is encouraged where there is a reason-
able probability of a potential com-
mercial application related to the
proposed research and development
effort. The technical POC for this ef-
fort is Devanand Shenoy, fax: (703)
6 9 6 - 2 2 0 6 , e ma il: D e v a n a n d .
Shenoy@darpa.mil. SOL is BAA06-
48, due February 2007.
Light Innovation Technologies
(LITE) Solicitation
In February 2007, the AFRL, Di-
rected Energy Directorate, Kirtland
AFB, NM, announced it is interested
in receiving proposals in five techni-
cal areas under the Light Innovation
Technologies (LITE) program. The
total program budget for these efforts
Page 175
is $24M over 60 months. The pro-
jected start date will be during
3QFY07. Proposals are due by March
2007. Topic Areas in the solicitation
include 1). Real-time Optical Surveil-
lance Applications (ROSA) Techni-
cal POC: Ms. Laura Ulibarri, (808)
891-7737; 2). Adaptive Optics Im-
provements Technical, POC is LtCol
Scott Hunt, (808) 874-1513 and Dr.
Earl Spillar, (505) 846-6740; 3). Ad-
vanced Research Adaptive Optics
Prototype, Technical POC is Earl
Spillar, DSN 246-6740, (505)
846-6740; 4). Hyper/multispectral
Data Reduction and Archiving (Hy-
DRA), Technical POC is Mr. Bob
Kim DSN 263-7806, (505) 853-7806;
5). Advanced Architecture Concept
Study for Advanced Beam Control,
Technical POC is Dr. Paul Merritt
DSN 263-5477, (505) 853 5477.
Contracting Points of Contact are:
Primary - Rhoda Parker, Det 8
AFRL/PKDB (Directorate of Con-
tracting), 2251 Maxwell Ave SE,
Kirtland AFB, NM 87117-5773; tel:
(505) 853-7282, fax: (505) 846-1546,
email: rhoda.parker@kirtland.af.mil.
The Contracting Officer is Barbara
Steinbock, Det 8 AFRL/PKDB (Di-
rectorate of Contracting, 2251
Maxwell Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM
87117-5778, tel: (505) 846-2246,
email: barbara.steinbock@kirtland.
af.mil. SOL is BAA-07-DE-02, due
March 2007.
PHASER Solicitation
In April 2007, DARPA, Arlington,
VA, released a solicitation for the
Photonic Analog Signal Processing
Engines With Reconfigurability
(PHASER) program, the objective of
which is to develop a fundamental
photonic integrated circuit (PIC),
termed Unit Cell, which can act as a
reconfigurable building block in the
formation of a high-throughput,
low-power, analog signal processor.
The intent of this program is to enable
scalable PIC-based analog signal pro-
cessors that overcome the limits of
conventional Silicon-based digital
signal processing technology. Spe-
cific program goals include: 1). Defi-
Page 176
n i t i o n o f a p h o t o n i c an a l o g
signal-processing engine Unit Cell
that is composed of waveguide-con-
nected, p rogrammable, activ e
photonic elements. These unit cells
should enable basic filtering opera-
tions on their own or arbitrarily com-
plex filter operations when connected
within a large array of Unit Cells. 2).
Development of a program plan that
will permit the fabrication, testing,
and evaluation of the Unit Cell; De-
scription of how the Unit Cell, when
arrayed within a high-density PIC,
will scale and meet the PHASER fil-
ter challenge problem, as well as how
the Unit Cells will be programmed
and tested at the chip-level to ensure
high yield. 3). Development of a filter
synthesis tool to demonstrate how
Unit Cells will perform in the context
of generalized high-order filters.
DARPA seeks innovative propos-
als in the following areas: I. Demon-
stration of photonic filtering
technology; II. Filter Algorithms;
Additional information on these tech-
nology areas is provided in the Areas
of Interest section of the BAA 07-17
Proposer Information Pamphlet re-
ferred below. The PHASER program
will consist of a single phase whose
focus is on the development and dem-
onstration of the PHASER Unit Cell.
Supporting tasks will include the de-
velopment and demonstration of a fil-
ter synthesis software tool, and a
related transition plan. Proposers
must define a realistic schedule and
budget to meet the milestone and de-
liverable schedule. It is recommended
that the proposed program plan in-
clude interim milestones at approxi-
mately the halfway point of the
program. Multiple awards are antici-
pated. Collaborative efforts/teaming
including different expertise such as,
but not limited to: photonic and elec-
tronic device design, fabrication, and
packaging; filter design and integra-
tion; and military sensor processing
system analysis are strongly encour-
aged. Cost sharing is not required and
is not an evaluation criterion, but is
e n c o u r a g e d w h e r e th e r e i s a
reasonable probability of a potential
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
commercial application related to the
proposed research and development
effort.
SOL is BAA07-17, POC is Mike
Haney, Program Manager, MTO, tel:
(571) 218-4813, fax: (703) 248-8053,
email: Mike.Haney@darpa.mil.
Questions concerning this BAA may
be directed to the technical POC for
this effort, Dr. Michael Haney, tel:
(571) 218-4813, fax: (703) 696-2206,
email: Mike.Haney@darpa.mil.
Advanced Recognition Center
SCEPTIC
In May 2007, the Air Force Re-
search Laboratory (AFRL), Wright
Research Site, Wright-Patterson
AFB, OH, issued a solicitation for
SCEPTIC (System Concepts En-
abling Persistent Tracking & Identifi-
cation for Combat), to enhance the
capabilities of the Advanced Recog-
nition Center (ARC) facility located
at WPAFB, OH. The solution to the
problem of detecting targets and con-
tinuously maintaining their identifi-
cation and location requires a
multi-faceted approach drawing from
a variety of component technologies
(eg., Automatic Target Recogni-
tion/Cueing [ATR/ATC], target track-
ing and registration, Sensor Fusion
(SF), resource management, etc.).
The ARC is a facility that emulates
operational systems to permit the de-
velopment, integration, demonstra-
tion, and transition of advanced
technologies including automatic
target recognition and multi-sensor
fusion systems.
The AFRL anticipates a sixty
month, $12 million program. POC is
Kathryn DeShano, AFRL/SNAR ,
tel: (937) 656-9837, email: Kathryn.
DeShano@wpafb.af.mil. Technical
questions may be directed to Mr. Ron-
ald Dennis, AFRL/SNAR , tel: (937)
255-5688 ext. 4147, email: Ron-
ald.Dennis@wpafb.af.mil.
Low Noise SWIR Camera So-
licitation
In May 2007, the AFRL, Directed
Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB,
NM, announced it is interested in re-
ceiving proposals in two separate
technical areas: Topic Area 1 – devel-
opment of a 20 kHZ Frame Rate, Low
Noise Wavefront Sensing and Track-
ing Short-wave Infrared Camera. The
total program budget for the technical
effort is $500k to $1M per year for
three years. The project office for
Topic Area 1 is Capt. Jetter DESE.
Under Topic Area 2, development of
designs for advanced supersonic
diffusers for chemical oxygen-iodine
lasers (COIL) is required. The total
program budget for the technical is
$1M over two years, with initial fund-
ing of $150,000. The project office
for Topic Area 2 is Tim Madden
DELC.
Open-Ended Sensor Technol-
ogy BAA
In June 2007, the AFRL, Wright
Research Site, Wright-Patterson
AFB, OH, released a BAA solicita-
tion covering sensor technology
RD T & E , o p e n - e n d e d BA A
(STROEB). SOL is BAA-04-03-
SNK, POC is Noelle Spalding, tel:
(937) 656-9837, fax: (937) 255-8100.
David Shellabarger is the Contracting
Officer, tel: (937) 255-4863, fax:
(937) 656-9074. Email: Noelle.
S p a ld in g @ w p a f b . a f . mil, D a-
vid.Shellabarger@wpafb.af.mil.
E-O & Special Mission Sensors
Program
I n J u n e 2 0 0 7 , N AW C- A D ,
Lakehurst, NJ, issued NAVMAR Ap-
plied Sciences a $9.2 CPFF contract
to fund the design, manufacture, in-
stallation, and repair of Navy Special
Projects Systems associated with E-O
and Special Mission Sensors pro-
gram. The effort is to include nine
digital recording systems, spares for
digital recording systems, one
over-the-horizon (OTH) communica-
tion system, and one light detection
and ranging review. The work is to be
conducted in Warminster, PA, and is
to be completed in July 2009. Con-
tract funding is coming from Navy
Other Procurement (OPN) and O&M
accounts (N68335-07-C-0395).
©Teal Group Corporation
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
I n J u ly 2 0 0 7 , N AW C- A D ,
Lakehurst, NJ, awarded a $48.5 mil-
lion CPFF contract to Coherent,
Doylestown, PA, to fund services for
Navy Special Projects Systems asso-
ciated with Electro-Optics (E-O) and
Special Mission Sensors Program.
The contract was not competitively
awarded. The work is being con-
ducted in Windber, PA (40%); Fort
Walton Beach, FL (30%); and at
Patuxent River, MD (30%), and is to
be completed in July 2010. Contract
funding will initially come from the
Navy Common Picture Applied Re-
search element (PE# 0602235N)
(N68335-07-C-0150).
LADAR Research
In June 2007, the Air Force Re-
search Laboratory (AFRL), Directed
Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB,
NM, announced it is interested in re-
ceiving proposals for: 1). Develop-
ment and test of fieldable long range
L a s e r D ir e c tio n an d Ran g in g
(LADAR) systems and, 2). Advanced
LADAR architecture, concepts, and
application. SOL is BAA07-DE07,
due July 2007. POP is 3550 Aberdeen
Avenue SE, Kirtland AFB, NM.
Transparent Urban Structures
Solicitation
In July 2007, the Office of Naval
Research (ONR), Arlington, VA, re-
leased a solicitation notice for the
Transparent Urban Structures (TUS)
program, which is to develop measur-
able advances for improving the col-
le c tio n , u n d e r s tan d in g , a n d
dissemination of intelligence for the
urban conflict. ONR seeks to develop
te c h n o lo g y w h ich as s is ts th e
warfighter in understanding the urban
terrain of interest by detecting and
classifying threats, both inside build-
ings and underground, and by maxi-
mizing situational awareness inside
structures. The key focus of this pro-
gram is to develop advanced technol-
ogies that make urban man-made
structures transparent, thereby elimi-
nating the safe harbor that buildings
provide to hostile forces and their ma-
licious activities [sic]. This capability
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
will be provided through basic
phenomenological research, hard-
ware, and algorithm development of
sense-through-wall technology that
c a n d ir e c tly s u p p o r t ta c tic a l
expeditionary urban operations in the
Global War on Terrorism (GWOT).
Resultant technology developed
through this program will be inte-
grated into emerging net-centric
Navy and Marine Corps Command &
Control and Intelligence, Surveil-
lance, and Reconnaissance (C2 and
ISR) acquisition programs through a
Service Oriented Architecture
(SOA). This BAA opportunity is the
second yearly advertisement for the
Transparent Urban Structures pro-
gram. Last year an initial group of
performers were chosen to start work-
ing towards the goals of the program.
Respondents to this BAA should con-
centrate on the capabilities described
in 6.4. In addition, intelligence gained
through use of TUS developed tech-
nology will enable the warfighter to
introd uce f aci l i t y net w or k
information into the analysis of
hostile human networks.
SOL is BAA07-035, due October
2, 2007. It should be noted that this
program builds upon and is comple-
mentary to the other Department of
Defense sense-through-walls pro-
grams: DARPA VisiBuilding, and
A r my C E R D E C - I 2 W D S e n s e -
Through-the-Wall (STTW).
LADAR Through Clouds & Fog
In October 2007, DARPA an-
nounced interest in advancing E-O/IR
capabilities through the use of active
imaging and coherent techniques.
The Synthetic Aperture LADAR for
Tactical Imaging (SALTI) program,
for example, achieved the first-ever
synthetic aperture LADAR imaging
from aircraft. DARPA released an
RFI in April 2007 with a similar, but
broader scope, requesting informa-
tion on novel research ideas and ap-
p r o a c h e s f o r imp r o v in g th e
performance of coherent LADAR
that would preserve the bandwidth
and phase of signals propagating
through clouds, fog, and haze. POC is
Page 177
Jennifer Ricklin, Program Manager,
STO, tel: (703) 526-4751, fax: (703)
741-0093.
No Dominant Programs
Unlike what many foresaw a few
years ago, Global Hawk has not ma-
tured into a dominant E-O/IR pro-
g r a m, u n l i k e th e i n c r e a s i n g
importance of its MP-RTIP synthetic
aperture radar (SAR), where Global
Hawk has taken over from the
manned E-10 aircraft as the lead plat-
form for the United States’ next gen-
eration billion-dollar SAR program.
Rather, Global Hawk E-O/IR will
consist of five or six Enhanced Inte-
grated Sensor System (EISS) builds
per year, and periodic upgrades.
Even Predator, now being pro-
cured in large numbers, will remain
only a moderate program in terms of
E-O/IR funding, and that includes the
totals of Predator, Predator B and the
Army’s Warrior ER/MP endurance
UAV. Tactical UAV sensors will re-
main inexpensive systems, still pro-
cured in fairly small numbers
(hundreds, not thousands). Mini-/mi-
cro-UAV sensor markets, on the other
hand, will grow substantially, with
the sensors increasing in capability
(and expense), and procurements in
the thousands annually.
Follow-on programs such as the
Navy’s BAMS and the US Coast
Guard endurance UAV have all been
delayed, and are no longer planned
for large numbers of sensors in a short
period. Endurance UAV program
plans have returned to normalcy to
some extent, with moderate produc-
tion numbers of moderately priced
E-O/IR system. They will not com-
pare, for example, to programs to
re-equip hundreds of manned fighters
with next generation targeting
systems.
Internationally, numerous tactical
UAV programs actually add up to
fairly minor sensor funding in total.
European endurance UAV programs,
now in development stages, have ei-
ther already selected non-US sensors
( e . g . , E lb it’s Co mp a s s f o r
Watchkeeper), or will be a very tough
Page 178
sell for US manufacturers. We have
included “available” spending for in-
ternational markets (largely in Eu-
rope), but much more funding will
wind up buying European or Israeli
sensors.
But One Dominant Supplier?
Raytheon has the majority of to-
day’s UAV E-O/IR market in its back
pocket. With long-term contracts for
Global Hawk, Predator and Predator
B, it is today earning by far the most
E-O/IR funding. FLIR Systems, Inc.
has made great strides in the past cou-
ple of years, especially for mini/mi-
cro-UAV sensors, and is now in a
strong second place, well ahead of
Northrop Grumman. But they will not
come close to Raytheon.
On the other hand, as is evidenced
from the majority black portion of our
Market Share graph, tomorrow’s pro-
grams are still largely available. Even
some UAVs nearing production still
have not locked in an E-O/IR sup-
plier. Thus, despite Raytheon’s cur-
rent dominance, there are still
possibilities, though mostly for
smaller, modular payloads for tactical
UAV E-O/IR Market Share
RDT&E+Procurement Available to the US
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors
and mini-/micro-UAVs. Raytheon
will likely keep hold of the more valu-
able endurance UAV programs.
For tactical UAVs, there have been
some changes in the market, even
though they are reduced to mere sliv-
ers on our graph. IAI-Tamam for
many years had the largest share of
tactical UAV E-O/IR (we have in-
cluded their US programs in our
graphs and forecasts), but contracted
production for the US will end in a
f e w ye a r s . I n s t e a d , N o r t h r o p
Grumman has won some moderate
new production programs, basically
out of nowhere, largely through col-
lab o r atio n w ith IA I-Tamam.
Northrop’s Raven Eye II sensor, con-
tracted for the Navy’s Fire Scout and
the Army’s new, larger MQ-8B
Hunter, was developed from an
IAI-Tamam system. With UAV pro-
duction entering the mainstream, the
US DoD clearly prefers to remain
provincial and buy US (similar to
Northrop Grumman’s successful
Litening targeting pod production,
born from a Rafael system).
FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16
Raytheon FLIR Systems
IAI-Tamam Northrop Grumman
Available
Sensor Technology: UAV Sen-
sors Need to be Smarter
Better resolution will continue to
be needed, but even more important is
improved software, networking, and
systems for discriminating smaller,
camouflaged targets. As more UAVs
gain laser designators, Automatic
Target Recognition (ATR) will
become more important.
UAV sensors do not have a human
operator’s “sense” of what might be
unusual or out of place. Going back
for a second look (or even doing a
double-take over your shoulder) is
not possible unless automated dis-
crimination spots a target on the first
pass.
Along with the constant need for
improved data links, we see ATR and
“smarter sensors” as the next UAV
sensor breakthrough. Multi/hy-
per-spectral cameras will also pro-
vide better (better than human) target
discrimination, but will remain ex-
pensive and limited in application.
©Teal Group Corporation
Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors Page 179

Sensor Modularity and
Interoperability Crucial
With so many varieties of tactical
UAVs internationally, upgrades for
sensor payloads will be much easier if
sensor packages are modular and eas-
ily interchangeable. The new tactical
UAVs which succeed will be de-
signed to accept several different
types of payload, from E-O/IR to
SIGINT to SAR and others.
Endurance UAVs such as Global
Hawk, which approach manned air-
craft in sophistication, will continue
to mount sensor packages both more
expensive and more custom-designed
for a single platform.
Conclusion: Everyone will
need UAV Sensors
With so many countries seeing
UAVs as an entry-level reconnais-
sance technology, small procure-
ments world-wide will become more
and more common over the next
10-20 years, if not in the next 5. Like
fighter tac recce 20 years ago, every-
one will need UAV sensors. New in-
ternational markets will remain open
to new companies. International
teaming agreements will be
important.

UAV E-O/IR Market Shares

RDT&E+Proc. (FY07$ Millions) FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 Total
Raytheon 131 185 199 212 241 209 198 163 165 162 1,864
FLIR Systems, Inc. 97 103 106 95 63 50 54 71 76 81 796
IAI-Tamam 18 10 15 3 16 — — — — — 61
Northrop Grumman 5 8 7 4 3 8 5 4 4 3 49
Available U.S. & International 258 299 329 388 399 468 480 484 570 537 4,211
Total 510 604 655 701 722 735 736 722 814 782 6,980

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 180 Electro-Optic/Infrared Sensors

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

Synthetic Aperture Radars

UAV SAR Funding Forecast

RDT&E+Procurement Available to the US
(FY07 $ Millions)
1,000

800

600

400

200

0
FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16

Market Overview
SAR Technology
Airborne Synthetic Aperture Ra-
dars (SARs) process radar returns as
if they were collected by an antenna
as much as several hundred meters
long. This “synthetic” antenna aper-
ture is created by the movement of the
aircraft itself – which is why aerostats
do not make good SAR platforms –
and allows a “parallax view” of the
ground similar to a stereoscopic opti-
cal image. Typically, two primary
modes are used by SARs. The first,
search or “spot” mode, provides very
high resolution 3D radar data for
ground mapping and target location,
detection, and identification. The sec-
ond, Ground Moving Target Indicator
(GMTI) mode, does just that – indi-
cates objects that have displaced even
slightly during the long radar scan.
Subsequent scans indicate further
movement details.
SARs were developed during the
Cold War for their ability to provide
ground reconnaissance through
clouds and weather – unlike visual,
infrared, and even hyper-spectral sen-
sors – and for GMTI. Northrop
Grumman’s AN/APY-3 radar for the
Joint Surveillance Target Attack Ra-
dar System (JSTARS) aircraft was de-
signed to detect and track masses of
Soviet tanks advancing across an
overcast Europe.

Changing Applications
Despite the shift in geography and
opponents, SARs continue to be a
crucial airborne reconnaissance tech-
nology. Pre-production versions of
JSTARS served with great success in
the 1990-1991 Gulf War over Iraq,
and at least seven production aircraft
served in Operation Iraqi Freedom
(OIF) in 2003. JSTARS continues to
be the world’s 800 pound reconnais-
sance gorilla, both in capability and
funding, only now being superseded
by the US Air Force’s follow-on
MP-RTIP (Multi-Platform Radar
Technology Insertion Program) pro-
gram and (maybe) NATO’s Alliance
Ground Surveillance (AGS) and Brit-
ain’s ASTOR (Airborne Stand-Off
Radar). MP-RTIP is now intended for
the Global Hawk UAV.
The need for SARs is perhaps be-
coming even more important today.
Two-thirds of NATO air-to-surface
missions over Kosovo in 1999 were
not completed because of bad
weather, with greater than 50% cloud
cover encountered more than 70% of
the time. Synthetic aperture radars
(SARs) cut through clouds and smoke
and can provide reconnaissance and
targeting data in any weather, unlike
visible light and infrared electro-opti-
cal (E-O/IR) systems. In the context

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 182
of Homeland Defense and anti-terror-
ism, any sensor which cannot provide
24-hour surveillance is useless
The SAR Market
The few UAV SARs in service on
the first generation of endurance
UAVs are legacy programs from be-
fore the UAV spending explosion.
Primary among these are Raytheon’s
Global Hawk HISAR and Northrop
Grumman’s Predator A TESAR (Tac-
tical Endurance SAR). HISAR will
continue in production in upgraded
form, while TESAR has already been
removed from service, and is being
replaced by the General Atomics
Lynx SAR on the Predator B.
UAV SAR development funding
has already increased drastically in
the past few years. Initially, most of
this was due to the large MP-RTIP ra-
dar for future Global Hawks, but to-
Persistence Pays
While big manned SARs will al-
ways provide a capability not avail-
able elsewhere – in-the-air command
and control – smaller SARs will in-
creasingly be mounted on UAVs.
Without a command and control func-
tion, and with SARs providing
all-weather, all-the-time surveillence,
a persistent sensor will function just
as well on an unmanned platform;
better, in fact, when considering the
longer endurance of most UAVs.
Market Shares
In terms of market access, UAV
SARs offer great opportunities, with
several small developers already hav-
ing earned big contracts – General
Atomics with its Lynx and Lynx II,
Telephonics with the RDR 1700, Syr-
acuse Research with the Army Future
Combat System A160 FORESTER
SAR, and maybe Sandia National
Laboratories with its MiniSAR. Al-
ready, this is incredible. The Big
Three defense electronics firms today
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
against individuals who can simply
wait to move or attack until weather
or darkness shields them.
day many smaller SAR development
programs, including non-MP-RTIP
radars for Global Hawk, are funding a
broader and more robust increase.
Programs entering production soon
include a larger HISAR for the en-
larged USAF RQ-4B Global Hawk,
Lynx and Lynx II for Predator B, War-
rior ER/MP and Fire Scout, and the
Telephonics RDR 1700 maritime ra-
dar for US Coast Guard Bell Eagle
Eye UAVs. Programs in development
include the US Navy’s Broad Area
Maritime Surveillance (BAMS) UAV
(possibly with an ISAR).
The UAV SAR market will grow
much faster than the manned SAR
market. Most endurance UAVs will
T h u s , w h ile b ig S A Rs lik e
JSTARS will continue to garner hun-
dreds of millions of dollars a year, the
heyday of manned small SARs like
Raytheon’s U-2 ASARS-2 is over.
Funding will remain, especially for
naval helicopter-mounted ISAR (In-
verse SAR) systems such as the
Telephonics AN/APS-147, but fund-
ing will remain minimal, while small
UAV SARs take off as the next impor-
tant SAR market.
hold barely 50% of the market, with
Lockheed Martin not participating at
a ll. N o r th r o p G r u mman an d
Raytheon are this big only due to
MP-RTIP. In fact, General Atomics
could become the #1 UAV SAR
provider by the beginning of next
decade.
A full 50% of forecast market
funding is still uncontracted and
available for most of our forecast pe-
riod. Obviously, Northrop and
Synthetic Aperture Radars
remain relatively small platforms
with light payloads (only 3,000 lbs.
for the USAF’s enlarged Global
Hawk), and a growing percentage of
funding will go towards UAV small
S A RS , co mp a r e d to th e b ig
707-mounted manned AN/APY-3.
Improved technology will give
smaller UAV SARS equivalent capa-
bilities to the large 1980s-design
JSTARS system. The UAV SAR mar-
ket will exceed the manned SAR mar-
ket soon after the end of the decade
and never look back.
The future for UAV SARs, at least
in terms of growth, is huge. Funding
will ramp up especially for small
SARs for tactical UAVs, such as
Northrop Grumman’s Fire Scout Ver-
tical takeoff and landing UAV
(VUAV) and the Army’s Shadow 200
TUAV. Ultimately, mini- and mi-
cro-UAVs may get SARs also, to en-
able all-weather extreme tactical
surveillance.
Raytheon will earn some of this, but
small UAV SARs are a very rare ex-
ample of a field where anything is
possible, and a small technology
company could suddenly find itself a
major player. Equally, the opportu-
nity exists for nearly any established
defense electronics firm to become a
major player, either through acquisi-
tion or internal development.
©Teal Group Corporation
Synthetic Aperture Radars
Endurance UAV SARs
Global Hawk MP-RTIP
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Northrop Grumman, Linthicum Heights, MD & Raytheon, El Segundo, CA
Unit Cost: $40-50 million (speculative); Northrop Grumman cited $39 million in mid-2006
See Global Hawk program de-
scription in Electro-Optic/Infrared
(E-O/IR) Sensors chapter.
MP-RTIP Development
In late 1998, Northrop Grumman
was chosen for the $1.3 billion Radar
Technology Insertion Program
(RTIP), which would add a 2D active
electronically-scanned array (AESA)
radar to JSTARS. Then, in early 2002,
the USAF reformed the RTIP radar
upgrade program, planning instead an
all-new joint Northrop Grumman/
Raytheon MP-RTIP (Multi-Platform
Radar Technology Insertion Pro-
gram) radar. MP-RTIP will be an
X-band radar with simultaneous SAR
and GMTI (JSTARS and other cur-
rent SARs must shift between
modes), now planned for the JSTARS
follow-on MC2A (Multi-Sensor
Command and Control Aircraft) as
well as Global Hawk, and possibly
satellites.
MP-RTIP will have a modular
scaleable antenna, from 1.5’ x 5’ for
Global Hawk, to 2’ x 18’ for me-
dium-sized manned aircraft (business
jets), to 2’ x 24’ for MC2A. A major
goal is improved resolution (one foot
or better) for detecting stealthy cruise
missiles. Some commonality is
planned with Joint Strike Fighter T/R
(transmit/receive) module technol-
o g y a n d so f tw a r e alg o r ith ms.
MP-RTIP will stress modularity,
commonality, and integration, rather
than new technology.
MP-RTIP plans call for laboratory
testing to begin in FY05, with flight
testing possible in late FY05. Global
Hawk is now planned as the first
MP-RTIP platform, possibly receiv-
ing the first radar around 2007-2008,
as “Spiral 4”, with the first manned
platform around 2010. Plans call for
12 of the Air Force’s 51 planned
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Global Hawks to get MP-RTIP, along
with five 747-400ER-based manned
aircraft to be built by 2013. MP-RTIP
development funding is planned as at
least $740 million, but if the program
continues we expect this to increase
substantially.
Initial systems design work was
split 50/50 between Northrop
Grumman and Raytheon with Boeing
added as an equal partner for the
Weapon Systems Integration (WSI)
contract awarded in March 2003. In
May 2004, Northrop Grumman won
the $900 million SDD contract. In late
2004, Northrop Grumman won
BMC2 (Battle Management Com-
mand and Control) development.
Planned Radar Deliveries
I n F e b r u a r y 2 0 0 4 , p la n n e d
MP-RTIP system delivery schedules
were (but we see these slipping con-
siderably):
FY 0 7 — O n e G lo b a l H a w k
MP-RTIP radar for integration.
FY08—One Wide Area Surveil-
lance (WAS) development unit radar
for System Integration Lab (SIL),
concurrent mode development, test-
bed/flight test.
FY09—Two WAS development
unit radars for SIL, concurrent mode
development, testbed/flight test.
Before the FY06 funding cuts, the
Air Force would have acquired the
first MC2A Boeing 767 aircraft by
December 2006, with a first system
flight in 2010, and initial operating
capability in 2015.
$900 Million MP-RTIP SDD
Contract
In May 2004, the Air Force Elec-
tronic Systems Center (ESC),
Hanscom AFB, MA, issued Northrop
Grumman an $888 million CPAF
add-on to fund system development
Page 183
and demonstration (SDD) of the
MP-RTIP radar. The contract in-
cludes the design, development, pro-
duction, test and certification, and the
delivery of two wide area surveil-
lance full demonstration units (DUs),
the delivery of one partial DU popu-
lated with four radar frequency aper-
ture units that are upgradeable to full
configuration baseline and include a
radar frequency injection capability,
and the delivery of three MP-RTIP
Global Hawk radars. The contract
also includes the designing, building
and support of one radar simulator.
This also includes ECP-004 mode,
platform integration and test (ground
and flight), and NAOT Ground
Surveillance Center support.
The work is to be performed by
Raytheon in El Segundo, CA, and by
Northrop Grumman in Linthicum
Heights, MD, with the work com-
pleted by May 2010. Contract fund-
ing will come from the Air Force
Multi-Sensor C2 Aircraft (PE#
0207450F) and Airborne Reconnais-
sance Systems (PE# 0305206F) pro-
grams (F19628-00-C-0100/PO59).
Funding Add-Ons
In September 2004, the ESC is-
sued cost-plus-award-fee (CPAF)
contract modifications of $50 million,
$170.5 million, and $62 million to fi-
nance certain period of performance
extensions to the pre-SDD phase of
the MC2A RDT&E program. The
work is to be conducted in Mel-
bourne, FL, and is to be completed by
2010 for the first action, by October
2005 for the second, and by Septem-
ber 2004 for the third. Contract fund-
ing will come from the Air Force
Multi-Sensor C2 Aircraft Program
(PE# 0207450F) (F19628-03-C-
0014/PO13/PO14/PO15).
Page 184
FY06 MC2A Budget Cuts
In February 2005, the USAF FY06
budget request cut $600 million over
two years from the MC2A system, ac-
knowledging the program would
have to be restructured. Service offi-
cials are still working out the details,
b u t J e r r y Mad ig a n , N o r th r o p
Grumman’s vice president for the
E-10A, said the cuts will primarily
eliminate many modifications to the
Boeing 767 test aircraft. For example,
the test aircraft will not have in-flight
refueling or de-icing capabilities, and
cables will be run inside the cabin
rather than fitted in the aircraft’s
structure. The Air Force now has just
$397 million in the MC2A FY06
budget request.
As of March 1, 2005, the Air Force
had not yet gotten approval for the re-
structured program, according to
Madigan, but “we’re about 95 percent
there.” Under the new program, the
Air Force can wait until as late as
2008 to decide what aircraft will be
used for production – it is looking in-
creasingly likely that this will not be
the 767, which may end production
before then.
Last year, Congress cut $115 mil-
lion from the Pentagon’s $538.9 mil-
lion request for the MC2A in the
FY05 budget.
MP-RTIP Plans
In July 2006, the USAF awarded
Northrop Grumman a $90 million
contract to integrate the MP-RTIP ra-
dar on Global Hawk, with work to be
complete by September 2009.
Northrop and Raytheon are still
jointly developing the radar itself.
In October 2006, the MP-RTIP ra-
dar will begin flight trials on a
manned Scaled Composites Proteus
Teal Group Evaluation
The USAF E-10A program suf-
fered a drastic program cut in the
FY06 budget request, losing $600
million over two years (following a
$115 million cut in FY05), with the
new plan focusing on demonstrating
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
experimental aircraft. It will fly on
Global Hawk AV-15 in late 2007.
Deliveries of production Block 40
MP-RTIP Global Hawks are not due
until 2010, to be complete by 2013.
Teal Group suspects 2010 is a very
optimistic date for full production.
Larger Antenna Sought
In mid-2006, the Air Force wanted
to increase the length of the Global
Hawk MP-RTIP antenna from the
current 5 feet to about 9 feet, but there
was not yet a formal requirement, nor
funding, for the change.
MP-RTIP Replaces TCAR for
Global Hawk AGS
In July 2006, NATO decided to re-
duce the proposed number of Global
Hawk UAVs in the AGS fleet from
five to four. NATO has also decided to
develop the TCAR radar only for the
larger Airbus A321 version, planned
for four aircraft. Instead of TCAR,
AGS Global Hawks will now get the
MP-RTIP radar. AGS managing di-
rector Larry Harrell says the changes
to the fleet and sensor mix reflect ef-
forts to “eliminate non-essential ca-
pabilities” from the program to allow
it to come in at a target price of 3.3 bil-
lion Euros ($4.1 billion). Scrapping
the Global Hawk version of TCAR is
expected to result in cost savings to
the AGS project of around 500
million Euros, according to Harrell.
Global Hawk MP-RTIP Prep
In December 2006, the Air Force
Aeronautical Systems Center (ASC),
Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, issued
Northrop Grumman Systems a $6.6
million FPIU add-on to a FY05 con-
tract to fund engineering changes to
prepare the Global Hawk to receive
MP-RTIP capabilities. Additionally,
key performance parameters of the
radar and cruise missile defense capa-
bilities. Then, in early 2007 the E-10
program was cancelled outright for
the FY08 budget.
Synthetic Aperture Radars
the award provides preliminary modi-
fications to a second air vehicle in
preparation for MP-RTIP insertion, as
well as an option for aircraft ballast.
The work is being conducted in San
Diego, CA, and is to be completed by
February 2009. Contract funding will
come from the Global Hawk Devel-
opment/Fielding program (PE#
0305220F) (FA8620-05-C-4692/
PO9).
SARs for IED Detection
Though SARs can not actually de-
tect hidden or subsurface IEDs, SAR
data has increasingly been used for
counter-asymmetric warfare by ana-
lyzing histories of data after IED at-
tacks to find patterns to look for to
detect future IED placements. The
Air Force says post-mission analysis
of persistent surveillance data is in-
creasingly being used to determine
“the scheme of maneuver of the
asymmetric threat.”
MC2A Cancelled, JSTARS
Could get MP-RTIP
In early 2007, the Air Force budget
cut funding for the E-10 MC2A from
its FY08 budget, and by March 2007
Northrop Grumman had already be-
gun closing down the program. Fund-
ing will take the E-10 through initial
design review in May 2007.
However, it is possible that
J S TA RS may in s te a d g e t th e
MP-RTIP radar, development of
which is continuing for Global Hawk.
The E-10 planned antenna would
have to be narrowed by 15 inches
(from 4 feet) to fit JSTARS, but other
aspects could potentially be added
whole. Northrop Grumman’s BMC2
(Battle Management Command and
Control) system could also eventually
go to JSTARS.
MP-RTIP development for Global
Hawk will continue unabated, how-
ever. 15 Block 40 Global Hawks with
MP-RTIP are currently planned, with
the first production MP-RTIP radar
around 2010 and fielding planned
©Teal Group Corporation
Synthetic Aperture Radars
from FY11 to FY15 (which we expect
will be slid right a couple of years).
Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006
MP-RTIP
USAF (Block 40 RQ-4B) 1*
Undetermined (Blk 40 RQ-4B) —
Total 1*
*Development systems
Global Hawk AGS/MP-RTIP
Status: New Development
Manufacturers: Northrop Grumman, Linthicum Heights, MD; Raytheon, El Segundo, CA; Sostar GmbH,
Friedrichshafen, Germany (a joint venture of EADS/Dornier (Germany), FIAR (Italy), and Thales Airborne Sys-
tems (France) (each with 28%), and Indra (Spain) (11%) and Dutch Space (The Netherlands) (5%))
Unit Cost: $40-50 million (speculative)
AGS Development
AGS (Alliance Ground Surveil-
lance) is a NATO program for an air-
borne SAR with ground moving
target indication (GMTI), along the
lines of JSTARS and MP-RTIP.
I n A p r il 2 0 0 2 , N o r th r o p
Grumman, EADS, and Galileo
Avionica submitted a white paper to
senior NATO officials proposing
TIPS (the Transatlantic Proposed So-
lution) for AGS, which would incor-
p o r a t e MP - RTI P a s w e l l a s
SOSTAR-X radar technology into a
Transatlantic Co-operative AGS Ra-
dar (TCAR). In late 2002, as forecast,
Britain’s ASTOR team joined the
competition, led by Raytheon and
BAE Systems, offering the Coopera-
tive Transatlantic AGS System
(CTAS) aboard a Global Express
business jet.
In May 2003, a “mixed fleet”
manned and unmanned option was
approved by NATO, adding Global
Hawk UAVs to TIPS. The TCAR
(TIPS radar) will be a “scalable-ar-
ray” which can be fitted to a full-sized
AGS wide-body jet but also to smaller
business jets and endurance UAVs.
In April 2004, the TIPS team won
the AGS design and development
phase.
AGS plans then called for a
two-year, EUR 300 million, design
and development contract in early
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
— 1* 1* — — 1 2
— — — — — —
— 1* 1* — — 1 2
2005. Following this and a critical de-
sign review, a full EMD contract
award is planned for 2007, which
would involve two Airbus A321
manned platforms and three Global
Hawk UAVs, plus ground systems
and support. At least two EMD radars
would be produced for testing. Initial
operational capability has been
planned for 2010, with full opera-
tional capability in 2013.
AGS has been put off many times
already, and transatlantic cooperative
programs have a long history of con-
fusion and long delays. However, ul-
timately, AGS could b e a
multi-billion program (NATO allo-
cated a budget of between EUR 3-4
billion). EADS officials have quoted
$4.8 billion total for TIPS. The pro-
posed TIPS platform mix includes
five A321s and seven Global Hawks,
and 49 fixed and mobile ground sta-
tions, though this too will likely
change.
Germany to Buy Additional
AGS Global Hawks
Germany had plans to acquire six
Euro Hawk UAVs from Northrop
Grumman, to be equipped with
EADS ELINT payloads (the sixth
would be a prototype based on the
larger RQ-4B platform).
But Germany also had plans to buy
six more Global Hawks with SARs,
Page 185
2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
3 3 3 15
— — — 1 1
3 3 4 16
which would be similar to the Global
Hawk configuration planned for
AGS. These Global Hawks would
conduct ISR missions for German na-
tional needs. The SAR UAVs were to
be acquired around 2008-2010, about
the same time as the AGS versions.
AGS Delayed, Again
In January 2006, the AGS sched-
ule again slid right, with key events
now running almost a year later than
anticipated. When NATO officials
gave the go-ahead to the latest phase
of the AGS in 2005 – a measly 23 mil-
lion Euro ($28 million) effort – they
were planning to start a much more
ambitious design and development
(D&D) phase in late 2005 or early
2006. But a contract award for the 500
million Euro D&D phase, once
planned to start as early as the begin-
ning of 2005, is now not expected un-
til the end of 2006, according to new
AGS documents. D&D is slated to
run about 2.5 years and lead to a
mid-2009 start of the engineering and
manufacturing development phase.
AGS was supposed to reach an ini-
tial operational capability by 2010.
However, now TIPS officials say they
are predicting the first orbit of aircraft
won’t be available until mid-2012.
Morever, a mix of UAVs and manned
aircraft won’t emerge until at least a
Page 186
year later. Formal production is now
planned to start in early 2012.
AGS Industries GmbH Formed
In May 2006, the TIPS partici-
pants (EADS, Galileo Avionica, Gen-
eral Dynamics Canada, Indra,
Northrop Grumman, and Thales) cre-
ated a joint venture company, AGS
Industries GmbH, to pursue AGS.
The headquarters is in Brussels, and
Larry Harrell of Northrop Grumman
is first managing director and CEO.
MP-RTIP Replaces TCAR for
Global Hawk AGS
In July 2006, NATO decided to re-
duce the proposed number of Global
Teal Group Analysis
In the late 1990s, the US tried to
use heavy-handed diplomacy and a
politically-motivated program cut to
ram JSTARS down the collective
NATO throat. With a DoD-funded
campaign, the US put pressure on the
alliance to select JSTARS as a fast
track solution to its Airborne Ground
Surveillance (AGS) requirement.
Britain, too, was offered a JSTARS
solution to its ASTOR requirement.
The idea failed badly. This wasn’t
the Cold War any longer, and the only
comparable NATO program, the joint
AWACS fleet, was a political and fi-
nancial kidney stone even when peo-
ple had the money to spend and the
threat to justify it. Today, everyone’s
looking to save cash. Even worse, the
UK ASTOR decision created a
lower-cost competitor. France also
then created a competing program,
the SOSTAR-X radar, with aid from
Germany, Italy, Spain, and the
Netherlands.
After years of wrangling, and at
least a year of proposed joint coopera-
tive solutions, in April 2002,
Northrop Grumman, EADS, and Ga-
lileo Avionica submitted a white pa-
p er to s en io r N ATO o ff icials
proposing TIPS (Transatlantic Indus-
trial Partnership for Surveillance, was
Transatlantic Proposed Solution) for
AGS, which would incorporate
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Hawk UAVs in the AGS fleet from
five to four. NATO has also decided to
develop the TCAR radar only for the
larger Airbus A321 version, planned
for four aircraft. Instead of TCAR,
AGS Global Hawks will now get the
MP-RTIP radar. AGS managing di-
rector Larry Harrell says the changes
to the fleet and sensor mix reflect ef-
forts to “eliminate non-essential ca-
pabilities” from the program to allow
it to come in at a target price of 3.3 bil-
lion Euros ($4.1 billion). Scrapping
the Global Hawk version of TCAR is
expected to result in cost savings to
the AGS project of around 500
million Euros, according to Harrell.
MP-RTIP as well as SOSTAR-X ra-
dar technology into a Transatlantic
Co-operative AGS Radar (TCAR). In
late 2002, as forecast, Britain’s
ASTOR team joined the competition,
led by Raytheon and BAE Systems,
offering the Cooperative Transatlan-
tic AGS System (CTAS) aboard a
Global Express business jet. In April
2004, TIPS was selected for the
two-year AGS design and develop-
ment phase, despite possibly valid
complaints from the losing CTAS
team.
In April 2004, the TIPS team won
the AGS design and development
phase. In April 2005, the TIPS team
received a $30 million NATO con-
tract for an AGS project defini-
tion/risk reduction study. In early
2006, plans seemed to be going
ahead, albeit delayed, and a new joint
venture company had been formed –
AGS Industries GmbH.
But in July 2006, it was decided to
drop the TCAR radar from AGS
Global Hawks and buy MP-RTIP in-
stead, to save money. In late 2006,
France and Germany were reportedly
considering dropping out of AGS, or
pushing for an all-European radar in-
stead of the MP-RTIP-based TCAR.
France especially was arguing for a
European radar, and many believe
their strategy is to suck up as much
Synthetic Aperture Radars
Dutch Drop Out
In July 2007, the Netherlands was
no longer earmarking funds for AGS.
According to defense minister Eimart
van Midelkoop, “we’ve stopped
funding AGS as we’re awaiting the
outcome of international discussions
about this program.” But it is believed
there is a very good chance the Dutch
have dropped out altogether. The
Dutch are the smallest full partner in
AGS, with a 5% work share.
Also in July 2007, the Dutch
cancelled a program to acquire two
MALE UAV systems with eight air
vehicles, expected to be Predator-Bs.
MP-RTIP technology as possible,
without spending any real money, and
then just drop out of AGS. In July
2007, the Dutch cut AGS funding,
while “awaiting the outcome of inter-
national discussions about this
program.”
Think about it. Think of the addi-
tional money NATO could save by
eventually buying MP-RTIP for the
A321 as well as Global Hawk. Con-
sidering the paltry amount of funding
invested in TCAR and AGS so far
(except for large expenditures to buy
paper for all the discussions about it),
there is no way a Euro-based TCAR
will approach MP-RTIP in capability.
Europe seems to simply be unwilling
to fund a major project like this ($30
million peer year? Who are they kid-
ding?), and though TCAR will likely
continue as a face saving measure, we
would not be at all surprised to see
NATO buy MP-RTIP for all of AGS at
some point – after picking up as much
f r e e MP - RTI P te c h n o lo g y f o r
SOSTAR-X as possible.
But now, there is another flaw in
the ever-troubled AGS plan. The
USAF has cut its own E-10A
wide-body aircraft, and will just buy
MP-RTIP for Global Hawk. We have
JSTARS, essentially a new system,
with the last of 19 platforms delivered
in March 2005. The US is in no real
©Teal Group Corporation
Synthetic Aperture Radars
hurry to field MP-RTIP (in fact, we
can’t afford it either), while NATO
(aside from the UK with ASTOR) at
least has to pretend to wring its hands
over having no long-range SAR capa-
bility and letting us do all the surveil-
lance for them. Embarrassing as it
may be, NATO may spend the next
decade still relying on Britain and the
US for this capability.
Or, buying Raytheon/CTAS’s ear-
lier offered ASTOR/DMR would be a
Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006
MP-RTIP (AGS)
NATO (Block 40 RQ-4B) — —
Global Hawk HISAR
Status: In Production
Manufacturer: Raytheon Sensors and Electronic Systems, El Segundo, CA
Unit Cost: $4 million (ISS); $5 million (EISS) (according to Northrop Grumman, 7/06)
Overview
Raytheon’s HISAR with GMTI,
developed from the U-2 ASARS ra-
dar and the AN/APQ-181 on the B-2
bomber, was planned for all Global
Hawk production before MP-RTIP. It
will likely see moderate production
until MP-RTIP is ready, near the end
of the decade. HISAR is a turnkey
multi-mission, real-time, multisensor,
reconnaissance and surveillance sys-
tem. It is already in service on several
other platforms, primarily for border
surveillance and maritime patrol.
The HISAR radar weighs about
250 kg, including an airborne work
station (ie., less than this on Global
Hawk). The radar has four modes of
operation: wide area moving target
indicator (WAMTI), SAR strip, SAR
spot, and sea surveillance. WAMTI
d e te c ts mo v in g targ e ts in a
10,000-square-km area in a 90-de-
gree wedge ranging from 30 to 120
km. The SAR strip mode has a 6-me-
ter resolution that covers a 37 km
swath that can be positioned between
the ranges of 20 to 110 km. The SAR
spot mode has a 1.8-meter resolution
covering 10 square km. The sea sur-
veillance mode has a maximum range
of 200 km.
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
cheaper solution. An AGS re-com-
pete would allow AGS to go Euro-
pean (or British, on paper, anyway),
and save money to boot. We are not
suggesting an off-the-shelf business
jet ASTOR buy would be the most de-
sirable solution, and it is unlikely to
be chosen in its current form, but it
would be European, hugely cheaper,
and would also give NATO a valuable
bargaining position to get MP-RTIP
(or MP-RTIP technology) cheaper.
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
— — — — — —
The newest version, HISAR 2000,
incorporates a new radar, with im-
proved SAR resolution of 1-meter or
better reported, and longer range, out
to 200 km in SAR/GMTI modes. It
also allows wider coverage.
Raytheon claimed to have sold
more than 22 HISAR radars by the
end of 2002, primarily for manned
platforms including the Beech
1900D, King Air 200, Bombardier
Dash 7 and Dash 8, and Grob Egrett.
ASARS-2 Upgrades “Avail-
able”
ASARS-2 (Advanced Synthetic
Aperture Radar System) is the SAR
carried by the USAF’s U-2 aircraft. It
developed out of the ASARS carried
by the SR-71 Blackbird as early as the
1970s, and HISAR was a later deriva-
tive of ASARS.
The first ASARS-2A ASARS Im-
provement Program (AIP) radar was
delivered in August 2001, and addi-
tional upgrades are already planned,
as the U-2 will remain in service until
at least 2020-2025. About $1.5 billion
has been spent on U-2 upgrades in the
past decade.
While HISAR may have already
benefited from ASARS-2 technology
Page 187
We have changed our forecast con-
siderably, and are now much less opti-
mistic that AGS will go ahead with
the major funding still planned. Our
speculative forecast is something of a
holding pattern option, maintaining
similar funding levels to what has ex-
isted since the late 1990s. If a 3.3 bil-
lion contract is actually awarded, we
will change our forecast, although the
actual radar and C4I funding lines
may wind up in our MP-RTIP report.
2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
— 1 1 2
for upgrades, this information has
remained classified. However, ac-
cording to the Air Force and
Raytheon, ASARS-2 upgrades all are
transferrable to Global Hawk, “if this
should become a requirement.”
The ASARS-2A AIP adds a lim-
ited Moving Target Indication (MTI)
capability. AIP radar improvements
also increase coverage by 4 times in
the search mode, 9 times in spot
mode, and add a very-high-resolution
search mode. Resolution in search
mode is reportedly now 1 m over a 2.8
nm wide swath, 2 m over an 11 nm
swath, and 3 m over a 21 nm swath. In
spot mode, resolution is 30 cm over a
1 x 1 n m ar ea. U p g r ad es ar e
COTS-based.
Another major purpose of AIP is to
increase on-board data processing
abilities. Before AIP, all data was sent
to the ground station, which created
transmission and bandwidth prob-
lems. The datalink is also being up-
g r a d e d f o r n e a r- r e a l t i me
transmission, and the Air Force is re-
searching an asynchronous datalink,
which would spread data across the
bandwidth and allow faster transmis-
sion. The Air Force also claims it
would break video images down and
Page 188 Synthetic Aperture Radars

reassemble then more accurately and
quickly. AIP is also improving
ground station capabilties.
The next phase of ASARS-2A up-
grades may include enhancements to
image quality such as the addition of
an Inverse SAR (ISAR) mode for
three-dimensional imaging and incor-
poration of coherent change detec-
tion. Future upgrades could include
an active electronically-scanned
array antenna.
ASARS-2A Problems+Up-
grades
The full scope of ASARS-2A
problems was revealed in early 2004,
when it was also revealed that only 3
ASARS-2A radar conversions had
been completed (the USAF also still
had 7 functional ASARS-2 radars),
and that these don’t really work. The
Air Force also spent $15.3 million
from a FY03 supplemental appropria-
tions act to ensure 14 U-2s can con-
tinue to use the legacy ASARS-2
sensor (as U-2s transition from Block
0 to Block 10/20). The Block 10/20
upgrade was to be complete by the
summer of 2004.
New algorithms needed to add pre-
cision to the ASARS-2A sensor up-
grade, and enlarge the swaths of land
surveyed, apparently also muddled
the imagery. This was discovered dur-
ing field tests, and the ASARS-2A
was deemed “operationally unaccept-
able” in late FY02. Conversion of
ASARS-2 radars to 2A was sus-
pended in early FY03, and U-2s in
Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) used
lagacy ASARS-2 radars. A three
phase Image Quality Improvement
Program was developed by Raytheon
and the Air Force to correct problems.
When complete, ASARS-2A should
provide all-weather precision suffi-
cient for precision weapon targeting.
ASARS-2 precision is only sufficient
for area w eapon (eg., I CBM)
targeting.
Phase I, funded by Raytheon
(about $5 million) and completed in
October 2003, identified hardware
and software upgrades the Air Force
considered promising.
Phase II, which will implement
Phase I upgrades to achieve a “base-
line” ASARS-2A capability, was to
be contracted by mid-2004, run for 24
months, and begin delivering im-
provements in mid-2005. Phase II
will cost $29.5 million, paid for in
FY04 and FY05, and provide refur-
bishment of 11 ASARS-2As.
P h a s e I I I w i l l mak e a n
“end-to-end” upgrade of hardware
and software and achieve a “full capa-
bility” ASARS-2A, will begin in
FY06 and last for 36 months. This
phase would cost $111.6 million, if
the Air Force decides to go ahead with
it.
As has often been stated, but rarely
elaborated upon, all these fixes for
ASARS-2A will be applicable to the
Global Hawk production radar.
Sensor Details
In July 2006, much technical detail
regarding Global Hawks sensors was
released.
The Block 10 RQ-4A HISAR has a
peak power output of 3.5kW and
weighs 290 kg, and requires 4.7 kW
of 400Hz power and 1.3kW of 28V
DC power. The Block 10 ISS weighs
100 kg and requires just over 0.58 kW
of 28V DC power.
The Block 20 RQ-4B has un-
changed power requirements for the
EISS, but the upgraded HISAR has a
peak power output of more than
3.5kW, with an increased power
transmitter.
The larger Block 20 X-band
HISAR antenna is housed in a bulged
fairing immediately aft of the nose
gear, offering a field of regard of
+/-45 degrees either side of the air-
craft in azimuth and +/-20 degrees in
roll. It can cover up to 138,000 sq km
(53,000 sq mi) a day in search mode
from a range of more than 200km
(110nm). It can search up to 15,000 sq
km/min, detecting targets with a
ground velocity of 4kt (seven km/hr)
or more from a range of 100km (ie.,
not walking humans). It has a 10m
resolution in search mode, again not
sufficient for human movement. In
2km x 2km spot mode, however, reso-
lution is 30 cm. SAR strip mode pro-
vides 1 m resolution. Data throughput
for both Block 10 and Block 20
HISAR is around 30Mb/s, and can be
compressed to 8Mb/s at 2bits per
pixel.
Final ASARS-2A Delivered for
U-2
The ASARS-2A upgrade, with fi-
nal delivery in 3QFY07, may be the
last major U-2 ASARS-2 funding,
aside from maintenance & support.

Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
HISAR (ISS)
USAF (Block 0 RQ-4A) 4 — — — — — — — — — — 4
USAF (Block 10 RQ-4A) 5 2 — — — — — — — — — 7
HISAR (EISS)
USAF (Block 20 RQ-4B) — 1 3 2 — — — — — — — 6
USAF (Block 30 RQ-4B) — — 2 4 5 5 4 3 2 2 2 29
Total 9 3 5 6 5 5 4 3 2 2 2 46

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

Synthetic Aperture Radars
Navy BAMS ISAR
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: In competition
Unit Cost: $10 million (speculative)
Overview
The US Navy’s Broad Area Mari-
time Surveillance (BAMS) program
foresees the use of UAVs as an ad-
junct to the manned Multi-mission
Maritime Aircraft (MMA) program,
to provide more persistent ISR in sup-
port of missions such as time-critical
targeting. But the program has seen
delays since its beginnings in 2002.
Planned sensors are a maritime in-
verse synthetic aperture radar
(ISAR), capable of classifying tar-
gets, an E-O/IR system, electronic
surveillance measures (ESM), and a
communications package. Essen-
tially, for maritime UAVs, especially
endurance UAVs, the radar is the pri-
mary sensor, not the electro-optical
payload. Maritime missions involve
longer slant ranges, with detection
and identification of ships the pri-
mary goal, rather than picking small
targets out of ground clutter for me-
dium range reconnaissance and tar-
geting. A long-range SAR, which can
pierce cloud and moisture, is more ef-
fective than an E-O/IR payload,
w h ich w ill b e s e c o n d a r y o n
endurance maritime UAVs.
In August 2005, the Naval Air
Systems Command (NAVAIR),
Patuxent River, MD, awarded four
contracts under the Persistent Un-
manned Maritime Airborne Surveil-
lance (PUMAS) capability broad
agency announcement (BAA), in lieu
of a request for information (RFI) for
BAMS. Contracts went to The Boe-
ing Co.; General Dynamics Ad-
v a n c e d I n f o r ma t i o n S ys t e ms ,
Dayton, OH; Lockheed Martin, Saint
Paul, MN; and Northrop Grumman
Systems Corp., Bethpage, NY.
During an initial five-month pe-
riod of performance, the selected
companies will establish perfor-
mance metrics for unmanned ISR,
and examine capabilities necessary
for optimal performance of ISR
within a family of systems. After this,
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
the Navy will down-select contrac-
tors for another 7 month study.
According to the Navy, PUMAS
will not change the acquisition strat-
e g y f o r BA MS , b u t, d u e to
“affordability issues”, the Navy has
deferred the initial operating capabil-
ity of BAMS until 2013, “and so the
RFI has been retracted”.
In April 2006, the US Navy
planned to issue draft RFPs for
BAMS late in 2006, still aiming at
IOC by 2013. BAMS has been essen-
tially dormant since 2004.
Global Hawk First Offer for
Navy BAMS
In 2002, Northrop Grumman
elected not to bid for the Navy’s
Multi-mission Maritime Aircraft
(MMA) core program, but was origi-
nally the only company to respond to
the solicitation for the complemen-
tary Broad Area Maritime Surveil-
lance (BAMS) programs. This
foresees the use of UAVs as a poten-
tial adjunct to the manned MMAs,
providing more persistent ISR in sup-
port of missions such as time-critical
targeting. Northrop Grumman origi-
nally proposed a force of 51 Global
Hawks to meet the BAMS require-
ment, including eight equipped spe-
cifically for signals intelligence
(SIGINT) and communications
intelligence (COMINT).
BAMS Reconnaissance vs.
Surveillance
However, the Navy claimed in
July 2002 that Global Hawk might
not fulfill BAMS needs due to its
original design for “reconnaissance”
roles – collecting data on known tar-
gets. The Navy argues its maritime
“surveillence” mission requires scan-
ning of larger surface areas for un-
known possible targets. This might
require longer endurance sensor
passes.
Page 189
While the Navy is not just splitting
hairs, Global Hawk has been demon-
strated with these surveillance capa-
bilities in Australia, during Operation
Tandem Thrust. Modified software
and sensors allowed surveillance of a
100 km stretch of coastline with a 60
km-wide swath aperture at 8 m reso-
lution. This resolution was not as fine
as the USAF’s 1 m quality data, but
was good enough to locate and
type-classify a tanker in waters off the
coast. Thus, we see this reconnais-
sance vs. surveillance problem as
resolvable.
Navy GHMD Purchases: New
Sensors Planned
The Navy bought two Global
Hawks in its FY03 budget, for the
Global Hawk Maritime Demonstra-
tion (GHMD) program. The first air
vehicle flew in October 2004. Both
will now essentially be USAF LRIP
RQ-4A versions, with added elec-
tronic support measures (Northrop
Grumman’s LR-100 and possibly
BAE Systems’ Hyperwide SIGINT
receiver).
Originally, the second Global
Hawk, to be delivered in mid-2005,
was to mount an upgraded E-O/IR
sensor with BAE Systems’ Dragonfly
E-O target-recognition system (rather
than the Integrated Sensor System),
as well as a derivative of Northrop
Grumman’s AN/APY-6 360-degree
AESA (Active Electronically-
S c a n n e d A r r a y) I S A R / G MTI
(Interferometric SAR/Ground Mov-
ing Target Indicator) and Titan
Corp.’s Copperfield SIGINT system.
The APY-6 would have given more
emphasis to maritime-surveillance
modes and maritime MTI.
GHMD sensor development oc-
curred from 2QFY03 to 3QFY04.
Sensor hardware integration into
Global Hawk air vehicles was
planned in February 2004 to occur
Page 190
f r o m3 Q F Y 0 4 - 1 Q F Y 0 5 and
4QFY04-2QFY05.
These GHMD test UAVs are
aimed at developing BAMS systems
and CONOPS (Concept of Opera-
tions). While the Navy claims any
BAMS UAV purchase would only be
as an adjunct to the manned MMA
program, intended to replace the P-3C
Orion, the Navy may buy as many as
50 UAVs (although about 25 now
looks more likely). UAVs would add
persistent ISR (intelligence, surveil-
lance, and reconnaissance) in support
of missions such as time-critical
targeting.
BAMS Plans
Phase 1 of BAMS will be a demon-
stration and experimentation phase,
scheduled from FY05 to FY08. The
Global Hawk and the P-3C will test
data links for joint operations.
This is the Navy’s primary endur-
ance UAV program, with BAMS
RDT&E funding planned in February
2004 at $224 million in FY05, with
procurement ramping up from $202
million in FY07 to $440 million in
FY09. The same sensor suite in devel-
opment for the GHMD is planned for
BAMS, including “robust SIGINT”
development from FY05.
However, in the summer of 2004
the Navy announced it would post-
pone initial BAMS procurement
funding from FY07 to FY09 or FY10.
New BAMS Platform Competi-
tion
By mid-2004, Navy air vehicle
plans had also changed, and all BAMs
UAVs are now planned to be procured
competitively. Northrop Grumman is
still offering Global Hawk; General
Atomics and Lockheed Martin Mari-
time Systems & Sensors are offering
Mariner, a derivative of the Predator
B; and G eneral Dynam-
ics/Gulfstream Aerospace may offer
an unmanned version of its G-550
business jet, dubbed the RQ-37.
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Boeing wins $3.9 Billion MMA
Contract
In June 2004, NAVAIR issued
Boeing Integrated Defense Systems
in Long Beach, CA a $3.9 billion
cost-plus-award-fee (CPAF) contract
to finance the system development
and demonstration (SDD) phase of
the MMA aircraft program. Boeing’s
militarized version of the 737 air-
frame won over Lockheed Martin’s
updated P-3 Orion offer. Work is to be
conducted in Long Beach, CA (91%);
Baltimore, MD (4%); McKinney, TX
(2.5%); Grand Rapids, MI (1.25%);
and Cincinnati, OH (1/25%), and is to
be completed in June 2012. Contract
funding will come from the Navy
MMA program (PE# 0605500N),
where $71.4 million was pro-
grammed for FY04 and $496 million
for FY05 (N00019-04-C-3146). De-
velopment of the electro-optic suite
will receive considerable funding.
BAMS Information Available
In June 2004, the Navy UAV Pro-
gram Office (PMA263) of the Pro-
gram Executive Office for Strike
Weapons and Unmanned Aviation
(PEO(W)) at NAVAIR, Patuxent
River, MD, announced it is willing to
conduct one on one discussions with
potential prime offerors for the
BAMS UAV system. Draft documen-
tation will continue to be posted on
the website for industry review; com-
ments on the draft documentation will
continue to be accepted and reviewed
by the Government. All communica-
tions regarding the BAMS UAV pro-
gram shall be coordinated with Ms.
Jessica Blackwell. This is not a re-
q u e s t f o r p r o p o s a l. S O L is
N00019-04-P7-TK113-02, POC is
J e s s ic a Bla c k w e ll, tel: ( 3 0 1 )
757-5897, fax: (301) 757-5955; or
Michael McLoughlin, tel: (301)
757-5898, fax: (301) 757-5946.
Email is jessica.blackwell@navy.mil
and mcloughlinm@navair.navy.mil.
Persistent Maritime UAV ISR
BAA
In May 2005, the Naval Air Sys-
tems Command (NAVAIR), Patuxent
Synthetic Aperture Radars
River, MD, hosted an Industry Day
for the Persistent Unmanned Mari-
time Airborne Surveillance Capabil-
ity. It intends to release a Broad
Agency Announcement (BAA) to
seek proposals for research support in
developing innovative solutions,
which provide persistent unmanned
maritime airborne surveillance capa-
bility. Concepts developed under the
BAA may be considered in the devel-
opment of future ISR mission system
improvements.
The Navy’s desire is to develop
ISR mission system enhancements
for implementation in the 2012 time
frame, concurrent with other planned
ISR improvements. The Navy is in
the process of recapitalizing its
land-based maritime ISR capabilities,
currently provided by the aging P-3
and EP-3 aircraft. The desired out-
come of this study is a capability
based definition and overarching sys-
tems architecture that will support the
development of a family of systems
approach to maritime ISR. The Indus-
try Day was conducted at the Johns
Hopkins University Applied Physics
Laboratory Kossiakoff Center, 11100
Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel MD
20723-6099. SOL Reference- Num-
ber is N00019-05-P-7TKBB2.
Navy GHMD Testing
In early 2006, the Navy tested the
GHMD Global Hawk, and located
seaborne targets from 65,000 feet
with its ISAR.
Global Hawk vs. Mariner:
Round 1
In June 2006, “Trident Warrior
‘06” pitted Global Hawk vs. Mariner
in their first head-to-head exercise.
USN/Australia BAMS Final
SDD RFP
In February 2007, NAVAIR re-
leased the final BAMS System Devel-
opment and Demonstration (SDD)
RFP. Interested parties can
v ie w /d o w n lo a d th e RF P
(N00019-07-R-0001), exclusive of
the Performance Based System Spec-
ification (PBSS) and Technical Li-
©Teal Group Corporation
Synthetic Aperture Radars
brary (TL), posted on the NAVAIR
website. The RFP also includes op-
tions addressing Australian unique
objectives. The anticipated contract
typ e is Co st-Plu s-Aw ard - Fee
(CPAF); however, the option line
items for TDPs/Data Rights are
Firm-Fixed-Price (FFP). Contract
award is anticipated in 1QFY08.
BAMS full operational capability
will provide for up to five simulta-
neous orbits worldwide. Initial Oper-
ational Capability (IOC) for BAMS is
defined as one base unit with suffi-
cient assets, technical data, training
systems, and enough spares and sup-
port equipment to operationally sup-
port one persistent ISR orbit. The
desired IOC is FY14, however, the
objective is to achieve IOC in FY13
or earlier. At IOC, the BAMS UAS
missions will include, but are not lim-
ited to, maritime surveillance, collec-
tion of enemy order of battle
Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006
BAMS SAR (Undetermined)
USN (BAMS) — —
Coast Guard Deepwater Endurance UAV ISAR
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Not yet in Competition
Unit Cost: Undetermined
See Deepwater program descrip-
tion in Electro-Optic/Infrared
(E-O/IR) Sensors chapter.
Predator TESAR
Status: Removed from Service
Manufacturer: Northrop Grumman, Electronic Sensors & Systems Sector (Baltimore, MD)
Unit Cost: $1.1 million
See Predator program description
in Electro-Optic/Infrared (E-O/IR)
Sensors chapter.
TESAR Development
The General Atomics RQ-1 Preda-
tor A Medium Altitude Endurance
UAV program laid the groundwork
for future endurance UAVs like
G lo b a l H a w k , a n d N o r th r o p
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
information, battle damage assess-
ment, port surveillance, communica-
tion relay, and support of the
following missions – maritime inter-
diction, surface warfare, battlespace
management, and targeting for
maritime and littoral strike missions.
SOL is N00019-07-R-0001, due
April 2007. Questions may be ad-
dressed to Ms. Stacy Bostjanick,
PCO, tel: (301) 757-5931, email:
stacy.bostjanick@navy.mil; and Ms.
Clare Carmack, Contract Specialist,
tel: ( 3 0 1 ) 7 5 7 - 5 9 1 9 , e ma il:
clare.carmack@navy.mil.
Sensor Suites
In mid-2007, Lockheed Martin
plans provided Mariner with the 360
degree Elta EL/M-2022 SeaWatch
ISAR, mounted on a ventral pylon,
replacing the Telephonics side-look-
ing radar used in the Mariner demon-
strator. The radar will have SAR,
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
— — — — 2 2
G r u mman ’s T E S A R ( Ta c t i c a l
Endurance SAR) was the ground sur-
veillance SAR carried by Predator –
the first SAR produced as a standard
fit for a major UAV program. A July
1999 contract brought the total order
up to 60 radars, worth $72 million.
Page 191
ISAR, and weather modes. It flew in
the June 2006 tests. It is likely that
Lockheed Martin bought the Elta ra-
dar for testing and the competition –
because it was ready – but would
re-compete any real production radar,
looking for a US-sourced system.
Global Hawk will carry the
N o r th r o p G r u mman d e s ig n e d
Multi-Function Active Sensor
(MFAS) AESA SAR/ISAR radar,
which will provide much commonal-
ity with the AN/APG-81 radar on the
F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF). The
MFAS allows simultaneous multiple
target tracking while also operating
the ISAR surveillance mode. The
BAMS Global Hawk would also
carry the Automatic Identification
System (AIS).
Boeing’s BAMS 550 unmanned
business jet proposal will carry a
Raytheon radar system.
2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
4 4 3 15
TUAVR
The TUAVR is a 63 lb. version of
the 168 lb. TESAR, tested by the
Army on a Hunter UAV in June 2003.
Israeli TESAR?
The Elbit (Silver Arrow) (Haifa,
Israel) Hermes 450 has a 1,000 lb.
gross weight, a 325
Page 192
lb. payload, and an 18 hour endur-
ance. It was in service with the Israel
Defense Force in West Bank fighting
during 2001/2002. Reports indicate
s o me H e r me s 4 5 0 s may h a v e
mounted TESAR.
Predator TacIFSAR ACTD to
General Atomics
In September 2004, the Air Force
Aeronautical Systems Center, Recon-
naissance System Program Office
(ASC/RAK), Wright-Patterson AFB,
OH, announced it intended to award a
contract on a sole source basis to Gen-
eral Atomics Aeronautical Systems to
provide TacIFSAR system integra-
tion and an Interferometer Synthetic
Aperture Radar (IFSAR) Mapping
Predator B Lynx SAR
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: General Atomics
Unit Cost: $1.6 (Lynx); $1.5 million (Lynx II).
See Predator program description
in Electro-Optic/Infrared (E-O/IR)
Sensors chapter.
Lynx for Testing
Initial Predator Bs mounted Gen-
eral Atomics’s own AN/APY-8 Lynx
Ku-band SAR/MTI sensor for test-
ing. General Atomics has been mar-
keting its Lynx SAR since early this
decade, especially for Predator (and
now Predator B).
AN/APY-8 Lynx SAR
The 52 kg AN/APY-8 Lynx is a
compact Ku-band SAR/GMTI (Syn-
thetic Aperture Radar/Ground Mov-
ing Target Indication) sensor. In
December 2003, CECOM reportedly
a w a r d e d G e n e r a l A t o mi c s a
24-month System Development and
Demonstration (SDD) contract for
the Lynx II, a lighter weight (40 kg)
version with improved reliability,
maintainability, and diagnostics.
Lynx has reportedly been tested
aboard the Predator UAV, Predator B,
Fire Scout VTUAV, the Army’s
manned Airborne Reconnaissance
Low (ARL) aircraft and possibly
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Advanced Concept Technology
Demonstration. The all-weather,
day/night TacIFSAR system provides
a real-time High Resolution Terrain
Information (HRTI) capability devel-
oped for the Rapid Terrain Visualiza-
tion ACTD, and will be integrated
with and operated from the MQ-9
Predator UAV.
The proposed contract action,
F33657-02-G-4035 0037, has a pe-
riod of performance of approximately
36 months, and is anticipated to be a
n e w co n t r a c t a w a r d e d o n a
sole-source basis. Interested parties
may submit appropriate information
to Cyn d a K e mp e r a t G e n e r a l
Atomics, at tel: (858) 455-2668, or
cinda.kemper@gat.com. SOL is
UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters, and
other platforms. But there are still no
significant confirmed production
contracts.
Fire Scout, JSTARS, FCS Inte-
gration
Lynx was tested in June 2003
aboard Northrop Grumman’s Fire
Scout Vertical Takeoff and landing
Tactical UAV (VTUAV), for Brit-
ain’s Watchkeeper program.
In mid-2003, General Atomics
was also developing a roll-on/roll-off
Lynx system for Army UH-60 Black
Hawks. The self-contained system
would provide a tactical adjunct to
JSTARS. Development is also linked
to the FCS (Future Combat System)
program, using the FCS tactical com-
mon data link to control the radar
from the ground.
ARL Lynx?
The Army’s Airborne Reconnais-
sance Low (ARL) aircraft comes in
both a Communications Intelligence
(COMINT) version (ARL-C) and a
Multi-INT (ARL-M) verion, which
also includes imagery intelligence.
Synthetic Aperture Radars
F 3 3 6 5 7 - 0 2 - G - 4 0 3 5 /0 0 3 7 , d u e
October 2004.
TESAR Removed from USAF
Service
By late 2005, the USAF had re-
moved TESAR from its Predators,
with that payload capacity devoted to
Hellfire missiles. Operators no longer
train for TESAR, and the Air Force
states the capability to return TESAR
to use has been lost. The TESAR dis-
play has always been difficult to inter-
pret, and TESAR had limited success
in recent Iraq operations. The Lynx
SAR on the Predator B will replace
this capability for the Air Force.
The Army has seven ARL aircraft in
service in October 2004, with an eigth
in production.
Unconfirmed reports have indi-
cated the Lynx SAR may be mounted
on the ARL-M.
“Cellular Radar”
General Atomics has proposed a
“cellular radar” concept, which in-
volves eight UAVs carrying Lynx ra-
dars, six operating in SAR mode and
two in MTI. This “cell” could cover
an area of 2,500 square km from a
height of 40,000 ft.
Longer-Range Lynx
A longer-range Lynx SAR is being
developed for the Predator B. Range
will double, to 75 km, and weight will
increase to 90 kg.
All-Weather Targeting Re-
search
The Navy’s Power Projection Ap-
plied Research program (PE#
0602114N), funded by a Congressio-
nal plus-up, provides for the Naval
P r e c i s i o n Str i k e ( S A R f o r
All-Weather Targeting) RDT&E re-
©Teal Group Corporation
Synthetic Aperture Radars
search. This effort will develop a
time-critical targeting system using
G P S in f o r matio n to p r o v id e
all-weather precision target location
and precision guidance capability that
will significantly increase the accu-
racy of precision weapons. It also de-
veloped a prototype relative GPS
system for guided weapons and inte-
grated the Stereo SAR targeting
package into the Lynx targeting
system.
“Spectral Keying” UWB Radar
Networks
In February 2004, the Air Force
Research Laboratory Sensors Tech-
nology Directorate (AFRL/SNK),
Wr ight Research Site,
Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, an-
nounced it intends to solicit and nego-
tiate with General Atomics for
research and development pertaining
to remote, battery powered sensor
networks under the authority of FAR
6.302. These networks can be utilized
for a variety of military purposes in-
cluding hostile personnel detection.
General Atomics makes innovative
use of the “Spectral Keying (trade-
marked)” UWB radar and communi-
cations methods toward this end. The
result is a sensor network that can pro-
vide live, real time video of hostile
personnel intrusions, is covert, active
for extended periods and resistant to
false alarms.
General Atomics is the only ven-
dor known to make use of the innova-
tive “Spectral Keying (trademarked)”
UWB radar method to develop sen-
sors that would serve as the founda-
tio n o f a n etw o r k w ith th e
characteristics described above. This
method provides a number of unique
advantages over current UWB radar
technology.
This notice is for informational
purposes only. This is not a Request
for Proposal (RFP). Contractors ca-
pable of offering this technology
must respond within 15 days after
publication of this notice by submit-
ting a specific capability statement to
provide this technology. SOL is
NOCA-04-04-SNK, POC is Cynthia
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Stockelman-Anderson, tel: (937)
255-0702, fax: (937) 255-8100,
email: cynthia.stockelman-ander-
son@wpafb.af.mil.
Predator B CONOPS
USAF Predator B units will be
designated attack, not reconnais-
sance, squadrons, with the MQ-9 a
“hunter-killer”. The sensor concept
of operations (CONOPS) calls for
Lynx to be used in brick-map mode to
search for targets at slant ranges up to
75 km (with a 2 m resolution). Poten-
tial targets are then imaged with
Lynx’s SAR mode at ranges up to 35
km. These targets are then handed off
to the MTS-B E-O/IR sensor. Lynx
can also take three SAR images from
different angles, flying a “hook” pat-
tern, to provide target data for JDAM.
GMTI to be Added
The full production standard Pred-
ator B, to undergo IOT&E in 2007,
will add a MIL-STD-1760 weapon
interface, and a GMTI mode to Lynx.
DHS Award
In September 2006, the Depart-
ment of Homeland Security (DHS)
awarded $14.1 million to General
Atomics for one Predator B with an
E-O/IR system and a Lynx SAR, as
part of the first Customs and Border
Protection (CBP) Unmanned Aircraft
System (UAS).
UK Orders Predator B
In September 2006, the UK or-
dered two Predator-Bs, expected to be
delivered and in service in Afghani-
stan in 2007.
Italian Predator Upgrades
In 2006, the Italian MoD report-
edly upgraded its six Predator UAVs
with two Lynx II SARs. It also up-
graded the E-O/IR systems, to replace
L-3 WESCAM Model 14 Skyballs
(presumably with Raytheon MTS
systems).
Lynx-ER
In late 2006, General Atomics was
also offering a new Lynx-ER version,
Page 193
which weighs about 100 kg, and has
almost twice the range and resolu-
tion-at-range performance as Lynx.
Army I-Gnat Lynx Contract
In October 2006, the Army Com-
munications-Electronics Command
(CECOM), Fort Monmouth, NJ, obli-
gated $8.6 million to General
Atomics under a FFP, CPFF, T&M
contract to fund the procurement of
Lynx I systems for I-Gnat UAVs. Bids
were solicited in August 2006 to fi-
nance the Lynx I effort and one pro-
posal was received. The work is being
conducted in San Diego, CA (95%)
and in Iraq (5%) and is to be com-
pleted by March 2008. Contract fund-
ing will come from the Army Other
Procurement (OPA) budget activity
(W15P7T-06-C-9255).
Dual Beam Lynx
In February 2007, the Dual Beam
Lynx program, funded in PE#
0603767E, Sensor Technology, was
planned to enhance the capabilities of
the Lynx radar system to track
slow-moving vehicles more accu-
rately. The program modifies a Lynx I
radar to create two beams with differ-
ent phase centers and uses space time
adaptive processing to detect moving
targets in the main beam clutter. The
goals include demonstrating im-
provement in minimal detectable ve-
locity, improving geolocation
accuracy, and achieving a low manu-
facturing cost. The radar performance
will be demonstrated from flight data
collected from the radar flying on a
UAV surrogate.
USAF Lynx Orders
In March 2007, the ASC awarded
General Atomics a $9.4 million FFP
contract modification for the manu-
facture and delivery of five Lynx
APY-8 radars and associated spares.
The work is being performed in San
Diego, CA, and the contract is to be
completed in April 2009. Contract fi-
nancing is coming from the APF
(FA8611-05-G-3028/0008).
Page 194
SPI3D Contract
In May 2007, the Air Force Re-
search Laboratory (AFRL), Wright
Research Site, Wright-Patterson
AFB, OH, awarded General Atomics
a $7 million CPAF, CPFF contract to
fund development of the Standoff
Precision Identification in 3 Dimen-
sions (SPI3D) program to develop
high resolution three-dimensional
imaging systems. The work is being
performed in San Diego, CA, and is to
be completed in April 2008. Contract
funding will come from the Air Force
Aerospace Sensors element (PE#
0602204F) (FA8659097-C-7715).
Dawn M Ross is Contracting Officer,
email: dawn.ross@wpafb.af.mil.
This effort includes but is not be
limited to: developing advanced
sub-component designs leading to
turret integration, geo-location of the
targeting system, tracking capability
Teal Group Analysis
The AN/APY-8 Lynx is a compact
Ku-band SAR/GMTI (Synthetic Ap-
erture Radar/Ground Moving Target
Indication) sensor, which General
Atomics has been marketing since
early this decade, especially for the
General Atomics Predator (and now
Predator B) UAV.
In December 2003, CECOM
a w a r d e d G e n e r a l A t o mi c s a
24-month System Development and
Demonstration (SDD) contract for
the Lynx II, a lighter weight (40 kg)
version with improved reliability,
maintainability, and diagnostics.
Lyn x h a d b e e n o n e o f th e
most-tested and least-procured sys-
tems around, tested aboard the Preda-
tor, Predator B, Fire Scout VTUAV,
the Army’s manned Airborne Recon-
Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006 2007
USAF (Predator B) 12
US Army (I-Gnat) 1 3
US DHS (Predator B) 1 —
UK RAF (Predator B) — 2
Undetermined (various) 16
Total 30
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
of the targeting system, development
of Pockels cell hardware technologies
and other hardware technologies, lab-
oratory testing to verify system devel-
opment and algorithm development,
design of a miniaturized laser for in-
stallation in a gimbal, improvements
to the optics, turret component devel-
opment, integration into a turret, soft-
ware improvements for system
operation, software improvements
for a more user friendly operator in-
terface, development and demonstra-
tio n s w ith in itial lab o r ato r y
demonstrations within six months,
and support of any flight-tests and
demonstrations.
Canadian MALE Requirement
In August 2007, Canada an-
nounced an interim requirement for a
Joint Airborne ISR Capability
(JAIC), which would procure an un-
naissance Low (ARL) aircraft and
possibly UH-60 Black Hawk helicop-
ters, and other platforms. But there
were no significant confirmed pro-
duction contracts.
Then, in August 2005, General
Atomics won a nine-unit production
order for Predator B. This has proven
to be a watershed for Lynx and Lynx
II, followed by substantial wins for
the US Army’s Fire Scout UAV and
Warrior ER/MP UAV (based on Pred-
ator), as well as orders from the UK
and the Department of Homeland
Security (DHS).
Lynx has been one of the best (one
of the only) small SARs available for
some years, and production of a num-
ber of other medium-sized UAVs will
be beginning later this decade. Lynx
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
2 3 2 9 11 9 10
1 — — — — —
— — — — — —
— — — — — —
4 6 6 8 8 8
11 10 8 17 19 17
Synthetic Aperture Radars
determined number of MALE UAVs
to serve on deployments in Afghani-
stan and elsewhere. The RFP is to be
released in early 2008, with IOC
planned for June 2009.
Mandatory JAIC sensor require-
ments are a color E-O/IR/low light
level system, a laser target designator,
and a SIGINT package. Additional
“rated” requirements are for a
SAR/GMTI and a weapon delivery
capability.
JAIC will essentially be an
off-the-shelf procurement, to be fol-
lowed by a longer-term UAV program
with IOC in 2013-2016, the Joint Un-
manned Surveillance and Target Ac-
quisition System (JUSTAS). The
Predator-B with the MTS-B, ASIP
variant, and Lynx SAR are the most
obvious systems, though IAI will also
reportedly offer a Heron/Heron TP
system.
II has already grabbed the Army’s
War r io r E R/MP ( E x ten d e d
Range/Multi-Purpose) UAV and the
Class IV UAV for FCS (currently
planned as the Fire Scout). Other wins
are likely, including the possibility of
a USAF Predator retrofit program.
The US Navy could also order a
navalized version of Lynx for its LCS
Fire Scout, but so far the Navy has
been looking for entirely different ra-
dars for its UAVs – typically inverse
SARs (ISARs). Future programs eas-
ily could see our undetermined fore-
cast double. General Atomics’ Lynx
has gone from nowhere to the indus-
try leader in small UAV SARs in just a
couple of years.
2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
7 8 8 81
— — — 5
— — — 1
— — — 2
8 8 8 8 88
18 15 16 16 177
©Teal Group Corporation
Synthetic Aperture Radars
Warrior ER/MP Lynx II SAR
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: General Atomics
Unit Cost: $1.5 million
Overview
See Warrior ER/MP program de-
scription in Electro-Optic/Infrared
(E-O/IR) Sensors chapter. The War-
rior ER/MP will carry the 36 kg Lynx
II, simultaneously with an E-O/IR
payload.
Smaller Lynx II Development
In December 2003, CECOM re-
portedly awarded General Atomics a
24-month System Development and
Demonstration contract for the Lynx
II. The contract effort includes de-
sign, fabrication, integration and test,
Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006
Lynx II
US Army (Warrior ER/MP) 4*
*Development systems
SeaVue SAR
Status: In Production
Manufacturer: Raytheon Systems Surveillance Group
Unit Cost: $2 million
The SeaVue is a new small ISAR
derived in part from Raytheon’s
AN/APS-137, with wide area surveil-
lance, moving target indication
(MTI), and air target detection modes.
It is in production for the US Customs
Service aboard Dash-8 aircraft, and
may be bought for Customs P-3s. It
was almost selected for the USCG
Deepwater program MPA, and has
been tested along with the
AN/AAS-52 MTS-A E-O/IR sensor
on the General Atomics Mariner
UAV. Mariner is derived from the tur-
boprop Predator B, and is being of-
fered for the US Navy BAMS
program.
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
flight test, associated logistics and de-
livery of six Lynx II SAR/GMTI sys-
tems. The Lynx II will feature lighter
weight (40 kg) and improved reliabil-
ity, maintainability, and diagnostics.
Operating in SAR mode, Lynx II
will provide 10 cm resolution, at a
range of 30 km in fair weather and 25
km through clouds and rain. The radar
can detect very small changes in a
scene (including footprints) by using
a technique called coherent change
detection. In GMTI (Ground Moving
Target Indicator) mode, Lynx II will
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
2* — 12 12 36 24
Components Contract
In April 2004, the Naval Surface
Warfar e Cent er Cr ane D i v.
(NSWC-CD), Crane, IN, issued
Raytheon a $6.3 million firm-fixed-
price (FFP) contract to provide for the
manufacture and delivery of SeaVue
Radar components. The work is to be
conducted in McKinney, TX, and
completed by August 2005. Contract
financing will come from the Navy
Other Procurement (OPN) account
(N00164-04- C-8232).
SeaVue Tested for BAMS
In April 2004, Raytheon tested
SeaVue, mounted along with its
Page 195
detect moving targets with up to 10
cm range resolution accuracy.
Sensor Status
In mid-2007, the ER/MP UAV was
being developed with three inter-
changeable threshold payloads (Mis-
sion Equipment Packages (MEP)),
including an E-O/IR sensor with laser
rangefinder/designator, the Lynx II
SAR with moving target indication
(SAR/MTI), and a heavy communi-
cations relay payload. The ER/MP
will simultaneously carry and control
two different MEPs.
2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
12 12 12 10 136
AN/AAS-52 MTS-A E-O/IR sensor,
on the General Atomics Mariner
UAV. Mariner is derived from the tur-
boprop Predator B, and is being of-
fered for the US Navy BAMS
program.
MMA APS-137D(V)5 Develop-
ment
In July 2005, Raytheon finalized a
$60.8 million development contract
to c o n tin u e w o r k o n th e
APS-137D(V)5, to include two SDD
radars. The first is to be delivered by
October 2008 and the second by July
2009.
Page 196
SensorCraft ISR UAV SAR
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Not yet in Competition
Unit Cost: Undetermined
The SensorCraft idea has been
around since at least 2000, planned as
a new generation of multi-sensor high
altitude penetrating UAV. The con-
cept developed out of the cancelled
Dark Star UAV program. One innova-
tio n is th e c o n c e p t o f a d ia-
mond-shaped or faceted aircraft
(perhaps looking similar to a very
wide and thin B-2 bomber), with sen-
sors around all the the outside edges
of the wings. Operating altitude is
planned as at least 60,000 feet, with
an endurance of at least two days.
The Air Force Research Lab
(AFRL), Wright-Patterson AFB, OH,
is currently sponsoring development,
originally partnered with NASA and
Boeing.
Sensors are to include radar and
E-O/IR sensors, for ESM, electronic
attack, and Airborne Early Warning
& Control (AEW&C) as well as SAR
and GMTI reconnaissance.
Teal Group Analysis
The idea of an all-singing,
all-dancing reconnaissance aircraft is
not new (see the MC2A), although the
UAV aspect and exotic appearance
make it interesting for science fiction
fans. Adding electronic attack also is
Vulture SAR
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Not yet in Competition
Unit Cost: Undetermined
In August 2007, DARPA released
a solicitation notice for Vulture, an air
vehicle exploratory development pro-
gram that is to develop the capability
to deliver and maintain a single air-
borne payload on station for an unin-
terrupted period of at least 5 years
using a heavier-than-air platform sys-
tem. It is envisioned that this program
will, at a minimum, develop and dem-
onstrate advanced reliability technol-
ogies for air vehicle systems. Other
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Demonstrator Flown
In September 2004, researchers at
Wright-Patterson AFB flew a 7%
scaled Joined-Wing Technology
Demonstrator for the SensorCraft
program.
Dual Radars
The SensorCraft concept origi-
nally featured a dual radar: a
low-band UHF system for wide-area
surveillance and a high-frequency
X-band system for more accurate
tracking. The AFRL is developing
lightweight, conformal antennas that
can be embedded in the structure of a
wing.
In 2004, the AFRL launched the
L o w - B a n d Str u c t u r a l A r r a y
(LOBSTAR) initiative to develop an
antenna panel about 3 m – 6 m long in
length, integrate it in a wing section
and then test the mated pair in a wind
tunnel under stressful conditions, to
a novel idea, although jamming from
60,000 feet will require either a lot of
power or some novel technologies.
With a very theoretical in-service date
of 2015-2020, we are not breaking
out funding in a separate forecast, but
advanced technologies may also be
developed and demonstrated depend-
in g u p o n th e n a tu r e o f th e
architectures proposed by offerors.
DARPA is not interested in ap-
proaches that use either radioactive
energy sources or employ any form of
buoyant flight for this application.
The Vulture program will research
and develop technologies and sys-
tems which will enable the military to
deliver and maintain a 1000 lb., 5 kW
Synthetic Aperture Radars
understand the antennas’ structural
and electronic performance. This ini-
tiative runs until 2008.
On the high-band side, the AFRL
is developing an X-band Thin Radar
Array (XTRA) that it plans to demon-
strate around 2007. XTRA will prob-
ably be an array of about 3,700 cm sq.
New Designs
In early 2007, SensorCraft was
still going strong. All the major play-
ers have a platform design. Northrop
Grumman and Lockheed Martin have
flying wings and Boeing has a
“joined-wing”. All are planning
“endfire array” antennas, a new kind
of low-band antenna that emits en-
ergy from its forward edge, not per-
pendicular as with a regular antenna.
Th e s tru ctu re is a f lat-p an el
honeycomb composite.
the program is still going strong, and
may one day result in either a classi-
fied or non-classified production
system.
airborne payload for an uninterrupted
period of at least 5 years with an
on-station probability of 99% and
with a high probability of mission
success, although major payload de-
velopment is not yet funded under
this BAA.
The architectures selected and the
specific approaches taken by the
offerors will determine the range of
technical areas that are developed, in-
cluding, but not limited to, environ-
©Teal Group Corporation
Synthetic Aperture Radars
mental energy collection, high
specific energy storage, extremely ef-
ficient propulsion systems, precision
robotic refueling, autonomous ma-
teriel transfer, extremely efficient ve-
hicle structural design, and mitigation
of environmentally-induced loads.
The key technology development
objectives include: 1) identification
of robust system architectures that
meet the program goals; 2) identifica-
tion of efficient systems that allow the
Penetrating High Altitude Endurance (PHARE) UAV SAR
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Not yet in Competition
Unit Cost: Undetermined
See PHARE program description
in Electro-Optic/Infrared (E-O/IR)
Sensors chapter.
UCAV Programs
US Navy UCAS-D Radars
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Not yet in Competition
Unit Cost: Undetermined
See US Navy UCAS-D program
description in Electro-Optic/Infra-
red (E-O/IR) Sensors chapter.
APG Radar Proposed
In August 2007, due to its different
combat role versus US Air Force sur-
veillance UAVs such as Global Hawk
and Predator, Northrop Grumman’s
Tactical UAV Programs
Synthetic Aperture Radars (SARs)
are planned for several tactical UAVs
( T U AV s ) , b u t s o f a r, d e s p i t e
ever-smaller sensors, no major pro-
duction contracts had been awarded.
For example, after a four-year devel-
opment contract, in October 2002
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
program vision to be achieved; and 3)
identification and reduction of both
major and minor system and subsys-
tem technology risks. It is anticipated
the program will be divided into three
phases: 1) conceptual system defini-
tion with a supporting formal reliabil-
ity and mission success analysis,
exiting with a System Readiness Re-
view and an option for continuation
task; 2) risk reduction development
and testing phase to include a Prelimi-
UCAS-D sensor suite included provi-
s io n f o r eith e r Rayth e o n ’s
AN/APG-79 AESA fighter radar
(from the Super Hornet) or Northrop
Grumman’s AN/APG-81 AESA from
the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF).
Though it is much too early to
know what form a UCAV radar will
really take, with new abilities being
Northrop Grumman successfully
tested its TUAVR (TUAV Radar)
SAR, down-sized from the TESAR
on the Predator. But no US or interna-
tional sales occurred.
Instead, some TUAV programs
have dropped the SAR requirement or
Page 197
nary and Critical Design of a proto-
type ending with the flight test of a
scaled version of the system; and 3)
fabrication, assembly, and flight test
e v a lu a tio n en c o mp a s s in g a n
operational demonstration using the
design payload.
SOL is BAA07-51, due September
2007. POC is Stephen Davis, Con-
tracting Officer, tel: (571) 218-4949,
fax: (703) 807-4952.
added to AESA fighter radars (includ-
ing SAR mapping, electronic war-
fare, data links, etc.), mounting an
APG- as the primary UCAV radar
makes a lot of sense.
transitioned the SAR to a UAV one
size bigger. The US Army had
dropped plans for a Shadow 200
TUAV SAR, in preference of the
larger ER/MP divisional UAV, but is
now again planning a Shadow 200
SAR.
Page 198 Synthetic Aperture Radars

MQ-8B Fire Scout Lynx II

Status: New Development
Manufacturer: General Atomics
Unit Cost: $1.5 million

See US Navy MQ-8B Fire Scout
and US Army MQ-8B FCS Class 4A
(Fire Scout) program descriptions in
Electro-Optic/Infrared (E-O/IR)
Sensors chapter.
Fire Scout Lynx Testing for
Watchkeeper
In June 2003, General Atomics’s
AN/APY-8 Lynx Ku-band SAR/MTI
sensor was tested aboard Northrop
Grumman’s Fire Scout VTUAV, for
Britain’s Watchkeeper program. But
so far, no Fire Scout-specific US
Navy SAR funding has been pro-
grammed. Nonetheless, a US Navy
Fire Scout SAR requirement is likely
later in the decade.
Lynx II for Army FCS Fire
Scout
In December 2003, CECOM
a w a r d e d G e n e r a l A t o mi c s a
24-month System Development and
Demonstration (SDD) contract for
the Lynx II, a lighter weight (36 kg)
version with improved reliability,
maintainability, and diagnostics, in-
tended for the FCS Fire Scout UAV.

Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
Lynx II
US Army (MQ-8B Fire Scout) 4* 2* — — — — 15 15 15 15 15 81
*Development systems

Bell Eagle Eye RDR 1700 MMR

Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Telephonics Corp.
Unit Cost: $1 million

See Bell Eagle Eye program de-
scription in Electro-Optic/Infrared
(E-O/IR) Sensors chapter.
Eagle Eye Radar
The RDR 1700 Multi-Mode Radar
(MMR) is a maritime radar primarily
designed for search, surveillance, and ceiver/transmitter unit, and the
weather avoidance, as well as terrain interface unit. The radar will operate
mapping, beacon navigation, and oil in the X-band, and provide 120
slick detection. The nose-mounted degree scanning.
system in the Eagle Eye will include
three lightweight boxes: the an-
ten n a/p ed estal u n it, th e r e-

Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
RDR 1700 MMR
USCG (Eagle Eye UAV) — — — — — — — 2 4 4 6 16

US Civil UAV SARs

Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Undetermined
Unit Cost: $2 million (speculative)

Overview UAVs by various federal agencies ters for details. Payloads will vary by
At the moment, there are a number outside the Department of Defense UAV size and application.
of exploratory programs to examine and Coast Guard. See platforms chap-

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

Synthetic Aperture Radars
Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006 2007
US Civil UAV SARs (Undetermined)
Undetermined (Undetermined) — 1 1
Army Shadow 200 TUAV SAR
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: In Competition
Unit Cost: $1.2 million (speculative)
See Shadow 200 TUAV program
description in Electro-Optic/Infra-
red (E-O/IR) Sensors chapter.
Northrop Grumman TUAVR
SAR Development
In 1998, under the Multi-Mission
Common Modular Sensor Payload
Advanced Technology Demonstra-
tion (ATD), Northrop Grumman was
awarded a $7.3 million contract to de-
velop a SAR/MTI for the TUAV.
Northrop Grumman will build two ra-
dars and one set of spares. Contract
value could reach $12.4 million with
all options.
TUAVR SAR Ready
I n O c to b e r 2 0 0 2 , N o r th r o p
Grumman announced it was nearly
done developing its TUAVR (TUAV
Radar) synthetic aperture radar
(SAR), and it is available for sale. The
TUAVR is a 63 lb. version of the 168
lb. TESAR on the Predator, making it
suitable for the Hunter (on which it
has been flight tested) and other small
UAVs. But in 2002 the US Army had
MiniSAR
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Sandia National Laboratories
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Anti-IED MOUT MiniSAR
In April 2006, the Air Force 99th
Contracting Squadron, Nellis AFB
NV, announced it is conducting mar-
ket research for a contractor to exe-
cute the USAF UAV Battlab (UAVB)
Miniaturized Synthetic Aperture Ra-
dar (MiniSAR) Initiative. The
MiniSAR Initiative is a USAF War-
fare Center Commander approved,
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
2 2 4 4
decided not to procure a SAR for the
TUAV yet.
Shadow 200 NDI SAR RFI
In March 2004, the Army Commu-
nications-Electronics Command
(CECOM), Fort Monmouth, NJ, re-
leased a pre-solicitation request for
information (RFI) synopsis. The Pro-
gram Manager, Robotic & Unmanned
Sensors (PM-RUS) is currently con-
ducting market research only and is
interested in the availability of
non-developmental miniature syn-
thetic aperture radars to provide all
weather sensing capability that will fit
into the existing payload bay of a
Shadow 200 UAV. The system must
demonstrate true SAR capabilities.
To be considered as non-develop-
mental item, the miniature synthetic
aperture radar must be capable of be-
ing demonstrated on board an operat-
ing UAV. The requirements for a
miniature SAR include, but are not
limited to, the following: a) must
weigh less than 16 lbs to meet the pay-
load restrictions of the Shadow 200
and UAVB led, initiative to integrate
S a n d ia N a tio n a l La b o r a to r y’s
MiniSAR onto an Unmanned Aircraft
System (UAS). The purpose of this
initiative is two-fold. First, demon-
strate th e ab ility to in teg r ate
MiniSAR onto a tactical UAS. Sec-
ond, demonstrate the military worth
of MiniSAR in Improvised Explosive
Page 199
2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
4 4 4 4 30
UAV, b) must demonstrate half meter
(or better) resolution to at least 3.5 km
slant range, c) must have an onboard
power consumption of less than 150
Watts, d) must have demonstrated
data link functionality from an air-
borne platform, e) must be able to
provide a swath width of 1 km, f)
must have near real time SAR images
processing and display (need not be
on board).
If the test is successful, it is the in-
tent of PM-RUS to procure a number
of systems for use on Shadow 200
U AV s . S O L is W 1 5 P 7 T- 0 4 -
I2WD004, POC is Jane Calicari, tel:
( 7 3 2 ) 4 2 7 - 7 0 7 7 , e ma il: j a n e .
calicari@mail1.monmouth.
army.mil.
New Sensor Planned
In 2004, under the Army’s new
FCS plans, an interim Class II tactical
UAV will be deployed by 2010.
Likely to be an upgraded RQ-7B
Shadow 200, this could include a
SAR.
Device (IED) detection and in urban
operations.
The Sandia MiniSAR is a govern-
ment off-the-shelf (GOTS) system. It
is designed for short range imaging
(8-10 km), and reportedly has a finer
resolution and is less expensive than
existing radars.
The MiniSAR initiative is planned
as a four-phase project with a total du-
Page 200
ration of one-year. Phase one defines
the integration and interface require-
ments between the UAS and the
MiniSAR sensor. Phase two covers
both the fabrication of the UAS and
the integration of the sensor into the
UAS. Phase three consists of the
ground testing and flight demonstra-
tion. Phase four is a concept demon-
stration in a tactical scenario. The
following general services are re-
quired in order to execute this
initiative:
1). Production of a UAS: Mini-
mum technical requirements are: 100
pound payload capacity, 12 hours
flight duration at cruise, 300 Watts
sustained power production, operate
in 30 knot winds, auto takeoff and
land capability, austere field opera-
tions capable, remotely piloted and
autonomous operations, on-board
p r o c e s s in g , r e a l- time
reprogrammable mission computer,
line-of-sight and beyond line-of-sight
Army Future Combat System (FCS) A160 FORESTER FOPEN SAR
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Syracuse Research Corp., North Syracuse, NY
Unit Cost: Undetermined
The A160 Hummingbird was in-
tended to act as the airborne commu-
nications/data link/relay between
FCS vehicles and various deployed
sensors and robotic vehicles. The
A160 would also mount E-O/IR and
synthetic aperture radar/ground mov-
ing target indicator (SAR/GMTI)
sensors.
The A160 was developed by Fron-
tier Systems (Irvine, CA), has a
3-blade variable speed rigid rotor, and
is being designed for a 2,500 nm
range, 300 lb payload, and up to 40
hour endurance. The rigid rotor is de-
signed to increase endurance to three
times that of any other helicopter. The
A160 is 35 feet long with a rotor di-
ameter of about 30 feet, weighs 4,000
lb, and is expected to reach 130-140
knots.
The A160 first flight occurred in
January 2002. In August 2002, the US
S p e c i a l O p e r a t i o n s C o mman d
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
communications and control, 18 cu-
bic feet internal payload volume, 10
inch external ball capable, landing
gear capable of protecting sensor ball,
proven platform design, and platform
readily available for modification to
support the MiniSAR. The UAS shall
also have a ground control station ca-
pable of mission planning, flight
training, mission execution, multiple
aircraft command and control, and si-
multaneous connectivity between
aircraft and multiple ground stations
for data download.
2). Production of a lightweight,
high performance synthetic aperture
radar. The radar chosen is a GOTS
system developed by Sandia National
Laboratories. Performance specifica-
tions are classified. The contractor
will work with Sandia National Labo-
ratories to execute design, integra-
tion, installation, and operation of
their GOTS SAR on the UAS.
(SOCOM) also expressed interest in
the A160. In May 2004, Boeing’s
Phantom Works bought Frontier Sys-
tems, and is now responsible for de-
velopment of the A160.
A160 FOPEN Contract
In May 2004, CECOM awarded a
$35 million, three year cost-plus-in-
centive-fee (CPIF) contract to Syra-
cuse Research in North Syracuse, NY,
for efforts associated with the ultra
high frequency (UHF) foliage pene-
trating (FOPEN) real-time moving
target indicator MTI/SAR radar for
use in the A160 Hummingbird UAV.
There were two proposals solicited in
December 2003, and two proposals
were received. The radar is also des-
ignated the FORESTER (FOPEN Re-
connaissance, Surveillance,
Tracking, and Engagement Radar.
Work on the first 18-month phase
is to be conducted in North Syracuse,
Synthetic Aperture Radars
Based upon the success of the ini-
tial demonstration, a planned transi-
tion option exists. Additionally, there
could be subsequent efforts to dem-
onstrate the MiniSAR sensor in con-
junction with other sensor systems.
At that time, the UAVB will analyze
the current state-of-the-art UAS
available. SOL is
FA4861-06-LGCC012, due April
2006. POP is Nellis AFB, NV and
Creech AFB NV, 89191. POC is 1Lt
Cassandra Proctor, email: cassan-
dra.proctor@nellis.af.mil, and 1Lt
Micah O’Neal, email:
micah.oneal@nellis.af.mil.
Rockwell Teams with Sandia
In June 2006, Rockwell Collins
Government Systems announced it
had formed a strategic alliance with
Sandia to develop, manufacture, and
offer service and support for the
MiniSAR.
NY, and is to be completed by No-
vember 2005, followed by a second
18-month phase. Contract funding is
expected to come from the Army Ad-
vanced Tactical Computer Science
and Sensor Technology element (PE#
0603772A) (W15P7T-04-C-K216),
under DARPA sponsorship.
Raytheon AACER Antennas
Also in May 2004, DARPA
awarded two $6 million contracts to
Raytheon Space and Airborne Sys-
tems and Northrop Grumman Elec-
tronic Systems, to conduct phase I
development of the Affordable
Adaptable Conformal Electronic
S c a n n in g A n ten n a ( A A CE R)
SAR/GMTI antenna for FORESTER,
consisting of Ka-band electronically
scanning arrays.
In November 2005, DARPA se-
lected Raytheon Space and Airborne
Systems over Northrop Grumman
©Teal Group Corporation
Synthetic Aperture Radars
Electronic Systems to continue phase
II AACER development. The second
phase will see system design com-
pleted and key subassemblies built.
Plans also include a one-year third
phase of development, for flight tests.
Congress Suggests Cutting
FOPEN
In September 2006, defense ap-
propriations conferees decided to cut
$12 million or more from Army re-
search on its UAV FOPEN. In re-
sponse, a Pentagon appeal stated the
ability to sense through foliage is
“desperately needed” for surveillance
missions in U.S. Southern and U.S.
USMC Dragon Warrior MiniSAR
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Imaging Microsensors
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Imaging Microsensors’s 6.8 kg
MiniSAR is thought to have been as-
MicroSAR
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Imaging Microsensors
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Imaging Microsensors’s has de-
veloped the 0.45 kg MicroSAR.
International UAV SAR Programs
EuroHawk SAR
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: EADS
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Overview
Germany has a requirement for an
endurance UAV for strategic recon-
naissance and maritime patrol, and
has examined the RQ-4A Global
Hawk as a possible candidate. The
EuroHawk is envisioned as a naval
surveillance version of the Global
Hawk which substitutes an EADS
ELINT package for the current ISS.
EuroHawk will also mount a SAR. A
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Central commands’ areas of responsi-
bility. “The [Defense Department’s]
current capability is one aging test
bed system on manned aircraft that
contains soon-to-be-outdated equip-
ment with a limited anticipated
lifetime.”
The foliage penetrating radar sys-
tem is in the second year of a
three-year advanced concept technol-
ogy demonstration cycle. The system
deployed for the SOUTHCOM area
of responsibility in June 2005 for a
milestone test to determine its utility,
according to Pentagon officials. “Af-
ter just two test flights, its ability to
support real-world operations was
sociated with the Dragon Warrior
program, but little is known.
Global Hawk flew with an EADS
SAR from Edwards AFB in 2002.
Further plans to conduct trials of a
Global Hawk fitted with an EADS
sensor package were delayed due to
the commitment of the aircraft to
combat operations in 2003, but a
Global Hawk was finally deployed to
Germany in October 2003 for a series
of six test flights.
The short term objective is to ac-
quire four to six Global Hawks to re-
Page 201
immediately recognized by U.S. and
coalition forces” because the system
provided previously unavailable in-
telligence information to field
commanders,” the appeal states.
The system is slated to finish the
ACTD process in February 2007 with
the completion of a joint military util-
ity assessment.
Testing Contract Planned
In May 2007, DARPA announced
it will award a contract to Boeing to
test-fly the FORESTER radar on its
A160 UAV. Tests will last 6-9
months, in the US.
place four 40-year-old Breguet
Atlantique ELINT aircraft, although
the EuroHawk could also be used for
a broader range of surveillance re-
quirements. The German partner for
Northrop Grumman is EADS-
Dornier. The program plans have
been for the delivery of the first
EuroHawk in 2007, the second in
2008-09 and eventually 3-4 more, at a
total cost of about $600 million. Ger-
many is also considering a follow-on
Page 202
buy of up to six more EuroHawks
which would be fitted with a synthetic
aperture radar.
In 2004, the German Navy an-
nounced plans to retire its fleet of
I-Master
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Thales
Unit Cost: Undetermined
I-Master for Watchkeeper
In December 2005, the Thales
I-Master SAR/GMTI radar was se-
lected for Britain’s Watchkeeper
WK450 UAVs. I-Master was re-
vealed at the Farnborough Air Show
in 2004, and will provide sub-metric
resolution from a range of 20 km in
strip mode or 15 km in spot mode, and
detect slow-moving vehicles or peo-
ple from 20 km.
PicoSAR
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Selex Sensors &Airborne Systems, UK
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Overview
In May 2006, Selex Sensors and
Airborne Systems’ (Selex S&AS)
PicoSAR made its maiden flight on an
ASS-355 Twin Squirrel helicopter
flying out of Cumbernauld in Scot-
land. The radar scanned various ur-
ban and rural areas at altitudes of
3,000 ft to 9,500 ft.
PicoSAR is a lightweight, com-
pact active electronically scanned ar-
SWORD
Status: Upgrade & Support
Manufacturer: Thales, EADS-Dornier
Unit Cost: Undetermined
T h e Th a les /E A D S - D o r n ie r
SWORD (Standoff all-Weather Ob-
servation and Reconnaissance
Drone) SAR weighs 30 kg, and was
designed to replace the E-O payload
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Atlantique maritime patrol aircraft
sooner than expected, and as an in-
terim solution to purchase surplus
Dutch P-3C Orion aircraft. A
navalized EuroHawk would presum-
I-Master was developed out of
Racal’s Pod SAR, with additional
technology input from Thales’
Searchwater radars. I-Master is
planned to weigh 32 kg.
I-Master is lighter than General
Atomics’ Lynx SAR, with a slightly
lesser range, but this will allow
Watchkeeper UAVs to also carry an
E-O/IR payload simultaneously.
I-Master also provides ground mov-
ray (AESA) SAR, specifically
developed for use on small airborne
platforms, typically UAVs and heli-
c o p te r s . T h e system p r o v id e s
high-resolution ground mapping and
GMTI. It currently weighs only 9.1
kg, although Selex is looking to re-
duce this further for production
systems.
Building on existing technology
employed in the company’s Seaspray
of the CL-289 UAV. Sword is a
J-band SAR/MTI sensor covering a
swath width of approximately 2000
metres, generating high-resolution
SAR imagery in real time and me-
Synthetic Aperture Radars
ably replace these, although the radar
has not yet been developed.
ing target identification (GMTI), un-
like most other similar size SARs.
Watchkeeper Dual Sensors
One of Britain’s Watchkeeper pro-
gram’s biggest selling points is its
dual payload system, allowing a com-
bination of E-O/IR, SAR, and
SIGINT sensors. The Watchkeeper
WK450 UAV is based on Elbit’s Her-
mes 450.
radars, PicoSAR was transformed
from a basic idea to an actual radar in
13 months, according to Selex.
One key application planned for
PicoSAR is to combine it with a burst
illumination radar to provide a com-
bat identification (CID) system that
can penetrate smoke and other forms
of clutter.
dium-resolution MTI imagery in
near-real-time. SWORD is an older
system, status unknown in mid-2007.
©Teal Group Corporation
Synthetic Aperture Radars Page 203

AWARDS (All-Weather Airborne Reconnaissance Drone Sensor)

Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Thales, EADS-Dornier
Unit Cost: Undetermined

Overview much of the same hardware, but add- cally-steered in elevation and elec-
AWARDS (All-Weather Airborne ing an onboard real-time processor, tronically-steered in azimuth. It also
Reconnaissance Drone Sensor) is a plus antennas which are mechani- was an older system in mid-2007.
49 kg version of SWORD, using

QuaSAR
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: EADS Astrium
Unit Cost: Undetermined

Overview
In 2005, EADS Astrium was mar-
keting the QuaSAR scalable modular
SAR for UAV applications. Based on
technology originally developed by
Matra Marconi Space, the radar is of- and MTI modes. QuaSAR is scalable,
fered in 4-8 GHz, 8-12 GHz, and but can be fielded in a form that
12-18 GHz variants, all of which have weighs as little as 30 kg, making it
SAR strip-map, spotlight imaging, suitable for small UAVs.

MiSAR
Status: In Production
Manufacturer: EADS Defense Electronics
Unit Cost: Undetermined

Overview UAV, probably in 2006. In April UAVs in Afghanistan. The new con-
EADS’s 4 kg, Ku-band MiSAR 2007, contract negotiations began to figuration gives a GMTI capability,
has been test flown aboard the LUNA buy an upgraded system for Luna with a revised side-looking antenna.

Mini-SAR
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)
Unit Cost: Undetermined

Overview
The 50 kg, 10 GHz center fre-
quency Mini-SAR GMTI/SAR was
being promoted in mid-2007.

CARABAS (Coherent All Radio Band Sensing)

Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Saab Microwave Systems (was Ericsson), Sweden
Unit Cost: Undetermined

Ericsson developed the small able for a UAV. The system will oper- sic system has been extensively
CARABAS (Coherent All Radio ate at 20-90 MHz in SAR mode, and flight-tested on a manned aircraft, and
Band Sensing) VHF band radar, suit- at 60-90 MHz in MTI mode. The ba- was available for sale in mid-2007.

EL/M-2055
Status: In Production
Manufacturer: Elta (IAI), Israel
Unit Cost: Undetermined

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 204
Overview
Elta’s (IAI) 33-66 kg EL/M-2055
SAR has a strip map mode for area
search and detection, a high-resolu-
tion spot mode, and an MTI mode
EL/M-2022U
Status: In Production
Manufacturer: Elta (IAI), Israel
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Overview
Elta’s (IAI) 114 kg EL/M-2022U
maritime radar has been test flown on
Recent SAR Solicitations and RDT&E Programs
MOUT: Urban Recon
Several Program Elements fund
projects looking to improve capabili-
ties for MOUT, including, for exam-
ple the Urban Recon (UR) ACTD,
begun in FY03. This area will see in-
creasing funding over the next few
years, and SAR developments to im-
prove capabilities for ISR over cities
will likely receive funding.
PE# 0603750D8Z
The Advanced Concept Technol-
ogy Demonstration (ACTD) Program
funds several related programs, in-
cluding:
• Coalition Aerial Surveillance and
Reconnaissance (CAESAR),
which is developing a concept of
operations and tactics, techniques,
and procedures for NATO em-
ployment of moving target indica-
tors and SAR operations.
• Foliage Penetrating Synthetic Ap-
erture Radar, to provide real-time
detection and cueing of stationary
targets obscured by foliage and
under camouflage using tactical
and national sensors.
• Tactical Interferometric Synthetic
Aperture Radar (IFSAR) Map-
ping, to provide theater-wide
three-dimensional, fine resolution
terrain data and SAR imagery for
mission planning and rehearsal
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
with wide-area Doppler beam sharp-
ening surveillance for tracking mov-
ing targets. The EL/M-2055 has been
demonstrated on the Searcher II UAV,
may have been installed in the Hunter,
the Heron UAV (payload capacity
250 kg). In mid-2007, it was thought
to be in service aboard Herons of the
d ata acq u isitio n in j o in t
operations.
Combating Terrorism Technol-
ogy Solicitation
In February 2004, the Army Rob-
ert Morris Acquisition Center
(RMAC), Aberdeen Proving Ground,
MD, announced it is soliciting con-
cepts for innovative research and de-
velopment projects for combating
terrorism. The mission areas include
Chemical, Biological, Radiological
and Nuclear Countermeasures (CB);
Investigative Support and Forensics
(ISF); and Surveillance, Collection
and Operations Support (SCOS).
RMAC is the procuring office for
this Broad Agency Announcement
(BAA) for the Combating Terrorism
Technology Support Office (CTTSO)
Technical Support Working Group
(TSWG). The BAA package itself
will be available only from the fol-
lowing website, www.bids.tswg.gov.
The BAA process constitutes a solici-
tation of concepts from those offerors
cap ab le o f satisfyin g th e
government’s needs.
SOL is W91CRB-04-T-0065, due
April 1, 2004. POC is Renee Hodge,
tel: (410) 278-0881, email: jacque-
line.renee.hodge@us.army.mil. POP
is Robert Morris Acquisition Center,
Aberdeen Branch, AT T N :
AMSSB-ACC-A, 4118 Susquehanna
Synthetic Aperture Radars
and has been fitted to the Indian De-
fence Research and Development Or-
ganisation (DRDO) Nishant UAV. It
was available in mid-2007.
Indian and Israeli navies. It has a
range of 200 km.
Avenue, Aberdeen Proving Ground,
MD 21005-3013.
USAF Conformal Phased Array
Antenna Research
In March 2004, the Air Force Re-
search Laboratory (AFRL),
Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, awarded
Northrop Grumman a $9.4 million
cost-reimbursement type contract to
finance demonstrations of a high fre-
quency (HF), low-band, load bearing
phased array antenna concept that is
conformal or structurally integrated.
The work is to be conducted in El
Segundo, CA, and is to be completed
by June 2009. Contract funding will
come from the Air Force Aerospace
Sensors program (PE# 0602204F)
(FA8650-04-C-3423).
NGS Interferometric SAR
In June 2004, the National
Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
(NGA), Arnold, MO, awarded a de-
livery order (DO) amount of $4.2 mil-
lio n as p art o f a $ 4 7 millio n
firm-fixed-price (FFP) contract to
I n t e r ma p F e d e r a l S e r v i c e s i n
Englewood, CO, to finance the pro-
d u c tio n an d d e liv e r y o f an
interferometric SAR (IFSAR) air-
borne commercial imager, to provide
high-resolution radar images, digital
surface models, and radar based map
products. The place of performance is
Englewood, CO, and the contract
©Teal Group Corporation
Synthetic Aperture Radars
completion date is January 2005.
Contract financing will come from
the Defense Agencies Procurement
(PDA) account (HM1574-04-D-
0003).
Army Affordable Conformal
Radar Contracts to Raytheon
and Northrop
In July 2004, the Army Robert
Mo rris A cq u isitio n Cen ter
(ARMAC), Adelphi, MD, awarded
Raytheon in El Segundo, CA, a $2.7
million increment as part of a $36.8
million cost-plus-fixed-fee (CPFF)
action to finance research and devel-
opment in support of the Affordable
Adaptive Conformal ESA Radar.
Bids were originally solicited in No-
vember 2002, and three proposals
were received. The work is to be con-
ducted in El Segundo, CA (90.3%);
Tucson, AZ (7%); and San Diego, CA
(2.7%), and completed by June 2008.
Contract funding will initially come
from the Army Electronics and Elec-
tr o n ic D e v ic e s p r o g r a m ( P E #
0602705A) (W911QX-04-C-0108).
In July 2004, the ARMAC also
awarded Northrop Grumman Sys-
tems in Linthicum, MD a $2.6 million
increment as part of a $32.2 million
cost-plus-fixed-fee (CPFF) action in
support of the Affordable Adaptive
Conformal ESA Radar Program. The
work is to be conducted in Linthicum,
MD, and is to be completed by June
2008. Contract financing will also
come initially from Army PE#
0602705A (W911QX-04-C-0107).
Dynamic Tactical Targeting
(DTT) Follow-On
In October 2004, the Information
Ex p lo itatio n O ff ice (IX O ) at
DARPA, Arlington, VA, announced it
was soliciting proposals for the Dy-
namic Tactical Targeting: Tactical
Exercis es and System Test
(DTT:TEST) program under this
Broad Agency Announcement
(BAA). The DTT program currently
is developing technology to continu-
ously cross-cue a large set of hetero-
geneous, partially controllable sensor
platforms to maintain track on known
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
targets, while maintaining search ef-
forts to find new candidate targets, so
that known targets can be held at risk
until a commander authorizes en-
gagement. Abstractly, the sensors can
be viewed as a pool of resources, and
mission needs (search an area,
maintain track on a designated
vehicle) as prioritized demands.
DTT is the process that continu-
ously, and proactively, assigns re-
sources to demands as the situation
changes: new missions are defined,
known vehicles move, new vehicles
are found, existing tracks degrade,
etc. The DTT program began in 1999,
and is ending this year. It developed
an initial set of software components,
in teg r ated in to a co mp lete,
closed-loop system, that clearly vali-
dated the above premise, but vali-
dated the premise only on simulated
data. Simulated data simply cannot
contain all of the artifacts and error
sources present in the real world.
The Tactical Exercises and System
Testing (DTT:TEST) program has
been created to validate the DTT
premise in live exercises, leveraging
companion efforts in the Army (affili-
ated with the Future Combat System)
and Air Force (affiliated with the Dis-
tributed Common Ground Station).
The DTT:TEST program will vali-
date the premise that automated tools
can be employed to, 1). align the
transformed sensor data to a common
geospatial reference system, 2). cor-
relate data across sources into consis-
tent target tracks, 3). predict future
target motion, 4). create sensor-spe-
cific tasking that develops the most
effective way to employ sensors in the
context of anticipated target motion
(for targets in track) and remaining
search tasks (for targets yet to be dis-
covered), and 5). allow a commander
and staff to maintain situation
a w a r e n e s s an d s u p e r v i s e th e
operation of the automation.
The DTT:TEST program will
build and integrate technologies for
these five areas, and exercise them on
real-world sensor data, both recorded
and live. Some of these technologies
may be drawn from those funded by
Page 205
the original DTT program, but IXO is
aware of, and interested in, other,
equally mature technologies that may
outperform those employed by DTT
to date. Validation will be accom-
plished in live exercises, leveraging
companion efforts in the Army and
Air Force. SOL is BAA05-04, due
January 29, 2005.
Maritime Search with
Small-Antenna SAR Study
Contract
In March 2006, the Naval Air War-
f a r e Cen te r We a p o n s D iv.
(NAWC-WD), China Lake, CA, an-
nounced it intends to contract with
User Systems, Inc., Crofton, MD, to
procure a Maritime Search with
Small-Antenna SAR study. Respond
to Faith La Gore, Commander Code
220000D, NAWCWD, 429 E Bowen
Ave, MS 4015, China Lake, CA
93555-6108; fax: (760) 939-3095;
email: faith.lagore@navy.mil. SOL
IS N68936-06-T-0065.
ARTEMIS MTI Solicitation
I n N o v e mb e r 2 0 0 6 , A r my
CECOM, acting in concert with the
RDECOM, CERDEC, Intelligence
and Information Warfare Directorate
(I2WD), solicited proposals for a
42-month design and development
effort for ARTEMIS (All-Terrain Ra-
dar for Tactical Exploitation of MTI
& Imaging Surveillance), a light-
weight multi-function airborne coun-
ter CC&D r adar. S OL is
W15P7T-07-R-P005, POP is US
Army C-E LCMC Acquisition Center
- DAAB07, ATTN: AMSEL-AC,
Building 1208, Fort Monmouth, NJ
07703-5008.
Next Generation Radar Con-
cepts Solicitation
In January 2007, the Information
& Sensors Directorate, Air Force Re-
search Laboratory (AFRL), Rome
Research Site, Rome, NY, solicited
white papers for innovative ap-
proaches in the area of advanced ra-
d a r te c h n o lo g y to o v e r c o me
deficiencies in existing and planned
radar systems to detect, track, and
Page 206
identify aircraft, missiles, spacecraft,
space debris, ground vehicles, and
subsurface complexes in clutter and
countermeasure environments. The
survivability of new and existing sys-
tems must also be improved without
the use of decoys. Upgrades to exist-
ing ISR platforms, demonstrations to
support transition to the next level of
technology development, and evolu-
tions to new sensors and concepts
(UAVs, space-based platforms, etc.)
need to be addressed.
Sensor concepts should include
multiple configurations with charac-
ter is tics s u p p o r tin g d iv e r s e
multi-mission requirements includ-
ing Airborne Moving Target Indica-
tor (AMTI), Ground Moving Target
Indicator (GMTI) and Synthetic Ap-
erture Radar (SAR), Multiband
SAR/Tomographic Imaging features,
and Foliage Penetrating (FOPEN)
Radar. These concepts include both
monostatic and multistatic solutions.
Lookdown bistatic concepts should
include bistatic receivers using radia-
tors of opportunity (TV, FM, etc.)
with larg e w ideband r eceive
antennas.
Areas of interest include new and
innovative advances in system archi-
tectures, hardware, software and/or
signal processing algorithm improve-
ments, diverse transmit waveforms,
survivability, positional estimation
improvements, unique concepts in ra-
dar system design, Multi-Basing
Look Down Surveillance (Air and
Space), Augmentation of Reconnais-
sance Capabilities (development of
new surveillance capabilities in re-
connaissance sensors), Ground Pene-
trating Radar, Bistatic/Multistatic
Radar (non-cooperative emitter stand
alone sensors and cooperative aug-
mentation of existing ISR platforms
through UAVs), the architecture and
signal processing for expendable
UAV radar probes, and theater missile
defense.
Additional technology areas in-
clude the measurement, test, analysis
and modeling efforts that are required
to support the development of ad-
vanced radar systems. The primary
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
emphasis is to identify and demon-
strate promising technologies for
both monostatic and multistatic radar
sensors in the areas of Space Time
Adaptive Processing, both Adaptive
a n d K n o w led g e Bas e d ( K B) ,
Multi-Channel Signal Processing
Te c h n iq u e s , I n n o v a tiv e an d
Wideband Processing Techniques,
Multi-Dimensional Processing Tech-
niques, improved radar system per-
formance developments in spread
Doppler clutter environment for a
theater application and, in general,
technologies that may significantly
improve the performance of ad-
vanced radar systems. The successful
application of these approaches will
require a broad spectrum of expertise,
covering hardware, software, and
systems technology.
Total funding for this BAA is ap-
proximately $49.9 million. The antic-
ipated funding to be obligated under
this BAA is broken out by fiscal year
as follows: FY06, $16.6 million;
FY07, $16.7 million; FY08, $16.6
million. Individual awards for the
Next Generation Sensor Concepts
topic area will not normally exceed 36
months, with dollar amounts ranging
between $100,000 to $1 million per
year. Awards of efforts as a result of
this announcement will be in the form
of contracts, grants, cooperative
agreements, or other transactions de-
pending upon the nature of the work
proposed. SOL is BAA-06-06-IFKA.
VADER: GMTI Radar Exploita-
tion Solicitation
In January 2007, the Intelligence
and Information Warfare Directorate
(I2WD), Army Communications-
Electronics Command (CECOM),
Fort Monmouth, NJ, issued an RFI on
techniques for the exploitation of
Moving Target Indicating Radar data.
The purpose of the announcement is
to request white papers for the Vehi-
cle and Dismount Exploitation Radar
(VADER) program. Responses to this
RFI will be reviewed by the Govern-
ment and may result in an invitation to
submit proposals against the BAA for
a 3QFY07 award.
Synthetic Aperture Radars
The goal of the VADER program
is to provide tactical persistent sur-
veillance and tracking of dismounts
and vehicles over wide areas of the
battle space. VADER is a side look-
ing, ku-Band, electronic scanning
(azimuth), medium range radar with
both very high resolution GMTI and
SAR modes. The radar system will
have four GMTI modes and two SAR
modes. The GMTI modes include a
wide-area MTI (WAMTI) mode for
vehicles, a small-area MTI (SAMTI)
mode for dismounts, a High Range
Resolution (HRR) sub mode of the
WA MTI, and High Range-Doppler
Video modes for dismounts. The SAR
modes include a spotlight and strip
map mode to resolutions as fine as
six-inches in spot and twelve-inches
in strip.
VADER is composed of three
phases. The purpose of this RFI is to
support phases II and III, which will
begin in 3QFY07 and 3QFY08 re-
spectively. The objective during
phase II (12-months) is to integrate all
technologies into an existing MTI
workstation. Real data will be pro-
vided at month 3 to support develop-
ment. Lab prototype of the integrated
workstation will occur at month 9 and
full integration and test with live data
will occur at month 12. Phase III
(6-months) will provide for technol-
ogy upgrades and insertion of tech-
nologies not fully integrated during
phase II.
Technologies are sought across a
number of specified application areas
as listed in detail below. MTI exploi-
tation technologies beyond those
listed below will also be considered
and are encouraged. 1). Automated
Tracking - Algorithms capable of
tracking dismounts are sought. Track-
ers capable of tracking both dis-
mounts and vehicles without aid of a
priori classification (dismount vs. ve-
hicle) are desired. 2). Feature Aided
Tracking - Tracking algorithms,
which use signature data derived
from high resolution dwells of a target
area, to enhance track length and pu-
rity are sought. Such algorithms
should work, at a minimum, in con-
©Teal Group Corporation
Synthetic Aperture Radars
junction with High-Range Resolution
vehicle signatures.
SOL is W15P7T-07-R-P014, due
January 2007. POP is US Army C-E
LCMC A cq u isitio n Cen ter -
DAAB07, ATTN: AMSEL-AC,
Building 1208, Fort Monmouth, NJ
07703-5008. E ma il:
david.thomas9@us.army.mil.
All Terrain Radar Contract
In August 2007, Army CECOM
obligated a $6.1 million increment as
part of a $6.7 million CPFF contract
to Northrop Grumman Systems in
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Linthicum Heights, MD, for procure-
ment of the All Terrain Radar for Tac-
tical Exploitation of Moving Target
Indicator and Imaging Surveillance
program. The contract was competi-
tively awarded as a result of bids so-
licited via the World Wide Web.
There were two proposals received.
The work is being conducted in
Linthicum Heights, MD, and is to be
completed by November 2010. Con-
tract funding is coming from Army
Other P r o c u r e men t ( O PA )
(W15P7T-07-C-P044).
Page 207
Revolutionary Urban Radar
Solicitation
In August 2007, DARPA solicited
innovative research proposals in the
area of urban radar, in BAA Number
07-58, entitled “Multipath Exploita-
tion Radar”. Proposed research
should investigate innovative ap-
proaches that enable revolutionary
advances in science, devices, or sys-
tems. Specifically excluded is re-
search that primarily results in
evolutionary improvements to the
existing state of practice. SOL is
BAA07-58.
Page 208 Synthetic Aperture Radars

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

SIGINT & Electronic Warfare Systems

UAV SIGINT/EW Funding Forecast

RDT&E+Procurement Available to the US
(FY07 $ Millions)
1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

0
FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16
GH/Pred ASIP Other Endurance UCAV
Tactical Available Int'l

Market Overview
Definitions
SIGINT (Signals Intelligence) is a
general term that includes radio band
(COMINT – Communications Intelli-
gence), radar band (ELINT – Elec-
tronic Intelligence), and MASINT
(Measurement and Signature Intelli-
gence) systems. US Department of
Defense definitions are: COMINT –
technical information and intelli-
gence derived from foreign commu-
SIGINT: The New EW
These long-winded definitions
might serve to explain the relatively
low profile SIGINT has had in the
past among electronic warfare pro-
grams, while jammers and radar and
missile warning systems have gotten
all the attention. But that has been
changing since the conflicts began in
Afghanistan and Iraq. Suddenly,
monitoring communications has be-
come vital – more vital than fighting
sophisticated surface-to-air missile
nications by other than the intended
recipients, ELINT – technical and
geolocation intelligence derived from
foreign non-communications electro-
magnetic radiations emanating from
other than nuclear detonations or ra-
dioactive sources, and MASINT –
scientific and technical intelligence
obtained by quantitative and qualita-
tive analysis of data (metric, angle,
radar networks – in part because
many of the improvised explosive de-
vices (IEDs) that have resulted in a
large proportion of US casualties are
detonated by detectable RF commu-
nications devices. And, those that are
not can often be detected by monitor-
ing communications of those who
emplace them. Infrared-guided
MANPADS (man-portable air de-
fense systems) have become the num-
ber one threat to aircraft, and small
spatial, wavelength, time depend-
ence, modulation, plasma, and
hydromagnetic) derived from spe-
cific technical sensors for the purpose
of identifying any distinctive features
associated with the target, source,
emitter, or sender measurement of the
same (the detected feature may be ei-
ther reflected or emitted).
units of irregular troops, often in
dense urban environments, have
taken over from much-easier-to-track
massed armies. These new opponents
demand new methods for location
and tracking, and signals intelligence
offers one of the best opportunities.
Much new funding is being pro-
grammed to develop SIGINT sys-
tems.

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 210
US Markets
Communications Intelligence
(COMINT) has long been a vital mili-
tary requirement at the grassroots
level, and many COMINT systems to-
day have been in service for some
time. COMINT is equally valuable
for air, ground, and naval forces, with
large numbers of simple systems be-
ing procured to provide situational
awareness for soldiers, ships, and
submarines. This contrasts with ra-
dar-band ELINT, where aircraft have
used more expensive and sophisti-
cated radar warning receivers as
warning and self-defense against the
lau n c h o f r a d a r- g u id e d s u r-
face-to-air-missiles.
Unlike for ELINT, the value of
short-range COMINT receivers on
UAVs – in support of ground troops –
will raise airborne unmanned
COMINT to become the most impor-
tant COMINT market segment at the
end of the decade, with many inex-
pensive systems to be procured. This
will cover all scales of UAV, from the
International Markets
There are many European SIGINT
suppliers, especially EADS and
T h a le s Co mmu n ic a tio n s . F o r
ground-based ELINT and COMINT
systems, the US has had few interna-
tional sales and for a long time had a
bad reputation even in the US. The
best opportunities for US SIGINT
sales abroad will be for airborne sys-
tems. If US investment in UAV sys-
tems grows at the rates forecast, US
UAV ELINT and COMINT capabili-
Funding Forecast
US RDT&E (FY07 $Millions) FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16
Global Hawk/Predator
ASIP (USAF)
Other Endurance UAV
SIGINT & EW (speculative)
UCAV EW & SIGINT (speculative)
Tactical UAV
SIGINT & EW (speculative)
Total 153
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
SIGINT & Electronic Warfare Systems
Global Hawk Airborne Signals Intel-
ligence Program (ASIP) Low Band
System (LBS) to (eventually) mi-
cro-scale COMINT receivers on
mini- and micro-UAVs. We are fore-
casting steady RDT&E and procure-
ment funding.
As an example, the US Air Force
in Iraq has equipped Predator UAVs
with communications jamming pay-
l o a d s . T h e s e ar e u s e d a s a
closer-range supplement to EA-6B
Prowlers and EC-130 Compass Call
aircraft, to counter relatively
low-power VHF and UHF transmis-
sions (receivers rather than transmit-
ters).
Larger-scale and more expensive
systems are planned, with Northrop
Grumman’s ASIP nearing produc-
tion. On Global Hawks, Predators,
and Reapers, ASIP will be the first
major manned-aircraft-equivalent
UAV SIGINT program, to be funded
at more than a quarter of a billion dol-
ties should result in a very good mar-
ket climate internationally.
However, a real barrier to US entry
into international SIGINT markets is
the large number of small programs.
The US excels at expensive, inte-
grated, and high-powered systems –
like JSTARS, top-line FLIR pods,
and Global Hawk. SIGINT systems
have traditionally been small, rela-
tively inexpensive systems that can be
developed by niche companies. There
69 78 81 84 95 101
32 34 52 66 72 70
6 6 18 42 44 51
46 54 50 56 58 72
172 201 248 269 294
lars per year beginning in a couple of
years.
Tactical UAV programs will re-
main smaller, with the Army’s Tacti-
cal SIGINT Payload (TSP) to be only
a moderate program in terms of fund-
ing. On the other hand, UAV ELINT
RDT&E will remain high throughout
our forecast period, and this should
provide knock-on technology bene-
fits for other ELINT programs.
With its 20 EA-6B Prowlers aging,
and no EF-18G Growlers to be pur-
chased, the USMC is dedicated to
providing Electronic Attack (EA)
from UAVs. With systems flying at
low altitudes on tactical UAVs, much
less power is needed for jamming,
and a much smaller area will be af-
fected, meaning less disruption of
friendly communications.
The Marines are also likely to be
strong supporters of the new Navy
UCAS-D program, as a full-sized
UCAV might be able to supplant the
Growler for Marine Corps mission.
is less need to “go US” when many
more politically-acceptable (or just
plain better) alternatives exist. This
may change with the renewed interest
in SIGINT generated by the War on
Terror. If it does, expect some market
barriers to fall. Until then, interna-
tional markets will not offer the same
opportunities as DoD programs, and
this will be continue to be a weak area
for FMS sales.
Total
106 106 113 110 943
74 70 78 84 632
54 54 66 54 395
68 68 88 86 646
302 298 345 334 2,616
©Teal Group Corporation
SIGINT & Electronic Warfare Systems Page 211

US Procurement (FY07$ Millions) FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 Total
Global Hawk/Predator ASIP (USAF) — 26 200 194 196 196 168 164 178 200 1,522
Other Endurance UAV SIGINT & EW 22 24 74 128 138 144 126 172 170 160 1,158
UCAV EW & SIGINT — — — — — — — — 100 125 225
Tactical UAV
SIGINT & EW (speculative) 55 55 140 110 100 120 130 130 152 140 1,132
Total 77 105 414 432 434 460 424 466 600 625 4,037

Total Available International RDT&E+Procurement (speculative)

($ Millions) 22 42 52 52 60 62 70 75 72 76 583

Endurance UAV EW & SIGINT Programs

Global Hawk Hyperwide COMINT
Status: In Production
Manufacturer: BAE Systems
Unit Cost: $1 million (speculative)

Overview
The US Navy bought two Global
Hawks in its FY03 budget, for the
Global Hawk Maritime Demonstra-
tion (GHMD) program. The first air
vehicle was to essentially be a USAF
LRIP version, with added electronic
support measures (BAE Systems’
Hyperwide receiver and Northrop
Grumman’s LR-100). The second
Global Hawk, to be delivered in
mid-2005, was to mount an undeter-
mined turreted E-O/IR sensor (rather
than the Integrated Sensor System),
and instead give more emphasis to a
new 360 degree scanning Inverse
SAR (ISAR), adding maritime-sur-
veillance modes and maritime MTI.
Little information has been made
public about Hyperwide, but orders
for the “Enhanced Integrated Sensor
System and Clip-in S ensor
(Hyperwide)” continue.
Lot 3 LRIP
In April 2004, the Air Force Aero-
nautical Systems Center (ASC),
Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, issued
Northrop Grumman a $202 million
fixed-price-incentive (FPI) contract
add-on to provide for an undefinitized
contract action for LRIP Lot 3, in-
cluding one Global Hawk production
air vehicle with one basic Integrated
Sensor Suite; two Global Hawk pro-
duction air vehicles; one Global
Hawk production air vehicle with one
Enhanced Integrated Sensor Suite
and Clip-in Sensor (Hyperwide); one
mission control element (MCE); one
launch recovery element; one basic
Integrated Sensor Suite; and support
equipment and spares. The work is to
be performed in San Diego, CA, and
is to be completed by October 2005.
Contract funding will come from the
Air Force Aircraft Procurement
(APF) account (F33657-03-C-4310
/POO1).
Lot 4 LRIP Advance Procure-
ment
In March 2004, the ASC issued
Northrop Grumman a $50.7 million
contract to provide for long lead
parts/advance procurement for LRIP
Lot 4 items, including RQ-4B Global
Hawk air vehicles with Enhanced In-
tegrated Sensor Suites and Clip-in
Sensor (Hyperwide); one mission
control element (MCE); one launch
recovery element; and support equip-
ment and spares. Contract financing
will come from the Air Force Aircraft
P r o c u r e me n t ( A P F ) a c c o u n t
(FA8620-04-C-3410).
USAF COMINT Research White
Papers
In April 2005, the Air Force Re-
search Laboratory, Rome Research
Site, Rome, NY, announced it was so-
liciting white papers for various sci-
entific studies and experiments to in-
crease the lab’s knowledge and
understanding of the broad range of
capabilities required in support of au-
tomated COMINT collection and
processing. Solutions to basic re-
search and engineering problems
using innovative approaches are
sought.
The overall technical objectives of
the BAA are to develop techniques
and algorithms for the detection, rec-
ognition, exploitation, and location of
analog and digital communication
signals in a moderate to dense
co-channel environment. AFRL is in-
terested in techniques and algorithms
for: (1) automated detection, identifi-
cation, characterization, and
geolocation; (2) enhanced collection
system efficiency; and (3) improved
digital signal processing hardware
and software.
The scope of this effort concerns
several areas and covers a broad
range of issues, which include, but are
not limited to the following: (1) signal
detection; (2) signal recognition and
classification in low Signal to Inter-
ference Noise Ratio (SINR) environ-
ments; (3) improved methods to
accomp l i s h g eol ocat i on ( 4 ) ;
multi-User Detection (MUD) algo-
rithms; (5) interference cancellation;
(6) TDOA/FDOA techniques; (7)

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 212
emerging technologies and radio
communication devices; (8) wireless
communications (RF and Net-
worked); (9) miniaturization of sys-
LR-100 RWR/ESM/ELINT
Status: In Production
Manufacturer: Northrop Grumman
Unit Cost: $500,000-$1 million
Overview
The LR-100 is a lightweight (27
kg) 2-18 GHz (baseline) radar signal
receiver designed in-house by
Northrop Grumman (was Litton) us-
ing COTS components. It can serve as
a radar warning receiver (RWR), and
also provides precision emitter loca-
tio n an d id en tificatio n (fu ll
ESM/ELINT). In its most accurate
phase-comparison mode, the LR-100
reportedly allows emitter ranging
with about a 1% accuracy.
The LR-100 was bought for the
US Navy GHMD air vehicles, along
with BAE Systems’ Hyperwide
SIGINT receiver, and it seems this
has also become a standard fit on cur-
rent USAF Global Hawks. However,
Airborne Signals Intelligence Program (ASIP) & High Band System
(HBS) & Low Band System (LBS)
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Northrop Grumman (HBS & LBS); Raytheon (LBS)
Unit Cost: $15.4 million (for Global Hawk Block 30, NG quote in 2006)
ASIP Development
The High Band System (HBS) be-
ing developed by Northrop Grumman
Mission Systems (San Jose, CA) (was
TRW), is part of the Airborne Signals
Intelligence Payload (ASIP) pod, de-
velopment of which began in FY03
for use on the U-2 and Global Hawk.
HBS flight tests were conducted in
2006.
The ASIP will also include a new
Low Band System (LBS), also being
developed by Northrop Grumman
(and Raytheon). The Joint SIGINT
Avionics Family (JSAF) low band
system was cancelled in 2002, after
continuing technical problems with
the BAE Systems development pro-
gram. Due to these delays, the HBS
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
SIGINT & Electronic Warfare Systems
tems to allow embedding aboard
UAV platforms. SOL is BAA-05-
05-IFKA.
Northrop Grumman’s new ASIP
SIGINT system will soon supersede
the LR-100, with IOC planned for
2012. A significant UAV market for
the small and light LR-100 could fol-
low, but no international orders have
been announced, and our forecast will
remain fairly conservative until more
orders are confirmed.
Global Hawk Testing
In March 2001, Global Hawk Air
Vehicle No. 5 was fitted with the
LR-100, as well as a Raytheon
E-O/IR sensor and, reportedly, a
SAR, for its deployment to Australia.
The USAF claimed this was a
one-time sensor fit. This Global
was ready earlier, so Northrop con-
ducted bench testing of the system for
about a month, then took it to Ed-
wards AFB in 2006 for test flights au-
th o r iz e d b y Co n g r e s s as a
risk-reduction measure to make sure
that the SIGINT package would work
on Global Hawk. “We have to wait for
the Low Band System to catch up,
which should be in 2007,” according
George Guerra, Northrop Grumman
U S A F G lo b a l H a w k p r o g r a m
manager.
Development of an all-new ASIP
for the Global Hawk represents an ex-
tension of earlier USAF plans for the
UAV, which called for equipping the
Global Hawk with the LR-100 re-
ceiver as a high-band SIGINT sys-
Hawk crashed in January 2002, re-
t u r n i n g f r o m a mis s i o n o v e r
Afghanistan.
Two LR-100s were also procured
for the Navy’s two Global Hawks
Maritime Demonstration (GHMD)
aircraft, originally intended as test ve-
hicles for the BAMS (Broad Area
Maritime Surveillance) program.
Limited Production for Global
Hawk
It seems that current Global hawks
are receiving the LR-100 as standard
equipment, and this should continue
until it is replaced by the new ASIP
SIGINT system.
tem, along with an undetermined
low-band system and the Hyperwide
receiver for communications intelli-
gence (COMINT). Despite limited
Hyperwide system and LR-100 pro-
duction, the Air Force decided to go
ahead with the development and pro-
duction of the ASIP – a completely
new system.
Northrop Grumman has also been
asked to look into the possibility of in-
tegrating a COMINT system onboard
the Global Hawk, but the studies in
this area are only in the very early
stages.
ASIP Integration
In June 2004, the Air Force Elec-
tronic Systems Center (ESC),
©Teal Group Corporation
SIGINT & Electronic Warfare Systems
H a n s c o m A F B , MA , is s u e d
Raytheon’s Strategic Systems Div. in
Falls Church, VA a $16.2 million
cost-plus-fixed-fee (CPFF) modifica-
tion to integrate ASIP tasking, pro-
c e s s in g , e x p lo itatio n , and
dissemination capabilities into the
Deployable Ground Intercept Facility
(DGIF) element. The work will be
conducted in Falls Church, VA, and is
to be completed by March 2007. Con-
tract funding will come from the Air
Force Other Procurement (OPF)
appropriation.
The ASIP program is to build upon
the HBSS production configuration
unit by adding specific low-band
functions developed for the current
Air Force Special SIGINT System.
ASIP will interface with the USAF
Distributed Common Ground System
(DCGS) for tasking, processing, ex-
ploitation, and dissemination of intel-
lig en ce, su rv eillan ce, an d
r e c o n n a is s a n c e in f o r matio n
(F19628-97-D-0009).
ASIP Integration into DCGS
In March 2005, the Air Force Elec-
tronic Systems Center (ESC),
Hanscom AFB, MA, announced a
proposed contract action for the pur-
pose of extending the ordering and
performance periods for the Recon-
naissance, Intelligence Ground Sys-
tems (RIGS) Products and Services
(RPS) contracts with Lockheed Mar-
tin ( F 1 9 6 2 8 - 9 7 - D - 0 0 0 8 ) a n d
Raytheon (F196280-97-D-0009).
The contracts’ ordering periods will
be increased by three years by chang-
ing the current ending date from De-
cember 2003 to December 2006. The
contracts’ periods of performance
will also be increased by three years
by changing the current ending date
from December 2004 to December
2007. This change will not increase
the ceiling price of the two contracts.
The extension is a contract action
required to provide for the acquisition
of upgrades to existing subsystems,
the Ground Control Processor (GCP)
and Deployable Ground Intercept Fa-
cility (DGIF), which were developed
and fielded by the aforementioned
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
contractors, as parts of the Distributed
Common Ground Station (DCGS).
The anticipated upgrade candidate
planned for functional integration
into the two subsystems is the ASIP.
ASIP development will proceed thru
2007. SOL FA8707-05-R-3500, POC
is Diane O’Neil, tel: (781) 377-2388,
email: diane.oneil@hanscom.af.mil.
Program Costs
In 2006, the Air Force was budget-
ing about $400 million for the ASIP
production program, which would
buy about 25 systems for Global
Hawk at $15.4 million per system,
with full rate production from 2009
through 2015.
Full System Flight Testing Be-
gins
In January 2007, ASIP flight test-
ing began aboard a USAF U-2, sched-
uled to run through late 2007.
Northrop Grumman is under contract
to provide five developmental ASIP
systems, with two more planned for
the U-2. The fourth system will begin
testing on a Global Hawk in late 2007,
and the fifth is designed for ASIP sus-
tainment activities.
The three U-2s have been ex-
pected to be available for operational
missions from late 2008, but in Au-
gust 2007 the Air Force claimed that
they had no plans for operational de-
ployment of U-2 with ASIP. Current
U-2s carry Raytheon’s RAS-1R
SIGINT system.
ASIP for Army ACS?
I n J a n u a r y 2 0 0 7 , N o r th r o p
Grumman officials stated they are
seeking other applications for ASIP,
and one of the most obvious would be
as an interim solution for the Army’s
cancelled Aerial Common Sensor
(ACS) program.
Merlin SIGINT Tested for
BAMS
In mid-2007, the Navy tested a Si-
erra Nevada Merlin SIGINT system
on one or both of its RQ-4A Global
Hawks. The Navy currently has no
SIGINT requirement for BAMS, but
Page 213
it could include ASIP or another sys-
tem eventually.
U-2 ASIP Spares Contract
In May 2007, The Air Force Aero-
nautical Systems Center (ASC),
Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, issued
Northrop Grumman’s Mission Sys-
tems a $26.1 million FFP contract to
purchase U-2 ASIP support equip-
ment, including depot level spares,
test equipment, High band System
(HBS) refurbished equipment, and
back shop support equipment, in sup-
port of ASIP U-2 fielding. The work
is being performed in San Jose, CA.
Contract funding is to come from the
Air Force Aircraft Procurement
(APF) account (FA8620-07-C-4018).
ASIP 1C/2C Development Con-
tract
In May 2007, the ASC announced
it intends to award a contract to
Northrop Grumman Space and Mis-
sion Systems for the rapid develop-
ment, integration, and testing of a
fieldable, scaled, communication in-
telligence system based on the ASIP
architecture, for the MQ-1, MQ-1X,
MQ-9 and RQ-4B (Block 30 I) Un-
manned Aerial Systems. The Air
Force Distributed Common Ground
System (DCGS) will command and
control the ASIP 1C/2C sensors using
interface standards established on the
baseline ASIP program. SOL is
FA8620-07-C-4020, due June 2007.
Direct all routine non-technical issues
to Mr. Br a d P e n n , tel: ( 9 3 7 )
904-7149, e-mail: bradley.penn@
wpafb.af.mil, and for technical issues
contact Mr. John Frey, tel: (937)
255-5999, e-mail: john.frey@
wpafb.af.mil.
ASIP/1C/2C Production Plans
In August 2007, the USAF
planned to equip all Predator and
Predator-B UAVs with the wiring
necessary to receive the ASIP 1C
(MQ-1 Predator – one electronics
“box”) or ASIP 2C (MQ-9 Predator-B
– two “boxes”), beginning with air
vehicles leaving the production line
in 2010. The full-up ASIP system for
Page 214
U-2 and Global Hawk requires seven
or eight electronics “boxes”.
In August 2007, the Air Force was
also considering whether to re-com-
Teal Group Analysis
SIGINT has become not only the
primary focus of electronic warfare
today (along with infrared counter-
measures systems), but it now garners
genuine “A-list” funding for UAVs as
well as manned airborne platforms.
Production Forecast
User (Platform) Through 2006 2007
ASIP
USAF (Block 30 RQ-4B) — —
Global Hawk Electronic Warfare Systems
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Not yet in competition
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Overview
There has been consideration of
equipping the Global Hawk with an
electronic warfare (EW) self-protec-
tion system. Global Hawk is built
with the interfaces necessary for such
Predator SIGINT (USAF)
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Not yet in competition
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Overview
PEDS PE# 0304260F (Airborne
SIGINT Enterprise), Project #5182
(Predator) supports design studies,
engineering analysis, non-recurring
engineering, and other efforts associ-
ated with the integration and modifi-
cation of Predator and Predator B
SIGINT sensors and their associated
air and ground components.
Funding will begin efforts on an-
tennas, receivers, processors, soft-
w a r e d e v e l o p me n t , a i r c r a f t
integration and ground station up-
grades to allow a persistent recon-
naissance, surveillance, targeting,
and acquisition capability against
mission specific threats. Develop-
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
SIGINT & Electronic Warfare Systems
pete the integration/installation con-
tract, or award the contract to General
Atomics as planned. A decision is ex-
pected by the end of 2007.
Because threats are constantly evolv-
ing, and because detecting the IED
threat is so dependent on SIGINT,
continuing RDT&E and upgrade
funding is needed. For example,
$66.2 million is scheduled for ASIP
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
— — — 1 2 4
a system, and test flights of the Global
Hawk with a Raytheon AN/ALE-50
towed radio-frequency decoy were
conducted in the late 1990s.
There are currently no contracts to
outfit Global Hawk with a self-pro-
ment of a networked capability to
other SIGINT platforms will also be
initiated.
This project will provide the
warfighter with increased combat ca-
pability as soon as technology and
risk achieve satisfactory levels.
Batfish Testes
In 2006, Raytheon’s experimental
Batfish ESM/SIGINT was tested
aboard an early Predator B. The large
system included two underwing pods
and wingtip spiral antenna arrays.
Canadian MALE Requirement
In August 2007, Canada an-
nounced an interim requirement for a
In August 2007, plans called for
Global Hawk ASIP deployment and
IOC in 2012.
RDT&E in FY09 in PE# 0304260F,
Proj. #5183, for “upgrades to meet the
evolving threat.” Our forecasts below
are speculative.
2013 2014 2015 2016 Total
4 4 4 19
tection system, but enhancing surviv-
ability has long been recognized.
However, the US currently has no op-
ponents who operate missile systems
that could possibly reach a Global
hawk at 60,000 feet altitude.
Joint Airborne ISR Capability
(JAIC), which would procure an un-
determined number of MALE UAVs
to serve on deployments in Afghani-
stan and elsewhere. The RFP is to be
released in early 2008, with IOC
planned for June 2009.
Mandatory JAIC sensor require-
ments are a color E-O/IR/low light
level system, a laser target designator,
and a SIGINT package. Additional
“rated” requirements are for a
SAR/GMTI and a weapon delivery
capability.
JAIC will essentially be an
off-the-shelf procurement, to be fol-
lowed by a longer-term UAV program
with IOC in 2013-2016, the Joint Un-
©Teal Group Corporation
SIGINT & Electronic Warfare Systems
manned Surveillance and Target Ac-
quisition System (JUSTAS). The
Predator-B with the MTS-B, ASIP
variant, and Lynx SAR are the most
UCAV EW & SIGINT Programs
US Air Force/Navy UCAV Electronic Warfare Systems
Status: Program Cancelled
Manufacturer: N/A
Unit Cost: N/A
See UCAV program description in
Electro-Optic/Infrared (E-O/IR)
Sensors chapter.
UCAV EW Plans
The US Air Force had envisioned
one of the first missions of the Block
10 A-45 UCAV as a lethal Suppres-
sion of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD)
US Navy UCAS-D SIGINT
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Not yet in Competition
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Raytheon ALR-69 ESM
Planned
I n A u g u s t 2 0 0 7 , N o r th r o p
Grumman’s UCAS-D was to incorpo-
rate a derivative of Raytheon’s
AN/ALR-69U ESM system, as had
Tactical UAV EW & SIGINT Programs
Tactical SIGINT Payload (TSP) (US Army)
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: BAE Systems, Nashua, NH
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Overview
The airborne element of the
Army’s billion dollar Prophet
SIGINT program was designated the
Tactical SIGINT Payload (TSP) [was
Division TUAV SIGINT Program
(DTSP)], with three component ad-
vanced development contracts
awarded to Applied Signals Technol-
ogy (AST), BAE Systems, and
Raytheon in July 2001. A down-se-
lect left BAE Systems and AST com-
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
obvious systems, though IAI will also
reportedly offer a Heron/Heron TP
system.
platform, but by 2003 planned a
non-lethal electronic attack role in-
stead (lethal SEAD is already carried
out by the F-16CJ).
The Block 20/30 A-45 could have
been developed for a “pre-emptive”
or “reactive” SEAD role, or carry out
“full electronic attack” missions,
which would include information
been planned for the J-UCAS, with
four upper and four lower antenna lo-
cations to satisfy the Navy’s coverage
requirements.
peting in late 2003, with BAE Sys-
tems winning the $27 million, 36
month SDD contract in June 2004.
Today, TSP development has shifted
away from Prophet, and is instead
planned for the Army’s Fire Scout
FCS Class IV UAV.
The Tactical SIGINT Payload
(TSP) is an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
(UAV) mounted SIGINT sensor that
detects radio frequency (RF) emitters.
TSP initially developed sensors to de-
Page 215
warfare (computer and network at-
tack) missions as well as tactical jam-
ming. Some even see a directed
energy (microwave) attack capability.
In April 2004, Pentagon officials
chose to prioritize electronics devel-
opment for J-UCAS, choosing elec-
tronic attack, sidelining Navy
priorities for ISR.
tect low-power COMINT radio emit-
ters and provide directed Electronic
Attack (EA). TSP, a key FCS compo-
nent, is capable of providing the Bri-
gade Combat Team (BCT) Land
Commander with an overwatch and a
penetrating SIGINT system capable
of detecting, identifying, locating,
and providing geolocation informa-
tion on RF emitters throughout the
Area of Operations (AO).
Page 216
The BCT commander will deploy
TSP to provide sensor coverage
where FCS ground vehicles cannot
perform the SIGINT mission due to
radio line of sight blockage. TSP is
d e v e lo p in g s e n s o r s f o r BCT
applications to detect low-power
radio emitters.
The SIGINT payload is scalable
and designed to provide maximum
flexibility for the BCT mission pro-
file. TSP will provide near real time
(NRT) actionable intelligence that
can immediately be used in the com-
manders’ decision cycle. The TSP
electronic emitter information will be
correlated with data from other sys-
tems, e.g. Prophet and Aerial Com-
mon Sensor (ACS), to provide
precise targeting information for im-
mediate engagement. The TSP sen-
sors are critical to providing full
coverage Intelligence, Surveillance
and Reconnaissance (ISR) informa-
Lightweight Modular Support Jammer (LMSJ) (USAF)
Status: Program Complete
Manufacturer: BAE Systems
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Overview
In late 2002, the Air Force Re-
search Laboratory (AFRL) began a
four-year experimental phase of the
Lightweight Modular Support
Jammer (LMSJ) program. LMSJ is
intended to counter both communica-
tions and radar threats at frequencies
from 20 MHz to 4 GHz.
But it seems development ended
after FY05 testing, when a special ca-
pability high band antenna array aper-
ture with wide bandwidth solid state
power amplifiers was demonstrated,
along with a wide bandwidth jam-
ming techniques generator. Hardware
modifications and upgrades to the
system also provided high band ex-
citer coverage, and software modifi-
cations to the software system needed
for demonstration of the high band
electronic attack (EA) jamming sub-
system were implemented. An EC
b attle man ag emen t stu d y fo r
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
SIGINT & Electronic Warfare Systems
tion for Future Force capabilities for
FCS and contributing to the Joint ISR
net.
TSP to BAE
In June 2004, BAE Systems,
Nashua, NH won the $27 million, 36
month TSP SDD contract. BAE Sys-
tems’ TSP is based on its AJCN sys-
tem.
Army Adds EW Core Compe-
tency
In early 2007, the US Army added
EW as a core competency for its sol-
diers, reflecting the increasingly
ubiquitous nature of electronic war-
fare, from SIGINT to countering
IEDs.
TSP for Fire Scout
The platform initially planned to
carry TSP was the Shadow 200
TUAV, as the airborne element of the
distributed and networked EA was
also performed.
LMSJ Solicitation
In May 2002, the Sensors Direc-
torate, Sensor Applications and Dem-
onstrations Div., Electronic Warfare
Branch at the Air Force Research
Laboratory (AFRL/SNZW), Wright
Research Site, Wright-Patterson
AFB, OH, released the solicitation for
research proposals for the LMSJ Crit-
ical Experiment (CE) program. The
objective of the LMSJ effort is to do a
requirements analysis, design, de-
velop, fabricate, ground (field) test,
and d emonstrate a f lyable
brass-board model of a flexible and
modular support jammer system.
Maximum emphasis shall be placed
on a scalable architecture hardware
configuration which has application
to a wide range of host platform air
vehicles from small expendable un-
manned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to
Army’s Prophet EW system. But TSP
is not currently small or light enough
for the Shadpw, and the initial plat-
form is planned as the FCS Class IV
UAV – Fire Scout. Production could
begin in FY08.
TSP Upgrades
Future versions of TSP will pro-
vide more COMINT and ELINT ca-
pabilities. BAE Systems is working
on Sapphire, which may add a focal
plane gate array (FPGA) to TSP.
Communications jamming and weap-
ons cueing are also likely upgrades.
TSP for Warrior? Shadow?
As a scalable system, TSP could be
enlarged for the Army’s Sky Warrior
ER/MP UAV. BAE Systems will also
continue working to shrink TSP
enough for the Shadow TUAV.
fighter aircraft size external pods.
One, or a few transmitter/aperture
modules may form the basic level
support jammer system in a small
expendable or recoverable UAV.
The “front end” receiver subsys-
tem for the LMSJ shall be, as a mini-
mu m, all, or elements of the
AFRL/SNZW Advanced Threat
Alert and Response (ATAR) digi-
tal-based receiver flyable brass-board
now undergoing development in a
laboratory CE program. ATAR in-
cludes an Electronic Attack (EA)
jammer techniques generator, which
shall perform the jamming signal se-
lection and generation functions for
the LMSJ brass-board.
The required ATAR receiver hard-
ware will be furnished by the govern-
ment to the LMSJ contractor. ATAR
data and interface documentation will
also be provided by means of an asso-
ciate contractor agreement in the
LMSJ contract. The LMSJ system
©Teal Group Corporation
SIGINT & Electronic Warfare Systems
shall be designed to effectively coun-
ter both communications and radar
threats in the 20.0 Megahertz through
4.0 Gigahertz frequency band, in one
or multiple sub-bands. Sophisticated
technologies and EA techniques shall
be developed to adequately nullify
mo d e r n th r e a t r a d a r an d
communications advancements.
Major technology and techniques
advancements shall be also addressed
in the areas of high power transmit ar-
ray apertures, transmitter RF power
amplifier device applications, both
solid state and vacuum electronics,
and support jamming techniques and
algorithms. The brass-boarded hard-
ware shall be fabricated and tested to
withstand the rigors of a full flight test
in a separate, future program, should
such a program be eventually funded.
Tasks to be completed in this effort in-
clude a thorough analysis of the tech-
nical and operational requirements
for a support jammer to defeat the ra-
dar and communications classes of
threats in the above frequency band
and a definition of those threat driv-
ers, which affect the overall system
Adaptive Joint C4ISR Node (AJCN) (USAF & US Army)
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: BAE Systems, Nashua, NH
Unit Cost: Undetermined
AJCN Development
BAE Systems’ Adaptive Joint
Command, Control, Communica-
tions, and Computer Intelligence and
Reconnaissance (C4ISR) Node
(AJCN) was developed to provide
communications, COMINT, elec-
tronic attack, and information opera-
tions simultaneously, covering 30
MHz to 3 GHz. AJCN was a $60 mil-
lion, five-year Army, Air Force, and
DARPA ACTD.
For the ACTD, BAE Systems built
four systems, two 200-lb systems for
UAVs, and two 850 lb. systems tested
on Army KC-135 Big Crow test beds.
The systems are modular, with re-
duced power and frequency coverage
for the smaller systems, but the same
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
architecture. SOL is PRDA-02-
11-SNK, due 7/01/02. POC is Steven
Willis (937) 656-9837, Fax (937)
255-9074; David Shellabarger is the
Contracting Officer (937) 255-4863,
Fax (937) 656-9074, email: Ste-
ven.Willis@wpafb.af.mil, David.
Shellabarger@wpafb.af.mil.
Plus Up for Testing
In April 2005, the Air Force Re-
search Laboratory (AFRL), Wright
Research Site, Wright-Patterson
AFB, OH, awarded BAE Systems a
$5.1 million CPFF modification to
provide for additional work for the
LMSJ 2005 Congressional Plus Up
Program. The program will accom-
plish hardware and software modifi-
cations and upgrades to the basic
LMSJ system, to include total
end-to-end integration with the Ad-
vanced Threat Alert and Response
(ATAR) digital receiver, develop-
ment and fabrication of a high band
transmitter and active phased array
antenna, and improvements to the
Electronic Attack (EA) jamming
manager and techniques generator.
hardware building blocks and soft-
ware. BAE Systems’ WolfPack min-
iaturized EW unattended ground
sensors, and the Tactical SIGINT
Payload (TSP), will both either use or
be interoperable with AJCN.
Initial systems were planned for
COMINT only, but operational sys-
tems could include full high- and
low-band coverage.
Program Plans
In FY05, the AJCN program ma-
tured payload functionalities, com-
pleted payload integration, and
installed payloads and antennas on
the Air Force’s Paul Revere and two
Army Hunter aircraft. AJCN flight
tests were conducted to verify opera-
Page 217
The work is to be performed by
BAE Systems in Lansdale, PA, and by
BAE Systems Information and Tech-
nology in North Merrimack, NH, and
is to be completed by October 2006.
Ground testing and flight test demon-
strations of the full system will be
concluded on a Small UAV at an EW
test range in Nevada, to further the
evaluation of jammer performance
against realistic radar threats. Also in-
cluded in the Plus Up effort is a thor-
ough study of the feasibility and
architecture for a Network Centric
EW Battle Management concept,
w h ich w o u ld co n tr o l an EA
system-of-systems (F33615-02-C-
1183).
LMSJ Future
The LMSJ program was com-
pleted in late 2006, but future efforts
could develop the Common Support
Jammer, proposed to fabricate
“stackable” amplifiers and antenna
modules that could be integrated into
future electronic attack systems.
tion of the payload and AJCN net-
work, at the first Joint Military User
Assessment exercise.
In FY06, plans were to conduct
Extended User Evaluation (EUE)
flights and provide sustainment sup-
port for leave-behind equipment and
support transition initiatives.
In FY07, the AJCN program will
complete EUE and sustainment for
leave-behind equipment.
The Army currently has no pro-
duction plans for AJCN, but AJCN
technology and modular systems
have seen application to other
S I G I N T A r my a n d A ir F o r c e
programs.
Page 218
US Marine Corps Electronic Attack
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Not yet in Competition
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Overview
With its 20 EA-6B Prowlers aging,
and no EF-18G Growlers to be pur-
chased, the USMC is dedicated to
providing Electronic Attack (EA)
from UAVs. With systems flying at
low altitudes on tactical UAVs, much
less power is needed for jamming,
and a much smaller area will be af-
fected, meaning less disruption of
friendly communications.
PEAPL
In mid-2007, the Pioneer EA Pay-
Load (PEAPL) was tested aboard a
Pioneer UAV in Iraq and Afghani-
stan. Two air vehicles carry a variety
FCS Class III & IV ESM Warning Systems (Army)
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Not yet in Competition
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Overview
I n A u g u s t 2 0 0 6 , N o r th r o p
Grumman Electronic Systems, the
FCS aerial sensor integrator, issued
an RFI for a survivability sensor suite
to warn FCS Class III and IV UAVs
that they have been acquired or tar-
geted by surface-to-air or air-to-air
Battlefield Helicopter Emulator (BHE) (DARPA)
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Not yet in Competition
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Overview
In February 2007, the Tactical
Technology Office (TTO) of the De-
fense Advanced Research Projects
Agency (DARPA), Arlington, VA,
solicited innovative proposals for the
Battlefield Helicopter Emulator
(BHE) program. The goal of the BHE
program is to develop small-scale
technologies that can effectively em-
ulate the acoustic and infrared signa-
tures of a wide variety of helicopters,
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
SIGINT & Electronic Warfare Systems
of payloads, and have been flying real
world operations as a proof of con-
cept demonstration. The system was
developed by the AFRL and BAE
Systems, Nashua, NH. With Pioneer
due to be retired, the Marines are
studying transitioning PEAPL to its
new Shadow TUAV.
Jam Cube
Another EA payload being devel-
oped is the BAE Systems Jam Cube,
which looks like a small metal brick
and weighs only 2.2 lbs. With an am-
plifier and electronically steered
conformal antenna, total weight is
hoped for at less than 11.3 lbs, which
threat systems. Warnings should be
issued before the host vehicle has ap-
proached within the lethal radius sur-
rounding the threat, so the UAV may
try to avoid the threat. When warn-
ings are not issued in real time, the na-
ture and approximate location of the
from small scout to large utility heli-
copters. The technologies developed
in the program will be integrated onto
a surrogate, small unmanned aerial
vehicle (UAV) to produce a low cost,
expendable battlefield decoy. This ca-
pability would aid in special opera-
tions, provide anti-helicopter mine
location and engagement, and draw
fire from enemy ground locations.
This BAA shall remain open for one
(1) year from the date of publication
would allow it to be carried on the
Shadow along with its other sensors.
Jam Cube has evolved from BAE’s
Adaptive Joint C4ISR Node (AJCN)
project.
It is hoped that two Jam Cubes will
be ready for proof of concept testing
aboard Shadow UAVs by 2009.
Another possible future use is
combining Jam Cube with the Army’s
Tactical SIGINT Payload (TSP)
aboard a Shadow UAV, and linking
the two so Jam Cube can rapidly ex-
ploit SIGINT data gathered by TSP,
without encrypting and transmitting
data to a ground processing facility.
detected threat should be reported to
the host platform as soon as possible,
so the information may be relayed to
the UAV’s ground controllers before
the vehicle is exposed to hostile ac-
tion. These sensors could be installed
by the Army as soon as 2010.
o n w w w. f e d b iz o p p s . g o v a n d
www.fedgrants.gov. Although the
Government may select proposals for
award at any time during this period,
it is anticipated that the majority of
funding for this program will be com-
mitted during the first round of selec-
tions. In order to be considered during
the initial round, full proposals must
be received by March 2007. SOL is
BAA07-05.
©Teal Group Corporation
SIGINT & Electronic Warfare Systems
Dragonfly COMINT (USN)
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Northrop Grumman, San Diego, CA
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Overview
In May 2005, the Naval Air Sys-
tems Command (NAVAIR), Patuxent
River, MD, released a notice of intent
to issue a CPFF order with Northrop
Grumman Corp., San Diego CA, on
an other than full and open competi-
International UAV EW & SIGINT Programs
EuroHawk ISIS SIGINT System
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: EADS
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Overview
The EuroHawk’s primary mission
is to be SIGINT for European Air
Forces, with an EADS payload, now
based on the larger RQ-4B Global
Hawk. Integration of the initial
SIGINT payload on the RQ-4A was
completed in July 2002. The first re-
quirement for EuroHawk is to replace
Germany’s four 40-year-old standoff
SIGINT Breguet Atlantique aircraft.
In mid-2006, Northrop Grumman
and EADS had signed memoranda of
understanding between the US and
German governments to establish a
framework for the interoperability of
the Global Hawk systems.
Initial Requirements
The EuroHawk was envisioned as
a naval reconnaissance version of the
Global Hawk which substituted an
ELINT package for the ISS. Germany
was also considering a follow-on buy
of up to six more EuroHawks which
would be fitted with a synthetic
aperture radar.
Plans to conduct trials of a Global
Hawk fitted with an EADS sensor
package were delayed due to the com-
mitment of the aircraft to combat op-
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
tion basis, under an existing Basic Or-
dering Agreement (N000190-05-
G-0009), to provide engineering and
integration services to demonstrate
the Dragonfly COMINT payload on a
Northrop Grumman Fire Scout
erations in 2003, but a Global Hawk
was finally deployed to Germany in
October 2003 for a series of six test
flights.
Initial Testing Complete
In November 2003, the sixth and
final test flight of the EADS-devel-
oped SIGINT demonstrator payload
took place aboard a Global Hawk
UAV over Germany. More than 30
hours of flight tests from October to
November 2003 proved safe opera-
tion at 45,000 feet, above Europe’s
congested airspace.
However, a decision to proceed
with the program would be taken only
“within three years”, according to
sources. This indicates both the lack
of immediate funding for SIGINT
programs, and the likelihood of lim-
ited sensor buys going to European
manufacturers. EADS is almost guar-
anteed any German procurements.
Atlantiques Retired Early?
In 2004, the German navy an-
nounced plans to retire its fleet of
Atlantique maritime patrol aircraft
sooner than expected, and as an in-
Page 219
VTUAV. The effort will determine
the non-recurring engineering re-
quired to mount, integrate and operate
the payload while a part of the Navy’s
VTUAV configuration. SOL is
N00019-05-P-2TKBB7.
terim solution to purchase surplus
Dutch P-3C Orion aircraft. A
navalized EuroHawk would presum-
ably replace these, although the radar
has not yet been developed.
Updated ISIS ELINT/COMINT
Payload
For the new, larger RQ-4B (Block
20), EADS is developing a new, 30
kHz-30 GHz Integrated Signals Intel-
ligence System (ISIS) payload for the
Luftwaffe, designed to perform
ELINT and COMINT functions. The
company will also provide ground
stations to receive and analyze the
collected intelligence.
EuroHawk Contract
In February 2007, EuroHawk
GmbH (a 50/50 team of Northrop
Grumman and EADS) signed a 430
million Euro contract for the develop-
ment, test, and support of five
EuroHawks, including sensors and
ground stations. The first air vehicle
(a “demonstrator) is scheduled for de-
livery in 2010, with the other four
platforms by 2014.
Page 220
UK Watchkeeper SIGINT: Soothsayer
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Lockheed Martin UK, London, England
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Overview
In August 2003, the UK Ministry
of Defense (MoD) awarded a contract
valued at more than $220 million to
Lockheed Martin UK (London, UK)
(Neale Prescott is director of business
development) for the provision of
next-generation EW systems for Brit-
ish land forces, under the Soothsayer
program. Soothsayer will provide in-
tegrated ELINT, COMINT, and elec-
tronic-countermeasures (ECM)
capabilities, similar to the US Prophet
program, for the British Army and
Royal Marines. The new system, ini-
tially with both mobile and vehi-
cle-mounted variants, will intercept
and monitor a variety of enemy sig-
n als, w ith an emp h asis o n
communications, and will provide
geo-location data.
Soothsayer is also planned for
U AV p latf o r ms , p r o b a b ly
Watchkeeper, as soon as feasible.
Soothsayer will rely heavily on
commercial, off-the-shelf (COTS)
TRC 274 & TRC 6200
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Thales Land and Joint Systems, France
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Overview
In mid-2007, Thales was promot-
in g its 2 0 MH z - 3 , 0 0 0 MH z
multi-mode TRC 274 communica-
Top Scan
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Rafael, Haifa, Israel
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Overview
Rafael (Haifa, Israel) has devel-
oped a new 0.5-18 GHz podded air-
borne electronic support measures
(ESM) direction-finding and local-
ization system, especially for UAVs
and helicopters. Top Scan is a
low-weight ESM system designed to
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
SIGINT & Electronic Warfare Systems
products and technology, with a keen
eye toward interoperability between
Soothsayer; other related intelli-
gence, surveillance, target-acquisi-
tion, and reconnaissance (ISTAR)
programs; and coalition forces. Par-
ticular attention is being paid to mak-
ing Soothsayer compliant with
ISTAR programs such as the Cooper-
ative Engagement Capability (CEC),
Watchkeeper, and the Fire Control
Battlefield Information System Ap-
plication, in order to enable data
fusion across the battlespace and
across services.
Soothsayer systems will cover a
broad SIGINT spectrum range, from
HF communications to 40 GHz. ECM
capabilities, however, will address
only communications frequencies.
Soothsayer systems are to begin
entering service in 2006, replacing
the existing Thales Sensors (Crawley,
UK) Meerkat-S Interim Non-Com-
munications ESM (INCE) and Odette
tions jammer and 2 MHz-3,000 MHz
TRC 6200 intercept and direc-
tion-finding equipment for UAVs.
d e te c t, id e n tif y an d lo c a te
ground-based emitters with high
accuracy.
Rafael will not disclose the sys-
tem’s accuracy, apart form saying it is
“better than 2 degrees”. Top Scan
weighs 15kg (33lb), and a smaller
version for UAVs has also been de-
systems. The new systems will even-
tually be fitted onboard the UK’s
planned Future Rapid Effects System
vehicles, but the first units will be car-
ried by 6x6 trucks. Current plans call
for the acquisition of more than 50
Soothsayer systems.
Lockheed Martin (UK) is under-
stood to be relying heavily on its units
in the US – especially for ELINT –
thus providing a possible “point of
entry” for other US companies. The
first Soothsayer vehicles will not be
equipped with the final version of the
system. Future upgrades are planned,
such as the integration with airborne
platforms noted above.
One of Watchkeeper program’s
biggest selling points is its dual pay-
load system, allowing a combination
of E-O/IR, SAR, and SIGINT sen-
sors. The UAV is based on Elbit’s
Hermes 450.
veloped. Rafael says Top Scan’s algo-
rithms allow the system to avoid
ambiguity and multipath interference,
and to handle dense electromagnetic
environments. The system was
available in mid-2007.
©Teal Group Corporation
SIGINT & Electronic Warfare Systems
Skyfix SIGINT Suite
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Elbit Systems, Israel; Elisra, Israel; Tadiran Electronic Systems, Israel
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Overview
In July 2006, at the Farnborough
Air Show, Elbit Systems unveiled the
Skyfix integrated UAV electronic in-
telligence-gathering suite, being de-
veloped for an unnamed Israeli
government agency.
The system incorporates the
s u b - 2 2 k g , 1 - 1 8 G H z E lis r a
AES-210/V combined electronic sup-
port measures (ESM)/ELINT direc-
EL/K-7071 COMINT/DF & EL/L-8385 ESM/ELINT
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Elta Systems, Israel
Unit Cost: Undetermined
Elta Systems offered these sys-
tems in mid-2007 for use aboard
MALE UAVs such as the Heron.
Skyfix COMINT/DF
Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Tadiran, Israel
Unit Cost: Undetermined
In mid-2007, Tadiran was offering
its 25 kg, 30 MHz-3 GHz Skyfix sys-
Recent EW Solicitations and RDT&E Programs
Sensor System R&D Contracts
In May 2007, NAVAIR announced
it was awarding contracts to five com-
panies to continue research on sensor
development. Receiving follow-on
contracts were L-3 Communications’
Titan Corp. in Mount Laurel, NJ;
RBC in Alexandria, VA; Sabre Sys-
tems in Warminster, PA; Navmar Ap-
plied Sciences in Warminster, PA; and
BAE Systems’ Applied Technologies
in Rockville, MD. NAWC-AD-
Patuxent River issued modifications
that increase the ceiling for each of
the holders of ID/IQ CPFF contracts
for the development of sensor sys-
tems and equipment. The add-ons in-
crease the ceiling for present ID/IQ
contract holders to $200 million: Ti-
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
tion-finding system and a new
Tad ir a n Ele c tr o n ic S ys tems
COMINT suite. The Elisra system is a
broadband, targeting-quality ESM
system that can fit into a larger TUAV
like an IAI Searcher or Elbit’s Hermes
450. Unlike earlier systems, which re-
lied on ground-based computers to lo-
cate targets based on raw signal data
from the UAV, it can resolve the tar-
get’s location on board the UAV and
tem, which has been tested aboard a
Hermes 450 UAV.
tan ($96.1 million); RBC ($111 mil-
lion); Sabre Systems ($117.2 mil-
lion); Navmar Applied Sciences
($113.2 million); and BAE Systems
($117.9 million). It is estimated that
80 percent of the work will be con-
ducted at contractor facilities (as
shown above), with the remaining 20
percent at NAWC-AD-Patuxent
River, MD. There is a five-year order-
ing period, which is to expire in April
2009. Contract funding will come
from the Navy Force Protection Ap-
plied Technology program (PE#
0 6 0 3 1 2 3 N ) , u n d e r co n tr a c t
N 0 0 4 2 1 - 0 4 - D - 0 0 8 0 — Titan ;
N00421-04-D-0081—RBC;
N00421-04-D-0082—Sabre
Systems; N00140-04-D-0083—
Page 221
compare the signal to an onboard
threat library.
The suite comprises two spiral an-
tennas mounted in wingtip pods and
two interferometer arrays mounted in
pods attached to inboard wing
hard-points. The COMINT suite in-
cludes eight antennas mounted on a
wing suspended beneath the Elbit
Hermes 450 UAV’s fuselage.
Skyfix was available in mid-2007.
N a v ma r A p p l i e d S c i e n c e s ;
N00421-04-D-0084—BAE Systems.
Open-Ended Sensor Technol-
ogy BAA
In June 2007, the AFRL, Wright
Research Site, Wright-Patterson
AFB, OH, released a BAA solicita-
tion covering sensor technology
RD T & E , o p e n - e n d e d BA A
(STROEB). SOL is BAA-04-03-
SNK, POC is Noelle Spalding, tel:
(937) 656-9837, fax: (937) 255-8100.
David Shellabarger is the Contracting
Officer, tel: (937) 255-4863, fax:
(937) 656-9074. Email: Noelle.
S p a ld in g @ w p a f b . a f . mil, D a-
vid.Shellabarger@wpafb.af.mil.
Page 222 SIGINT & Electronic Warfare Systems

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

C4I Systems

UAV C4I Funding Forecast

RDT&E+Procurement Available to the US
(FY07 $ Millions)
2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0
FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16
Tactical Links* CEC Recce Links**
TCS/UAV Op Sys Other US Other Int'l

*TDL/L-16/ATDLS/JTIDS/MIDS/EPLRS/SADL/IDM; **CDL/TCDL/TCDL-N/CDL-N

Market Overview
Definitions
Data links are crucial for UAV op-
erations, and development is acceler-
ating as sensors provide orders of
magnitude more data. This section
provides analysis and forecasts of all
important radio frequency (RF) data
link programs for US services (many
of which also sell well internation-
ally), even if they are only in part re-
lated to UAVs. Teal Group forecasts
total funding for US-developed
and/or produced data links of at least
$1.5 billion annually throughout our
forecast period, rising from $1.5 bil-
lion in FY08 to $2 billion in FY16.
There is much RDT&E and procure-
ment funding for small programs and
development programs, which in-
clude much UAV-applicable funding.
Minor programs alone (apart from
JTIDS and MIDS, CEC, the Im-
proved Data Modem [IDM], and
EPLRS/SADL) will be worth more
than $1 billion in FY07 and FY08.
This primarily includes Link-16
funding, but also several important
research Program Elements.
Programs covered in this section
include Tactical Data Links
(TDL)/Link-16, Smart Tanker/ROBE
(Link-16/Satellite), Common Data
Link (CDL), Tactical Common Data
Link (TCDL) [especially important
f o r U AV s ], TC D L - N e tw o r k
(TCDL-N), Communications Data
Link System (CDLS) (was Common
Data Link-Navy [CDL-N]), Tactical
Control System (TCS) and other UAV
operating systems, and selected new
technology development programs,
including RF/Optical data links, the
Weapons Data Link Networks
ACTD, and other new technologies.
We also cover the “big name” pro-
grams — JTIDS and MIDS, CEC, the
Improved Data Modem (IDM), and
EPLRS/SADL.

System Type Overview

There are fundamental differences
in the designed purpose of different
data links. In US service, Tactical
Data Links (TDL)/Link-16/ATDLS/
JTIDS/MIDS/EPLRS/SADL/IDM
( E P L R S /S A D L /I D M a r e n o t
Link-16) serve as situation awareness
aids and communications/intelli-
gence data links. These data links are
fairly small and limited in capabili-
ties, and will be procured in the thou-
sands, for all platforms down to
one-man fighter aircraft. Reconnais-
sance data can be received (or trans-
mitted) by an equipped platform, but
only for limited applications – usually
to aid real-time decision-making.
A much more sophisticated type of
data link, the Cooperative Engage-
ment Capability (CEC) (see report)
was developed to improve the US
Navy’s anti-air warfare capability, by
coordinating information from all air

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 224
and ship sensors into a single, real
time, composite track picture that has
fire control quality. CEC is more ca-
pable than JTIDS/MIDS, with higher
data throughput rates and fundamen-
tal qualitative differences. Primary
among these is that all units in the
CEC system share sensor measure-
ment data, forming a composite radar
track. In the Link-16/JTIDS/MIDS
system, data provides situation
awareness, but each unit develops its
own target track from its own sensors.
Thus, targeting is conducted by each
platform, and is much more suscepti-
Teal Group Analysis
Analysts predict at least a 250%
growth in Defense Department band-
width needs over the next decade, for
higher capacity and more complex
data devices. Commercial wireless
users have also pushed the govern-
ment to give up additional bandwidth
of the DoD-assigned spectrum to use
for third-generation cellular technol-
ogy. These needs will continue to
increase.
The USAF estimates Defense De-
partment emitters use only about 1%
of the available spectrum, due to inef-
ficient legacy systems and allocation
procedures. With a fixed total band-
width, the DoD needs to more effi-
ciently use the spectrum available.
In Afghanistan, for the first time in
combat, live reconnaissance imagery
was transmitted from Predator UAVs
to US F-16 and F/A-18 fighters and
AC-130 gunships, allowing attacks
on Taliban and al-Qaeda targets al-
most immediately. In Operation
Desert Storm, it took hours or days to
get imagery from Pioneer UAVs to
aircraft and troops.
Funding Forecast
RDT&E (FY07$ Millions) FY07
JTIDS/MIDS 144
TDL/Link-16 539
ROBE 1 —
EPLRS/SADL 18
IDM 13
CEC 64
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
ble to jamming and other forms of
track degradation. If CEC type data
links continue to shrink and get
cheaper, and bandwidth limits are
overcome, they could eventually
replace the Link-16 type.
Other developments are working
to improve data links for transferring
reconnaissance data. The Common
Data Link (CDL), Tactical Common
Data Link (TCDL), and the earlier
TCDL-N and CDL-N, are designed to
send vast quantities of signals or im-
age intelligence data (SIGINT or
IMINT), typically from aircraft such
Data linking has continued to
grow, and reaction times have contin-
ued to shrink, in Iraq since 2003. The
increased need for time-critical tar-
geting of mobile assets will drive the
development of more and better data
links.
In the US, Link-16 systems will
earn the majority of funding over the
next decade, dominating any other
single type of data link system.
Through FY07, much of this is US
Air Force Link-16 RDT&E funding,
which will not only develop hardware
systems for platforms such as the
F/A-22 and B-1B, but will research
continuing improvements in integra-
tion and interoperability, and curing
or minimizing the bandwidth prob-
lems discussed above. See especially
PE# 0207434F, Link-16 Support and
Sustainment, worth about $200 mil-
lion annually from FY05 onwards.
There will be much basic research,
funded by more than $600 million in
RDT&E spending per year in FY07
and FY08. Much of this funding is
still uncontracted and available, al-
FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12
98 62 98 74
363 307 332 320
— — — —
15 8 6 4 2
10 8 2 4 8
40 46 54 52
C4I Systems
as U-2s, JSTARS, and UAVs. As with
all data links, interoperability is key,
at least within the “type” of link. CDL
type ISR data is not combined into
composite target tracks, but with
technological advances, this could
also be in the future.
One other major type of data link
in development today is the Tactical
Control System (TCS) and other UAV
operating systems, command and
control systems for UAVs and their
sensors.
though exactly what portions of what
Program Elements is difficult to
determine.
We forecast a steady increase in
undetermined data link RDT&E
funding through the decade, to keep
pace with increasing bandwidth and
data transfer demands. This line cov-
ers programs that will be announced
or expanded in the next ten years. Our
undetermined lines are in fact quite
conservative when compared to the
Pentagon’s plans for near-term
Link-16 funding. If the DoD in-
creases planned data link funding af-
ter FY07 or FY08, there could be a
huge increase to our speculative fore-
cast – just to maintain FY07/FY08
levels.
Our undetermined procurement
forecast also increases as UAV pro-
duction ramps up and production of
CDL, TCS, and other data links be-
gins in earnest. Many of these funding
lines are classified or not broken out;
thus our undetermined line is both
large, and highly speculative.
FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16
62 56 58 92 90
344 341 359 381 405
— — — —
— — — —
2 — 2 —
56 54 52 50 58
©Teal Group Corporation
C4I Systems Page 225

CDL/TCDL/TCDL-N 37 36 38 39 39 38 38 38 38 40
TCS & UAV Operating Systems 70 80 90 90 100 100 100 90 90 100
Undetermined Data Link Funding
US RDT&E 80 100 120 140 160 180 180 180 180 200
Total 966 742 679 761 753 790 771 777 833 893
Procurement (FY07 $ Millions) FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16
JTIDS/MIDS 144 141 152 150 148 166 164 158 144 162
TDL/Link-16 135 99 113 125 127 152 158 176 181 202
ATDLS 12 24 26 15 — — — — — —
ROBE 20 20 — — — — — — — —
EPLRS/SADL 42 48 42 28 18 12 10 6 4 —
IDM 16 26 32 26 22 18 20 14 12 8
CEC Data Link Component 9 13 15 17 16 16 15 16 16 14
CDL/TCDL/TCDL-N 62 64 73 73 74 74 74 74 74 76
TCS & UAV Operating Systems 86 91 120 138 160 160 160 160 160 160
Undetermined Data Link Funding
US Procurement 100 100 110 110 120 120 140 160 180 200
Total 626 626 683 682 685 718 741 764 771 822

Other Available International RDT&E+Procurement (speculative)

80 100 120 140 180 200 210 240 250 280

Data Link Programs

JTIDS and MIDS
Status: In Production
Manufacturers: Data Link Solutions L.L.C., Cedar Rapids, IA; ViaSat, Carlsbad, CA; EuroMIDS
Unit Cost: $200,000 (MIDS-LVT, MIDS-FDL terminal)

Overview and many other platforms will receive MIDS-JTRS is designed to be

The Multifunctional Information
Distribution System (MIDS) is a
jam-resistant, secure, voice and data
communications system, based on the
Link 16/TADIL-J data link. It is es-
sentially a third generation JTIDS
(Joint Tactical Information Distribu-
tion System) system, smaller and less
expensive but with equivalent capa-
bilities. MIDS includes a secure voice
channel, but more importantly it auto-
matically creates a common naviga-
tional grid for its subscribers,
providing situation awareness and
command and control capabilities.
MIDS was being developed by an
international consortium, MIDSCO,
led by the United States, but also in-
cluding France, Germany, Italy, and
Spain. In 1994, the US DoD awarded
a $342 million EMD contract to
MIDSCO for the MIDS-LVT (-Low
Volume Terminal). The F-15, F-16,
F/A-18, Rafale, Eurofighter EF2000,
MIDS terminals.
After a program stoppage in 1999,
and due to the need for absolute con-
nectivity, an international agreement
completed in early 2001 arranged for
three recognized MIDS producers.
Data Link Solutions (Rockwell Col-
lins and BAE Systems) and ViaSat
(partnered with Harris and Xetron)
produce MIDS in the US. EuroMIDS
produces MIDS in Europe, including
Thales (France), EADS (Germany),
MID (Italy), and Enosa (Spain). The
three companies compete for con-
tracts, but use exactly the same soft-
ware (the fact that all procurements
must go through SPAWAR in the US
has hurt EuroMIDS’ competitive-
ness). This agreement will last for 9
years.
A new development, with $140
million in RDT&E contracts awarded
to Data Link Solutions and ViaSat in
December 2004, is the MIDS-JTRS
(Joint Tactical Radio System).
plug-and-play interchangeable for
US Navy and US Air Force platforms
that use MIDS-LVT, while accommo-
dating future technologies and
capabilities.
We estimate more than 4,000 addi-
tional MIDS terminals will be built
over Teal Group’s ten year forecast
period, with a total program value of
almost $2 billion.
MIDS-JTRS
Proj. #P773, MIDS, in PE#
0604771D8Z previously supported
the RDT&E of MIDS-LVT. The last
year of funding, FY05, supported the
close out of MIDS-LVT development
as the DoD began the migration to the
Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS).
The technical objective of the
MIDS-JTRS program is to transform
the current MIDS-LVT into a
four-channel, Software Communica-
tions Architecture (SCA) compliant
JTRS, while maintaining current

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 226
Link-16 and tactical air navigation
system (TACAN) functionality.
MIDS gathers data from multiple
sources which provide the platform
with a digital view of the battlefield.
The MIDS-JTRS is designed to be
plug-and-play interchangeable for
US Navy and US Air Force platforms
that use MIDS-LVT, while accommo-
dating future technologies and capa-
bilities. Improvements such as
Link-16 enhanced throughput,
Link-16 frequency remapping, and
programmable crypto will also be re-
alized in the MIDS-JTRS design. In
addition to Link-16 and TACAN
functionality, the MIDS-JTRS Core
terminal includes three 2 MHz to 2
GHz programmable channels that al-
low the warfighter to use multiple
waveforms currently in development
with the JTRS Network Enterprise
Domain (JNED).
USAF Tactical Data Links (TDL)/Link-16
Status: In Production
Manufacturers: Various
Overview
Tactical Data Links (TDL) inte-
gration employs the Joint Tactical In-
formation Distribution System
(JTIDS) and the Multifunction Infor-
mation Distribution System (MIDS)
terminals on multi-service platforms
to broadcast Link-16 information to
all participants operating within the
network. TDLs include but are not
limited to: Link-16, Link-11, Situa-
tional Awareness Data Link (SADL),
and Variable Message Format
(VMF). Multiple contractors work on
different hardware systems.
Tactical Data Links are used in a
combat environment to exchange in-
formation such as messages, data, ra-
dar tracks, target information,
platform status, imagery, and com-
mand assignments. TDLs provide
interoperability, local and global con-
nectivity, and situational awareness to
the user when operating under rapidly
changing operational conditions.
TDL terminals are used by the Air
Force, Army, Navy, and Marine
Corps Theater Command and Control
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Total Core terminal program re-
quirements include: Terminal devel-
opment, F/A-18 Level 0 integration,
software hosting (Operating Environ-
ment/Waveforms), and production
transition. The Tactical Targeting
Network Technology JTRS Platform
Capability Package (TTNT JPCP) in-
volves integration of an advanced low
latency, high bandwidth, internet pro-
tocol-capable waveform that meets
Time Sensitive Targeting Networking
Technology requirements. TTNT
JPCP program requirements include
hardware and software changes, ter-
minal development, qualification,
and production transition. The TTNT
JPCP is the integration of the TTNT
waveform as the specific
implementation of the Joint Airborne
N e tw o r k in g - Ta c tic a l E d g e
(JAN-TE) waveform.
(C2) elements, weapons platforms,
and sensors.
TDL Special Program Office
The Chief of Staff of the Air Force
(CSAF) on April 17, 2001 approved
the management of TDL as a Major
System Acquisition Program. In or-
der to effectively manage the pro-
gram, the Tactical Data Links System
Program Office (SPO) was stood up
at Electronic Systems Center (ESC),
Hanscom AFB, MA on 29 May, 2001.
Funding for Tactical Data Links was
contained in PE 0604754F, Tactical
Data Link Integration; PE 0604779F,
Tactical Data Link Interoperability;
and PE 0207434, Link-16 Support
and Sustainment. This funding was
consolidated into PE 0207434F, for
the purpose of supporting the Tactical
Data Link Infrastructure.
Utilization of Link-16 in a joint en-
vironment requires the integration of
terminals (eg., JTIDS or MIDS) into
host platforms, and interoperability
of Link-16 nets across all deployed
C4I Systems
MIDS-JTRS development will be
initiated as a major modification to
MIDS-LVT using an Engineering
Change Proposal to the existing pro-
duction contracts. Development ef-
forts include the Phase 2B Core
terminal and the Phase 2C/2D TTNT
JPCP. The US prime contractors from
the MIDS-LVT program (Data Link
Solutions and ViaSat) will coopera-
tively design and develop the Core
terminal and TTNT JPCP. Each prime
contactor will build and qualify Pro-
duction Verification Terminals. The
US will implement a continuous com-
petition strategy between DLS and
ViaSat, which will be maintained
throughout the MIDS-JTRS produc-
tion phase. This strategy was
successfully used on MIDS-LVT
production.
joint and allied platforms. The
Tactical Data Links (TDL) System
Program Office (SPO) performs sev-
eral cross-platform activities to help
ensure proper integration of Link-16
capabilities and interoperability of
Link-16 nets. In addition, the SPO has
management responsibility for the
Air Force’s Air Defense System Inte-
grator (ADSI) systems. The Single
Integrated Air Picture (SIAP) efforts
will lead to the joint development of
improvements to TDLs to better sup-
port the warfighter by ensuring the air
picture is composed of common,
continual, unambiguous tracks of all
airborne objects.
JINTACCS
The Joint Interoperability of Tacti-
cal Command and Control Systems
(JINTACCS) Program ensures plat-
form/system interoperability through
the development and management of
the joint/combined architecture, tacti-
cal information exchange require-
ments (IERs), interface definitions
©Teal Group Corporation
C4I Systems
and protocols, platform/system im-
plementations, employment con-
cepts, and operating procedures. This
includes the coordination of all TDL
and United States Message Text for-
mat (USMTF) message standards
configuration management, plat-
fo rm/system in tero p erab ility
assessments and interoperability
certification testing.
Platforms Growing
The number of Air Force plat-
forms hosting TDLs are expanding
from C2 aircraft (E-3, E-8, etc.) into
the fighter, bomber, sensor, tanker,
airlift and other tactical fleets (F-15,
F-16, F/A-22, Rivet Joint, B-1, B-2,
B-52, etc.). Utilization of TDLs in a
joint environment requires the inte-
US Navy Tactical Data Links (TDL)/Link-16
Status: In Production
Manufacturers: Various
Overview
The US Navy’s Link-16 Improve-
ment project (PE# 0205604N Tactical
Data Links; Project #X1743) extends
Link-16 technological improvements
to existing and developing Navy data
link systems, including Link-11 and
Link-22. Near term Link-11 improve-
ments include: Mobile Universal
Link Translator System (MULTS)
upgrade, Common Shipboard Data
Terminal Set (CSDTS), Link-11
Baseline Freeze message standard
work, and the NATO Improved
Link-11 (NILE) Project. Link-22 will
pass TADIL-J data elements beyond
the line of sight (HF) using a Time Di-
vision Multiple Access (TDMA) pro-
tocol and the improved Link-11
waveform. The Common Data Link
Monitoring System(CDLMS) will be
upgraded to Next Generation Com-
mand and Control Processor (C2P) to
accommodate the higher CPU speeds,
update rate and memory capacity re-
quired for multi-TADIL processing
functions. The Multi-TADIL Capa-
bility (MTC) is the initial phase of the
Next Generation C2P architecture.
Next Generation C2P will be based on
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
gration of terminals into these host
platforms and interoperability of TDL
networks across all deployed joint
and allied platforms.
JSS Multi-TADIL Architecture
Contract
In January 2007, the 653rd Elec-
tronic Systems Wing (ESW), Air
Force Electronic Systems Center
(ESC), Hanscom AFB, MA, an-
nounced it was awarding a $9.8 mil-
lion contract to Northrop Grumman’s
Defense Mission Systems in Reston,
VA, to fund tasks for the Joint Inter-
face Control Office (JICO) Support
System (JSS). The action was re-
leased as a follow-on to an FY04
CPAF, FFP, and T&M contract. The
JSS is an automated tool that inter-
open system hardware and software
architecture, providing a system ca-
pable of supporting critical data link
functions , including L ink- 22,
Link-16 Joint Range Extension
(JRE), and high throughput Link-16.
These projects will allow more
effective employment of fleet units by
increasing timeliness, accuracy, and
content of tactical data transfer.
ATDLS
The Advanced Tactical Data Link
Systems (ATDLS) integration pro-
gram develops new and improved ca-
pabilities for Navy Link-16 users.
Development of new capabilities in
ATDLS includes the Joint Interface
Control Officer Support System
(JSS), Common Link Integration Pro-
cessing (CLIP), and Dynamic
Network Management (DNM).
The Joint Interface Control Officer
(JICO) Support System (JSS) will be
the standard joint service toolset to
monitor and control Multi-TDL net-
work architectures.
The Common Link Integration
Processing (CLIP) concept will intro-
duce open system software required
Page 227
faces with existing tactical systems to
provide the means to dynamically
plan and manage all aspects of a
Multi-TADIL Architecture (MTA).
The JSS enables the JICO, tasked
with the management of the Joint and
Coalition tactical data links pipes
through which it flows. There are
three major components of the JSS,
including the Common Core Capabil-
ity (COC), Full Expeditionary Capa-
bility (FEC), and Local/Remote Data
Repository (JDR). The action exer-
cised 13 options and provided incre-
mental funding for five contract line
items. The work is to be performed in
Reston, VA, and is to be completed in
September 2009. Contract funding
will come from OPA (FA8725-04-
C-0007/PO35).
to reduce life cycle support costs and
commercial off-the-shelf (COTS)
technology refresh objectives and
high throughput Link-16. The CLIP
development concept addresses fun-
d amen tal in tero p erab ility an d
affordability of tactical data link ca-
pabilities through cooperative devel-
opment program under both US Navy
and Air Force sponsorship. The prin-
cipal goal of CLIP is to develop a
multi-TDL software capability that
can be utilized by multiple platforms
(aircraft, ships, and ground) for all
services.
Dynamic Network Management
(DNM) will provide automatic recon-
figuration of Link-16 networks that
respond instantly to emergent
warfighter requirements in the field.
DNM consists of different capabili-
ties including network control tech-
nologies (NCT), new terminal
protocols (time slot reallocation re-
ceipt compliance (TSR RC) and Sto-
chastic Unified Multiple Access
(SHUMA)) and has been signifi-
cantly expanded to include a more ro-
bust TSR and adaptive multi-netting.
The DNM capability will be inte-
Page 228
grated into the JSS host system and
also JTIDS, MIDS, and Joint Tactical
Radio System (JTRS) terminals.
This project also funds: (1) the de-
velopment required to accommodate
expanded Link-16 operational capa-
bilities for additional warfare areas,
(2) development of automated net-
work management aids, and (3) re-
lated systems engineering and
contractor support efforts.
Other Funding
The Navy Tactical Data Links pro-
gram element (PE# 0205604N) also
funds: (1) the development required
to accommodate expanded Link-16
operational capabilities for additional
warfare areas, (2) development of au-
tomated network management aids,
and (3) related systems engineering
and contractor support efforts.
Multi-TADIL
In March 2006, the Space and Na-
val Warfare Command’s (SPAWAR)
S y s t e ms Ce n t e r ( S Y S C E N ) ,
Charleston SC, issued Ultra Electron-
ics a $6.4 million indefinite-deliv-
ery/indefinite-quantity (ID/IQ)
firm-fixed-price (FFP) contract to
support the Multi-TADIL processor
US Army Tactical Data Links (TDL)/Link-16
Status: Undetermined
Manufacturers: Undetermined
Link 16 for Apache Block III
In July 2006, the US Army autho-
rized SDD for a link 16 capacity for
Smart Tanker/ROBE (Link-16/Satellite)
Status: In Production
Manufacturer: MTC Technologies, Dayton, OH
Overview
The first “Smart Tankers” flew in
2003, consisting of a KC-135
Stratotanker with a MTC Technolo-
gies, Inc. (Dayton, OH) Roll-On Be-
yond Line-of-Sight Enhancement
(ROBE) communications pallet. The
ROBE pallet combines satellite and
Link-16 links. Typically, the tanker
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
and the Air Defense Systems Integra-
tor programs. The contract is to pro-
vide technical services and supplies
for appointed systems being imple-
mented with Navy Data Link Sys-
tems, Communication Systems, and a
Cryptographic System. The work is to
be performed in Austin, TX (60%);
San Diego, CA 915%); OCONUS
( 5 % ) ; Ma yp o r t , F L ( 2 . 5 % ) ;
Bremerton, WA (2.5%); and is to be
completed by August 2009. Contract
financing will come from the Navy
Other Procurement (OPN) account.
Included in the instrument are two
one-year options, which if exercised,
would bring the cumulative value of
t h e co n t r a c t t o $ 1 9 . 7 mi l l i o n
(N65236-06-D-5180).
LINK-16 TDL
In March 2006, NAVAIR awarded
Sikorsky Aircraft a $16.3 million
cost-plus-incentive-fee (CPIF) deliv-
ery order against the ongoing BOA to
fund development efforts to complete
the Link-16 TDL Full Scale Integra-
tion (FSI) of the MH-60R and
MH-60S aircraft. The work is being
performed in Stratford, CT, and is to
be completed in September 2007
(N00019-03-G-0003).
the Apache Block III upgrade, mak-
ing it the first rotary-wing aircraft to
get Link 16 (even the V-22 does not
receives data from reconnaissance
platforms like JSTARS and AWACS,
via satellite, and uses a Link-16 inter-
face to relay data to forward fighter
and ground attack aircraft. Normally,
Link-16 is restricted to line-of-sight,
which is no more than 300 miles. In
other words, the tankers will extend
C4I Systems
TDN DDS Contract
In November 2006, the Marine
Co r p s S ys tems Co mman d
(MARCORSYSCOM), Quantico,
VA, issued General Dynamics C4
Systems in Taunton, MA a $45.6 mil-
lion FFP contract to provide for Tacti-
cal Data Network (TDN) Data
Distribution Systems (DDS) – Re-
placements (TDN DDS-R). The con-
tract was competitively awarded,
with two proposals solicited and two
offers received. The work is to be per-
formed in Taunton, MA, and is to be
completed in March 2007. Contract
funding will come from the Marine
Corps Procurement (PMC) budget.
The TDN DDS is a standardized suite
of high reliability Automated Data
Processing Equipment (ADPE) and
communication systems designed for
use in a tactical environment. It con-
sists of a network of gateways and
servers interconnected with one an-
other and their subscribers via a com-
bination of common-user, long-haul
transmission systems along with a
Local Area Networks (LANS) and
s w itch e d te le p h o n e s ys te ms
(M67854-07-C-7010).
have Link 16). Block III production is
scheduled to begin in 2010.
the line-of-sight MIDS/JTIDS and
other Link-16 terminals.
ROBE consists of four cases of
equipment, each weighing less than
140 lbs. It can be rolled on a tanker by
two maintainers. Once set up (which
is very simple), it can be operated re-
motely from the cockpit. Operation
©Teal Group Corporation
C4I Systems
consists of turning it on when the air-
craft reaches cruising altitude.
The Air Force has alloted $39 mil-
lion for 20 ROBE units and wiring
modifications to 40 KC-135Rs. It is
uncertain if the Air Force will eventu-
a lly e q u ip mo r e o f th e ir 5 4 5
Stratotankers, but we are providing a
speculative continuing forecast. The
ROBE contract was awarded in the
EPLRS & SADL
Status: In Production
Manufacturer: Raytheon Command, Control, Communication and Information Systems, Fullerton, CA
Overview
The EPLRS (Enhanced Position
Location Reporting System) is a digi-
tal data communications system
which supports US Army tactical op-
erations on the battlefield. The system
p r o v id es th e p o s itio n o f all
EPLRS-equipped tactical elements to
authorized users, and provides for
passing targeting data, combat orders,
SITREPS, intelligence data, mes-
sages, and other Command and Con-
tr o l in f o r ma tio n . P r o d u c tio n
continues, along with further devel-
opment of the EPLRS waveform,
which (among others) will be used for
the Joint Tactical Radio System
(JTRS).
The SADL (Situational Awareness
Data Link) is an Air Force program
that provides situational awareness,
providing status reporting on all
friendly SADL platforms (altitude,
fuel, airspeed, etc.) and information
on targets each plane sees, as well as
information from ground EPLRS net-
w o r k s ( in c lu d in g S I N C G A R S
/GPS-equipped friendly forces with-
out EPLRS). SADL capabilities are
less than those of JTIDS, MIDS, or
Link-16 data links, but have been
well-received by Close Air Support
(CAS) pilots, especially as a combat
identification source: the CAS pilot
knows where all friendly vehicles and
SINCGARS-equipped ground units
are. The radio/data link backbone of
SADL is the EPLRS. SADL is cur-
rently carried aboard USAF, USAF
Reserve, and Air National Guard
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
summer of 2002, with an operational
test flight in October and final design
review in December.
ROBE Spiral 2
As of November 2005, the Air
Force had equipped 40 KC-135s with
ROBE Group A (GPS/satcom an-
tenna, permanent cabling, etc.), and
procured 20 Group B transferrable
CAS F-16 Block 25/30 aircraft, and
production is beginning for A-10s as
the second increment of the Precision
Engagement (PE) upgrade.
EPLRS and the airborne SADL
(Situational Awareness Data Link)
have placed an increased emphasis on
situation awareness (SA), which
partly responds to criticisms of the
Army’s limited combat identification
capabilities. However, eventually a
next generation system should be
available (probably still JTRS), and
we don’t see significant production
continuing for more than another few
years, at most.
Network Architecture Re-
search
In May 2005, the Army Aviation
and Missile Command (AMCOM),
Redstone Arsenal, AL, announced a
need for the development of Joint
Range Extension Application Proto-
col (JREAP), Link-16, and Enhanced
Position Location Radio System
(EPLRS) models. These models will
be used in the simulation for specific
Medium Extended Air Defense Sys-
tem (MEADS) and Lower Tier
network architectures.
The work will be performed using
the OPNET modeler simulation envi-
ronment to model the network archi-
tecture. This effort will procure
consulting services for the develop-
ment of these models and their inte-
gration into the OPNET modeler
environment. This is a Sole Source re-
q u ir e men t and w ill be
Page 229
electronics pallets, including the
Gateway Manager.
The planned Spiral 2 upgrade will
include enhancements in data for-
warding and satellite communica-
tions, as well as more antennas.
Current systems sometimes lose the
satellite link when banking in a turn.
The Air Force plans to upgrade all
systems with Spiral 2.
F i r m- F i x e d - P r i c e ( F F P ) . Th e
anticipated award will be to OPNET
Technologies, 7255 Woodmont
Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20814.
SOL is W31P4Q-05-R-R020,
POP is US Army Aviation and Missile
Co mman d (Missile), ATTN :
AMSAM-AC, Building 5303, Martin
Ro a d , Re d s to n e A r s e n a l, A L
35898-5280.
EPLRS Goes to Jail
In July 2005, CECOM awarded a
$97.4 million FFP contract to Federal
Prison Industries in Washington, DC
to f u n d th e p r o c u r e men t o f
S I N C G A R S , E P L R S , a n d th e
FHMUX Ik. Bids were solicited via
the World Wide Web in June 2005,
and one proposal was received. The
work is to be performed in Danbury,
CT (42%); Edgefield, SC (1%);
Fairton, NJ (1%); Lexington, KY
(3%); Lompoc, CA (1%); Loretta, PA
(1%); Memphis, TN (42%); and
Phoenix, AZ (8%), and is to be com-
pleted by February 2007. Contract
funding will come from the Army
Other Procurement (OPA) account
(W15P7T-05-F-0073).
Production Continues
CECOM obligated $19.5 million
under an FY97 firm-fixed-price
(FFP) contract to Raytheon, to fund
EPLRS production. The work is be-
ing performed in Fullerton, CA
(39.9%); Tempe, AZ (16.4%); Los
Angeles, CA (16.2%); Forest, MS
(13%); Lewisburg, TN (7%); Mel-
Page 230
ville, NY (4.1%); Brenham, TX
(3.3%); and Marlborough, MA
(0.1%), and is to be completed by De-
cember 2007. Contract funding will
come from the Army Other Procure-
ment (OPA) account (DAAB07-97-
C- 0775).
A-10s Get SADL
As part of the second increment of
the Precision Engagement (PE) up-
grade, USAF A-10s will get a limited
number of SADL systems (including
two 5” x 5” displays per aircraft) by
the end of 2006, to be used for testing
Improved Data Modem (IDM)
Status: In Production
Manufacturers: Innovative Concepts, Inc., McLean, VA; Symetrics Industries, Inc., Melbourne, FL
The IDM (Improved Data Mo-
dem) is a lightweight six-channel tac-
tical data modem providing digital
connectivity between airborne and
ground platforms, including transfer-
ring images, using existing radios and
crypto. It is the US Army’s standard
helicopter data link. More than 2,000
systems have been produced.
IDM Contracts
In April 2005, AMCOM obligated
a delivery order amount of $2.8 mil-
lion to Rockwell Collins in Cedar
Rapids, IA as part of a $5.6 million
cost-plus-fixed-fee (CPFF) contract
for IDM integration. This action con-
tinues an effort begun in FY03 under
a delivery order contract. The work is
being conducted in Cedar Rapids, IA,
and is to be completed by June 2005.
Contract funding will come from the
CEC (Cooperative Engagement Capability)
Status: In Production
Manufacturer: Raytheon Network Centric Systems Group, St. Petersburg, FL
Unit Cost: $6 million (estimated $1 million for data link component)
Overview
The Cooperative Engagement Ca-
pability (CEC) has been developed to
improve the US Navy’s anti-air war-
fare capability, by coordinating infor-
mation from all air and ship sensors
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
in 2007. If testing is successful, the
Air Force would like to equip all 356
A-10s with the system. Funding is al-
ready in place for 216 A-10s. Original
plans called for only 40 systems, as an
interim measure until the Joint Tacti-
cal Radio System (JTRS) was avail-
able, but JTRS delays mean it could
be years before they are available for
A-10s.
A-10 SADL/IDM Contract
In April 2007, the Air Force Aero-
nautical Systems Center (ASC),
Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, awarded
Army Other Procurement (OPA)
account (DAAH23-03-D-00150).
Also in April 2005, AMCOM obli-
gated $8.5 million to Innovative Con-
cepts in McLean, VA, as a follow-on
to a FY04 CPFF contract, to provide
for a software upgrade for the IDM.
The work is being performed in
McLean, VA, and is to be completed
April 2006. Contract funding will
c o me f r o m th e O PA a c c o u n t
(W58RGZ-04-C-0171).
IDM RDT&E
RD T & E f u n d in g in P E #
0604201A provides for continuing
development and integration efforts
for an Open Systems Architecture
IDM solution compatible with the
Common Avionics Architecture Sys-
tem (CAAS) cockpit for the CH-47F
and HH/UH-60M helicopters. FY06
into a single, real time, composite
track picture that has fire control
quality. CEC is more capable than the
US’s other multi-billion dollar data
link program, JTIDS/MIDS, with
C4I Systems
Lockheed Martin, Owego, NY a $70
million ID/IQ FFGP, CPFF and T&M
delivery order contract to finance the
continuing development, integration,
and production of the SADL and IDM
efforts in support of ongoing
A/OA-10C Precision Engagement
(PE) Fleet Modernization and up-
grade efforts. Contract financing will
come from the Air Force A-10 Air-
c r a f t P r o c u r e men t ( A P F ) a n d
RDT&E A-10 Squadrons element
( P E # 0 2 0 7 1 3 1 F ) p r o g r a ms
(FA8635-07-D-6015).
and following year funding will pro-
vide the foundation for future open
architecture solutions which will re-
duce space, weight, and power de-
mands not only for the CAAS aircraft,
but also mature technology for the
AH-64D Block III. Funds also begin
development and integration of the
Future Combat Systems (FCS)
database-to database exchange
interoperability standard.
IDM for A-10
In April 2007, the Air Force
awarded Lockheed Martin a $70 mil-
lion contract for development and
production of SADL and IDM efforts
in support of the A/OA-10C Precision
Engagement (PE) upgrade (see
EPLRS/SADL section or details).
higher data throughput rates and fun-
damental qualitative differences.
The Navy plans to procure more
than 300 systems over the next ten
years (including the follow P3I mini
CEC), for all Aegis ships, carriers,
©Teal Group Corporation
C4I Systems
E-2C Hawkeyes, and many other
platforms.
An LRIP award was made to
Raytheon in September 1999,
OPEVAL was passed in September
2001, and Milestone III was awarded
in April 2002.
In April 2002, the USN announced
it would open a competition in FY03
for CEC Block II, but in February
2003, Raytheon and Lockheed Mar-
tin announced they would team for
the program. Then, in August 2004,
the Navy instead decided to imple-
ment a Pre-Planned Product Improve-
ment program (P3I) for CEC, in lieu
of a new CEC Block II. The P3I mini
CEC terminal, at half the price but full
capabilities, was being tested in 2005
and will likely see production soon.
It is very likely that continuing
technology advances in the decade
will allow a system even smaller than
the P3I mini CEC to see application
on fighter-sized platforms, and poten-
tially UAVs. This system could super-
sede MIDS on thousands of fighters.
We will not forecast it here, but tech-
nology advances will probably result
in a very different, even unrecogniz-
able, CEC system well before the end
of our forecast period.
P3I CEC
In August 2004, the Navy decided
to implement a Pre-Planned Product
Improvement program (P3I) for
CEC, in lieu of a new CEC Block II.
The P3I approach will modify current
equipment to meet reduced size,
weight, cost, power and cooling ob-
jectives. The P3I approach also sup-
ports continuity for interoperability
improvements and program protec-
tion, as well as supporting open archi-
tecture initiatives, communications
independence, Joint Tactical Radio
System (JTRS) compliancy, and
Global Information Grid (GIG) hori-
zontal fusion initiatives. P3I will pro-
vide hardware which complies with
Category 3 Open Architecture Com-
puting Environment (OACE) stan-
d ard s w ith reh o s ted ex istin g
software, which will be fielded
fleet-wide to allow affordable re-
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
placement of obsolete computing sys-
tem components and eliminate
dependencies on “closed” equipment,
operating systems, and middleware.
Joint Track Manager Upgrade
In March 2005, General Dynam-
ics, Fairfax, VA, was competitively
awarded the Systems Integrator/De-
sign Agent (SI/DA) contract for the
development, integration, and testing
of the Joint Track Management
(JTM) upgrade across applicable
Navy Programs (e.g. DD(X), E-2,
LCS). CEC will work with Joint Sin-
gle Integrated Air Picture System En-
gineering Organization (JSSEO) to
jointly engineer a sensor measure-
ment fusion and track management
algorithm set of solutions which is vi-
able for all services to implement, to-
ward a c h iev in g o p timu m
in tero p erab ility acro s s th e
battlespace. This effort supports
re-architecting of battleforce func-
tionality in order to support the
Navy’s Open Architecture functional
architecture which establishes a com-
mon functional framework across
Navy programs and platforms to re-
duce development cost by promoting
software reuse. This architecture pro-
motes interoperability by allowing
functionality to be consistently engi-
neered across the battlespace. The
Open Architecture Track Manager
(OATM) is derived from an Inte-
grated Architecture Behavioral
Model (IABM) through a series of
configuration deliveries which will
include JTM functionality.
Initial Production Ending
As of June 2005, Raytheon had
105 CEC systems delivered or in pro-
duction. Fifty-three (53) were lim-
ited-rate production units (26
shipboard, 27 airborne) and another
28 were shipboard full-rate produc-
tion units.
Seventy-three (73) systems were
fielded on four aircraft carriers, 21
Aegis destroyers and cruisers, and
seven LPD/LHD transport ships. An-
other 27 were fielded on E-2Cs, with
one P-3 test unit. Raytheon also has a
Page 231
mobile demonstration unit in a
Humvee.
Also in mid-2005, Raytheon re-
ceived a $49 million FY05 produc-
tion contract from the Navy for its
final buy of the current CEC system.
UK Delays Procurement Deci-
sion
In Mid-2005, the UK Royal Navy
decided to delay introduction of the
CEC, with the UK Main Gate invest-
ment decision now postponed until
the end of the decade. Plans had
called for CEC introduction aboard
Type 23 frigates from 2008 and Type
45 destroyers from 2012.
Mini CEC Testing
By July 2005, Raytheon had in-
vested $10 million in developing mini
CEC terminals. These are compact,
lightweight versions that cost half as
much as the current CEC system, but
which have no operational differ-
ences. They have an open architecture
for both hardware and software, al-
lowing for easy upgrades, and use
COTS technologies. Current ship-
board and airborne CEC systems
weigh upwards of 3,614 lbs. (ships)
and 688 lbs. (aircraft), and cost as
much as $6 million per system, de-
pending on the quantity. The mini
CECs weigh 1,770 lbs. and 420 lbs.,
and cost about $3 million each.
The Navy was to test five mini
CEC terminal prototypes, both
shipborne and airborne, later in the
summer of 2005, including systems
developed by Space Applications In-
ternational Corp. (SAIC). Phase I of
the planned P3I development was
conducted in FY04 and is complete. A
production decision culminating in a
production unit award was planned
for FY06. The Navy intends to buy
about 200 mini CEC systems between
2006 and 2010. Final production con-
figuration will be available for FY06
procurement.
Program Plans
F u tu r e A N /U S G - 2 an d
AN/USG-3 systems will incorporate
Pre-Planned Product Improvements
Page 232
(P3I) to take advantage of hardware
technology advances to provide a sys-
tem with reduced cost, size, and
weight. Additionally, alignment of
the Joint Track Manager (JTM) archi-
tecture is on track with a report out at
the Joint Single Integrated Air Picture
Systems Engineering Organization’s
(JSSEO) Integrated Architecture Be-
havior Model (IABM) System Func-
tional Requirements (SFR) review
scheduled for August 2006. The En-
gineering Assessment (EA) 5 Test
Common Data Link (CDL) & Tactical Common Data Link (TCDL)
Status: New Development
Manufacturers: L-3 Communications, Salt Lake City, UT (CDL, Mini-CDL); Harris Corp., Palm Bay, FL (CDL);
Cubic Defense Applications, San Diego, CA (TCDL, Mini-CDL); Rockwell Collins, Cedar Rapids, IA (Mini-CDL)
Overview
The objective of the US Air
Force’s Common Data Link (CDL)
effort is to define an interoperable
command, control and communica-
tions capability for intelligence and
reconnaissance assets, to include both
manned and unmanned platforms.
CDL will achieve interoperable com-
munications paths by employing an
architecture based on developed
hardware, software, and waveforms,
to promote commonality among the
Services. As the CDL Executive
Agent the Air Force is responsible for
ensuring design configuration
commonality and interoperability.
The CDL design will permit exist-
ing and future reconnaissance assets
to operate worldwide, providing sen-
sor data directly via point-to-point or
via point-to-multipoint broadcasts to
ground sites and airborne platforms,
or via satellite or air-to-air relay when
the asset and ground site are not
within line-of-sight. This effort will
integrate commercial and other satel-
lite communications into the avail-
able satellite relay options, to ensure
sufficient wideband data relay capa-
bility. The system will have sufficient
bandwidth to accommodate numer-
ous sensors collecting Signals Intelli-
gence (SIGINT), I ma g e r y
Intelligence (IMINT) (including
video), multi-spectral, and other data.
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
and Analysis Plan for Time Box (TB)
30 was signed and delivered in May
2006. The Navy Engineering Assess-
ment Working Group (EAWG) Engi-
neering Assessment Readiness
Review was held in June 2006. EA 5
is on track with the final report antici-
pated in September 2006. Future CEC
systems will use the Sierra II chip for
secure data transmission. The Sierra
II replaces the CDH chip used in leg-
acy AN/USG-2/3 systems. The Sierra
CDL concept and technology de-
velopment and system development
and demonstration efforts will sup-
port continuous improvements and
implementation of line-of-sight and
network Command and Control, In-
telligence, Surveillance and Recon-
naissance (C2ISR) capabilities, to
enable a joint global strike task force.
Modular design allows for future
technology insertion. The commonal-
ity of modular components reduces
non-recurring engineering and life
cycle co s ts to th e D o D u s er.
Interoperability provides for the
exchange of data across service or
agency boundaries.
TCDL
Note: the term “A-series” refers to
full rate/capability CDL systems, and
“T-Series” refers to TCDL (Tactical
Common Data Link) systems. CDL
satisfies NATO STANAG 7085 for
point-to-point data links.
ScanEagle Data Link
In December 2004, Boeing dem-
onstrated high-speed wireless com-
munications technology developed
by Harris aboard the ScanEagle UAV
it is producing with The Insitu Group.
The ScanEagle, enabled by Harris
Type 1 classified SecNet-11 Plus
technology in the UAV’s avionics
bay, sent streaming video and
C4I Systems
II chip is planned to be introduced
into the FY08 production line.
A revised Acquisition Strategy
was approved August 2004 to reflect
the realignment of track management
functions with JSSEO. JSSEO’s
IABM will ultimately replace the
CEC Data Distribution System
(DDS) which will be backward com-
patible with the IABM. The IABM
will first be integrated with AEGIS as
part of their Spiral 4 upgrade and de-
livered to the fleet by FY12.
voice-over IP communications from a
ground control station over a secure
high-bandwidth network to the UAV
18 miles away. The data was then in-
stantaneously relayed to ground
personnel six miles from the UAV.
TCDL Fire Scout Contract
In December 2005, Northrop
Grumman awarded Cubic Corp. an
$11 million contract for 10.71 Mbps
TCDL systems for the US Navy
MQ-8B Fire Scout UAV.
TCDL for Predator
In 2006, Predators began to be
fielded with the TCDL, and a system
which allows one pilot (with a
backup) to control up to four aircraft.
TCDL & HIDL for Watchkeeper
In 2006, Thales subcontractor
UAV Tactical Systems awarded a $52
million contract to Cubic Defense
Applications to supply Watchkeeper
with an advanced data link technol-
ogy program. Cubic’s developed
technology will include a Tactical
Common Data Link (TCDL) and
High Integrity Data Link (HIDL).
Cubic has also subcontracted out a
GB10 million ($19 million) deal with
Ultra Electronics to assist in develop-
ment, which will allow the system to
transfer time-critical information to
ground controllers from multiple
©Teal Group Corporation
C4I Systems
UAVs without mutual interference.
H I D L , d e v e l o p e d f o r c o m-
mand-and-control of UAVs, will pro-
vide a programmable backup link for
the TCDL.
SAR Data Transfer with CDL?
In October 2006, the AFRL issued
Raytheon a $9.7 million ID/IF, CPFF
contract to determine the technical
feasibility of using radar aper-
tures/systems as a data link to trans-
mit synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
data (and other data types) using a
modified CDL waveform (or equiva-
lent) in near real time. The demon-
stration will occur in three phases.
The work is being performed in El
Segundo, CA, under a phased ap-
proach to reduce technical, cost and
schedule risk by determining techni-
cal feasibility prior to awarding any
other task orders. The projected con-
tract completion date is October
2006. Contract financing will come
from the Air Force Aerospace
Sensors R&D program (PE 0602204)
FA8650-07-D-4502).
MH-60R CDL Testing
In November 2006, NAVAIR is-
sued Harris’ Government Communi-
cations Systems in Melbourne, FL an
$82 million CPAF/CPFF modifica-
tion to an ongoing FFP contract to
fund testing services for the MH-60R
Common Data Link Hawklink sys-
tems. The award also includes inte-
grated logistics support and analysis,
sustaining engineering, training,
non-recurring and recurring engi-
neering changes, and technical, ad-
ministrative, and financial data. In
addition, the modification provides
for an option to cover the procure-
ment of three AN/ARQ-58 and three
AN/SRQ-4(ku) systems. The work is
being conducted in Melbourne, FL
(50%), and in Wayne, NJ (50%), and
is to be completed in January 2009.
Contract financing is coming from
APN (N00019-04-C-0130).
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
UAV Mini-CDL Terminal Devel-
opment Contracts
In November 2006, the AFRL
awarded ID/IQ, CPFF contracts total-
ing $23 million to L-3 Communica-
tions’ Communications Systems-
West in Salt Lake City, UT, and
Rockwell Collins (teamed with Cubic
Defense Applications) in Cedar Rap-
ids, IA, to finance the development of
the preliminary design for the Minia-
turized CDL. The effort is to include
trade studies and trade space analysis.
Furthermore, the orders shall include
identification of high-risk areas, and
plans for mitigating these risks in fu-
ture task orders. Task order 1 shall
also include, but not be limited to,
modeling and simulation of the sys-
tem, its components or subsystem,
laboratory demonstrations displaying
the proposed technologies for achiev-
ing the size, weight, and power re-
quirements, and bread boarding of
high risk components. The work is to
be conducted in Salt Lake City, UT
and in Cedar Rapids, IA, and is to be
completed in November 2012. Con-
tract funding will come from the Air
Force Co mman d Co n tr o l
Communications (C3) program
(FA8650-07-D-4500—L-3; FA8650-
07-D-4501—Rockwell Collins).
The Mini-CDL terminal will be for
use in Small Unmanned Aircraft Sys-
tems (SUAS). Due to the payload re-
strictions of these systems, using
present CDL equipment is prohibi-
tive, and has contributed to the prolif-
eration of platform specific data link
systems. This effort shall examine the
size, weight, and power requirements
for SUAS platforms, and develop a
CDL terminal capable of providing
these platforms with CDL capability,
with the intent of reducing the need
for further unique systems. In addi-
tion, the Mini-CDL terminal shall be
capable of communicating with
existing ground systems which
employ CDL terminals.
These objectives shall be accom-
plished by, first, developing a prelim-
inary design, including an evaluation
of trade space, identification of high
risk areas, and a plan for mitigating
Page 233
these risks in the design. Upon suc-
cessful completion of a preliminary
design, the system shall be imple-
mented and demonstrated in a labora-
tory environment with hardware
in-the-loop systems. Finally, the ter-
minal shall be flight tested to deter-
mine its ability to provide SUAS with
the required CDL communications.
Interested offerors may view and/or
download the full BAA solicitation
by accessing the Federal Business
Opportunities (FEDBIZOPPS)
homepage at http://www.fbo.gov/.
SOL is BAA-06-3-PKS, due October
2006.
F-22/F-35 NT-ISR Radar-CDL
Development Contract
In January 2007, the AFRL issued
Lockheed Martin a $9.7 million
ID/IQ, CFF contract to fund support
for Non-Traditional Intelligence,
Surveillance, Reconnaissance
(NT-ISR) capability and concepts on
tactical platforms, such as fifth gener-
ation aircraft (F-22 and F-35), and the
need to transmit NT-ISR products in a
timely manner. The current Link 16
fighter data link is far too slow to
transmit next generation radar and
targeting data. The proposed Radar
Common Data Link (R-CDL) pro-
gram will accomplish this via devel-
o p me n t, lab o r a to r y te s t an d
demonstration, followed by flight test
and demonstration. The work is being
conducted in Fort Worth, TX, and is
to be completed in January 2012.
Contract funding will come from the
Air RDT&E programs of Advanced
Aerospace Sensors (PE# 0603203F)
an d C2 Co n s tellatio n ( PE#
0207449F).
Upon successful completion of
laboratory and demonstration efforts,
followed by flight demonstration, it is
anticipated that the developed capa-
bility will participate in a Govern-
ment-sponsored joint exercise such as
the Joint Expeditionary Force experi-
ment (JEFX). In addition, Lockheed
Martin Aeronautics will evaluate
R-CDL system specification devel-
oped by Raytheon. This evaluation
will ensure that the specification will
Page 234 C4I Systems

be usable by any contractor that the
Government Tasks to build opera-
tional systems. In addition to the
R-CDL s pecification eff ort,
Lockheed Martin will also provide
concept of operations (CONOPS),
concept of employment (CONEMP),
and system of system studies that spe-
cifically focus on the intricacies of a
fifth generation fighter aircraft, to
include stealthiness and integrated
avionics system design (FA81650-
07-D-4506).
ARGUS-IS CDL Airborne Ter-
minal
In August 2007, the AFRL an-
nounced it intends to award a sole
source contract to L-3 Communica-
tions Systems-West for one 274 Mbps
Common Data Link (CDL) airborne
terminal for use with the Autonomous
Real-time Ground Ubiquitous Sur-
v eillan ce - Imag in g S ystem
(ARGUS-IS). Delivery will be re-
quired not later than 15 months after
receipt of order. POC is Dawn M
Ross, Contracting Officer, email:
dawn.ross@wpafb.af.mil. SOL is
ARGUS-IS_CDL, due August 2007.

Tactical Common Data Link-Network (TCDL-N)

Status: In Production
Manufacturer: L-3 Communications, Salt Lake City, UT

Overview
The Tactical Common Data
Link-Network (TCDL-N) was de-
rived from an earlier version of the
TCDL, an effort to define an open
system architecture interoperable
command, control and communica-
tions capability for both manned and
UAV ISR platforms, including the
USAF Global Hawk and Navy SH-60
helicopters and ships. TCDL-N was
also developed to be interoperable
among all services, and employs
common hardware modules based on
a Ku-band data link.
The first TCDL-N (-Network) sys-
tems were delivered by L-3 in April
1999, with air-to-air capabilities still
in development in 2003. We are in-
cluding TCDL-N funding in our CDL
funding lines.

Communications Data Link System (CDLS)

Status: Upgrade & Support
Manufacturer: L-3 Communications, Salt Lake City, UT

Overview and remote reconnaissance aircraft Re c o n n a is s a n c e S ys tem) ( s e e

Th e ( w as Co mmo n D ata
Link-Navy [CDL-N], was Common
High Bandwidth Data Link-Surface
Terminal [CHBDL-ST]) is the legacy
system that provides the data commu-
nications link between shipboard sig-
nal and image processing equipment
equipped with a Common Data Link
Airborne (CDL A/B) System. Pri-
mary data transferred is un-processed
SIGINT/COMINT and imagery data
from BGPHES (Battle Group Passive
Horizon Extension System) and
ATARS (Advanced Tactical Airborne
reports).
CDL-N has been produced for 14
a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r s , l a rg e - d e c k
LHA/LHD class amphibious assault
ships, and fleet flagships. Accelerated
production took place between 1997
and 1999.

Tactical Control System (TCS) & UAV Operating Systems

Status: New Development
Manufacturer: Raytheon Systems, Falls Church, VA & Various

Overview
The Tactical Control System
(TCS) provides interoperability for
command and control (from both
afloat and ashore) of present and fu-
ture Tactical and Medium Altitude
Endurance (MALE) Unmanned Ae-
rial Vehicles (UAVs) and their pay-
loads utilized for RSTA and combat
assessment. This includes the Army
Shadow 200 Tactical UAV and the
Navy/Marine Corps Fire Scout Verti-
cal Takeoff and Landing (VTOL)
Tactical UAV (VTUAV). TCS pro-
vides connectivity to designated C4I
systems and will also interface with
the Navy Global Hawk Maritime
Demonstration (GHMD) system (at
Level Five capability), the Broad
Area Maritime Surveillance (BAMS)
High Altitude Endurance (HALE)
UAV system, the Marine Corps Pio-
neer, and the Navy MALE Predator.
TCS is being developed in concert
with the development of the UAV
concept of operations (CONOPS), so
as to ensure system functionality
within operational requirements.
TCS provides a full range of
scaleable UAV capabilities, from pas-
sive receipt of air vehicle and payload
data to full air vehicle and payload
command and control. TCS offers the
war fighter a common core operating
environment to simultaneously re-
ceive, process, and disseminate UAV

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

C4I Systems
data from two or more different UAV
types for reconnaissance, surveil-
lance, and combat assessment. TCS
provides UAV command, control and
processing from ground vehicles,
ships, and fixed locations.
Beginning in FY04, TCS will fo-
cus development on a command and
control capability for HALE Air Ve-
hicles aboard CVN/LHA/LHD ships
and Tactical Support Centers (TSCs).
In addition, this effort will investigate
sharing processing assets with the
Joint Service Imagery Processing
System-Navy (JSIPS-N) Tactical
Input Segment (TIS) component.
TCS supports seamless integration
into existing Service C4I architec-
tures and interfaces with other
manned and unmanned reconnais-
sance platforms and intelligence sys-
tems to p r o v id e in fo rmatio n
superiority through cross-cueing.
TCS maximizes the use of commer-
cial and government off-the shelf
hardware and software whenever
p o s s ib le . T CS s o f tw a r e is
interoperable and is compliant with
the OASD(C3I) Joint Technical Ar-
chitecture (JTA) and Distributed
Common Ground System (DCGS)
standards.
Award for Fire Scout
In April 2004, the Navy awarded
Raytheon a $36.8 million contract to
modify TCS to support the Fire Scout
VTUAV, and to implement further
open architecture solutions. TCS will
likely be the first system to meet the
new NATO Standardization Agree-
ment (STANAG) 4586 requirements
New Technology Developments
MMW Radar Data Link Market
Study
In March 2004, the Naval Air Sys-
tems Command (NAVAIR), Naval
Air Warfare Center Weapons Div.
(NAWC-WD), China Lake, CA, an-
nounced it is conducting market re-
search to identify companies who
may have experience and capabilities
in the development and production of
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
for commonality and interoperability
for multiple UAV types with a ground
control system. Raytheon is also com-
pany-funding the transition from the
present Unix operating system to
L in u x , a n d w ill in v e s tig a te
interoperability with Raytheon’s
work on the Distributed Common
Ground System (DCGS).
Raytheon expects an operational
assessment on TCS modifications in
September 2007, with DT&E starting
a few months after that.
J-UCAS Common Operating
System
In February 2005, the Defense Ad-
vanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA) announced the formation
of a consortium for developing a
common operating system for the
Joint Unmanned Combat Air Systems
(J-UCAS). The consortium agree-
ment strengthens collaboration in the
effort to develop a family of vehicles
that share a common operating sys-
tem. It also outlines a management
structure and processes for handling
intellectual property and protecting
proprietary information. The com-
mon operating system creates a mech-
anism for integrating the system’s
major components, including sen-
sors, weapons and aerial vehicles.
The consortium brings together Johns
Hopkins University Applied Physics
Laboratory, Boeing, and Northrop
Grumman.
Warrior OneSystem GCS
In February 2005, the General
Atomics Warrior UAV flew, con-
min ia tu r e co h e r e n t r a d a r an d
point-to-point millimeter wave
(MMW) high rate data links. The ra-
dar/data link is expected to be en-
c lo s e d in a s mall v o lu me ,
approximately 250 cu. in., and oper-
ate in a marine environment. The an-
tenna must have high gain and be
capable of beam steering to compen-
sate for minor platform motion and,
Page 235
trolled by an AAI Corp. OneSystem
ground control station (GCS). The
OneSystem can control the Warrior
and also AAI’s Shadow UAVs. The
system software implemented the
NATO Standard STANAG 4586 Pro-
tocol, and communication between
the aircraft and ground was con-
ducted via both line-of-sight and
Ku-band satellite communications.
Predator Ground Control Station
Contracts
In September 2006, the Air Force
Aeronautical Systems Center (ASC),
Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, awarded
General Atomics a $27.6 million
CPFF delivery order (0022) add-on to
procure four field compatible aircraft
maintenance test stations, two
MD-1A mobile ground control sta-
tions, two MD-1A fixed ground con-
trol stations, five MD-1B dual control
mobile ground control stations, and
non-engineering support per FY06
Predator MQ-1 and Reaper MQ-9 re-
quirements.In September 2006, the
ASC also issued General Atomics a
$15.8 million FFP delivery order
(0010) contract modification to pro-
cure 18 ground data terminals, one
ground support equipment (GSE),
two remote split operation kits, one
replenishment spares kit, one initial
spares package, and two predator
SITCOM link modem assemblies, per
FY06 Predator MQ-1 and Reaper
MQ-9 requirements. The work under
these awards is to be conducted in San
Diego, CA, and completed in Sep-
tember 2008 and June 2010. Contract
funding will come from the APF
appropriation (FA8620-05-G-3028).
for the data link, remain aligned with
a slow-moving data link partner. The
average transmit power will be
approximately 5 watts or less.
NAWD-WD is interested in using
software radio techniques in the de-
sign of this radar and data link. It has
done preliminary design work in this
area and is interested in a company
that would work closely with the
Page 236
Navy to complete the development
for production. Production quantities
are anticipated to be approximately
100 units. The company should be
able to manufacture, maintain, and
upgrade systems over time. SOL is
N68936-04-N-0001, due April 16,
2004. POC is Deborah Winfield, tel:
(760) 939-9661, fax: (760) 939-9651.
Diane Foucher is the Procuring Con-
tracting Officer, tel: (760) 939-8160,
fax: (760) 939-965.
Optical & RF Combined Data
Link Solicitation
In November 2003, DARPA an-
nounced that its Advanced Technol-
ogy Office (ATO) is soliciting
proposals to investigate, prototype
and demonstrate an Air-to-Air-to-
Surface hybrid combined-and-simul-
taneous Free Space Optical (FSO) &
Radio Frequency (RF) data link and
networking concept. The link will
have a compact form factor, high
availability, and high average data
rate under all weather conditions.
Proposals may be submitted in any
combination of the following techni-
cal topic areas: (1) Range and Flight
Demonstration Systems Integration,
and (2) Technology Maturation, to in-
clude the following: (a) Optical
Channel Obscuration Mitigation (ie.,
transmission through clouds), (b)
Common/Combined FSO/RF aper-
ture, (c) Compact Optical Beam
Steering, (d) Hybrid (FSO & RF)
Router Technology.
Although the principal focus of
this BAA will be on the Optical & RF
Co mb in e d L in k E x p e r imen t
(ORCLE), identified as technical
topic area (1) above, proposers are en-
Networking and Data Fusion
C4I (Networking)
Army Future Force Networked
Sensors
In February 2004, plans for
PE#0603710A, Project #K86, Night
Vision, Airborne Systems included
the Networked Sensors for the Future
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
couraged to respond to any combina-
tion of technical topic areas. SOL is
BAA04-03, POC is Anthony Cicala,
Contracting Officer, tel: (571)
2 1 8 - 4 6 3 9 , e ma il: a c ic a la @
darpa.mil..
Fire Scout Serves as Be-
yond-LOS Relay
In March 2006, for a program
called Beyond Line-of-Sight Tactical
U AV Co mmu n ic a tio n s Relay
(BTCR), Fire Scout successfully per-
formed as an over-the-horizon com-
munications relay, allowing ground
troops on the move and battlefield
commanders to share uninterrupted
voice, data and real-time video.
New RF Adaptive Persistent
ISR Data (Rapid) Link Solicita-
tion
In March 2007, the AFRL an-
nounced that its Information Direc-
torate (IFGD) is soliciting research
proposals which shall consist of the
design of a complete (both ground
and airborne terminals), high capac-
ity, Radio Frequency (RF) Adaptive
Persistent ISR Data (Rapid) Link.
With advances in sensor technology,
the need for increased throughput
over platform data links has grown.
This effort shall examine cutting edge
technologies to provide maximum ca-
pacity to platforms carrying these
sensors. In particular, this effort
s u p p o r ts p e r s is ten t d o min a n t
surveillance concepts.
With this mission in mind, the data
link system shall provide an all
weather capability, as well as variable
bit rates to support low-resolution
sensors/basic video applications to
Force Advanced Technology Demon-
stration (ATD) project, which will
mature multi-mission (RSTA, coun-
termine) day/night targeting sensors
and software for small unmanned ae-
C4I Systems
full download of ‘raw’, unprocessed
In-phase and Quadrature (I&Q) sen-
sor data. System concepts for this ap-
plication are currently immature.
Therefore, this effort shall also in-
clude an examination and analysis of
system concepts to further define the
use of the system in this mission. The
contracted effort shall include all
phases of the design. During prelimi-
nary design the contractor shall per-
form trade studies, modeling and
simulation, system concepts analysis,
and requirements definition leading
to a Preliminary Design Review
(PDR).
Following the PDR, the contractor
shall advance the design with further
mo d e lin g an d s imu latio n ,
bread-boarding/brass-boarding of
system components, laboratory test of
technologies and subsystems, and re-
finement of the design resulting in a
Critical Design Review (CDR). Upon
successful completion of CDR, the
effort shall include hardware con-
struction of both air and ground ter-
minals, system integration and test,
and ground demonstration of the sys-
tem. The effort shall conclude with a
flight test, demonstrating the func-
tionality of the system in an opera-
tionally representative environment.
SOL is 07-01-PKS, due April 2007.
MAV Data Links
I n mid - 2 0 0 7 , th e co mmo n
R Q - 11 A R a v e n U AV c a r r i e d
AeroVironment’s Micro Air Vehicle
Datalink, based on a DARPA pro-
gram of the late 1990s.
The data link on board the Wasp II
and new Wasp III MAVs has a range
of 5 km.
rial vehicles (UAV) for the Future
Force.
Technologies to be addressed in-
clude automated flight control and ul-
tra-light payloads for UAVs. The
mission equipment package for the
©Teal Group Corporation
C4I Systems
Class II UAV will demonstrate small,
lightweight, interchangeable pay-
loads (electro-optical/infrared, laser
radar) to support target detection,
identification, and location of diffi-
cult targets for the Unit of Action. The
mission equipment package for Class
I UAVs will demonstrate very small,
very lightweight, interchangeable
payloads (electro-optic, thermal,
acoustic, chemical) to support intelli-
g en ce, su rv eillan ce, an d
reconnaissance requirements for the
Unit of Action.
FCS Multi-Cell and Dis-
mounted C2
In February 2004, DARPA,
Arlington, VA, released a BAA to
support the Future Combat System
Command and Control (FCS C2) pro-
gram. This effort will expand the re-
search effort of the FCS C2 program
to determine the next level of require-
ments, C2 functions and information
profiles/flows for FCS Unit Higher
Headquarters, Multiple FCS Unit’s
Command and Control, and Dis-
mounted Soldier and Dismounted
Commander Operations.
The research to date has built a
prototype C2 system that integrates
previously stove-piped Battle Com-
mand operating systems/functions
into a single tailorable display for de-
cision-making. The supporting Com-
mand and Control Experimental
Demonstration System developed in
the FCS C2 Program will be extended
to support this expanded research in
determining the technical challenges
in Battle Command for Multiple FCS
Unit interactions, Higher Headquar-
ters’ Command and Control, and Dis-
mounted soldiers as a subsystem to
the FCS Family of Systems design.
The current command and control
system experimental demonstrator
(prototype) for the FCS Unit already
illustrates the potential for a signifi-
cantly reduced staff to control and
employ its organic assets within the
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
unit. In addition to minimizing sup-
porting staff, an important part in ex-
panding this research effort will be to
assess whether the system under test
is scaleable to other FCS echelons and
joint task force elements, to facilitate
future C2 with multiple Battle Com-
mand functions integrated into a sin-
gle Battle Command System. This
will empower the decision-maker
with information to understand cur-
rent and future states while reducing
uncertainty. SOL is BAA03-33, POC
is Gary Sauer, DARPA Program Man-
ager, fax: 703-696-9781. Michael
Blackstone is the Contracting Officer,
tel: (571) 218-4804, fax: (703)
696-2208.
UAV Reduced Operator Work-
load RFI
In May 2006, NAVAIR issued an
RFI seeking innovative technology
concepts to reduce Unmanned Air
System (UAS) operator workload.
This technology will help operators to
better manage and control multiple
dissimilar Navy unmanned aerial ve-
hicles and their associated payloads.
Various studies and assessments of
UAS operator activities have deter-
mined that effective control of multi-
ple unmanned vehicles taxes an
individual’s visual, audio, and cogni-
tive skills. The technology should
have the capacity to provide a more
agile, flexible, responsive, and robust
capability to simplify control and im-
prove an operator’s situational aware-
ness during UAS and multiple
simultaneous UAS missions with
dissimilar air vehicles.
The objectives of this RFI are to:
identify technologies that are sound
and can be seamlessly integrated with
existing and developing UASs; refine
identified technologies so that they
better support Navy UASs and their
intended missions; demonstrate that
the technologies will reduce operator
workload during execution of UAV
mission planning and re-tasking,
Page 237
UAV and payload Command, Con-
trol, and Situational Awareness tasks,
and data processing tasks including
data retrieval, storage, manipulation,
interpretation, and dissemination;
provide methods and technologies to
increase the quantity of UAVs under
simultaneous control from two to as
many as eight.
NAVAIR is issuing this RFI to al-
low industry an opportunity to submit
its best technology concepts for re-
view and consideration. SOL is
N00019-263-RW-5876, due June
2006.
Collision Avoidance Testing
In mid-2007, the Dutch National
Aerospace Laboratory (NLR) used
Rafael’s Toplite II sensor, combined
with a transponder-based TCAS (traf-
fic-alert and collision avoidance sys-
tem), to test a non-cooperative
collision avoidance system intended
for UAVs. Tests showed that TCAS
can effectively cue an existing UAV
E-O/IR sensor to precisely determine
other aircraft location, and avoid col-
lision. Tests were carried from a
manned Cessna Citation platform.
Continued development could result
in integrating medium to large UAVs
into unsegregated airspace by 2010.
ScanEagle Cooperation
In July 2007 flight tests, three
ScanEagle mini-UAVs automatically
coordinated their ISR searches, in-
cluding location, tracking, and inter-
ception of a moving target. These
searches were monitored but not ma-
nipulated by a single human pilot. Ef-
forts are seeking to provide true
cooperative action, rather than just
de-conflicting navigation. Tracking
moving targets is one of the highest
workload events in UAV operations
today, and independent cooperative
operation is essential to handling
increased sensor and data densities,
according to Hal.
Page 238
Data Fusion
Manufacturers: Various
NATO CAESAR Data Fusion
In mid-2001, NATO’s Consulta-
tion, Command, and Control Agency,
with a deputy from Canada, France,
Germany, Italy, Norway, the UK and
US, announced the CAESAR (Coali-
tion Aerial Surveillance and Recon-
naissance) advanced concept
technology demonstration (ACTD).
The US Army’s Training and Doc-
trine Command (TRADOC) System
Manager for JSTARS and the Com-
mon Ground Station (CGS) is acting
as operational manager and user
sponsor.
CAESAR will integrate opera-
tions by various airborne ground sur-
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
veillance systems operated or
planned by NATO members. These
include the French army’s Horizon
helicopter, the US Navy’s AN/APY-6
TacRadar, JSTARS, ASTOR, Global
Hawk, Canada’s Radarsat II satellite,
the Italian Army’s CRESO, the US
Army’s Airborne Reconnaissance
Low (ARL) and Tactical UAV
(TUAV), and the USAF’s U2 and
Predator.
CAESAR, during “Clean Hunter”
exercises, overlaid Link-16 air pic-
tures on GMTI/SAR ground pictures.
GMTI data was also used to update
enemy orders of battle, and multiple
GMTI hits from different assets were
C4I Systems
combined to form a single target
track. These abilities will eventually
be added to a large number of NATO
surveillance systems.
EADS Eagle Vision Data Fu-
sion
In late 2003, EADS was marketing
its C-130-deployable Eagle Vision
data fusion ground station built for
the US. Eagle Vision combines both
optical and electronic intelligence
from commercial and military satel-
lites with that from UAVs. EADS is
also working on data compression
and onboard data processing systems.
©Teal Group Corporation
CBRN Sensors
UAV CBRN Funding Forecast
RDT&E+Procurement Available to the US
(FY07 $ Millions)
500
400
300
200
100
0
FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10
Market Overview
A fairly new mission for UAVs is
the detection of chemical, biological,
radiological, and nuclear (CBRN)
agents, spanning RF, electro-optic,
acoustic and other sensing tech-
niques, as well as data sharing tech-
n o lo g y ( w a s ter me d n u c le a r,
biological, and chemical (NBC)).
This can include everything from de-
tecting battlefield gas clouds to nu-
clear material storage installations to
Executives
• AFRL: Air Force Research Labo-
ratory, Wright Research Site,
Wright-Patterson AFB, OH
• CECOM: Army Communica-
tions-Electronics Command, Fort
Monmouth, NJ
• DTRA: Defense Threat Reduction
Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA
• MARCORSYSCOM: Marine
Co r p s S ys tems Co mman d ,
Quantico, VA
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16
chemical weapon manufacturing sites
to hand-carried CBRN materials.
Much of this sensor development
will take the form of basic scientific
research, as the detection of these
agents, especially if an opponent is at-
tempting concealment, is often very
difficult. The US is already spending
more than $1 billion per year on
RDT&E alone (not just for UAVs),
with funding rising steadily.
• RDECOM: Army Research, De-
velopment, and Engineering Com-
mand, Aberdeen Proving Ground,
MD
• RMAC: Army Robert Morris Ac-
quisition Center, Aberdeen Prov-
ing Ground, MD
• SMDC: Army Space and Missile
Defense Command, Frederick,
MD and Huntsville, AL
Hyperspectral sensors have been
suggested as having good possibili-
ties, due to their ability to discern spe-
cific chemical elements. Ground
penetrating (GPEN) and foliage pen-
etrating (FOPEN) airborne sensors
may also have applications, in addi-
tion to ground-based and naval sen-
sors.
• SPAWAR SYSCEN: Space and
Naval Warfare Systems Center,
San Diego, CA
• SPO: DARPA Special Projects
Office
• TACOM: Army Tank-automotive
and Armaments Command, War-
ren, MI
Page 240
Funding Forecast
R&D+Proc. (FY07$ Millions) FY07
Available World UAV CBRN Sensors & Systems
Undetermined (speculative) 150 200
Chemical & Biological Programs
TACTIC: Aerosol/Vapor Cloud Detection and Countermeasures
In February 2004, the DARPA
SPO announced that a new research
and development program, Threat
Agent Cloud Tactical Intercept and
Countermeasures (TACTIC), is to be
conducted under the auspices of the
Army Robert Morris Acquisition
Center (RMAC). In support of the
TACTIC Program, DARPA plans to
release two Broad Agency An-
nouncements (BAAs) simulta-
neously: BAA04-TDT (TACTIC-DT
[-Detection Technologies]) and
BAA04-TCM ( TA C T I C - C M
[-Countermeasures]). These efforts
will represent the first phase of the
TACTIC Program.
The TACTIC Program will focus
on the interception and defeat of
chemical and biological threat agent
Joint Biological Point Detection System Contract to GD
I n A u g u s t 2 0 0 4 , th e A r my
RDECOM reported the awarding of a
delivery order contract to General
Dynamics in Deland, FL, to finance
tasks for the Joint Biological Point
Detection System (JBPDS). There
were 55 bids solicited in January
2004, with only one proposal re-
IPDS Systems for Navy Ships
As of late 2004, the Technology
Service Corporation (TSC) had pro-
vided engineering changes and instal-
ACTD Selections
In January 2005, the Department
of Defense (DoD) reported the selec-
tion of 15 Advanced Concept Tech-
nology Demonstration (ACTD)
programs for inclusion in the FY 2005
DoD RDT&E effort. The ACTD pro-
jects are expected to aid in rapidly
transitioning advanced technology
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12
230 280 300
aerosol/vapor clouds on the battle-
field that can be produced during mil-
itary operations either by defensive
measures against an adversary or by
intentional agent dissemination/re-
lease by an adversary. Release of such
agents could cause widespread dis-
ruption of military operations. The
TACTIC Program seeks to actively
protect troops and military assets
from such events and to provide a
means to maintain critical military
operations at the required tempo by
pursuing two paths in parallel: 1) de-
velopment of technologies that can
rapidly detect, discriminate and iden-
tify chemical and biological airborne
clouds with low false-alarm rates, and
2) development of technologies that
can defeat (precipitate and/or neutral-
ceived. RDECOM-Aberdeen obli-
gated a delivery order amount of
$25.5 million to General Dynamics
under a firm-fixed-price (FFP) con-
tract to provide for JBPDS Interim
System Production. The work is be-
ing performed in Charlotte, NC
(40%), and in Columbus, OH (60%),
lation support for more than 50
Integrated Point Detection Systems
(IPDS) on numerous classes of US
into the hands of the warfighters.
Marrying new operational concepts
(ACTD) with maturing technologies
in a joint environment reduce the time
required to field new systems and in-
crease user involvement in system de-
sign and integration. Included were
two CBRN projects:
CBRN Sensors
FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16
320 320 350 380 400
ize) the clouds before they can reach
the troops on the battlefield.
The actions outlined in this notice
are intended solely to enable potential
sources to gain an understanding of
the TACTIC Program prior to the re-
lease of the associated BAAs. SOL is
W911SR-04-R-0014, due March 26,
2004. Program Manager is Dr. Wayne
Bryden, email: wbryden@darpa.mil.
POC is Marjorie Roberts, tel: (410)
436-6797, email: marjorie.rob-
erts@us.army.mil. POP is US Army
Research, Development, Robert Mor-
ris Acquisition Center (RMAC),
APG Contracting Div., Edgewood
Div., ATTN: AMSRD-ACC-E, 5179
Hoadley Road, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, MD 21010-5401.
and is to be completed by Aug. 31,
2009. Financing will come from
Army Other Procurement (OPA)
(W911SR-04-D-0017).
Navy and Coast Guard surface ships.
The IPDS is used for early point de-
tection of chemical warfare agents.
• Chemical Unmanned Ground Re-
connaissance: Detection at ma-
neuver speeds, while protecting
personnel
• Epidemic Outbreak Surveillance:
Near real-time, pre-symptomatic
diagnostic detection of pathogens
©Teal Group Corporation
CBRN Sensors
Biological Assessment Mobile Laboratory
In January 2005, the DTRA issued
a sources sought notice to seek infor-
mation from government and indus-
try parties possessing existing
biological laboratory technology that
could be used to develop and con-
struct an affordable, self-contained,
mobile laboratory for performing
identification and viability determi-
nation of biological agents while lo-
cated onboard a host vessel (ship) at
sea. The Biological Assessment Mo-
bile Laboratory (BAML) is one com-
ponent of the Biological Combat
Assessment S ystem ( BCAS)
Advanced Technology Demon-
stration (ATD).
JBAIDS Toxin Sensors
In March 2005, the Army SMDC
announced it is seeking suppliers to
develop and produce toxin identifica-
tion equipment for the Department of
Defense to support the DoD Joint Bi-
ological Agent Identification and Di-
agnostic System (JBAIDS) program
Block II effort. POP is the US Army
Space and Missile Defense Com-
mand, 64 Thomas Johnson Drive,
Frederick, MD 21702.
The JBAIDS team, Medical Iden-
tification and Treatment Systems
FLIR GasFindIR Camera
In June 2005, FLIR Systems, Inc.
demonstrated its GasFindIR infrared
(IR) camera as the first commercial
camera capable of detecting volatile
Chemical Alarm/Detector Contract
I n A p r il 2 0 0 6 , th e A r my
RDECOM obligated a delivery order
amount of $27.3 million to Smiths
Detection in Edgewood, MD, to man-
JBPDS Biological Detection Contracts
I n A p r il 2 0 0 6 , th e A r my
RDECOM obligated $45.3 million to
General Dynamics’ Armament and
Technical Products, Charlotte, NC,
under an FFP add-on to provide for
the continuing procurement of the
Joint Biological Point Detection Sys-
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
The BCAS ATD will culminate in
technology demonstrations to locate
and track, collect, detect, selectively
identify, and characterize biological
aerosol agents released during Weap-
ons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
counterforce strikes against WMD-
related research and development,
production, and storage targets. The
BAML’s role in this ATD includes
identification and viability assess-
ment of potential biological warfare
(BW) material collected by the com-
bat assessment-unmanned aerial ve-
hicle (CA-UAV) from the WMD
counterforce strike detonation and re-
sultant plume; as well as performing
(MITS) Product Management Office,
under the Chemical Biological Medi-
cal Systems Project Management Of-
fice in Frederick MD, is conducting a
market survey of potential suppliers
to develop and manufacture toxin
identification equipment for the US
Department of Defense. This an-
nouncement covers only the JBAIDS
Block II, Phase 1, Market Survey
effort to identify potential candidate
systems.
organic compound (VOC) gas emis-
sions. “We are in the process of writ-
ing new regulations to take advantage
of this new infrared camera,” accord-
ufacture and deliver M22 automatic
chemical agent alarm systems and
M88 chemical agent detectors. The
w o r k is to b e c o n d u c ted in
tem (JBPDS). The JPBDS is the first
fully automated biological threat
agent detection, collection, and iden-
tification suite that was designed for
all four services. It is modular and
provides both continuous and
real-time aerosol detection with pre-
Page 241
viability assessment on BCAS
demonstration range samples.
The BAML will conduct this diag-
nostic and viability assessment while
located onboard a host vessel at sea.
This Sources Sought Notice is re-
questing information on BAML tech-
n o lo g y o n ly. A se p a r a te p r e -
solicitation notice, HDTRA1-04-
R-0009, ‘Weapons of Mass Destruc-
tion Counterforce Combat Assess-
ment Program’ has been issued and
contains additional information on
the BCAS ATD, which can be used as
a reference. SOL is BAML59977596.
Interested contractors are re-
quested to forward potential candi-
date product information to identify
toxins to the following address: US
Army Space and Missile Defense
Command, Attn: Susan Dell, Con-
tract Specialist, 64 Thomas Johnson
Drive, Frederick MD 21702. Re-
sponses are requested by March
2005. SOL is W9113M-05-S-0002.
ing to David Markwordt of the Envi-
ronmental Protection Agency’s
Emissions Standards Division. “It’s a
remarkable new technology.”
Edgewood, MD, and is to be com-
pleted by March 2007. Contract fi-
nancing will come from the Army
OPA (W911SR-06-D-0001).
sumptive identification for up to ten
agents simultaneously within ten
minutes. Work is being conducted in
Charlotte, NC (40%) and Columbus,
OH (60%), and is to be completed by
December 2007. Contract funding
Page 242
will come from the Army OPA
(W911SR-04-C-0017).
In May 2006, the Army RDECOM
obligated a delivery order amount of
$7.8 million as part of a $32 million
Biological Agent ID Contract
In May 2006, the Army SMDC ob-
ligated $14.7 million to Idaho Tech-
nology, Salt Lake City, UT, under a
FFP add-on contract to continue the
production of the Joint Biological
Bright Onyx UAV Chemical Sensor Contract
In June 2006, the Air Force AFRL
awarded Akamai Physics, Las Cru-
ces, NM, a $10.3 million CPFF
add-on to a FY04 contract to provide
funding for Bright Onyx, a compact,
active multi-spectral chemical sensor
operating in the 5-um region for re-
mote detection of chemicals associ-
FY06 Chemical/Biological Initiative Solicitation
In July 2006, the DTRA solicited
proposals from degree-granting uni-
versities, nonprofit organizations,
and commercial concerns including
small businesses, in support of the
Chemical and Biological Defense
Program (CBDP) to fund chemical
and biological defense science and
te c h n o lo g y p r o j e c ts a c r o s s a
wide-range of military operations. In
support of the CBDP mission, the
FY06 Chemical and Biological De-
fense Initiative Fund (CBDIF) have
been established.
The CBDIF spans both the Physi-
cal Science & Technology (S&T) ca-
ScanEagle UAV Biological Agent Detection Program
In June 2006, the DTRA signed an
$8.2 million contract with Boeing to
modify a ScanEagle mini-UAV to ac-
commodate sensors that detect, track
and collect biological warfare agents.
Boeing will conduct the first flight
test of the modified UAV in Florida
over the next 18 months. Both DTRA
an d Bo ein g o ff icials said th e
ScanEagle test will be the first time
that a biological agent detection sys-
tem has been deployed on a UAV. Af-
ter initial testing is complete, the
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
firm-fixed-price (FFP) contract to
Harris Radio in Rochester, NY, to
manufacture and deliver the M31E2
JBPDS/Biological Integrated Detec-
tion Systems High Frequency Radio
Agent ID Diagnostic System. The
work is being conducted in Salt Lake
City, UT, and is to be completed by
July 2007. Contract financing will
a te d w ith w e a p o n s o f mas s
destruction that may be transported
on ships inbound to the US. Bright
Onyx is to be capable of operating at
unattended aerial vehicle (UAV)
speeds and ranges, with detection
sensitivities of 10ppm*m, and meet
UAV, power, weight, and size require-
pability areas and the Medical S&T
capability areas. Physical S&T capa-
bility areas include chemical and bio-
logical detection, individual and
collective protection, decontamina-
tion, and modeling and simula-
tio n /b attlesp ace man ag emen t.
Medical S&T capability areas include
pre-treatments, therapeutics, and di-
agnostics. The goal of this initiative is
to explore new and innovative ideas
to fill identified technology gaps. The
Government is seeking either Basic
Research or Applied/Advanced Tech-
nology Development projects that ad-
dresses one or more of the specific
DTRA will have an option to
purchase four ScanEagle biological
detection systems, which will include
a total of eight aircraft, for as much as
$20 million, according to Boeing.
Under the contract, each system will
consist of one ScanEagle aircraft,
modified to accommodate a biologi-
cal detection system, a second
ScanEagle used in the more conven-
tional role of surveillance and meteo-
rological data collection, and a
CBRN Sensors
(JBPDS/BIDSHF). The work is being
conducted in Rochester, NY, and is to
be completed by September 2010.
Contract funding will come from
Army OPA (W911SR-05-D-0002).
come from Army OPA (DASG60-
03-C-0094).
ments. The work is being conducted
in Las Cruces, NM. Contract financ-
ing will come from the Air Force
Aerospace Sensors element (PE#
0602204F) (FS8650-04-C-1714
/PO4).
topics that are presented in Section 9
and 10, respectively of the BAA.
Technical point of contact for this
BAA is Mr. Larry Pollack, Joint Sci-
ence and Technology Office for
Chemical and Biological Defense,
DTRA-CB, e-mail: CBPhysicalST@
dtra.mil. Questions regarding admin-
istrative content may be addressed to
the DTRA Contracts Office (ATTN:
BCR) at the same e-mail address.
SOL is HDTRA1-06-CBDIFBAA,
due August 25, 2006.
system of ground-based assets for the
launch and landing of the aircraft.
Boeing expects US defense offi-
cials to use the system to collect sam-
ples and conduct surveillance at
locations where they suspect biologi-
cal weapons and germ warfare mate-
rials are being produced. Before
conducting a military strike on a sus-
pected biological agent site, US
forces would send a ScanEagle –
which looks much like those now be-
ing deployed in Iraq – to collect mete-
©Teal Group Corporation
CBRN Sensors
orological data. Lab technicians on
the ground would then use the data to
predict the path of the potentially
deadly plumes that could be released
during a military strike. Another
ScanEagle would be deployed after
$1 Billion for Chemical Agent Disposal Facility Closure
In September 2006, the Army Sus-
tainment Command, Rock island, IL,
obligated a $154.3 million increment
as part of a $1 billion FY99 CPAF in-
strument to Parsons Infrastructure &
Technology Group in Pasadena, CA,
for continued chemical agency neu-
Handheld Bio Aerosol Detection Solicitation
In August 2006, the USMC
MARCORSYSCOM announced it is
seeking market research, potential
sources, and best practice informa-
tion for hand held and one man porta-
ble biological aerosol detection,
identification and sampling technolo-
gies in preparation for the Expedi-
tionary Biological Detection (EBD)
Advanced Technology Demonstra-
tion (ATD) program. Technologies at
Battelle Gets $500 Million for DHS Biodefense Center
In December 2006, the DHS
awarded an initial $250 million of a
potential $500 million contract to
Battelle Memorial Institute, to be
management contractor for the Na-
tional Biodefense Analysis and
TACTIC Solicitation
In January 2007, the Army
RDECOM solicited proposals in sup-
port of the Threat Agent Cloud Tacti-
cal Intercept and Countermeasure
(TACTIC) Program under BAA06-
TSDD. The purpose of this BAA is to
develop a revolutionary capability for
the US military to defend against
Chemical and Biological Warfare
Joint Material Decontamination System Solicitation
In February 2007, the RDECOM
announced it intends to award a con-
tract for a Joint Material Decontami-
nation System (JMDS) for use
throughout the Army, Marine Corps,
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
the military strike, the nose of which
would house a system that can collect
biological agent particles. Military
scientists on the ground would ana-
lyze the particles to confirm that germ
tralization operations, leading to the
closure of the Newport Chemical
Agent Disposal facility. In May 2007,
the Army Sustainment Command ob-
ligated an additional $69.7 million.
The work is being conducted in New-
port, IN, and is to be completed by
Technology Readiness Level 5 and
higher are of interest. Light weight,
autonomous, battery operable sys-
tems requiring minimal training and
consumables are also of interest. Re-
spondents to this market survey
should contact Adam Becker, tel:
(703) 432-3210, email: adam.j.
b e c k e r 1 @ u s mc. mil; o r To m
Johnston, tel: (703) 784-6686, email:
johnstontj@jpmoip.org, for a login
Countermeasures Center (NBACC).
Construction of the 160,000 square
foot facility began earlier in 2006 at
Fort Dietrich, MD. This will become
a “national lab” for life sciences
research for biodefense.
Agent (CWA/BWA) attacks against
mobile U.S. troops on the battlefield
as well as fixed sites. A Proposer In-
formation Pamphlet (PIP) and BA
A06-TSDD are available on the De-
fense Advanced Research Projects
Agency (DARPA) TACTIC Program
w eb s ite at h ttp s://d tsn . d arp a.
mil/TACTIC. The PIP and BAA06-
Air Force, and Navy to provide the
ability to decontaminate chemical and
biological warfare agents from sensi-
tive equipment and platform interiors
without degradation of the equipment
Page 243
warfare agents had been destroyed in
the strike.
May 2009. Contract funding will
come from Army O&M (DAAA09-
99-C-0016).
and password. Respondents are en-
couraged to submit a separate entry
for each different system configura-
tion. Quantity and funding
availability are unknown at this time.
SOL is M67854-06-I-3060, due
August 2006.
The facility is planned to open in
June 2008, with a day-to-day staff of
120 people. The contract provides
$250 million for the first five years,
with five option years of $50 million
each.
TSDD can also be obtained by con-
tacting K ane L eedy, email:
kane.leedy@us.army.mil. SOL is
W911SR-AA06-TSDD, POP is
REDCOM Acquisition Center –
Edgewood, ATTN: AMSSB-ACC-E,
5183 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD 21010-5424.
in an immediate, operational, and
thorough environment. Sensitive
equipment is high value or low-den-
sity electronic or optic equipment that
cannot be decontaminated using ex-
Page 244
isting means without degradation of
their functions. Examples of critical
sensitive equipment are laptops, night
vision goggles, and the Joint Helmet
Mounted Cueing System. Platform
interiors refers to the interior decon-
tamination of tactical platforms such
as personnel carriers and small air-
craft such as a single seat fighter
plane, as well as large platform inte-
rior decontamination such as interiors
of buildings, ships and large aircraft,
e.g., cargo aircraft.
The acquisition will be awarded as
a single contract for JMDS System
Development and Demonstration
(SDD) on a CPIF basis with options
Chem/Bio Solicitation
In February 2007, the DTRA is-
sued a BAA to solicit proposals in
2007 for Chemical and Biological
Defense Program, Defense Threat
Reduction Agency requirements that
in previous years were broadcast in
two separate BAA documents: The
annual Chemical Biological Defense
Initiative Fund (CBDIF) BAA and the
annual DTRA Chemical and Biologi-
cal Technologies, Physical Science
and Technology (S&T) Div. New Ini-
JBPDS Contracts
In December 2006, the Army
RDECOM obligated a FFP modifica-
tion of $32.1 million to an FY05 con-
tract to General Dynamics, to provide
additional funding for JBPDS and re-
lated fielding support packages, for
system testing, and for user training.
The work is being conducted in Co-
lumbus, OH (60%), and in Charlotte,
Chemical Agent Alarm Systems
In May 2007, RDECOM obligated
$5.9 million to Smiths Detection in
Edgewood, MD, as part of a $60.1
million FFP contract for the M22 au-
ScanEagle Chem-Bio Testing
In August 2007, initial ScanEagle
Chem-Bio testing began, with devel-
opmental testing occurring in Sep-
temb e r. An o p e r a tio n a l
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
for Low Rate Initial Production
(LRIP) and Full Rate Production
(FRP) on a Fixed-Price Incentive
(Successive Target) basis. The antici-
pated period of performance will be
24 months for the base contract, 12
months for the first option (LR IP),
and 40 months for the second option
(FRP). The solicitation will be issued
on a full and open competitive basis.
All responsible sources may submit a
proposal, which will be considered by
the agency. The anticipated release
date of the Request for Proposal
(RFP) is on or about February 2007.
Solicitation number W911SR-07-R-
tiatives BAA. The CBDIF goal is to
fund new and innovative chemical
and biological science and technol-
ogy projects across a wide range of
military operations. Established in
FY03, it is congressionally directed
with the intent to provide funds via a
co mp etitiv e acq u isitio n to
non-Government entities.
This BAA is soliciting basic re-
search, applied research and ad-
vanced technology development for
SC (40%), and is to be completed by
December 2008. Contract financing
will come from OPA (W911SR-
04-C-0017).
In March 2007, RDECOM obli-
gated a delivery order amount of $5.7
million as part of a $32 million FY05
FFP contract to Harris Radio in Roch-
ester, NY, for the M31E2 Joint Bio-
tomatic chemical agent alarm sys-
tems. The work is being conducted in
Edgewood, MD, and is to be com-
pleted by September 2007. Contract
demonstration is scheduled for
February 2008.
Spiral 1 is referred to as the Bio-
logical Combat Assessment System
CBRN Sensors
0007 is the number assigned for this
effort.
SOL is W911SR-07-R-0007, due
March 2007. POP is RDECOM Ac-
quisition Center – Edgewood, ATTN:
AMSRD-ACC-E, E4455 Leitzan
Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground,
MD 21010-5424. Please submit in
writing, all questions pertaining to
this RFP to Mary Ann Mitchell, Con-
tract Specialist, at email:
maryann.mitchell@us.army.mil or by
mail to US Army RDECOM Acquisi-
tion Center, Edgewood Contracting
D iv. , E 4 4 5 5 L e itz a n Ro a d ,
AMSRD-ACC-E, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, MD 21010-5401.
the topics referenced in Section 7 of
the BAA. Proposals may each address
Basic Research, or Applied Research
and/or Advanced Technology Devel-
opment. Proposals will not be ac-
cepted or considered that combine
Basic Research with Applied Re-
search and/or Advanced Technology
Development. SOL is HDTRA1-
07-CBDIF07-CBT08-BAA, due
March 2007.
logical Point Detection System
(JBPDS)/Biological Integrated De-
tection System (BIDS) high fre-
quency (HF) radio. The work is being
conducted in Rochester, NY, and is to
be completed by September 2010.
Contract funding will come from
OPA (W911SR-05-D-0002).
f u n d in g w ill c o me f r o m O PA
(W911SR-06-D-0001).
(BCAS). Boeing received $8 million
for the 24-month ATD.
Spiral 2 contains options for chem-
ical and radiological sensors, as well
©Teal Group Corporation
CBRN Sensors
as a biological weapon identification
system. Spiral 2 would also be a
Radiological & Nuclear Programs
Alternative Nuclear Detection Technologies Sought
In August 2004, the DTRA issued
a Sources Sought notice and is cur-
rently preparing research and devel-
opment program plans for the
detection and identification of nu-
clear and radioactive materials in sup-
port of DoD efforts in countering
terrorism, counter-proliferation, and
nonproliferation. The goal of these
program plans is to improve detection
and identification capabilities for ura-
nium, plutonium and other nuclear
and radioactive materials of interest
that do not rely on ionizing radiation
signatures.
DTRA is interested in technolo-
gies that will provide signatures rela-
tively unique to radioactive material
or radiation fields. Passive and active
radiation detection systems are not
the subject of this request for infor-
Nuclear Radiation Detectors
In February 2005, the DTRA an-
nounced it is seeking potential
sources for the development of nu-
clear radiation detectors that princi-
pally use a solid material as the
detection medium for both gamma
and neutron radiation. It is essential
that the detection medium be scalable
in size from man-portable sizes to
tens of square meters and that it be
formable into configurations other
than those offered by conventional
crystalline and gaseous media. The
most desirable detection medium
Radiological & Nuclear Countermeasure System Architectures
In April 2005, the SPAWAR
SYSCEN announced it intends to
award two sole-source contract ac-
tions, one to Science Applications In-
ternational Corp. of San Diego, CA,
and one to the Boeing Service Co. of
Huntsville, AL (teaming with Ap-
plied Research Associates of Albu-
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
24-month ATD, but it is not yet
funded.
mation because the US Government
has extensive efforts in that area. In
particular, DTRA is interested in pos-
sible methods to detect such materials
at a distance of over a kilometer in
both shielded and unshielded config-
urations in kilogram-scale quantities.
Methods that might be of interest in-
clude, but are not limited to, optical,
laser, radar, mass, or acoustic tech-
niques either alone or in combination
with each other or with some
information systems technology.
All technologies that are not pri-
marily based on passive or active nu-
clear radiation detection signatures
for detection and identification may
be submitted in response. Neither
near term deployment or extensive
testing is a prerequisite for consider-
ation under this request for informa-
shall also be flexible with a minimum
degradation in performance when
bent or twisted.
Systems from this detector family
must provide data through standard
network and communications proto-
cols in a format that is usable by a
non-technical but trained operator.
Systems must also be usable in a wide
variety of operating environments.
Large system size configurations
must not be susceptible to single point
destruction (i.e., destruction of a
small portion of a panel must not ren-
querque, NM). The contracts will
procure research and development
services for the implementation of a
complete information technology en-
abled radiological and nuclear coun-
termeasures system architecture, the
design and fabrication of prototype
systems to utilize and interface with
Page 245
tion, although both would be
desirable. Techniques can be ground,
air, sea, or satellite based. Each con-
cept should provide some analysis or
experimental results indicating some
possibility of standoff detection of
nuclear materials at least by refer-
ence. An operational deployment
concept indicating how the concept
would be realized, including distance
and quantity would greatly assist
evaluation.
SOL is TDNDSS0727. POC is
Debra Maschino, tel: (703) 325-1168,
fax: (703) 325-9294. Catherine
Benavides is the Contracting Officer,
tel: (703) 325-1091, fax: (703)
325-9294. Email: debra.maschino@
dtra.mil, catherine.benavides@
dtra.mil.
der the entire panel or system inopera-
tive). This synopsis is for information
planning purposes and the Govern-
ment will not pay or otherwise reim-
burse respondents for information
submitted. Electronic responses are
recommended and encouraged, and
shall be submitted to Ms. Elizabeth
Braxton at email: nrdetect@dtra.mil.
Non-electronic responses, though not
preferred, may be submitted via fac-
simile to tel: 703-325-9294, to the
attention of Ms. Elizabeth Braxton.
SOL is 049976757.
existing detection systems, and the
development of plans for deploy-
men t, tr a in in g , o p e r a tio n ,
maintenance and sustainment of the
systems.
These two actions are follow-on to
procurement contracts N66001-05-
C-6005 (Science Applications Inter-
Page 246
national Corp.), N66001-05-C-6006
(Applied Research Associates), and
o th e r tr a n s a c tio n ag r e e me n t
HSHQPA-05-9-0010 (made between
Homeland Security Advanced Re-
search Projects Agency and the Boe-
ing Service Co.). The contract actions
represent a continuation of work initi-
ated by the contractors under the com-
petitive broad agency announcement
BAA 04-01 “BAA for Radiological
Radioactive Liquid ID System Contract
In June 2006, the Army CECOM
announced it intends to issue, based
upon an unsolicited proposal, a sole
source award to Apantec, LLC for the
Liquid Identification Detection Sys-
tem (LIDS). The LIDS measures ra-
dioactivity in liquids, providing an
innovative solution for measuring
low energy alpha/beta emitting iso-
topes entrained within water.
The LIDS instrument is a complete
stand-alone unit and can be used for
Radiological Collection UGV
In March 2007, the DTRA was
seeking potential sources for the de-
velopment of an Unmanned Ground
Vehicle (UGV) for radiological sam-
ple collection following a nuclear/ra-
diological event. The UGV needs to
be an unmanned semi-autonomous
all-weather all-terrain sample collec-
tion vehicle. The system will aid in
the observation of tactical/technical
objectives and danger areas beyond
the user’s Line of Sight (LOS). The
UGV will perform collection and re-
connaissance tasks while permitting
the operator to remain at a safe dis-
tance away (up to 10 miles) at a
General Programs
Combating Terrorism Technology
In February 2004, the Army
RMAC announced it is soliciting con-
cepts for innovative research and de-
velopment projects for combating
terrorism. The mission areas include
Chemical, Biological, Radiological
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
and Nuclear Countermeasure System
Architectures Analysis” issued by the
Homeland Security Advanced Re-
search Projects Agency. Through the
initial contract efforts, the contractors
h a v e b e g u n th e r e s e a r c h a n d
development required to perform the
initial architectures analysis.
The follow-on actions will imple-
ment the system architecture that is
critically needed for homeland secu-
both fixed and portable applications.
Delivery will be 120 days after con-
tract award. This will be a firm fixed
price type contract. Packaging shall
be commercial in accordance with
Packaging Reference ASTM D
3951-98 (04 Edition).
The point of contact for this pro-
curement is Erica Balesterri, Contract
Specialist, tel: 732-427-1329, email:
Erica.Balesterri@mail1.monmouth.a
rmy. mil. S O L is W 1 5 P 7 T- 0 6 -
Ground Control Station (GCS). The
platform should be able to conduct
extended missions with durations up
to 24 hours (including periods of lim-
ited visibility), traversing improved
surfaces with a top speed of at least 30
kph. If using an engine, it should use
diesel fuel. The platform must be able
to negotiate uneven rough terrain
(such as rubble containing large
blocks up to 2m x 2m x 2m) up to a
45-degree slope 16 in (41 cm) high
step, and be able to ford one foot of
water.
The UGV must have the capability
of transporting 7-10 chunk debris
and Nuclear Countermeasures (CB);
Investigative Support and Forensics
(ISF); and Surveillance, Collection
and Operations Support (SCOS).
RMAC is the procuring office for
this Broad Agency Announcement
CBRN Sensors
rity. The use of any other contractors
would result in substantial duplica-
tion of cost to the Government that
could not be recovered through com-
petition as well as unacceptable de-
lays in fulfilling vital security
requirements. Government POC is
Terry Metz, tel: (619) 553-4467;
email: terry.metz@navy.mil. SOL is
001-05-C-6005.
R-P228, due August 12, 2006. POP is
US Army C-E LCMC Acquisition
Center - DAAB07, ATTN: AMSEL-
AC, Building 1208, Fort Monmouth,
NJ 07703-5008.
samples weighing up to two kilo-
grams (two kg) each with a volume of
approximately 25 cubic inches, be
able to collect 7-10 fine particulate
debris samples weighing 20 grams
via vacuum samplers, and collect
7-10 smear samples. The system
should be inherently simple to use,
survivable, durable, multi-functional
and easily transportable by air and
truck. As part of its survivability, the
UGV needs to be able to operate in a
radiologically contaminated area
with reasonable protection, and be
able to be decontaminated. SOL is
NTD070005729, due April 2007.
(BAA) for the Combating Terrorism
Technology Support Office (CTTSO)
Technical Support Working Group
(TSWG). The BAA package itself
will be available only from the fol-
lowing website, www.bids.tswg.gov.
©Teal Group Corporation
CBRN Sensors
The BAA process constitutes a solici-
tation of concepts from those offerors
cap ab le o f satisfyin g th e
government’s needs.
SOL is W91CRB-04-T-0065, due
April 1, 2004. POC is Renee Hodge,
J-UCAS Revolutionary Technologies Solicitation
In June 2004, the Joint Unmanned
Combat Air Systems (J-UCAS) Of-
fice at DARPA, Arlington, VA, an-
nounced it is soliciting ideas that will
help achieve its objectives to develop
and demonstrate unmanned air com-
bat capabilities for high-threat com-
bat missions and environments,
including the Suppression of Enemy
Air Defenses (SEAD), surveil-
lance/reconnaissance, precision
strike and other related missions, be-
ing conducted within the emerging
global command and control archi-
tecture. Such ideas can range from
modest hardware and or software
c o mp o n e n t p r o j e c ts to ma j o r
subsystems developments.
Enabling system level technology
areas of interest encompass advanced
sensors; digital wireless communica-
tions, including networks; informa-
tion processing and integration;
CBRNE Non-Intrusive Detection Technologies
In June 2004, the DTRA an-
nounced that Research and Develop-
ment is being sought in the area of
CBRNE non-intrusive detection tech-
nologies. Multiple awards are antici-
pated. The objective is to research and
develop non-intrusive detectors capa-
ble of providing real-time, non-intru-
sive interrogation of ordnance,
munitions, and Improvised Explosive
Devices (IEDs) to detect and identify
internal CBRNE components and
filler agents. Desired systems should
also have the capability to accurately
interrogate container contents for the
CBRN Unmanned Ground Reconnaissance (CUGR)
In January 2005, the Army
RDECOM announced it is seeking to
identify existing sensors or systems
which will provide detection, identi-
fication, and collection capabilities of
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
tel: (410) 278-0881, email: jacque-
line.renee.hodge@us.army.mil. POP
is Robert Morris Acquisition Center,
Aberdeen Branch, AT T N :
AMSSB-ACC-A, 4118 Susquehanna
intelligent algorithms and related
software for mission management,
data fusion, image registration, tar-
geting and other system level func-
tions; digital avionics; and other areas
that can improve or enhance system
capabilities. Unmanned air vehicle
platform technologies, including
those that impact vehicle manage-
ment, survivability, and platform per-
formance, including enhanced
propulsion, also fall within the scope
of this solicitation.
Additional ideas of specific inter-
est to the J-UCAS Office for near
term application include automated
air refueling; avionics performance
and reliability enhancement technol-
ogies (eg., spray cooling); advanced
flight stability and control; and other
technologies to reduce weight and
cost. Proposals should fall within the
general scope of the topics described
presence of CBRNE materials re-
gardless of packaging and/or con-
tainer types, to include items such as
pipes and equipment associated with
agent production.
The systems being sought will per-
form CBRNE detection and identifi-
cation in a complete “non-intrusive”
manner, i.e., not requiring physical
contact with or exposure to the agent
outside of the containment vessel.
The non-intrusive detection systems
should be man-portable with a total
weight not to exceed 80 lbs (thresh-
old), 30 lbs (objective), and not re-
CBRN agents. These sensors need to
be small, rugged, and use minimal
power in order to facilitate integration
on a small Unmanned Ground Vehi-
cle (UGV). Detectors must be able to
Page 247
Avenue, Aberdeen Proving Ground,
MD 21005-3013.
herein and extend the state of the art in
order to be considered acceptable.
The J-UCAS Office’s goal for this
Broad Agency Announcement
(BAA) is to solicit revolutionary re-
search and development that will sup-
port its Office mission. Such efforts
may involve high technical risks,
which if enabled would provide com-
mensurate high payoffs. Offerors
should initially be prepared to support
the technical feasibility of their con-
cept or idea, and then be prepared to
demonstrate and discuss successive
phases leading toward technology de-
velopment and integration with
J-UCAS system elements. SOL is
BA A 0 4 - 2 4 , P O C is Ma r k
Bennington, Contracting Officer, tel:
(703) 696-2411, fax: (703) 696-2208,
email: mbennington@darpa.mil.
quire or depend upon extensive
logistics support for operation. The
systems being sought should be easily
upgraded to incorporate technologi-
cal advances in hardware or software
including the ability to detect new
analyses; and should be capable of
operating within all anticipated envi-
ronments and should perform with a
specificity of 99% (objective) 95%
(threshold) with sensitivity compara-
ble to direct detection technologies
(objective), 2 logs more than direct
detection technologies (threshold).
relay status and control to/from an
external controller by means such as
serial, infrared (IRDA) or Ethernet.
Detection capabilities sought include
detection and identification of chemi-
Page 248
cal warfare agents, toxic industrial
chemicals and radiological materials.
Environmental sensors that pro-
vide O2, LEL/UEL, VOC, CO, and
H2S detection are also required. Use
of multiple sensors to provide this ca-
pability is acceptable. Detectors must
use a proven detection technology
and have independent test data and
CUGR MARS
In January 2005, the Army
RDECOM released a solicitation for
its Military Applications in Surveil-
lance and Reconnaissance (MARS)
program, that supports the CBRN Un-
manned Ground Reconnaissance
(CUGR) Advanced Concept Tech-
nology Demonstration (ACT D) pro-
gram, to seek to identify candidate
technologies that with short-term de-
velopment can provide sample col-
lection devices for air, aerosols,
vapor, liquids, and solids. Similarly,
sensors that can trigger, detect, or
identify CBRN agents, Toxic Indus-
trial Ch emicals o r Materials
(TICS/TIMS), O2, LEL/UEL, VOC,
Fox NBC Vehicle Contract
In February 2005, the Army
Tank-automotive and Armaments
Command (TACOM), Rock Island,
IL, announced it was awarding a con-
tract to General Dynamics Land Sys-
tems in Sterling Heights, MI, to
finance services for the M93A1 Fox
Nuclear, Biological, Chemical (NBC)
Reconnaissance vehicle. The contract
was sole source and was issued as part
CBRN Detection & Remediation Contract
In May 2005, the Army TACOM
proposed to award on a sole source
basis a new cost-plus-fixed-fee
(CPFF) RDT&E contract to Ad-
vanced Concepts and Technologies
International (ACTI) of Waco, TX,
for solutions of detection and
remediation of nuclear biological
chemical (NBC); chemical, biologic,
radiologic and nuclear (CBRN); toxic
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
user data to verify their performance.
In addition to detection and identifi-
cation, ECBC seeks to identify prod-
ucts capable of collecting liquid and
solid samples that are suitable for de-
ployment on a UGV. Products must
be suitably mature and available to
support system integration and tech-
nical testing in mid FY 2006, fol-
CO, and H2S detection are also
sought.
New and novel systems that can
provide an integration platform for
multi-variate sensors will also be en-
tertained. These sensors need to be
small, rugged, and use minimal power
in order to facilitate integration on a
small Unmanned Ground Vehicle
(UGV) and must be interface-able
with systems that can relay status and
control to/from an external controller
by means such as serial, infrared
(IRDA) or Ethernet. Use of multiple
sensors to provide this capability is
acceptable.
Technologies must be maturable to
a TRL-6 level within 2 years. Ideally,
of an FY 2002 basic ordering
agreement (BOA).
TACOM-Rock Island obligated a
delivery order amount of $11.5 mil-
lion as part of a $39.3 million
cost-plus-fixed-fee (CPFF) contract
for contractor logistic support (CLS)
services for the M93A1 NBC Recon-
naissance Vehicle. The work is to be
performed in Sterling Heights, MI,
and is to be completed by January,
industrial chemical (TIC) and toxic
in d u s tr ial ma te r ials ( T I M)
contaminants in potable water.
The contractor shall advance the
research and engineering develop-
ment of breadboard/demonstrator de-
vices for NBC/CBRN and TIC/TIM
contaminant sample concentration,
detection, and removal, currently be-
ing conducted under a previous con-
CBRN Sensors
lowed by operational demonstration
in late F Y 2 0 0 6 . S O L is
W911SR-05-ECBC-0000. POP is
RDECOM Acquisition Center –
Edgewood, ATTN: AMSSB-ACC-E,
5183 Black Hawk Road, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD 21010-5424.
these technologies should be avail-
able to support system integration and
technical testing in mid FY 2007, fol-
lowed by operational demonstration
in late F Y 2 0 0 7 . S O L is
W 9 11 S R- R- 0 5 - A 0 0 2 . P O P is
RDECOM Acquisition Center –
Edgewood, ATTN: AMSSB-ACC-E,
5183 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, MD 21010-5424.
POC is Stephen Skolnik, tel: (410)
436-3955. Email questions to ste-
ven.skolnik@apgea.army.mil, at
RDECOM Acquisition Center -
Edgewood.
2006. Contract funding will come
from Army O&M.
The M93A1 is an Army-improved
version of the German TPZ1 Fuchs
wheeled armored vehicle. It is
equipped with a fully integrated nu-
clear and chemical detection, warning
and communications capability, and it
has the added capacity to sample
NBC contamination for future analy-
sis (DAAE20-02-G-0008).
tract with ACTI. This new require-
ment shall update the previous litera-
ture study and development of
breadboard/demonstrator devices for
CBRN/TIC contaminant sample con-
centration, detection, and removal. In
addition, the contractor shall develop
a reverse osmosis water recovery unit
(ROWPU) computer hydraulic
model, a flat element test system, a
©Teal Group Corporation
CBRN Sensors
ROWPU scale model for laboratory
testing, ROWPU instrumentation,
and a ROWPU contaminant removal
database.
The computer hydraulic model
supports the development and optimi-
CBRN Services Contract
I n Mar c h 2 0 0 6 , S PAWA R
awarded Cubic Applications, San
Diego, CA, a $7 million CPIF con-
tract to fund the development of the
Joint Operational Effects Federation
prototype, including code-based
models, analysis and decision support
tools used as part of the CBRN plan-
ning process, and the development of
CBRN Medical Science Solicitation
In January 2006, the DTRA re-
leased a BAA to solicit proposals for
the Department of Defense (DoD)
Chemical and Biological Defense
Medical Science and Technology
Fox NBC Recon Vehicle Upgrades
I n A u g u s t 2 0 0 7 , th e A r my
RDECOM obligated $56.5 million to
General Dynamics’ Land Systems in
Sterling Heights, MI, under an FFP
modification to a FY96 contract, for
the upgrade of the Fox NBC Recon-
naissance Vehicle System (NBCRS)
for the M93 configuration to the
M93A1, and then to the MP31A1P1.
The Fox NBCRS is an Army-im-
proved version of the German TPZ1
Fuchs wheeled armored vehicle. The
Counter Terrorism CBRN BAA
I n A u g u s t 2 0 0 7 , th e A r my
RDECOM solicited concepts for in-
novative research and development
projects for combating terrorism.
Mission areas include Blast Effects
and Mitigation; Chemical, Biologi-
cal, Radiological and Nuclear Coun-
termeasures; Improvised Explosive
Device Defeat; Investigative Support
and Forensics; Surveillance Collec-
tion and Operations Support; Very
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
zation of the ROWPU benchtop scale
model, as well as instrumentation of
the ROWPU. The contractor shall
conduct laboratory testing to include
photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) and
develop missing fate, transformation
new software tools to help prepare for
CBRN weapon attacks. The work is
to be conducted in Alexandria, VA
(80%), and in San Diego, CA (20%),
and is to be completed by February
2007. The award includes options
that if exercised, would increase the
value of the procurement to $124 mil-
lion and extend the period of perfor-
(S&T) Extramural Program. The ex-
press focus of this BAA is on the de-
velopment of medical pretreatment
and therapeutic countermeasures to
chemical, biological, and radiological
work is being conducted in Sterling
Heights, MI, and is to be completed
by September 2009. Contract funding
will come from the Army Weapons
and Tr acked Comb at Vehi cl e
(WTCV) account.
The M93A1 enhancement allows
for the detection, identification, and
marking of areas of nuclear and
chemical contamination, as well as
the reporting of accurate information
to supported commanders in real
Important Person Protection; and
Concept Development.
The Army RDECOM Acquisition
Center is the procuring office for this
BAA for the Combating Terrorism
Technology Support Office, Techni-
c a l S u p p o r t Wo r k in g G r o u p
(CTTSO/TSWG). The BAA selec-
tion process will be conducted in
three phases. The BAA package de-
scribes the full process for the con-
Page 249
and toxicity data identified during ini-
tial AOA under the previous contract.
The period of performance will be
eighteen (18) months. SOL is
W56HZV-05-R-0753, due July 20,
2005. POP is TACOM Warren.
mance to February 2011. Contract
funding is expected to come from the
Navy Force Protection Advanced
Te c h n o lo g y e le me n t (PE#
0603123N) (N00039-06-C-0019).
threats and associated medical diag-
nostics systems. SOL is HDTRA1-
06-CMB-BAA, due February 2006.
time. A Block I version also permits
soldiers to detect chemical contami-
nation at a distance through the use of
a standoff detector (M21 RSCAAL).
There is also a Block II modification
to NBCRS that incorporates en-
hanced chemical and biological de-
tectors that will allow on-the-move
standoff chemical agent detection
(DAAM01-96-C-0028).
cept submission and evaluation as
well as specific requirements for the
mission areas listed above. SOL is
W91CRB-07-T-0155, due September
2007. POP is RDECOM Acquisition
C e n t e r – A b e r d e e n , AT T N :
AMSSB-ACC-A, 4118 Susquehanna
Avenue, Aberdeen Proving Ground,
MD 21005-3013.
Page 250 CBRN Sensors

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

UAV Manufacturers Overview
AAI Corp.
P.O Box 126
Hunt Valley, MD 21030
Tel: 410-666-1400.
Internet: www.aaicorp.com
Textron moves to purchase
United Industrial. Textron an-
nounced in October that it would pur-
chase United Industrial Corp. parent
of AAI Corp. The company an-
nounced that AAI would fit well and
offer revenue synergies with both
Textron Systems and Bell Helicopter.
The decision by United Industrial
to sell the company was no surprise. A
number of companies have looked at
it in recent years including DRS Tech-
nologies, Northrop Grumman Corp.,
L-3 Communications and EADS.
They all decided not to make an offer
due to worries about asbestos liabil-
ity.
Despite United Industrial’s strong
position in UAVs, potential acquirers
were deterred by concerns about as-
bestos liability. Detroit Stoker Co., an
energy business owned by United In-
dustrial, faces a number of asbestos
lawsuits that raised the concerns
about potential liability. In addition,
potential acquirers asked for condi-
tions such as a breakup fee or unani-
mous board approval, which United
Industrial was unable to satisfy.
The divestiture of the United In-
dustrial’s energy unit appears to have
alleviated concerns about the com-
pany’s asbestos liability and cleared
the way for a sale of the highly cov-
eted UAV business.
Attractiveness to Textron. AAI
was attractive to Textron primarily
because of its extremely strong posi-
tion in tactical UAVs. It is currently
the leading tactical UAV supplier
with an extremely strong position
with the US Army and the US Marine
Corps.
The company also has leveraged
its position with the Shadow to offer
related products in a sign of its inno-
vative nature. The company used its
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
own research and development
money to develop video terminals for
soldiers to provide streaming video
from the Shadow. The Army has now
contracted to buy the system.
AAI also is attractive because the
One System ground control station
has become the standard command
and control system for Army tactical
UAVs. In addition to being used on
the Shadow it is also being used for
the Army’s new Warrior UAV.
In addition, AAI has a built a
strong position in performance-based
logistics. The Army has been pleased
with its work on the Shadow. Textron
also sees the Services and Logistics
business as an attractive growth area
of defense.
AAI outlook. AAI is projected to
report $689 million of sales in 2007 of
which $386 million will come from
its unmanned systems unit. Textron’s
projection of AAI’s sales reflect a 22
percent sales growth over the past
year.
Earnings are also projected to be
strong. Earnings before interest and
taxes are projected to reach $68 mil-
lion, up from $52.6 million in 2006.
The profit margin reaches 9.9 percent
in 2007, up from 9.3 percent the pre-
vious year.
That growth is projected to con-
tinue with 8.5 percent compound rev-
enue growth that could reach 12
percent with synergies over the pe-
riod from 2007 to 2012. By 2012 syn-
ergy revenues are projected to reach
$175 million.
Positioning in tactical UAVs.
AAI has clear competitive advan-
tages in the US tactical UAV market
with its continuing deliveries of
Shadow 200 for use in Iraq.
AAI this year opened a second
production line of Shadow 200 UAVs
to satisfy US Army needs in Iraq.
Currently the US Army plans to pur-
chase 83 to 109 Shadow 200 systems
for use by the active Army, the Army
Reserve and the National Guard. The
Marine Corps plans to purchase 12
systems to replace its Pioneer with
funding going through the US Army.
As of August 2007 a total of 74
systems had been ordered including
296 aircraft and 148 ground control
stations. A total of 58 delivered. That
compares with 65 Shadows ordered
and 49 delivered as of August 2006.
In addition, international customers
purchased two Shadow 600 systems
and one Shadow 400.
AAI estimates that deliveries with
current orders will extend production
through January 2008. Lead time for
production is between nine months
and one year.
To boost its production, AAI has
streamlined its production, moving
all work into a single, refurbished
building.
Improving the Shadow. AAI is
introducing a series of upgrades that
are making the Shadow increasingly
capable. A tactical common data link
will improve interoperability and
help with spectrum problems. An im-
proved electro-optical/infrared sen-
sor has been added. Reduced Target
Location Error is being added to im-
p r o v e t a rg e t i n g a c c u r a c y a n d
lengthen the distance at which attacks
can be mounted.
An improved tactical common
data link will be added to increase the
bandwidth. One ground control sys-
tem operates one UAV currently but
with an improved data link it will be
able to control multiple UAVs. L-3
and Cubic are competing to provide
to the improved data link which is ex-
pected to be available in 2008.
Page 252
Additional spiral upgrades are
planned including a laser designator,
an engine improvements to reduce
maintenance and a heavy fuel engine.
These improvements are being
worked on now and are expected to be
available in 2008.
The Marine Corps’ decision to
procure the Shadow 200 was a big
boost for AAI. Originally the Marine
Corps’ anticipated replacing the Pio-
neer in about 2015 with the winner of
the Marine Corps’ Tier III competi-
tion—either Northrop Grumman’s
Fire Scout or Bell Helicopters Eagle
Eye tilt-rotor UAV. Ultimately the
Marine Corps decided in favor of
commonality with the Army. The
Army has already transferred one sys-
tem to the Marine Corps for training
purposes.
Although the Pioneer UAV is be-
ing replaced by the Shadow 200, it is
still expected to be maintained in Ma-
rine inventories for occasional use.
Pioneer’s continued maintenance
generates about $7 million annually
for AAI although this will decline as
the operations tempo of the Pioneer
declines. With the Pioneer’s replace-
ment by the Shadow all upgrades of
the Pioneer will also end.
Future Combat System Class III
UAV cancellation a mixed bag. The
cancellation of the competition for a
new Class III UAV for the Future
Combat System offers both good and
bad news for AAI.
On the positive side, the cancella-
tion of the new UAV eliminates the
threat of US government funding to
develop a successor to the Shadow. In
the Class III competition,
an advanced version of the
S h a d o w w a s co mp e tin g w ith
Piasecki’s Air Guard rotocopter and
Teledyne’s version of Rheinmetall’s
KZO UAV. The winner of that compe-
tition would have faced a DARPA ro-
torcraft—the DP-5X from Dragonfly
Pictures or the Boeing X-50A Drag-
onfly canard rotor/wing—to decide
which aircraft would be procured for
the Future Combat Systems Class III
UAV, a potentially lucrative opportu-
nity for the winner.
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
UAV Manufacturers Overview
On the negative side, the decision
to add additional payloads to the
Class I and Class IV Future Combat
System UAVs directly threatens
Shadow. It could mean that Northrop
Grumman’s Fire Scout, the Class IV
UAV, would ultimately replace the
Shadow. Still, they will take a consid-
erable amount of time.
Background on the Shadow. The
Shadow was selected by the US Army
for its Tactical Unmanned Aerial Ve-
hicle (TUAV) requirement in Decem-
ber 1999. That was followed by a full
production contract in December
2002.
United Industrial’s AAI managed
to beat larger companies favored to
win the US Army competition to pro-
vide the new TUAV system. At the
time of the contract win in 1999,
Alliant Techsystems Inc., the incum-
bent on the program was beaten, as
well as TRW Inc.
To win, AAI took on a unit of
Raytheon Co. in Falls Church, Va. as
a subcontractor to help boost its pros-
pects on the program.
Export prospects. United Indus-
trial plans to build on its US Army
success to export the Shadow. As yet,
there has been little to show for
Shadow export efforts.
Poland will be purchasing two of
the Shadow systems as the latest in-
ternational customer. Polish troops’
involvement in Iraq has created con-
siderable interest in Poland in the
country purchasing its own UAVs.
Poland is now seeking to develop a
position as a leader within NATO in
reconnaissance and surveillance. The
Shadow would be the first stage of
that process which Polish officials
hope will broader to include either the
Predator or even the Global Hawk, as-
suming US aid is available for such
acquisitions.
AAI has already made several ex-
ports of the Shadow UAV family. Ro-
mania purchased the Shadow 600, a
larger version of the Shadow UAV,
while an undisclosed Asian country
purchased the Shadow 400, a mari-
time version of the Shadow.
The limited success of the Shadow
in export markets appears to stem
from intense international competi-
tion. Israel’s Elbit Systems and Israel
Aircraft Industries are extremely ac-
tive in international UAV markets. In
Australia, a team composed of Boe-
ing Australia and Israel Aircraft In-
dustries (IAI) beat a BAE Systems
Australia-AAI team to win a contract
to provide tactical UAVs to the Aus-
tralian Defence Force. Since the Boe-
ing Australia /IAI team offered the
I-View 250 UAV, a new UAV under
development, the loss was all the
more bitter for AAI, which already
has the Shadow in production. IAI’s
commitment to build part of the air
vehicle in Australia was a factor in the
victory.
Growth in logistics, One Station.
AAI has been successful in getting
the US Army and the US Marine
Corps to adopt its One Station ground
control station as the standard.
The new US Army Warrior pro-
gram will use the One Station for its
ground control. Obviously the
Shadow already uses the One Station.
In the Marine Corps, the Pioneer
has now been modified to use the One
Station and the expectation is that fu-
ture Marine Corps UAVs will also use
the One Station.
The Coast Guard’s Eagle Eye
UAV, if it moves ahead, will also use
the One Station.
As an increasing number of US
military UAVs adopt the One Station,
AAI’s management believes that the
One Station will adopted by other
countries as well to ensure they can
work easily in coalition operations
with US troops.
In addition to its success in getting
greater adoption of the One Station,
AAI is benefitting from a growth in
UAV-related logistics. As the in-
stalled base of Shadows increases,
each system requires spares, engi-
neering upgrades and training. With
its success in performance based lo-
gistics associated with the Shadow,
AAI is able to look at broadening its
logistics work for other manufactur-
ers’ products, such as the Warrior
©Teal Group Corporation
UAV Manufacturers Overview
UAV and the Predator UAV. It previ-
ously had a contract to provide
training for the Raven UAV.
Aerosonde acquisition offers sci-
entific, Marine Corps and interna-
tional prospects. As AAI seeks to
broaden its position in UAVs, it has
acquired several UAV companies to
broaden its product offering.
AAI’s purchase of Aerosonde Pty.
Ltd. and Aerosonde North America
Inc. for $6.5 million is an important
step. Aerosonde Pty is a Victoria,
Australia-based manufacturer and de-
veloper of UAVs which has the poten-
tial to broaden AAI through the use of
its Aerosonde UAV for weather fore-
casting needs of the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration,
NASA and the US Air Force.
Aerosonde offers UAVs on a lease ba-
sis for weather forecasting.
AAI also was able to enter the
Aerosonde UAV in the Marine Corps’
Tier II UAV competition, pitting it
against five other UAVs, including
the competitive favorite, the Boeing
ScanEagle already operated by the
Marine Corps. With the United States
representing most of the world mar-
ket for UAVs, access to the US market
also is a key advantage for Aerosonde
with its acquisition. AAI officials say
they continue to evaluate whether to
make the Aerosonde their final offer
in the competition or whether they
will offer another vehicle.
Aerosonde may also help AAI
penetrate foreign markets. Its UAVs
can be marketed to customers who
cannot currently afford the Shadow.
Since Aerosonde’s UAVs would use
the One System ground control sys-
tem offered by AAI, eventually the
Aerosonde UAVs could be substi-
tuted by Shadow air vehicles.
Allied Aerospace builds MAV
positioning. AAI also acquired the
UAV business of Allied Aerospace
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
last year. While it was a small acquisi-
tion, it was also very important strate-
gically. Allied Aerospace has the
intellectual property rights for the air
vehicles for Honeywell’s Organic Air
Vehicle family.
As a result, AAI has a strong posi-
tio n w ith small U AV s o n th e
Honeywell team. In March 2006, it
received a $1.7 million order from
Honeywell Aerospace for 55 Micro
Air Vehicle (MAV) airframes for use
in the Advanced Concept Technology
Demonstration program of the De-
fense Advanced Research Projects
Agency. The contact, which involves
design modifications and manufac-
ture of the MAVs, extends AAI’s
work with Honeywell on MAV sup-
port until November 2006. The MAV,
which flies like a helicopter using a
ducted fan to provide thrust, is de-
signed to scout urban and mountain-
ous areas using its hover and stare
capability. It is small enough to be
carried in a backpack.
The involvement of Honeywell in
the project is important due to its
worldwide marketing clout. It will
have the ability to market the MAV to
not just military customers but also to
police departments around the coun-
try and around the world. The MAV is
also expected to have civil applica-
tions such as bridge inspections.
Despite its interest in making UAV
acquisitions, there is no guarantee the
company will be able to do any addi-
tional acquisitions soon. Currently
the obstacle to making acquisitions is
the high valuations for UAV manu-
facturers. As yet, the company has
balked at paying such premiums.
In terms of its interest in UAVs,
AAI remains committed to purchas-
ing air frame manufacturers. While
the company considered possibly
purchasing a small payload manufac-
turer in the past, it now believes such
Page 253
as acquisition would expose the com-
pany to unnecessary risks of trying to
understand the sensor market.
Threats to the company’s UAV
position. Despite its strong current
position in the UAV business, United
Industrial would have found it hard to
maintain a strong position in an at-
tractive growth market such as UAVs,
which is attracting an increasing
number of large and small companies
into the market. This is part of the ex-
planation of the decision to sell the
company to Textron.
Northrop Grumman has emerged
as a major competitor since the pur-
chase of Ryan Aeronautical in 1999.
With its strong positioning in the stra-
tegic UAV market due to the strategic
Global Hawk UAV and the tactical
Firescout, Northrop Grumman has
established itself as the broadest UAV
manufacturer in the United States.
The competition for the UAV mar-
ket includes not only Northrop
Grumman, but a number of other
larger companies offering UAVs, in-
cluding General Atomics, Textron,
Lockheed Martin Corp., the Boeing
Co., Israel Aircraft Industries, Israel’s
Elbit, France’s Thales and France’s
Safran.
Moreover, the potentially more lu-
crative unmanned combat aerial vehi-
cle market (UCAV) is the domain of
only the larger companies, including
N o r th r o p G r u mman , Bo e in g ,
Lockheed Martin and Dassault Avia-
tion. United Industrial is making no
effort to enter the UCAV market,
which would be far too technically
demanding for a small company.
In addition to the size of its com-
petitors, United Industrial also faces
challenges from a trend toward the
provision of complete systems, such
as a larger company like Northrop
Grumman could provide, rather than
just platforms.
Page 254
AeroVironment Inc.
181 W. Huntington Drive, Suite 202
Monrovia, CA 91016
Tel: 626-357-9983
Fax: 626-359-9628
Internet: www.avinc.com
Focusing on growth in small
UAVs. AeroVironment may be a rela-
tively small defense company, but it is
a giant in small UAVs. It is seeking to
broaden its position with a focus on
new markets such a homeland secu-
rity, new products and an initial pub-
lic offering that will raise money for
possible acquisitions.
AeroVironment already is the larg-
est player in small unmanned aerial
vehicles (SUAV), experiencing ex-
plosive growth over the past three
years. Its revenue over the past four
years has almost quadrupled, driven
largely by its UAV programs.
In January 2007 AeroVironment
successfully completed the initial
public offering of its stock raising
$80.5 million. The stock offering
gives the company greater flexibility
going forward in expanding its opera-
tions or making acquisitions.
The company has prepared the
foundations for further growth. Its
SUAV facility in Simi Valley, Calif.
has been expanded and can produce
up to 1,000 SUAV aircraft per month.
Currently it is producing 200
monthly.
AeroVironment’s SUAVs are
launched by one person and operated
with a hand-held control unit. Carry-
ing electro-optical or infrared sen-
sors, they can travel as much as 20
miles at speeds as high as 50 miles per
hour. Each system consists of a
ground-control station and three air
vehicles.
Competitive strength in SUAVs.
In open competitions for US SUAVs,
AeroVironment has been the victor in
each of the last three competitions. In
2001 AeroVironment and BAI
Aerosystems defeated up to 10 other
UAV manufacturers to the final de-
velopment of the Navy-Marine
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
UAV Manufacturers Overview
Corps’ Dragon Eye portable UAV.
Subsequently, The Marine Corps’
chose the AeroVironment to build the
Dragon Eye in November 2003.
In October 2005, the US Army
competition for a small unmanned ae-
rial vehicle that could be carried in a
backpack ended with the victory of
AeroVironment’s Raven B over L-3
BAI Aerosystems’ Evolution Ex-
tended Time (XTS) SUAV. This
SUAV will be dedicated for use by
brigade and company commanders.
The Army plans to purchase as many
as 1,328 of the systems, which in-
clude a ground-control station and
three air vehicles.
In D e c e mb e r 2006,
AeroVironment won an Air Force
contract worth up to $45 million over
five years to buy as many as 1,000
Battlefield Air Targeting Micro Air
Vehicles (BATMAV), a smaller UAV
than the Raven.
Small UAV product range.
AeroVironment produces five differ-
ent SUAV systems. With their porta-
bility, limited cost and minimal
infrastructure needs, they are de-
signed for small units. They allow
low altitude intelligence, reconnais-
san ce s u r v eillan ce an d
communications relay.
AeroVironment’s SUAVs include:
• Raven. Used by the US Army and
Special Operations Command the
Raven has a range of six miles and
a flight time of 90 minutes. It is
lighter and greater range and flight
time than predecessors such as the
Dragon Eye and Swift. Under a
five year IDIQ contract won in
2004, AeroVironment became the
sole provider of Raven to the US
Army. As of July 29, 2006, orders
of $58.8 million had been placed
of planned purchases of $282.6
million.
• Dragon Eye. Used by the US Ma-
rine Corps with the ability to make
horizontal autonomous landings,
the Dragon Eye has a range of 3.0
miles and a flight time of 60 min-
utes. The Marine Corps has an-
n o u n c e d th a t it w o u ld b e
transitioning from the Dragon Eye
to the Raven.
• Swift. Used by US Special Opera-
tions Command, Swift was de-
rived from the Dragon Eye to meet
special operations needs. It has a
range of 3.0 miles and a flight time
of 60 minutes.
• Wasp. Used by the US Army, Ma-
rine Corps, Navy and Special Op-
erations Command, the Wasp is
the smallest of AeroVironment’s
products. It is designed for rapid
assembly and launch with a range
of 2.4 miles and a flight time of 30
minutes.
• Puma. Used by the US Navy and
Special Operations Command, the
Puma has the longest flight dura-
tion of any of AeroVironment’s
UAVs. It has a range of 6 miles and
a flight time of four hours.
Research on new projects.
AeroVironment is working on at least
three new projects related to UAVs.
They include:
• Global Observer. This high-alti-
tude, long-endurance UAV would
be intended to provide year round
persistent intelligence, surveil-
lance, reconnaissance and com-
munications. The aircraft is
intended to be equivalent to a
12-mile high, low cost satellite. It
would provide coverage of as
much as 600 miles diameter. The
©Teal Group Corporation
UAV Manufacturers Overview
Global Observer would fly at
65,000 feet for five to seven days
before needing refueling. In addi-
tion to intelligence and communi-
cations applications for defense
and homeland security, the Global
Observer could be used for disas-
ter recovery, storm tracking and
wildfire detection and tracking. It
is under development for the US
Army’s Special Operations Com-
mand.
• Switchblade. This hand-held
SUAV would be able to destroy a
target using detonation of an
onboard explosive. An operator
would be able to launch Switch-
blade and guide it to its target us-
ing a ground control unit. In urban
warfare this would be useful in at-
tacking snipers, mortar launchers
and machine guns.
• Digital Data Link. This digital net-
work module would enable a
switch from the current analog
te c h n o lo g y used on
AeroVironment’s SUAV. It
would allow transmission between
SUAVs and their operators as well
as reduce bandwidth needs,
thereby increasing the number of
SUAVs that can work in close dis-
tances.
Building an international pres-
ence. With allied troops in Afghani-
stan and Iraq able to see benefits of
AeroVironment’s SUAVs in action,
the company is focusing on increas-
ing its international sales.
So far international sales are quite
limited. AeroVironment has made in-
ternational sales to customers in Aus-
tralia, France, Italy and Denmark but
international sales have been less than
7 percent for each of the past four
years. In 2007 they amounted to five
percent of total sales, which was quite
an improvement. Prior to that, inter-
national sales as a portion of total
sales have been in decline, falling
from 93.6 percent in fiscal 2004 to
97.6 percent in 2005 and 99.7 percent
in 2006.
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Obviously a number of factors are
involved in the limited international
sales. The UAVs are still extremely
new and foreign militaries will take
time to include them in their own pro-
curement plans. Clearly there has
been a focus so far on meeting the rap-
idly growing needs of the US military.
In addition, gaining government ap-
proval for export of UAVs to a num-
ber of countries can be slow and
difficult.
Homeland security prospects.
AeroVironment also sees strong po-
tential in homeland security with the
potential for offering a family of
U AV s in c o min g years.
AeroVironment would like to trans-
late its position as the leading supplier
of small UAVs for the US military
into a leadership role in homeland
security.
The Department of Homeland Se-
curity is still evaluating how it would
use UAVs. It has experimented with
much larger UAVs, such as leasing
Elbit’s Hermes 450 for trials earlier
and has been deploying several Pred-
ator UAVs.
Mostly recently, the Department
of Homeland Security awarded a con-
tract for SBI Net to The Boeing Co.
whose team includes Israel’s Elbit
Systems. Elbit will be offering the
Skylark-man packed UAV.
In other homeland security roles,
SUAVs could be used in natural disas-
ters to assess damage and aid in res-
cue efforts.
AeroVironment executives also
see potential to use their UAVs in ar-
eas such as petrochemical industry in-
frastructure monitoring, utility
infrastructure inspection and aerial
imaging.
AeroVironment see specific appli-
cations for a number of their existing
UAVs. Small UAVs such as the
four-pound, hand-launched Raven,
offering less than 90 minutes of flight,
can be stored at a border outpost or in
the truck of a car for launching as
needed. The BATMAV could be used
in situations in which a UAV need to
be carried in a backpack and can have
a shorter duration.
Page 255
The Navy’s Puma UAV could be
used for maritime surveillance, offer-
ing 150 minutes of flight. The Aqua
Puma, another variant, could be used
when landings must be made in salt
water.
Even the Global Observer might
have some homeland security appli-
cations. Its long-endurance would en-
able it to fly for five to seven days
before refueling, allowing it to be
used for border security or maritime
surveillance.
A change in Federal Aviation Ad-
ministration (FAA) regulations on
SUAVs is critical if AeroVironment is
to be able to boost its non-defense
sales of SUAVs. Currently FAA regu-
lations require that SUAVs remain
within 400 feet of the ground and that
operations be able to see the aircraft
throughout its flight. Those regula-
tions are currently being reviewed by
the FAA.
Acquisition interest. In addition
to its rapid growth organically,
AeroVironment is interested in mak-
ing acquisitions.
The company has said little other
than any acquisition would need to
add to its product offerings, customer
base or technological capabilities.
That may not prove easy for the
company to do in UAVs. United In-
dustrial’s AAI has been looking for
acquisition candidates in UAVs and
has tended to find that properties are
very highly priced and frequently
have poor business prospects. The
mere fact that they have a limited po-
sition in UAVs has tended to drive up
their price. United Industrial recently
announced that it would be acquired
itself by Textron.
Challenges ahead with larger
competitors. Clearly there are loom-
ing challenges for AeroVironment in
the competitive environment.
Despite its dominance in the
SUAV market, it will face increas-
ingly serious challenges from larger
companies. Companies such as
Lockheed Martin and Honeywell
may have seen the market as a relative
backwater with limited sales, but as
the market grows their interest is
Page 256
growing. The economies of scale
such companies can bring to bear in
the market will be increasingly im-
portant as production of SUAVs tran-
sitions from boutique production into
mass production.
As larger companies becoming in-
creasingly interested in
AeroVironment’s market niche, they
are able to bring tremendous techni-
cal, financial, research and marketing
capabilities to bear in the market.
They may be able hire key employees
by offering strong compensation
packages. Larger companies may also
offer services that lessen the role of
AeroVironment in future contracts.
For example, AAI performed training
on AeroVironment’s Raven SUAV
for the US Army earlier.
With their large procurement
clout, big companies may also be able
to get more ready access to materials
in s h o r t su p p ly. I n 2 0 0 5
AeroVironment have difficulties get-
ting needed supplies particular nylon
composites used for SUAVs due to
worldwide shortages.
Honeywell, winner of the Class I
Future Combat Systems competition,
will be making a strong push into
AeroVironment’s market niche as its
UAV continues its development.
AeroVironment is clearly aware of
the need to retain its technological
Aurora Flight Sciences Corp.
9950 Wakeman Drive
Manassas, VA 20110
Tel: (703) 369-3633
Fax: (703) 369-4514
Internet: www.aurora.aero
Building its position through
collaboration. While Aurora Flight
Sciences has not hesitated to go it
alone on UAV programs, generally
the company has built up its position
by working a subcontractor to prime
contractors.
Aurora has a key strategic relation-
ship with Northrop Grumman. Au-
rora provides about a third of the
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
UAV Manufacturers Overview
edge in such an environment. It has
been increasing its company-funded
research and development spending
over the past several years. Research
in the 2007 fiscal year totaled $13.9
million or 8 percent of revenue, an ex-
tremely high proportion of sales for
any defense company but still below
the 12 percent spent the previous year.
Yet AeroVironment also faces a
challenge in competing with large
companies’ research and develop-
ment budgets. Customer funded re-
search and development has fallen in
the past several years, making com-
pany funded research all the more im-
portant. In fiscal 2004, customer-
funded research and development to-
taled $17.3 million, falling to $10.6
million in 2005. By 2006, it slightly
rebounded to $11.6 million, but re-
mained well below the levels
achieved in 2004.
In fiscal 2007 AeroVironment
p o s ted a s tr o n g g a in in c u s-
tomer-funded research and develop-
ment that reversed the declines of
recent years. Customer-funded re-
search and development amounted to
approximately $19.1 or 11 percent of
sales.
US government contracts may also
a d d to th e r is k s p o s e d to
AeroVironment by competition.
Some contracts allow the federal gov-
exterior structure of the Global Hawk
including the V-tail assembly. Aurora
received a $16 million contract to
build Northrop Grumman’s Hunter II
UAV, which was offered unsuccess-
fully in the Army’s Extended
Range/Multi-Purpose (ER/MP) UAV
competition. Northrop Grumman is
even a member of the Golden Eye
team.
ernment to release technical data
without any constraint on a potential
recipient. They may also allow the
royalty-free use of inventions devel-
oped under US government contracts.
Obviously such provisions lower the
barriers to entry for competitors.
Strong financial performance.
AeroVironment is a rarity in the UAV
industry because it offers transpar-
ency into its financial performance in
UAVs that is lacking with larger
companies.
That financial performance has
been extremely good. Overall reve-
nue increased from $47.7 million in
the year ended April 30, 2004 to
$173.7 million in 2007.
Net income soared even faster,
growing from $2.2 million in 2004 to
$11.4 million in 2006.
Unmanned Aerial Systems con-
tributed $146.5 million of the com-
pany’s $173.7 million in revenues for
the 2006 fiscal year, 84 percent of the
company’s sales. That compared to
$30.4 million of the total $47.7 mil-
lion in fiscal 2004, approximately 64
percent of sales.
In 2007 Unmanned Aerial Sys-
tems revenues increased to $146.5
million from $111.1 million, the pre-
vious year, a 32 percent increase.
Aurora is working with Boeing on
the Orion High Altitude, Long Loiter
(HALL) hydrogen-powered UAV in-
tended to loiter as much as 4 days. Its
primary role would be as a communi-
cations relay. In July the US Army’s
Space and Missile Defense Com-
mand/Army Forces Strategic Com-
mand awarded a $6.1 million contract
to continue development of the Orion
Hall system that could be worth as
©Teal Group Corporation
UAV Manufacturers Overview
much as $27.7 million if all options
are exercised. Boeing is providing the
hydrogen engine which is intended to
carry payloads of as much as 400
pounds to altitudes of up to 65,000
feet. The UAV would then remain
there for more than 100 hours.
Aurora is studying another version
of the Orion HALL that would be
conventionally powered. It would
have endurances of as much as two
weeks at 20,000 feet altitude.
The Orion HALL could be used
for persistent surveillance and target
tracking by the military or for envi-
ronmental research to track hurri-
canes and severe storms.
The Boeing Co.
100 N. Riverside
Chicago, IL 60606-1596
Tel: (312) 544-2000
Internet: www.boeing.com
Pursuing the Broad Area Mari-
time (BAMS) unmanned systems
contract. Boeing is the latest entry
into the BAMS contest, building on
expertise developed in its unsuccess-
ful bid for the Navy Unmanned Com-
bat Air Vehicle (UCAV) contest.
Boeing is offering an unmanned
version of the G550 business jet. It
will use some of the same software
used in the ScanEagle. It will also
bring technology and people from its
UCAV team.
Boeing, which will be responsible
for the unmanned of the aircraft and
the overall system, put together a
team that included: General Dynam-
ics’ Gulfstream (manufacturer of the
G550 jet); Raytheon Co. (advanced
digital radar, electronic support mea-
sures, electro-optical and infrared
systems); Honeywell (vehicle man-
agement) and Rolls-Royce plc
(aircraft engine).
The contract, which is expected to
be decided in the last quarter of 2007,
involves initial operational capability
by 2014 for one orbit. Ultimately the
entire system will include five orbits.
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Aurora’s research programs.
Through its position as a small busi-
ness, Aurora has been able to win key
research programs. In April 2007 Au-
rora was selected by the US Navy to
develop technologies to enable un-
manned aerial, surface and underwa-
ter vehicles to work together. In May
2007 Aurora was selected by the US
Air Force to develop technology to
enable micro air vehicles to move
through complex, cluttered environ-
ments. This includes both stationary
objects such as buildings and moving
objects such as vehicles.
Aurora opens a new facility. Au-
rora is expanding, opening a new
Boeing’s concept for each orbit in-
cludes: three G550 aircraft, one main
operating base and one forward oper-
ating base.
Boeing faces a tough competitive
environment. Northrop Grumman
Corp. is offering its Global Hawk
UAV. A Lockheed Martin Corp.-Gen-
eral Atomics team is offering the
Mariner, a naval version of the
Predator UAV.
Boeing bases its appeal in part on
its ability to bring common systems to
the BAMS from its work as prime
contractor on the P-8 maritime patrol
aircraft program. Creating systems
that have the same mission system
software, communications suite and
contractor logistics support should
cut training costs, according to
Boeing executives.
Boeing also sees the reliability of
the aircraft in government service as a
big advantage. The aircraft has
achieved 99.8 percent reliability. That
reliability reduces the number of air-
craft needed and also reduces the
need for attrition aircraft.
Page 257
manufacturing plant at the Golden
Triangle Regional Airport in Colum-
bus, Mississippi in May 2007.
The plan manufactures composite
aerostructures. Its UAV work in-
cludes design, assembly and integra-
tio n o f th e O r io n H A LL, th e
GoldenEye 50 and the GoldenEye 80.
In addition the plant will work on
manned aircraft including the Ad-
vanced Composite Cargo Aircraft
and parts of the Sikorsky Aircraft
CH-53K heavy lift helicopter.
As a commercial aircraft, the G550
also has the advantage of a worldwide
logistics network to support existing
business jet customers.
Boeing executives suggest that
there is more room for growth in the
G550 than in their competitors’ offer-
ings. With continuing weight prob-
lems in many programs and the
possibility of adding additional pay-
loads in the future, they suggest this
could be another key advantage.
The G550 also has speed advan-
tage with the ability to cruise at 440
knots and to dash at 480 knots. This
should help limit the number of air-
craft needed.
Despite these key advantages,
there are also some hurdles in the cost
of the individual aircraft and the
G550’s need to still obtain certifica-
tion. Both of its competitors, the
Global Hawk UAV and the Predator
UAV already have passed certifica-
tion and are in operation with the
military.
Picking up the pieces after its
UCAV failure. The loss of the Navy’s
Page 258
UCAV program was not unexpected
but was still a setback for Boeing.
Northrop Grumman beat Boeing
to win the $635.8 million demonstra-
tor contract in July 2007 in a result
that was widely anticipated.
Boeing achieved some technical
success with 64 successful flights of
its X-45. Boeing was forced to try to
p la y c a tc h u p w ith N o r th r o p
Grumman
Following the cancellation of the
J-UCAS program. The decision to
terminate the joint Air Force-Navy
J-UCAS program in the 2007 defense
budget was a bitter blow for Boeing.
Boeing had been working on the
X-45C demonstrator which was opti-
mized for Air Force missions.
Northrop Grumman was working on
the X-47B that was intended to oper-
ate from aircraft carriers.
With the differing orientation of
their work, the transfer of the program
to the Navy put Boeing at a distinct
disadvantage versus Northrop
Grumman. Boeing received funds
from the Navy to even the playing
field with its competitor Northrop
Grumman, but it was difficult to catch
up to a competitor that had already
oriented its work to the Navy.
Boeing developing innovative al-
liances, acquisitions to build UAV
presence. Boeing has adopted an in-
novative approach of building its
UAV business that ranges from out-
right acquisitions of UAV businesses
to strategic alliances.
Boeing is working with the Insitu
Group to develop the ScanEagle, a
low-cost, long-endurance autono-
mous unmanned vehicle. Rather than
purchasing Insitu, Boeing preferred
to maintain the company’s independ-
ence and its ability to remain innova-
tive. In February 2002, the two
companies signed an initial agree-
ment to develop and building the
ScanEagle. They followed that agree-
ment with a long-term contract to
move into production.
The approach has worked well.
The team was able to quickly intro-
duce the ScanEagle into Iraq where it
established a strong reputation as the
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
UAV Manufacturers Overview
only UAV that flew 100 percent of the
time in the support of the battle of
Fallujah in 2004.
ScanEagle, a long-endurance,
fully autonomous unmanned aircraft,
has been used by the Marines since
July 2004, the US Navy since Sep-
tember 2005 and the Australian De-
fense Forces since November 2006.
During that time, ScanEagles have
flown more than 4,600 sorties and
50,000 flight hours.
Team ScanEagle, composed of
Boeing and Insitu, have achieved
considerable success in gaining ac-
ceptance of their system. The Marines
have used the system since July 2004.
The US Navy began using it in Sept.
2005. The Australian Defense Forces
have used it since November 2006.
The ScanEagle, which has been
used by the Marine Corps, is now in
competition for the Marine Corps’
Tier II requirement.
Boeing is working with Aurora
Flight Sciences and Ford Motor Com-
pany on the development of Orion, its
High Altitude Long Endurance UAV.
The key to success will be the hydro-
gen propulsion system based on
Ford’s proprietary technology which
is being tested in a controlled cham-
ber at Aurora Flight Sciences’
Manassas, Va. facility.
The goal is to develop an un-
manned system that could provide
persistent intelligence, surveillance
and reconnaissance over an area. This
would have applications ranging
from battlefield intelligence to border
observation and port security.
The system could be used for tele-
communications relay after a crisis
such as Hurricane Katrina or after an
attack on US communications
satellites.
The system would stay aloft for
more than a week at a height of more
than 50,000 feet carrying payloads
weighing as much as 2,000 pounds.
Boeing also has chosen to build its
position through an outright acquisi-
tion of a UAV company. In May 2004,
Boeing purchased Frontier Systems
Inc., developer of the A-160 Hum-
mingbird and Maverick UAVs.
Frontier Systems, privately-held
company, had about 70 employees
and was formed in 1991. Frontier is
based in Irvine, Calif., and also has
operations in Victorville, Calif., for
flight-test operations.
The A-160 Hummingbird is a ver-
tical take-off-and-landing UAV. It
was designed to fly up to 2,500 nauti-
cal miles with 30 to 40 hour endur-
ance carrying as much as a 1,000
pound payload. The Hummingbird is
intended to provide reconnaissance,
surveillance, target acquisition, com-
munication relay, precision re-supply
and sensor delivery. Eventually it is
intended to provide precision attack
capabilities.
The Maverick UAV is a retrofitted
commercially available helicopter
sold to the US Special Operations
Command. The Maverick UAV has
been used as a test bed for A-160
technologies.
ScanEagle achieves success with
Marine Corps. ScanEagle has
proved very successful with the US
Marine Corps and the US Navy. More
recently in July 2007 the Marine
Corps awarded Boeing an $18 mil-
lion, three and a half year contract to
provide intelligence, surveillance and
reconnaissance support for the
ScanEagle. With options the value
could increase to $351 million.
Although ScanEagle was already
in service with the Marine Corps, it
had to compete against two to three
other companies to win the final
award.
The services contract is a stop gap
measure until the Navy/Marine Corps
awards the Small Tactical Unmanned
Aerial Vehicle System (STUAS) in
2011. The draft request for proposals
was expected in January 2008 at press
time.
In April 2005, the Navy awarded
Boeing a $14.5 million contract for
support of operations in Iraq. That
was followed by a Sept. 2005 contract
to provide the system for Navy
high-speed vessels and an afloat for-
ward staging base.
Although ScanEagle as the incum-
bent is seen as having a strong advan-
©Teal Group Corporation
UAV Manufacturers Overview
tage, other companies are also
preparing to compete for the require-
men t. Th e S w if t En g in e e r-
ing/Raytheon team is expected to
offer the Killer Bee. Northrop
Grumman, which withdrew from co-
operating on the Killer Bee, is evalu-
Elbit Systems Ltd.
Advanced Technology Center
P.O. Box 539
Haifa 31053
Israel
Tel: (972) 4 8 315 315
Fax: (972) 4 8 550 002
Internet: www.elbit.co.il
New opportunities emerging.
Elbit has become a major player in
UAVs thanks to its victory in the
United Kingdom’s Watchkeeper pro-
gram. That victory showed that the
Thales-Elbit team could beat major
players in UAVs such as Northrop
Grumman.
Thales and Elbit set up a joint ven-
ture known as UAV Tactical Systems
(U-TacS) to develop the UAV based
on Elbit’s Hermes 450. Elbit owns 51
percent of the joint venture with the
remainder held by Thales.
Elbit’s strong position in the
United Kingdom in the Watchkeeper
program meant that the UK turned to
it when it urgently needed UAVs for
operational deployments. In June
2007, U-TacS won a $110 million
contract to provide Hermes 450
UAVs and needed support for several
years.
Elbit has followed that up its suc-
cess on Watchkeeper with an agree-
ment to team with Dassault Aviation
and Thales to offer the UAV for
French tactical surveillance require-
ments for the Système de Drone
Tactique Terrestre (SDTT). The WK
450 UAVs being developed under the
Watchkeeper program will be offered
for the French program.
At time when EADS is having em-
barrassing problems with the UAVs it
is providing for the French army, the
Thales team is in a strong position.
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
ating the UAV it will offer. DRS
Technologies may offer its Neptune
Maritime UAV. Lockheed Martin is
another likely candidate to offer a
UAV although it may team with an-
o th e r co mp a n y s u c h a s D RS
Technologies.
Thales, as prime contractor for the
French defense procurement agency,
is also using the WK 450 in a study of
munitions release and firing from
UAVs.
Elbit’s cooperation with Thales
also paid off in Canada. Thales Can-
ada was selected in September 2006
to deliver a mini-UAV based on
Elbit’s Skylark. Elbit is to deliver five
Skylark UAVs with an option for an
additional five. The goal was to pro-
vide an immediate capability for Ca-
nadian Forces in Afghanistan.
This puts Elbit in a good position
for the competition for Canadian
Army plans to acquire a family of
UAVs. The competition is expected to
pit Elbit’s Skylark 2 against the Boe-
ing/Insitu ScanEagle and Israel Air-
craft Industries-Malat I-View 50.
Beyond its willingness to team
with other companies, Elbit has
shown a willingness to consider local
production to bolster its prospects.
The Watchkeeper UAV will be pro-
duced in the UK and exported to other
countries. Elbit agreement with two
Polish companies—Bumar and
RADWAR—that it would produce
UAVs there for the Polish army, po-
lice and border police.
Introducing new products.
Elbit’s management is planning to
build a slightly larger version of the
Skylark. The Skylark 1 and 2 have es-
tablished a strong position in the mar-
Page 259
ket with 15 customers including Can-
ada and Australia.
The company will follow-up its
success with the Hermes 450B that
has been chosen for the Watchkeeper
program by introducing the Hermes
900. It will have the same mission avi-
onics and control systems but will be
larger. It will have an endurance of 40
hours, twice the 20 hours of the Her-
mes 450. It will also carry a payload
of 300 kilograms, twice the payload
of the Hermes 450.
Still, the company is staying out of
the high-altitude long-endurance
market. In Israel, Israel Aircraft In-
dustries is focused on that segment
which is dominated worldwide by the
Northrop Grumman Global Hawk.
Elbit is proving to be extremely
agile in its marketing and product de-
velopment efforts, in part a legacy of
the company’s position as a non-state
owned company. Elbit controls ap-
proximately 85 percent of Israel’s
non-state owned defense industry.
UAV victories. Elbit’s agility has
been reflected a series of recent UAV
wins. The Boeing Co.’s Sept. 2006
victory in the $2 billion US Secure
Border Initiative, with Elbit’s partici-
pation on the Boeing team could pave
the way for the use of its UAVs for US
homeland security.
That followed the Nov. 2005 se-
lection of Elbit’s Skylark mini-UAV
for use by the Australian army, poten-
Page 260
tially a much smaller contract of six
systems.
In a critical victory, the United
Kingdom’s Watchkeeper program is
moving ahead with the Hermes 450 as
its basis. In August 2005, the UK
Ministry of Defence (MoD) and
Thales UK, and Elbit Systems Ltd.
signed a contract worth £700 million
for the development and initial sup-
port of the program. At the time, Elbit
Systems Group estimated that it
would receive a significant part of the
contract, valued at around £300 mil-
lion, the majority being executed by
as Leicester based joint venture of
Thales and Elbit Systems. This pro-
gram will establish a capability to
provide day and night-time recon-
naissance by 2010 with UAVs able to
stay airborne for more than 16 hours
each.
These contracts have been key in
broadening Elbit’s base beyond Is-
rael. This was a major step for Elbit in
increasing its international presence
in the UAV market. The Watchkeeper
victory against competitors who ini-
tially included BAE Systems,
Lockheed Martin Corp. and Northrop
EMT Ingenieurgesellschaft
Grube 29
D-82377 Penzberg
Germany
Tel: (49) (0) 8856 / 9225-0
Fax: (49) (0) 8856 / 2055
Internet: www.emt-penzberg.de
EMT proving successful in in-
ternational markets. In the intensely
competitive international market for
UAVs, EMT is proving that it can
make a market impact well beyond its
size.
Early in 2006 the Pakistan military
purchased the Luna, a tactical recon-
naissance UAV with a range of 80 ki-
lometers, to patrol its borders. The
Netherlands purchased five Aladin
mini-UAVs to support its troops in
Afghanistan.
The Pakistani and Dutch exports
followed extensive use of EMT’s
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
UAV Manufacturers Overview
G r u mman Co r p . g iv e s th e
Thales-Elbit team tremendous credi-
bility in international market.
In addition to beating other lead-
ing UAV manufacturers, Elbit broad-
ened its possible export targets. The
Watchkeeper program involves the
Thales-Elbit team using the United
Kingdom as an export base for un-
manned aerial vehicles.
Position in Israel. While Elbit ex-
ecutives like to point out that they
have won all competitive UAV bids
within Israel, Israel Aircraft Indus-
tries remains a potential competitor
on the domestic market. The Israeli
government remains committed to
IAI as a strategic and technological
asset that must be preserved. IAI was
awarded a $50 million contract to
supply the Heron UAV to the Israel
Aircraft Force in Sept. 2005.
The Heron TP is particularly im-
portant to Israel since it was originally
developed as a UAV that could per-
form boost-phase intercept. The
Heron would be able to loiter and then
launch a weapon to destroy a missile
in its boost phase.
UAVs in the Balkans and Afghanistan
by the German military. EMT pro-
vided the Luna, a UAV with a range of
80 kilometers, to the German military
for use in Kosovo in 2000. Since then
EMT also has delivered the Aladin, a
small UAV with a range of 5 kilome-
ters. Both UAVs have been used by
German forces in Afghanistan.
EMT faces growing competition
from Rheinmetall. EMT facing
growing competition in Germany
from Rheinmetall, which is working
to establish a strong position in UAVs
despite EMT’s early lead.
The next test of Elbit against Is-
raeli competitors will come as the Is-
raeli Defense Force ground forces
command selects its main mini-UAV.
Elbit is offering the SkyLark against
IAI’s I-View and Rafael’s SkyLite.
Business units engaged in UAV
work. Elbit’s UAV work is done pri-
marily by Silver Arrow LP, with work
in both Rishon Le-Zion and Haifa, Is-
rael. Silver Arrow developed and
manufactures the Hermes 450S for
the Israel Defense Forces and the
Hermes 1500, a medium altitude
UAV for the Israeli Ministry of De-
fense. It is also working on develop-
ment of the Hermes variant for the
UK Watchkeeper program.
UAV Tactical Systems, a British
subsidiary owned 51 percent by Elbit
and 49 percent by Thales UK Ltd. is
responsible for a major portion of
work on the Watchkeeper program.
In addition, UAV Engines Ltd., a
wholly-owned UK subsidiary of Sil-
ver Arrow, manufactures engines for
UAVs. The UK Watchkeeper will be
powered by the company’s engines.
R h e i n me t a l l d e v e l o p e d th e
Kleinfluggeraet Zielortung (KZO)
UAV, which has been adopted by the
German Armed Forces for artillery
spotting. The initial pilot system was
delivered in 2006 with six systems
(consisting of ten air vehicles and two
ground stations) to be delivered to the
Bundeswehr by 2007. The company
teamed with Teledyne to attempt to
sell a derivative of the KZO to the US
military as part of the Future Combat
System (see Teledyne report).
Rheinmetall is also offering the
Optional Piloted Surveillance and
©Teal Group Corporation
UAV Manufacturers Overview
Reconnaissance System (Opale) and
aerial sensor aircraft which can fly ei-
ther piloted or unmanned.
Rheinmetall’s ambitions in UAVs
go well beyond the KZO so it has
been teaming with a number of inter-
national companies to develop prod-
ucts.
Rheinmetall announced in June
2007 that it was teaming with Israel
Aerospace Industries to cooperate in
the development of a reconnaissance
and strike system using loitering mu-
nitions.
Rheinmetall also is working with
Bell Helicopter Textron and France’s
Sagem to offer a European version of
the Eagle Eye tilt-rotor UAV.
Rheinmetall would provide the
ground control and sensor payload.
In addition, Rheinmetall is work-
ing with Diehl to offer the General
European Aeronautic Defense and Space Co. (EADS)
Drentestraat 24
1083 HK Amsterdam
Netherlands
Vision of a key growth market.
EADS’ management sees UAVs as a
key growth market in defense. In a
2005 presentation management sug-
gested that the market potential until
2014 could total 10 billion euros.
EADS could have a 10 to 15 per-
cent share in that market although the
US market is not currently accessible,
according to Tom Enders, then chief
executive officer of EADS Defense
and Security Systems.
EADS’vision was clearly to domi-
nate systems for France, Spain and
Germany, which are projected to rep-
resent 13 percent of the world market.
The vision faces the harsh real-
ity. Although EADS seeks to become
the leading continental European
prime on UAV programs, but the real-
ity has been quite different.
EADS has been plagued by the
crash of its Barracuda demonstrator,
the demise of the EuroMALE pro-
gram and performance problems in
the SIDM program.
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Atomics Predator in Germany.
Rheinmetall would provide ground
stations and sensors.
Holding out hope for civil appli-
cations. EMT is developing the
Fancopter for the urban market. The
small UAV will have a diameter of 50
centimeters and a height of 60 centi-
meters to enable it to fly into build-
ings. It could be used for crises
ranging from a repetition of the World
Trade Center attacks to a fire in a
high-rise.
If the German Federal Aviation
Authority and the European Union
move ahead on allowing the civil use
of UAVs, EMT sees a number of ap-
plications for its existing systems as
well. These applications include:
These problems come at a time
when the company’s capabilities are
stretched by performance problems
and delays in the A380 commercial
airliner program and difficulties in
launching the next generation A350
program. They also come at a time
when EADS management is engaged
in bitter infighting between its Ger-
man and French units and manage-
ment. In addition, management’s
attention is focus on revitalizing the
competitiveness of Airbus through an
ag g r essiv e co st-cu ttin g an d
outsourcing program.
The so - c a l l EA D S - l e d
EuroMALE program, languished,
while the Dassault Aviation-led Neu-
ron program has moved ahead. Do-
mestic competitors in the German
market—Rheinmetall and EMT—are
becoming more formidable.
Charges, delays, technical prob-
lems. EADS reflected the difficulties
in 2005 with a 100 million euro
Page 261
• Installation security, including
power plants, factories and mili-
tary bases.
• National border and waterway
monitoring.
• Oil and gas pipeline monitoring.
• Measuring radioactivity after re-
actor accidents.
EMT background. Based in
P e n z b e rg , Ba v a r ia, EMT w a s
founded in 1978 by a small group of
engineers. Specializing in UAVs,
EMT has grown since then to employ
more than 140. The company is pri-
vately owned by Hartmut Euer, an en-
gineer.
charge to earnings to reflect problems
in UAV programs.
The SIDM or Eagle 1, which is
based on the IAI Heron modified to
meet French requirements, has faced
several years of delays. New technol-
ogy restrictions imposed by the
United States following the World
Trade Center terrorist attacks led to a
decision to create a UAV free of US
export control regulations. The instal-
lation of a new data link to allow con-
trol of two air vehicles by a ground
station and modifications in the
avionics also added delays.
As a result, the planned delivery of
the system slipped increased from a
21 month development cycle to 57
months, according to a French Senate
report prepared in February 2006.
The report cites Francois Lureau,
chief executive of the DGA French
procurement agency, as saying that
“the performance of the industrialist
(EADS) was not satisfactory.”
Page 262
The EADS-led EuroMALE pro-
gram failed to win the European sup-
port it needed to be viable. Originally
Euro-MALE was intended to be a
French-led effort that would enlist
participation from other European
countries. Yet European participation
has been limited to Spain so far.
The EuroMALE or Eagle 2 would
be based on Israel Aircraft Industries’
Heron TP program. It will have a
multi-mission capability in surveil-
lance, tracking and targeting; mari-
time surveillance; signal intelligence;
and data relay.
Yet the problems in the EADS
EuroMALE program are now so seri-
ous that little work is now going on.
Dassault Aviation, which is leading
the Neuron unmanned combat air ve-
hicle program, is proposing that it
also take the lead in the EuroMALE
program.
EADS’ revised vision of the fu-
ture. EADS is now focused on a mod-
ular UAV approach that would
replace its earlier work on the Eagle 2
under the EuroMALE program. This
modular approach, called the Ad-
vanced UAV, involves the creation of
a UAV that would be able to exchange
wings and payloads to enable it to op-
erate for missions requiring long en-
durance and high speed. The UAV is
a n o u tg r o w th o f th e G e r man
Barracuda program.
It would be intended to replace the
Tornado and the CN-289 for recon-
naissance. The German Air Force
possesses the Tornado while both the
German and French militaries have
the CN-289.
Current plans call for development
of a full prototype by 2011.
France, Germany and Spain an-
nounced in July 2007 that they would
cooperate in the effort. It will be in-
tended to develop a UAV that would
meet the needs of all three countries
and might be managed by the Euro-
pean Defense Agency.
The new effort does reflect the
problems EADS has faced with the
earlier EuroMale effort. EADS will
continue to lead the effort but it will
now include Thales and Indra.
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
UAV Manufacturers Overview
EADS and Northrop moving
ahead on EuroHawk. EADS’ in-
volvement at the strategic UAV level
is getting a push with the signing of a
memorandum of understanding be-
tween the Germany Ministry of De-
fense and the US Department of
Defense to establish conditions for
Global Hawk cooperation in May
2006. It paves the way for a final con-
tract for the UAV, which Germany
will use as a replacement signals
intelligence platform.
EADS will be responsible for pro-
viding the signals intelligence pack-
age that will detect communications
and radar emitters.
EADS and Northrop Grumman
have established a 50-50 joint venture
company in order to pursue this pro-
gram. EuroHawk GmbH is based in
Friedrichshafen, Germany. The joint
venture will serve as the national
prime contractor for the German Min-
istry of Defence.
Progress on the contract has been
extremely slow. EADS and Northrop
Grumman started cooperating on the
program in August 2000, but it faced
repeated delays due to funding prob-
lems in the German budget and US
export control concerns.
Working to develop a broad
product offering. In addition to its
work on theater UAVs such as the Ea-
gle 1 and Eagle 2, EADS is working
on a number of tactical and small
UAVs.
The Orka-1200, is an unmanned
variant of a light helicopter manufac-
tu red b y F ran ce’s H elico p ter
Guimbal, for use on naval vessels. It
is expected to carry a 180 kilogram
payload with an endurance of more
than 8 hours. Its anticipated missions
include maritime surveillance, fleet
protection, intelligence, communica-
tion relay and targeting.
The Scorpio, a multi-purpose light
UAV, is a much smaller helicopter in-
tended primarily for special opera-
tions. With an endurance of 1 hour, it
would travel at speeds up to 35 kilo-
meters per hour. It would be used for
urban warfare; special forces; army
reconnaissance, intelligence, surveil-
lance and targeting; homeland
security and commercial
applications.
The Surveyor 2500 would be a fast
tactical UAV to replace the CL-289. It
is intended to be stealthy UAV with an
endurance of three hours that can
carry an advanced signals intelli-
gence sensor package.
German UCAV work under way.
The EADS Military Systems demon-
strator known as the Barracuda is pre-
paring the basis for design of a UCAV
for possible German requirements.
The program which has already been
in existence for four years may in-
volve linkages with the Eurofighter
Tranche 3, providing sensor capabili-
ties in high threat environments. The
outlook for the effort is still uncertain
pending a German decision to estab-
lish a requirement and with Germany
interested in finding European
partners who could help fund the
program.
Fostering UAV cooperation
within the company. EADS’strategy
is to build up its UAV company by
bringing together the capabilities
across the company.
EADS has combined the units of
the former Aérospatiale, Matra and
Dornier into a single intelligence, sur-
veillance and reconnaissance unit.
These businesses have been involved
in the CL-289 UAV in service with
the French and German armies; the
generic ground segment for the
KZO/Brevel; the Dragon Jamming
UAV; the SEAMOS VTOL demon-
strator and the C-22 Reconnaissance
and Target UAV.
It h as b ro ad er cap ab ilities
throughout the company that it is also
working to bring together. Eurocopter
has capabilities in vertical take-off
UAVs. Military Aircraft is working
on Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles,
such as the Barracuda, and the
EuroHawk High Altitude, Long En-
durance UAV. Defense Electronics is
doing work on flight controllers, sen-
sors and data links. Space is working
on ground stations and data reception.
EADS Corporate has done research
on micro helicopters.
©Teal Group Corporation
UAV Manufacturers Overview
General Atomics
3550 General Atomics Court
San Diego, CA 92121-1122
Tel: (858) 455-3000
Fax: (858) 455-3621
Internet: www.ga.com
Broadening customer base,
product offerings. General Atomics
Aeronautical Systems is working to
broaden its market appeal following
the success of the Predator, expand-
ing its customer base and increasing
its product offering.
General Atomics’ victory on the
$1 billion US Army Warrior contract
in August 2005 paved the way for
General Atomics to increase its pres-
ence in the US Army. The initial con-
tract provided for delivery and testing
of 17 Warrior aircraft by mid-2009
with associated ground stations and
logistics support.
It is also competing for the Navy
Broad Area Maritime Surveillance
Program, working with Lockheed
Martin Corp. The program would use
UAVs to do surveillance currently
done by P-3 patrol aircraft. The
Lockheed Martin-General Atomics
team, which is offering a variant of
the Predator B, is competing against
Northrop Grumman offering the
Global Hawk and Boeing offering an
unmanned version of the G550
business jet.
In homeland security, the acquisi-
tion of its first unmanned aerial vehi-
cle by Customs and Border Protection
, a Predator B, offered strong potential
for General Atomics Aeronautical
Systems to make further inroads into
the homeland security unmanned ae-
rial vehicle market. The contract
award followed a test mission in No-
vember 2003 along the southwest
border of the US, near Gila Bend, AZ,
utilizing Predator B. At that time, the
Predator showed that it could locate
and track illegal immigrants. Its sur-
veillance video was used as evidence
in court prosecutions. In other poten-
tial homeland security applications,
the Predator can also be equipped
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
with a maritime radar to meet the
needs of the Coast Guard.
Unfortunately General Atomics
faced a setback for efforts to gain
broader UAV acceptance by the De-
partment of Homeland Security when
the Predator crashed in April 2006.
General Atomics recovered from
the setback and has delivered two
Predators to the Department of
Homeland Security. Another two are
on order. The Department of Home-
land Security appears likely to order
more.
Still, General Atomics is also see-
ing growing interest overseas for
Predators that could be used for
homeland security applications al-
though exports so far have been ori-
en ted to military n eed s. Th e
Australian Coast Watch, which is in-
terested in possible use of the Preda-
tor for resource protection, and Japan,
which is interested in maritime secu-
rity and missile defense applications,
are possible international customers.
To date, General Atomics has sold
unmanned aerial vehicles to militaries
in Turkey and Italy, the UK military
has plans to buy Predators. The $500
million Canadian Joint Uninhabited
Aerial Vehicle Surveillance Target
Acquisition System (JUSTAS) pro-
gram, on which General Atomics is
teamed with General Dynamics Can-
ada, is another major potential pro-
gram that is intended to provide the
Canadian Air Force with UAVs by
2010.
In new products, the Predator C
now under development will build on
the success of the Predator B, but will
operate at higher altitudes and will fly
faster. The Predator C is intended to
make competitive inroads into the
strategic UAV market now dominated
Page 263
by Northrop Grumman Corp.’s
Global Hawk.
This broadening of its market ap-
peal is critical for a company that has
in the past focused heavily on US in-
telligence services and the US Air
Force. General Atomics’ reputation
was firmly established after the World
Trade Tower terrorist attacks when a
Predator unmanned aerial vehicle
was used to track and then fire mis-
siles to kill terrorists in Afghanistan,
Yemen and Pakistan.
Ironically at the time of the World
Trade Center attacks, General
Atomics was on the verge of cutting
its unmanned aerial vehicle produc-
tion due to a lack of orders. Now Gen-
eral Atomics Aeronautical Systems is
increasing its capacity to be able to
meet demand for its UAVs and has
succeeded in garnering support from
a broader range of customers.
Market position. General
Atomics has achieved its leading po-
sition in MALE UAVs despite its
competition in large, publicly-owned
companies.
General Atomics, which was cre-
ated in 1995 by General Dynamics,
was bought by two brothers—Neal
and Linden Blue—in 1986. Neal Blue
serves as chairman and chief execu-
tive officer of the company, which is
also involved in solid-state lasers and
electromagnetic systems.
General Atomics’ management
believes that its ability to invest over
the long-term in new technologies
without worrying about support from
shareholders has given it an edge.
Moreover, General Atomics lacks the
high overhead costs of major compet-
itors, giving it a cost advantage.
As yet, General Atomics has
proven that it can continue to win
competitions against larger rivals de-
Page 264
spite their growing interest in displac-
ing General Atomics. In the Warrior
competition, General Atomics beat a
team led by Northrop Grumman that
Honeywell International Inc.
101 Columbia Road
Morristown, NJ 07962-2245
Tel: (973) 455-2000
Fax: (973) 455-4807
Internet: www.honeywell.com
Iraq assessment may mean
rapid move into production. The
MAV was sent to Iraq in the summer
of 2007 to help identify improvised
explosive devises from the air. The
US Navy awarded Honeywell con-
tracts worth $7.5 million to build
more than a dozen MAV systems and
provide training and deployment sup-
port for Iraqi operations.
Honeywell is making plans to be-
gin producing as many as 100 MAVs
monthly as early as the end of 2007
assuming the evaluation proves suc-
cessful.
The MAV’s attraction stems from
its ability to use its ducted fan to hover
close to the ground and evaluate po-
tential improvised explosive devices.
Future Combat System UAVs.
Honeywell’s UAV efforts are focused
on development of a family of duct-
ed-fan vehicles, including the Class I
vehicle for the US Army’s Future
Combat System, which the company
believes may have applications well
beyond defense.
Honeywell won a $61 million
award in May 2006 to develop the Mi-
cro Air Vehicle (MAV) ducted-fan
vehicle, which will be the smallest
UAV in the Future Combat System
program. While the air vehicles are
being built by AAI Corp., the MAV is
controlled by Honeywell’s flight
management subsystem and uses a
H o n e y w e l l el e c t r o n i c s e n s o r
package.
The MAV will be used at the pla-
toon level. Its strength comes from its
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
UAV Manufacturers Overview
included Israel Aircraft Industries,
both major players in the UAV
market.
ability to hover and stare and individ-
ual targets, a capability that small
UAVs such as the Raven do not
possess.
The 16-pound MAV can be carried
in a backpack. It flies between 10 feet
and 500 feet off of the ground and can
take off and land without a need for
runways. It relays video back to sol-
diers equipped with a portable
handheld terminal.
Several upgrades are already be-
ing planned for the MAV. A heavy
fuel engine is being developed to re-
place the current gasoline engine. A
gimbaled sensor will replace fixed
cameras.
Cancellation of Class II Future
Combat System competition
strengthens MAV. The MAV prom-
ises to have a market beyond its ini-
tially intended Class I niche. The
decision to cancel the Class II compe-
tition with plans to add addition pay-
loads to the Class I vehicle bodes well
for Honeywell.
In the Class II competition
Honeywell was offering a slightly
larger version of its MAV. The plan
was that ducted-fan vehicles being
built by Honeywell and Aurora Flight
Sciences will compete against
Piasecki Aircraft’s Air Scout, which
would fly like a helicopter.
The cancellation prevents govern-
ment funding of a competitor such as
Aurora Flight Sciences GoldenEye.
That makes Honeywell’s position in
producing a ducted-fan vehicle much
more secure although there are also
foreign competitors including
Chem-bio and homeland secu-
rity applications. Honeywell’s man-
agement believes that its family of
Organic Air Vehicles may have appli-
cations in homeland security as well
as on the battlefield. In particular, the
UAVs could be carried on a vehicle
and provide over the hill reconnais-
sance. The Coast Guard could use the
UAVs on small vessels to be able to
examine ships.
Honeywell also sees the potential
to take advantage of the hover and
stare capability to provide remote
sensing of chemical and biological
agents. Honeywell’s UAVs have the
ability to collect chemical and biolog-
ical samples over a long period of
time from a specific area.
Honeywell has shown a corporate
interest in putting the weight of the
$26 billion company behind its Or-
ganic Air Vehicle family. Last year’s
acquisition of Switzerland-based
Zellweger Analytics, a manufacturer
of toxic and flammable gas detection
sensors, was in part intended to add
new missions and capabilities for the
Organic Air Vehicle UAVs.
Honeywell is also looking at inter-
national markets. Honeywell’s MAV
made its first successful international
test flight in Bourges, France on
March 28, 2007. Another test was
planned for the United Kingdom.
©Teal Group Corporation
UAV Manufacturers Overview
Insitu, Inc.
118 East Columbia River Way
Bingen, Washington USA 98605
Tel: 509-493-8600
Fax 509-493-8601
Internet: www.insitu.com
Insitu broadens its product of-
fering, customer base. Following
the success of the ScanEagle, Insitu is
working to build on that success by
developing the Integrator.
The Integrator takes many of the
strengths of the ScanEagle such as its
modularity and combines it with a
significantly larger UAV. The Inte-
grator will carry a payload of 11 kilo-
grams with an endurance up to 24
hours. By comparison the ScanEagle
carries a 1 kilogram payload with an
endurance up to 20 hours.
The Air Force, which has not been
a customer of the ScanEagle, will do
flight testing on the Integrator to do
the initial military assessment of po-
tential battlefield use of the UAV.
The new product may also have
commercial applications. Those ap-
plications will be examine in the con-
text of the new alliance with
Oregon-based E v e rg r e e n
Helicopters.
Insitu allies with Evergreen for
commercial services. Insitu an-
nounced in July 2007 that it would
work with Evergreen Helicopters to
provide commercial UAV services.
Insitu and Boeing already pioneered
the development of military UAV ser-
vices in the ScanEagle so commercial
services was a natural next step.
The Insitu-Evergreen strategic al-
liance will focus on the Insight civil
version of the ScanEagle. The compa-
nies will be targeting forest fire man-
agement, maritime monitoring,
petrochemical industry monitoring
and environmental clean-up.
Insitu establishes an unrivaled
growth track record. Even in the
fast-growing UAV industry, Institu’s
growth rate has been explosive. The
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
company has grown from three em-
ployees in 2002 to 230 currently.
The company, which was founded
in 1992, languished in relative obscu-
rity for a decade after its founding. It
did develop the Aerosonde UAV,
which was subsequently licensed to
the company of that name (now part
of AAI Corp.).
In 2001 it developed its SeaScan
prototype for the commercial fishing
industry. The SeaScan was intended
to be launched and recovered from
tuna fishing boats. Once Insitu estab-
lished itself in the fishing industry, it
planned to explore the military
market.
Partnership with Boeing estab-
lishes Insitu's credibility. In 2002
Boeing and Insitu reached an agree-
ment that gave the company the boost
it needed to successfully market to the
US military.
Boeing took responsibility for
marketing ScanEagle to military cus-
tomers. It also undertook to do any
systems integration, communications
and payloads needed for the military.
Insitu was responsible for providing
the ScanEagle UAV vehicle, which
had b een developed from the
SeaScan.
After the 911 terrorist attacks and
the subsequent need for new UAVs,
the US military was receptive to the
ScanEagle.
ScanEagle achieves success with
Marine Corps. ScanEagle has
proved very successful with the US
Marine Corps and the US Navy. More
recently in July 2007 the Marine
Corps awarded Boeing an $18 mil-
lion, three and a half year contract to
provide intelligence, surveillance and
reconnaissance support for the
Page 265
ScanEagle. With options the value
could increase to $351 million.
Although ScanEagle was already
in service with the Marine Corps, it
had to compete against two to three
other companies to win the final
award.
The services contract is a stop gap
measure until the Navy/Marine Corps
awards the Small Tactical Unmanned
Aerial Vehicle System (STUAS) in
2011. The draft request for proposals
was expected in January 2008 at press
time.
In April 2005, the Navy awarded
Boeing a $14.5 million contract for
support of operations in Iraq. That
was followed by a Sept. 2005 contract
to provide the system for Navy
high-speed vessels and an afloat for-
ward staging base.
Although ScanEagle as the incum-
bent is seen as having a strong advan-
tage, other companies are also
preparing to compete for the require-
men t. Th e S w if t En g in e e r-
ing/Raytheon team is expected to of-
fer th e K iller Bee. N o rth r o p
Grumman, which withdrew from co-
operating on the Killer Bee, is evalu-
ating the UAV it will offer. DRS
Technologies may offer its Neptune
Maritime UAV. Lockheed Martin is
another likely candidate to offer a
UAV although it may team with an-
o th e r co mp a n y s u c h a s D RS
Technologies.
ScanEagle is making its mark
among US allies. Boeing Australia
Ltd. was awarded a AUD$20 million
contract to provide ScanEagle UAV
-based services to the Australian
Army in Afghanistan. Boeing Austra-
lia Limited has been under contract to
the Australian Army since late
November 2006.
Page 266
Israel Aerospace Industries Ltd.
70100 Ben Gurion International Airport
Tel Aviv
Israel
Tel: (972 3) 935 3111
Fax: (972 3) 935 8278
Internet: www.iai.co.il
Successful UAV use in Lebanon
may boost sales. Israel Air Force’s
successful use of its newly purchased
Heron UAV in operations in Lebanon
in 2006 may help spur additional sales
of the IAI UAV.
The Heron is the most capable
UAV deployed by the Israel Air
Force. It is capable of flying at 30,000
feet. It is able to carry up to a 550
pound payload with an endurance of
more than 40 hours.
The Heron UAV was just on the
verge of coming into service at the
time th e w a r b r o k e o u t w ith
Hezbollah. The UAV was being de-
livered under a $50 million contract
originally awarded in September
2005.
IAI has followed up on the
Heron’s success by unveiling the
Heron TP Medium Altitude Long En-
durance MALE UAV at the Paris Air
Show in June 2007.
The latest version of the Heron can
fly at 45,000 feet with a full payload
of approximately 2200 pounds. It can
loiter for 36 hours.
Developed in the framework of an
Israeli Ministry Of Defense program,
several UAV’s were already manu-
factured and tested . It is ready for se-
rial production.
The Heron TP promises to be a
tough competitor for the Predator if
the manufacturers claims about pay-
load and loiter time are accurate. The
new UAV would carry about the same
payload as a Predator, but would have
greater linger time, 36 hours versus
the Predators’ 24 hours.
Boosting UAV exports. Israel
Aircraft Industries has scored key
victories in its drive to boost its UAV
exports.
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
UAV Manufacturers Overview
In Australia, a team composed of
Boeing Australia and Israel Aircraft
Industries (IAI) won a $109 million
contract to provide TUAVs to the
Australian Defence Force for air-
borne surveillance in land operations.
The Boeing Australia /IAI team of-
fered the I-View 250 UAV, a new IAI
UAV under development. Boeing
Australia will provide support
services in Australia.
In winning the competition, Israel
Aircraft Industries beat three other
teams. Australia’s ADI was teamed
with Elbit to offer a variant of the
Watchkeeper UAV. BAE Systems
Australia was working with United
Industrial’s AAI to offer the US
Shadow 200. SAGEM was offering
its Sperwer UAV.
In addition, IAI has strong poten-
tial to make sales of UAVs to India.
India is planning to purchase a num-
ber of additional Heron to supplement
its IAI-provided force of six Heron
systems and 10 Searcher II systems.
Work with foreign companies.
The victory in Australia was indica-
tive of a strategy adopted by Israel
Aircraft Industries to penetrate for-
eign markets involving working
closely with foreign partners to boost
its worldwide presence.
In the United States, IAI has
worked closely with Northrop
Grumman building on its cooperation
in the Hunter program. IAI worked
with Northrop Grumman and Aurora
Flight Systems to try to win the Ex-
tended Range Multi Purpose (ERMP)
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System.
The team was beaten by General
Atomics Aeronautical Systems Inc.,
w h i c h w o n a $ 2 1 4 . 4 mi l l i o n
cost-plus-incentive-fee contract for
research, development test and evalu-
ation on the ERMP UAV, also called
the Warrior. The development and
demonstration is expected to last four
years w ith in itial o p eratio n al
capability achieved in fiscal 2009.
Glitches in EADS cooperation.
In France, IAI has been working
closely with EADS, providing its me-
dium-altitude long-range Heron sur-
veillance system as the baseline air
vehicle for the MALE programs. The
program includes two air vehi-
cles—the Eagle 1 based on the IAI
Heron modified to meet French re-
quirements and the Eagle 2, which is
based on IAI’s Heron TP program, a
medium-altitude, long-endurance
UAV. The vehicles operate autono-
mously and can carry intelligence,
surveillance, reconnaissance and
communications relay payloads.
Both programs ran into problems.
Development of the Eagle 1 has taken
considerably longer to develop than
originally expected. The planned de-
livery of the system slipped increased
from a 21 month development cycle
to 57 months, according to a French
Senate report prepared in February
2006. Part of the problem appears to
have stemmed from difficulties by
IAI in fulfilling its technological
promises.
IAI also proposed a joint develop-
ment program to EADS of a high-alti-
tude long-endurance UAV that would
compete with Northrop Grumman’s
Global Hawk. That proposal does not
seem to have attracted much interest
in EADS.
Competition from Elbit. IAI and
Elbit have engaged in a bruising bat-
tle around the world as Israel’s two
champions in UAVs. With a limited
domestic market it is inevitable that
they clash in export competitions, al-
©Teal Group Corporation
UAV Manufacturers Overview
lowing customers to play one off
against the other.
In Australia, it was IAI that pre-
vailed as noted earlier. A team com-
posed of Boeing Australia and Israel
Aircraft Industries (IAI) team won a
contract in December 2005 to provide
the I-View 250 UAV, a new UAV un-
der development. Elbit was one of the
losing teams offering a variant of the
Watchkeeper UAV.
In the United Kingdom, it was
Elbit teamed with Thales that won the
Kaman Corp.
Blue Hills Avenue
Bloomfield, CT 06002
Tel: (860) 243-7100
Internet: www.kaman.com
Promoting the K-MAX. Kaman
is working with Lockheed Martin
Corp. to develop and promote an un-
manned version of the K-MAX, a
very heavy lift helicopter.
Under the partnership announced
in March 2007, Kaman and Lockheed
Martin will develop an unmanned
version of the K-MAX. Lockheed
Martin Systems Integration will be re-
sponsible for advanced flight controls
for autonomous operations. It will
also provide some avionics, weapons
and sensors.
Kaman is working with Lockheed
Martin Systems Integration. It has
been involved in helicopter integra-
Lockheed Martin Corp.
6801 Rockledge Drive
Bethesda, MD 20817
Tel: (301) 897-6000
Fax: (301) 897-6083
Internet: www.lockheedmartin.com
A strategy of technology leaps.
Lockheed Martin is seeking to com-
pensate for its relative dearth of UAV
programs by pursuing technologies
that will give it an advantage in the
next generation of UAVs.
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Watchkeeper competition. Israel Air-
craft Industries lost as part of the
Northrop Grumman team.
Still, there are occasions in which
the two companies cooperate. In Sep-
tember 2005, the Turkish Army
awarded IUP, an equally-owned part-
nership between Elbit Systems and
Israel Aircraft Industries a UAV con-
tract to supply Unmanned Air Vehicle
(“UAV”) systems. The $150 million
contract will be divided equally be-
tween Elbit Systems and IAI.
tio n w o r k o n th e U S N av y’s
MH-60R/S helicopters and the Royal
Navy Merlin Mk 1. It now acts as inte-
grated on the VH-71A Presidential
helicopter program. The unit led
Lockheed Martin’s work on the now
cancelled Unmanned Combat Armed
Rotorcraft (UCAR) program
The K-MAX’s competitive advan-
tage comes from its ability to carry
large payloads of 6,000 pounds at sea
level. It has also demonstrated that it
can operate at very high altitudes and
in hot environments.
Earlier work on an unmanned
K-MAX. Kaman was already work-
ing on developing the unmanned ca-
Much of Lockheed Martin’s work
is being done by the Advanced Devel-
opment Programs, better known as
the Skunk Works. The Skunk Works
is responsible for development of
new and innovative technologies
Page 267
New management may clear
way to greater IAI-Elbit coopera-
tion on UAV exports. IAI’s new
president, Itzhak Nissan, is approach-
ing the company strategy with a fresh
approach that could include greater
cooperation with Elbit to limit the
bruising competition of the past. The
Israeli Ministry of Trade and Industry
is looking into its policy on coopera-
tion, critical when both companies
have such a small domestic market.
pabilities of the K-MAX. In July 2006
the US Army Material Research De-
velopment and Engineering Com-
mand awarded a $3.1 million contract
modification to Kaman to continue
work on the Broad-area Unmanned
Responsive Resupply Operations
UAV, the unmanned version of the
K-MAX. The contract was intended
to pay for additional Army demon-
strations and to work on the automatic
flight control system.
That contract award followed an
April 2006 Army demonstration that
showed the BURRO could remain
aloft on a mission for 12 hours and 17
minutes.
which has made it a leader in technol-
ogies such as stealth to make planes
invisible to radar and lift fan for verti-
cal takeoff and hover. These technol-
ogies promise to be important in
future UAVs.
Page 268
The Skunk Works was heavily in-
volved in winning the F-35 Joint
Strike Fighter, but that focus meant
that it chose not to compete in key
UAV programs such as the UCAV.
Lockheed Martin’s position as the
world’s leading military aircraft man-
ufacturer makes it more difficult for
the company to pursue a market that
might cannibalize its own market in
coming years.
Yet Lockheed Martin executives
maintain that the company has not
been slow in working to develop
UAVs, but rather is preparing the
foundations for the time when there is
enough money spent on UAVs to pave
the way for Lockheed Martin’s active
involvement.
Lockheed Martin sees its strength
in advanced technology and systems
integration so its approach is to de-
velop sophisticated UAVs. Lockheed
Martin is focusing on developing
high value unmanned, next genera-
tion systems ranging from unmanned
F-35 Joint Strike Fighters to UAVs
based on cruise missiles.
With its range of company-funded
and government-funded initiatives,
Lockheed Martin’s leadership insists
that when sufficient money is being
spent on UAVs, the company will be
in a leading role.
Investing company research and
development in UAVs. While
Lockheed Martin may have been am-
bivalent about UAVs in the past, there
is a new commitment to making
Lockheed Martin a major player in
the technology now. Lockheed Mar-
tin is committed to reversing the early
gains it allowed to rivals such as
Northrop Grumman Corp. and the
Boeing Co.
Company-funded research shows
the level of commitment. Lockheed
Martin is spending heavily on fixed
wing vertical takeoff and landing
technology. This would rely heavily
on lift fan technology developed for
the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter. It would
allow operation for any of the US
Navy ships that now carry aircraft.
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
UAV Manufacturers Overview
This technology has the potential
to be the next generation technology
that would replace the Fire Scout.
From Lockheed Martin’s perspec-
tive, the technology is a critical
discriminator that could allow
Lockheed Martin to reenter the com-
petition for the Unmanned Combat
Aircraft System (UCAS) after
Northrop Grumman finishes its dem-
onstrator for the Navy.
Lockheed Martin’s Skunk Works
unveiled a high-altitude UAV demon-
strator the P-175 Polecat, at the 2006
Farnborough Air Show. The demon-
strator, which was company-funded
at a cost of $27 million, has an
all-composite flying-wing. It could
be use to develop a stealthy high-alti-
tude intelligence, surveillance and re-
connaissance UAV or a long-range
strike vehicle.
The vehicle, which crashed in test-
ing, was important because it demon-
strated the company’s ability to do
carbon composite manufacturing at
affordable costs. By using manufac-
turing techniques that cut touch labor
and used rapid prototyping, the
Skunk Works was able to produce the
aircraft for half of the cost using
traditional techniques.
Lockheed Martin executives see
th is as an o th er co mp etitiv e
discriminator for the company in any
future competition to build high-end
UCAS systems.
Using its own funds Lockheed
Martin also developed its new
Stalker, a 14 pound UAV that can fly
for two to three hours carrying a three
pound payload. The size of the pay-
load and its quiet operations make the
UAV an extremely strong competitor
in the market.
The Stalker, whose existence was
publicly revealed in August 2007,
was developed based on special oper-
ations needs in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Focusing on high-value UAVs.
With its focus on technological leaps,
Lockheed Martin is also examining a
variety of new approaches to the UAV
mission.
One project being pursued by
Lockheed Martin would involve the
creation of armed UAVs called
minions as an alternative to more ex-
pensive UCAV concepts. These
UAVs, which would be based on
cruise missiles rather than aircraft to
ensure affordability, would work with
manned aircraft such as the F-22 or
the F-35 to increase striking range
and reduce risk to the manned air-
craft. These minions could be used ei-
ther for reconnaissance or to strike
well-defended targets with precision
munitions.
The Skunk Works has a demon-
strator of a morphing UAV that could
change its shape for use for intelli-
gence and attack missions. A
morphing UAV would fold its wings
inwards during flight to boost its
speed.
One version , known as the Cor-
morant, being financed by DARPA
would be launched from submarines.
Although it has demonstrated consid-
erable promise in testing, the Navy
and DARPA have not yet identified
budgets to move ahead with deploy-
ment of the UAV.
With its leading position in stealth
technology, Lockheed Martin is also
looking at ways to apply stealth to
UAVs.
Lockheed Martin has been study-
ing optionally piloted and dedicated
unmanned versions of the F-35 Joint
Strike Fighter. While Lockheed Mar-
tin is waiting to actively pursue the
idea until the three planned, manned
version of the F-35 are developed, it
continues to promote the idea as an al-
ternative to the now cancelled Joint
Unmanned Combat Air Systems
program.
Lockheed Martin has even been
involved in providing small UAVs to
the Air Force. It supplied the
SentryOwl UAV to the US Air Force
for air base perimeter surveillance.
The Desert Hawk III, which devel-
oped from the original Sentry Owl
UAVs, has been used in Iraq and Af-
ghanistan by the United Kingdom and
the United States.
Building a position in decoys. As
part of its work in unmanned systems,
Lockheed Martin is working to win
©Teal Group Corporation
UAV Manufacturers Overview
the 375 plane QF-16 program, a $500
million to $1 billion to convert F-16s
into decoys.
Currently the US military relies on
F-4 decoys built by BAE Systems, but
by 2011 those targets will run out.
As a result in the summer of 2008,
the military will issue a request for
proposals to begin converting F-16s
into decoys. Lockheed Martin’s Ad-
vanced Development Programs be-
lieves that it has the expertise about
the Lockheed Martin-built aircraft to
win the competition. Targets are a rel-
atively simple version of an un-
manned vehicle since they are
preprogrammed to fly a route.
BAE Systems Electronics and In-
tegrated Solutions will be the major
competitor. It has been taking F-4 air-
craft from the bone yard at Da-
vis-Monthan Air Force Base in
Arizona and repairing them so they
can fly. BAE then adds electronic
components to allow the plane to fly
unpiloted.
Israel Aircraft Industries also may
be a formidable competitor in the
drone contest. IAI competed in the
original 1992 QF-4 competition in
Northrop Grumman Corp.
1840 Century Park East
Los Angeles, CA 90067
Tel: (310) 553-6262
Fax: (310) 201-3023
Internet: www.northropgrumman.com
Positioning to dominate UAV
market. Northrop Grumman made
UAVs a top corporate priority years
before other US prime contractors.
For Northrop Grumman UAVs are
a key element of the company’s claim
to be a leader in network centric war-
fare.
As a result, Northrop Grumman
has assembled an unrivaled range of
capabilities. Northrop Grumman’s
most recent victory came with the US
Navy’s award of the X-47B UCAS-D
carrier demonstrator program to
Northrop Grumman. Northrop
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
which BAE Systems ultimately pre-
vailed. IAI’s extensive UAV work
adds to its expertise.
Pursuing the BAMS program.
Lockheed Martin teamed with Gen-
eral Atomics to pursue the $3 billion
Broad Area Maritime Surveillance
(BAMS) program. Lockheed Martin
would combine its systems integra-
tion with General Atomics’ Mariner
UAV.
The competition pits Lockheed
Martin-General Atomics against two
other teams. Northrop Grumman is
offering its Global Hawk and broad
experience in UAVs. Boeing is tying
its experience in its unsuccessful bid
on the Unmanned Combat Air System
to development of an unmanned ver-
sion of the Gulfstream G550 business
aircraft.
Promoting the K-MAX. Kaman
is working with Lockheed Martin
Corp. to develop and promote an un-
manned version of the K-MAX, a
very heavy lift helicopter.
Under the partnership announced
in March 2007, Kaman and Lockheed
Martin will develop an unmanned
version of the K-MAX. Lockheed
Grumman beat Boeing to demon-
strate that a low observable, tailless
UAV can operate from a carrier at sea.
Global Hawk, the gold standard of
UAVs, has proven its ability to pro-
vide high altitude, long endurance in-
tellig en ce, su rv eillan ce an d
reconnaissance capability in conflicts
in Iraq and Afghanistan. Global
Hawk provides all-weather high reso-
lution imagery during day or night.
The Euro Hawk, the first international
version of the Global Hawk, is being
purchased by the German Ministry of
Page 269
Martin Systems Integration will be re-
sponsible for advanced flight controls
for autonomous operations. It will
also provide some avionics, weapons
and sensors.
Kaman is working with Lockheed
Martin Systems Integration in
Owego, New York. The Lockheed
Martin unit has been involved in heli-
copter integration work on the US
Navy’s MH-60R/S helicopters and
the Royal Navy Merlin Mk 1. It now
acts as integrated on the VH-71A
Presidential helicopter program. The
unit led Lockheed Martin’s work on
the now cancelled Unmanned Com-
bat Armed Rotorcraft (UCAR) pro-
gram and is applying that expertise to
an unmanned K-MAX.
The K-MAX’s competitive advan-
tage comes from its ability to carry
large payloads of 6,000 pounds at sea
level. It has also demonstrated that it
can operate at very high altitudes and
in hot environments.
The US military is the market be-
ing targeted for the unmanned
K-MAX, which is generally seen as
too large for other militaries.
Defense under a contract signed in
January 2007.
Fire Scout is emerging as Northrop
Grumman’s next breakout product.
The Fire Scout was selected as the US
Army’s Class IV UAV. Its missions
will include reconnaissance, surveil-
lance and target acquisition, mine de-
tection, chemical detection and
logistics resupply.
Fire Scout has added appeal be-
cause the US Navy selected it as its
vertical take-off tactical UAV.
Top pursuits. Northrop is actively
working to win a number of new con-
Page 270
tracts. The US Navy BAMS program,
which is expected to be decided in
early 2008, pits Northrop offering a
maritime version of the Global Hawk
against a Lockheed Martin/General
Atomics team offering Mariner, a ver-
sion of the Predator, and Boeing of-
fering an unmanned version of the
Gulfstream business jet.
Northrop Grumman also sees a
market for Global Hawk in the NATO
Alliance Ground Surveillance Sys-
tem. A Northrop Grumman/EADS
team won an initial 20 million euro
($28 million contract) in 2005 beating
a competitive team led by Raytheon.
The system would include RQ-4B
Global Hawk UAVs equipped with
Multi-Platform Radar Technology In-
sertion Program (MP-RTIP) radars.
Global Hawk has potential beyond
Germany and the NATO AGS pro-
gram. Australia, Japan and South Ko-
rea have all expressed an interest in
the program.
While potential exports of Global
Hawk are likely to be restricted only
to NATO countries and other major
allies due to arms control treaties, Fire
Scout offers considerable potential
for Northrop Grumman to make ex-
ports. A lengthy number of countries
expressed an interest in Fire Scout, in-
cluding Spain, France, Denmark,
Germany, Italy, South Korea, Japan,
Brunei, Singapore, United Arab
Emirates and Saudi Arabia. The mari-
time version of the Fire Scout is of
particular appeal with all countries
expressing an interest in it and South
Korea also expressing an interest in
the land version of the Fire Scout.
In addition to its contracts with the
US Army and the Navy, Fire Scout
may also have some potential with the
US Marine Corps. The Marine Corps
originally appeared to be favoring
Textron Bell Helicopter’s Eagle Eye
for its Vertical Unmanned Aerial Sys-
tem requirement. That requirement
has been reopened for examining fol-
lowing problems in Eagle Eye testing.
Northrop Grumman also sees po-
tential to compete for the Tier
II/Small Tactical Unmanned Aerial
S ys te m p r o g r a m. O r ig in a lly
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
UAV Manufacturers Overview
Northrop Grumman planned to offer
Swift Engineering’s Killer Bee, but
Northrop Grumman and Swift Engi-
neering ended their partnership in the
program. Now Northrop Grumman is
evaluating another UAV that it could
offer for the program. The request for
proposals is expected in 2008.
Northrop also sees the potential to
sell targets to selected countries, in-
cluding Japan, Taiwan, Singapore,
Canada, Greece, Egypt and Saudi
Arabia. Northrop Grumman is still
producing the BQM-74E/Chukar
with 80 being produced in fiscal 2007
and 8,600 delivered since 1965. The
BQM-74E supports more than 80 per-
cent of the US Navy’s research, de-
velopment, test and evaluation
missions.
The Egyptian Air Force also is
looking at upgrading its M324 Recce
UAV, which was produced by
Northrop Grumman.
Fire Scout’s growing missions in
the US Navy and Army. Fire Scout’s
full capabilities remain to be devel-
oped, adding to its potential appeal.
Northrop Grumman is building on
its successful test of the Fire Scout
RQ-8A to develop a more capable
RQ-8B. Payload capability is being
increased from 400 pounds to 600
pounds. Time on station is being
boosted to 5 hours and 110 nautical
miles with a 200 pound payload.
Supportability is being increased and
software is being improved.
Northrop Grumman originally
was awarded a competitive contract
under the Navy’s Vertical Tactical
UAV program for development of the
MQ-8 version of the Fire Scout in
February 2000.
The program is scheduled to estab-
lish an initial MQ-8B operational ca-
pability by late 2008 with full scale
production following.
For the Navy’s Littoral Combat
Ship a number of potential future mis-
sions are being planned.
• Anti-Submarine Warfare: In addi-
tion to the existing high altitude
communications capability of the
Fire Scout, other capabilities are
envisaged, including: periscope
detection radar, the compact very
lightweight torpedo, shallow wa-
ter and surface submarine detec-
tion, deployable bottom acoustic
arrays and the insertion and
monitoring of sonobouys.
• Anti-Surface Warfare: Fire Scout
already has a number of capabili-
ties in this area, including organic
high altitude surveillance, high al-
titude communications relay and
link, detection and identification
of small surface craft swarms, and
targeting for joint fires. In addi-
tion, capability will be added to en-
g ag e mu ltip le targ ets. In
particular, the Low Cost Guided
Image Rocket and Viper Strike
will be carried by the Fire Scout.
• Mine Interdiction Warfare: Fire
Scout has capabilities with the
coastal battlefield mine and recon-
naissance system and long endur-
ance communications rely for
unmanned minesweeping vessels.
In addition, capability is planned
to add airborne laser mine detec-
tion system and to reseed surveil-
lance assets.
The US Army program is planned
to trail the naval program. The Army,
which has chosen the Fire Scout as its
Future Combat System class IV UAV,
plans to have the first flight of the ve-
hicle in Nov. 2010. Initial operational
capability is planned for 2014.
Northrop Grumman will be acting
as a major subcontract to the Boe-
ing/SAIC Lead System Integrator.
The Future Combat System’s
baseline payloads are: Airborne Sur-
veillance, Target Acquisition and
Minefield D etection S ystem
(ASTAMIDS); Synthetic Aperture
Radar/Ground Moving Target Indica-
tor’ and remote chemical detector.
There are plans to add a communica-
tions relay (Joint Tactical Radio Sys-
tem AMF). Future growth could
include a tactical SIGINT payload
and air survivability equipment.
Capabilities also are being added
applicable to homeland security, in-
©Teal Group Corporation
UAV Manufacturers Overview
cluding payloads to detect chemical,
biological and nuclear threats.
Northrop Grumman’s UAV op-
erations. Northrop Grumman’s work
on UAVs is heavily concentrated in
California, Maryland, and Missis-
sippi.
In Moss Point, Mississippi,
Northrop Grumman produces the Fire
Scout and Global Hawk.
In Pas River, Maryland, Northrop
Grumman does its VTUAV and
Global Hawk Maritime Demonstrator
flight testing. At Hollywood, MD, it
has an unmanned systems support
center.
In California, there are numerous
facilities working on UAVs, includ-
ing:
• Rancho Bernardo: Global Hawk
engineering, N-UCAS engineer-
ing, Fire Scout engineering, tar-
g e ts d e v e lo p me n t, r a p id
prototyping.
• El Segundo: N-UCAS Engineer-
ing.
• Palmdale: Global Hawk produc-
tion, targets production and
N-UCAS production.
• Beale Air Force Base: Global
Hawk continental United States
flight operations.
• Pt. Mugu: targets operations.
• Edwards Air Force Base: Global
Hawk flight testing.
A lengthy string of setbacks to
ambitions to plans to dominate the
U S U AV ma r k e t . N o r th r o p
Grumman continues to have the
greatest breadth of any US UAV man-
ufacturer, but the development of its
capability has faced repeated set-
Proxy Aviation Systems, Inc.
Germantown, MD
Tel: 301-515-2799
Challenging a winner. Proxy Avi-
ation Systems has its sights set on
challenging the General Atomics
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
backs over the past several years that
have slowed its growth. Still, the
company continues to focus on UAVs
as a high priority.
M o s t r e c e n t l y, N o r t h r o p
Grumman lost the $2 billion Depart-
ment of Homeland Security Secure
Border Initiative to a Boeing Co-led
team that will use Elbit Systems’
UAVs. Northrop Grumman was ex-
pected to use its own UAVs if it had
won the contract.
Northrop Grumman also lost the
$1 billion US Army Warrior program
to build a hunter-killer UAV to Gen-
eral Atomics in Sept. 2005. Northrop
Grumman was working with Israel
Aircraft Industries offering the
Hunter II, which incorporated aspects
of IAI’s E-Hunter and Heron UAV
designs.
With the loss of in the Warrior pro-
gram, Northrop Grumman will be fo-
cusing on improving the current
Hunter UAVs by improving its avion-
ics, mission computer and other capa-
bilities. Ultimately the General
Atomics Warrior will replace the 35
Hunter UAVs still in service.
Northrop Grumman’s involve-
ment as one of two competitors for the
Unmanned Combat Armed Rotor-
craft program ended with the termina-
tion of the program. Northrop
Grumman and Lockheed Martin were
competing for a $160 million contract
to begin building prototypes under
the third phase of the program, when
the US Army withdrawal forced the
programs cancellation by DARPA in
Dec. 2004.
Northrop Grumman was one of
two companies down-selected for the
UK Watchkeeper program, but ulti-
mately it lost to a Thales-Elbit Sys-
tems team.
Predator, an extremely established
product thanks to its successful use in
Iraq and Afghanistan.
Page 271
The US Air Force decided not to
move into production with the
Northrop Grumman’s Miniature
Air-Launched Decoy, a small UAV
that would appear as a full size air-
plane to enemy radar. Instead it
awarded a contract to Raytheon Co.
Efforts to export the Global Hawk
have proved to be difficult because of
restrictions under the Missile Tech-
nology Control Regime. Although it
is now moving ahead, a planned pur-
chased by Germany was slowed by
the problems for years despite its po-
sition as a close NATO ally. Although
the German export will move ahead
soon, South Korea will not be allowed
to buy the system due to US export
regulations.
The US Navy’s $2 billion Broad
Area Maritime Surveillance System,
for which Global Hawk would be a
prime candidate, has been slowed due
to budgetary problems and uncer-
tainty about the Navy’s exact needs.
In th e co mp etitio n , N o rth r o p
Grumman is competing against a
Lockheed Martin Corp.-General
Atomics team offering the Predator
B-Extended Range and a Boeing
team offering the G550.
The J-UCAS unmanned combat
aerial vehicle program, in which
Northrop Grumman is competing
against Boeing, has been restructured
due to Pentagon budgetary cutbacks.
Although Northrop Grumman won
the Navy-led N-UCAS, it has been
transformed into a demonstration
program rather than a full-scale de-
velopment program. That was a dis-
appointment for Northrop Grumman
in light of the company’s heavy in-
v e s tmen t in its Pegasus
demonstration vehicle.
Proxy Aviation, a company
backed by private established in 2003
by private investors, is still a small
Page 272
company with only 28 employees.
The company’s entire focus is on
UAVs.
Proxy Aviation still believes it can
take on the General Atomics Predator
by offering a UAV that is cheaper and
scan be controlled by a personal com-
puter-based command station.
Testing successes. Proxy Aviation
has completed demonstrations of the
cooperative flight of its SkyWatcher
and SkyRaider UAVs, controlled by
its SkyForce Distributed Manage-
ment System.
The US Air Force contracted
Proxy to do the tests under the control
Safran Group
2, Boulevard du General Martial Valin
75724 Paris Cedex 15
France
Tel: (1) 40 60 80 80
Fax: (1) 40 60 81 02
Internet: www.sagem-ds.com
Early European leader. Sagem
Defense Sécurité, the unit of Safran
that builds UAVs, established an early
position in UAVs.
The Sperwer system is now de-
ployed by the armed forces of Can-
ada, the Netherlands, Sweden, France
and Greece.
The system has been used exten-
sively by Canadian and Dutch forces
in Afghanistan. Over the 12 months
ending in June 2007 there were 500
flights by the Sperwer.
Safran, the third largest aerospace
company in Europe, became involved
in UAVs through its acquisition of
Sagem in May 2005.
Sagem is now working on devel-
oping the Sperwer B, a more capable
UAV than the basic Sperwer series.
UAV leadership has faltered. De-
spite its early leadership in UAVs,
Sagem Defense Sécurité has rapidly
lost its lead.
Part of the problem came from
customer dissatisfaction with the
quality of its UAVs. Denmark sold its
UAVs to Canada after experiencing
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
UAV Manufacturers Overview
of the US Air Force UAV Battle Lab
at Creech Air Force Base, Indian
Springs, Nevada from July 1 to July
11, 2007.
SkyForce’s software, which is de-
signed to operate as many as 12
UAVs, successfully controlled four
SkyWatcher and SkyRaider UAVs.
The mission demonstrated the utility
of having different sensors operating
in their optimal flight pattern and then
combining the information.
SkyWatcher is an optionally pi-
loted, UAV designed for intelligence,
surveillance and reconnaissance mis-
sions. SkyRaider, which can carry a
serious problems with crashes and
with high operating costs.
Politically there have been prob-
lems maintaining French government
interest in Safran’s continued work in
UAVs. Rather support has shifted to
EADS and to a lesser extent to Thales
for UAVs. For UCAVs, Dassault Avi-
ation is the favored choice with its
work on Neuron.
There also has been an element of
bad luck. In December 2004, Sagem,
Rheinmetall Defence Electronics
(RDE) of Germany, and Bell Helicop-
ter agreed to work together to offer a
next generation tactical VTOL UAV
based on the Eagle Eye to European
expeditionary forces. Sagem and
RDE would have furnished the
ground and ship borne control sta-
tions, digital data links, electro-opti-
cal and infrared payloads, simulators
and command, control and computing
integration.
The problem with that strategy
proved to be the uncertainty about the
future of the Eagle Eye. Following the
crash of its prototype, the US Coast
payload of up to 1,000 pounds, is de-
signed to be able to carry and fire
weapons.
SkyForce, which controls both
UAVs, is able to make mission
changes during flight based on chang-
ing conditions.
Facing an uphill climb. Despite
its success, Proxy Aviation faces a
well entrenched competitor. General
Atomics has won tremendous support
within the services and within Con-
gress during its successful employ-
ment in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Guard eliminated all future funding
for the Eagle Eye from the Deepwater
program.
Acquiring a UAV subcontractor.
Sagem Defense Sécurité purchased
the Finnish company Robonic Ltd
Oy, a specialist in pneumatic UAV
catapults. The acquisition strengthens
Sagem’s UAV work by adding a key
element of next-generation UAVs be-
ing developed by Sagem and improv-
ing modernization of the Sperwer.
The catapults promise faster deploy-
ment and a reduced logistical
footprint.
In addition, the Robonic acquisi-
tion gives Sagem the company’s Arc-
tic Test UAV Flight Center. Sagem
already used the center in June 2006
for long-endurance tests of tactical
UAVs.
Evaluating sense and avoid tech-
nology. Despite its problems with
UAVs, Safran is also working on re-
lated studies.
Sagem Defense Sécurité is leading
a project for the European Defense
Agency to study how long endurance
©Teal Group Corporation
UAV Manufacturers Overview
UAV systems can comply with Sense
and Avoid Air Traffic Management
regulations. The study involves de-
fining and simulating technical solu-
tions that would satisfy European
Swift Engineering Inc.
1141-A Via Callejon
San Clemente, CA 92673
Tel: 949-492-6608
Fax: 949-366-8249
Swift replacing its Northrop
Grumman alliance with Raytheon.
Swift Engineering Inc. announced in
July that it would team with Raytheon
Co. to pursue the Navy/Marine
Corps’ Small Tactical Unmanned Ae-
rial Systems/Tier 2 competition.
The planned Tier 2 UAV would
take over work now being done by the
Boeing Insitu ScanEagle through a
services contract.
After working together on Swift
Engineering’s Killer Bee to pursue
the Marine Corps’ STUAS/Tier II
competition, Northrop Grumman and
Swift Engineering ended their part-
nership several months earlier. No in-
dication was provided as to the
reasons for the decision to end
cooperation.
Northrop Grumman in March
2006 demonstrated a version of the
Killer Bee to the US Air Force.
Teledyne Technologies Inc.
12333 West Olympic Blvd.
Los Angeles, Calif. 90064
Tel: (310)-893-1600
Internet: www.teledyne.com
Focusing on selling a heavy fuel
engine. Teledyne Technologies’ im-
mediate strategy for getting into the
UAV market is heavily focused on its
S-1204 Heavy Fuel Engine.
The S-1204 was developed by
Teledyne Brown Engineering for the
Prospector UAV, a version of the
KZO UAV deployed with the German
Army. It engine upgrade for the Pros-
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
regulations. France’s ONERA, Neth-
erlands TNO and Spain’s ESPELSA
are also involved in the study.
The Killer Bee, which is based on a
blended wing, would be a family of
scalable UAVs that could be used for
missions ranging from surveillance
and protection of military bases, con-
voys and shipping lanes.
First flight of KB4. In April 2007,
the latest version of the Killer Bee, the
KB4, flew for the first time in Yuma
Arizona beginning a series of flights
designed to demonstrate the systems
capabilities. The KB4, which has a 10
foot wingspan, is intended to carry 30
a standard communications/ISR pay-
load for as much as 15 hours. The
Killer Bee has an optical grenade
launcher and laser illuminators.
Although the Killer Bee was de-
signed specifically to meet the Marine
Corps’Tier 2 requirement, the Marine
Corps competition is shaping up as
intensely competitive. Boeing/Insitu
also has established a strong position
pector was financed as part of the
Future Combat System program.
Although prospects for the Pros-
pector have disappeared within the
Future Combat System (FCS) pro-
gram, there may still be a market for
the engine itself outside of FCS.
In particular, Teledyne Brown En-
gineering is discussing the use of the
new engine on versions of the pros-
Page 273
through its existing work with the
Navy/Marine Corps through a
services contract.
Expertise in composites. Swift
Engineering originally developed its
aerospace capabilities through its 24
years of work designing race cars.
The aerodynamic wind tunnels and
autoclaves for composite materials
used for that design work are directly
applicable to aeronautics.
The company also designed and
developed the Eclipse Concept Jet to
allow Eclipse to evaluate the market
for personal jets.
Ownership. Swift Engineering in
a private company owned by Hiro
Matsushita, a grandson of the founder
of Panasonic. Matsushita, who pur-
chased the company in 1991, was
himself a race car driver.
p e c to r s o ld b y its p a r tn e r
Rheinmetall. The current engine is
provided by Dr. Schrick GmbH, a
German engine manufacturer.
There may also be the possibility
of getting the engine added to the
Shadow UAV, which needs such an
upgrade to allow it to use regular
Army fuel.
Page 274
Setbacks in UAV entry strategy.
The cancellation of planned procure-
ment of a new Class III UAV under
the Future Combat System leaves
Teledyne Technologies with no po-
tential US program for the Prospector
UAV, a version of a UAV deployed
with the Germany Army.
Teledyne has been working with
Germany’s Rheinmetall to build up its
position in the booming market for
unmanned aerial vehicles. It agreed
with Rheinmetall that it would be
given exclusive marketing for the
Prospector in the US market.
The Teledyne-Rheinmetall team
won one of three positions to compete
for the next generation Class III un-
manned aerial vehicle (UAV) for the
Future Combat System. Teledyne was
competing against United Industrial
offering an updated version of its
Shadow UAV, which is currently the
Army’s main tactical UAV, and
Piasecki Aircraft, a company teamed
with Lockheed Martin Systems Inte-
gration, to offer its Air Guard
Gyrocopter.
The winner of that competition
would then face DARPA’s alternative
Textron Inc.
40 Westminster Street
Providence, RI 02903
Tel: (401) 421-2800
Fax: (401) 421-2878
Internet: www.textron.com
Textron builds a strong UAV po-
sition through the planned United
Industrial acquisition. Textron an-
nounced in October that it would pur-
chase United Industrial Corp. parent
of AAI Corp. The company an-
nounced that AAI would fit well and
offer revenue synergies with both
Textron Systems and Bell Helicopter.
AAI is projected to report $689
million of sales in 2007 of which $386
million will come from its unmanned
systems unit. Textron’s projection of
AAI’s sales reflect a 22 percent sales
growth over the past year.
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
UAV Manufacturers Overview
rotorcraft technology. The winning
UAV will be the Future Combat Sys-
tems Class III system.
Over two years, those remaining
two candidates would be evaluated in
a process that includes a flight assess-
ment to determine the final winner.
Teaming with Rheinmetall.
Teledyne Ryan’s approach of forming
an alliance to adapt a foreign product
to US requirements is not new to the
company. It tried a similar approach
earlier to try to win the $7 billion In-
terim Armored Vehicle in 2001. The
unsuccessful effort involved teaming
with Singapore Technologies Kinet-
ics to offer the Bionix, a Singaporean
armed vehicle, to the US military.
Manufacturing would have been
done in the United States.
In the current teaming arranged
with Rheinmetall, Teledyne Brown
Engineering would adapt several
German UAVs for US military recon-
naissance and armed reconnaissance
requirements. The Prospector, the
main system based on the German
KZO, would require no runway for
launch and whose payload can be
changed in the field. The Thunder, an-
Earnings are also projected to be
strong. Earnings before interest and
taxes are projected to reach $68 mil-
lion, up from $52.6 million in 2006.
The profit margin reaches 9.9 percent
in 2007, up from 9.3 percent the pre-
vious year.
That growth is projected to con-
tinue with 8.5 percent compound rev-
enue growth that could reach 12
percent with synergies over the pe-
riod from 2007 to 2012. By 2012 syn-
ergy revenues are projected to reach
$175 million.
other UAV, would be able to locate
and attack targets.
Any UAVs sold to the United
States would be produced at Teledyne
Brown’s manufacturing facilities in
Huntsville, Ala.
Regretting the sale of Teledyne
Ryan. Ironically Teledyne’s efforts to
reenter the UAV market are a reflec-
tion of its former strength in the
market.
In 1999 a previous owner of the
company sold the Teledyne Ryan
business, a loss regretted by the com-
p a n y’s c u r r e n t man a g e men t.
Teledyne Ryan, acquired by Northrop
Grumman Corp. and now incorpo-
rated within its Integrated Systems
sector, has been a leader in UAVs. The
Global Hawk, high-altitude, long-en-
durance, aerial vehicle system has
been tremendously successful.
Teledyne Ryan is a cornerstone
now of Northrop Grumman’s strong
position in UAVs. At this point,
Teledyne Technologies will face a se-
rious challenge in trying to revive a
UAV capability.
AAI was attractive to Textron pri-
marily because of its extremely strong
position in tactical UAVs. It is cur-
rently the leading tactical UAV sup-
plier with an extremely strong
position with the US Army and the
US Marine Corps.
AAI also is attractive because the
One System ground control station
has become the standard command
and control system for Army tactical
UAVs. In addition to being used on
the Shadow it is also being used for
the Army’s new Warrior UAV.
©Teal Group Corporation
UAV Manufacturers Overview
In addition, AAI has a built an at-
tractiv e p o sitio n in p erfo r-
mance-based logistics. The Army has
been pleased with its work on the
Shadow. Textron also sees the Ser-
vices and Logistics business as an at-
tractive growth area of defense.
The acquisition likely has an at-
traction to Textron as a hedge of its
position through its own Eagle Eye
tilt-rotor UAV. It ensures that even if
Eagle Eye does not move ahead,
Textron will have a strong position in
UAVs.
Eagle Eye UAV faltering. A deci-
sion by the Coast Guard Deepwater
program to eliminate future funding
for the Eagle Eye UAV puts the pro-
gram in serious jeopardy from the loss
of its launch customer.
Coast Guard plans, worth $1 bil-
lion, called for the procurement of 45
air vehicles and 33 ground stations. .
Thales
45, rue de Villiers
Paris, France
Tel: (33 1) 57 77 80 00
Fax: (33 1) 57 77 83 00
Internet: www.thalesgroup.com
Close cooperation with Elbit.
The success of the Thales-Elbit bid on
the $1.4 billion (700 billion pound)
Watchkeeper program positions the
partnership to become a major player
in UAVs.
Thales and Elbit set up a joint ven-
ture known as UAV Tactical Systems
(U-TacS) to develop the UAV based
on Elbit’s Hermes 450. Elbit owns 51
percent of the joint venture with the
remainder held by Thales.
The joint venture will pursue ex-
port opportunities from the United
Kingdom as well as meet the UK re-
quirement under Watchkeeper.
The Thales-Elbit joint venture’s
strong position in the United King-
dom in the Watchkeeper program
meant that the UK turned to it when it
urgently needed UAVs for opera-
tional deployments. In June 2007,
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
The UAV was to be used for search
and rescue, drug interdiction and
anti-terrorism patrols when it reached
its initial operating capability in 2009,
a two year delay compared to earlier
plans. The Bell Eagle Eye’s tilt rotor
technology would allow the aircraft
to take off and land like a helicopter
and fly like an airplane.
Bell also hoped that the Marine
Corps might be interested in ordering
the system since it would work well
with the V-22’s tilt-rotor technology.
Now the Marine Corps appears to be
moving in other directions, recently
deciding to purchase some Shadow
UAVs.
The loss of the Coast Guard as a
launch customer undercuts plans to
export the technology. It is always
easier to sell a system overseas when
it is being used by US forces. In De-
cember 2004, SAGEM of France,
U-TacS won a $110 million contract
to provide Hermes 450 UAVs and
needed support for several years.
Elbit and Thales combined with
Dassault Aviation to offer the WK
4 5 0 U AV d e v e lo p e d f o r th e
Watchkeeper program (based on
Elbit’s Hermes 450) for French tacti-
cal surveillance requirements for the
Système de Drone Tactique Terrestre
(SDTT).
At time when EADS is having em-
barrassing problems with the UAVs it
is providing for the French army, the
Thales team is in a strong position.
Thales, as prime contractor for the
French defense procurement agency,
is also using the WK 450 in a study of
munitions release and firing from
UAVs.
Elbit’s cooperation with Thales
also paid off in Canada. Thales Can-
Page 275
Rheinmetall Defence Electronics
(RDE) of Germany, and Bell agreed
to work together to offer a next gener-
ation tactical VTOL UAV based on
the Eagle Eye to European expedi-
tionary forces. SAGEM and RDE will
furnish the ground and ship borne
control stations, digital data links,
electro-optical and infrared payloads,
simulators and command, control and
computing integration. Other coun-
tries that have expressed an interest to
the Coast Guard about the Eagle Eye
include Canada, India and Sri Lanka.
There might also be interest from the
United Kingdom.
Bell Helicopter is also looking at
broadening its product mix in UAVs
by turning existing helicopters into
unmanned systems. Data link systems
would be installed that would able to
operate without a pilot.
ada was selected in September 2006
to deliver a mini-UAV based on
Elbit’s Skylark. Elbit is to deliver five
Skylark UAVs with an option for an
additional five. The goal was to pro-
vide an immediate capability for Ca-
nadian Forces in Afghanistan.
Developing an independent po-
sition on UAVs. Thales is not relying
on its relationship with Elbit for its
entire UAV effort. It has other pro-
grams active in both France and the
United Kingdom.
Thales has been working with
Boeing and QinetiQ to offer the Boe-
ing/Insitu ScanEagle in the United
Kingdom. The team conducted tests
under the UK Joint UAV Experimen-
tation program to show the possible
benefits of a low-cost UAV in persis-
tent maritime surveillance.
Page 276 UAV Manufacturers Overview

The revamping of the Euromale
program has also benefitted Thales.
The cooperative program between
France, Germany and Spain an-
nounced in July 2007 will still be led
by EADS, but will be expanded to in-
volve Thales and Spain’s Indra.
Thales role will be negotiated with tract other European participants in
EADS after the risk study contract the program.
has been finalized. The risk reduction
effort will examine technical finan-
cial and schedule issues that will sat-
isfy the needs of all three participating
nations. Ultimately the goal is to at-

World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation

Appendix

US DoD UAV Prime Contracts

Below is a listing of prime contract actions announced by the Pentagon since the beginning of FY1988 that involve un-
manned aerial vehicle systems. These actions include the award of, or modification to, all unclassified DoD prime con-
tracts with a base value of $5 million or more that deal with these subjects. The following is a listing of abbreviations
used in describing the contract types.

Contract Type Codes

BOA—basic ordering agreement
CPAF—cost-plus-award-fee
CPFF—cost-plus-fixed-fee
CPIFc—ost-plus-incentive-fee
FFPf—irm-fixed-price
FFPEPA—firm-fixed-price with economic price adjustments
FPIFf—ixed-price incentive (firm target)
FPAF—fixed-price award-fee
FPEPA—fixed-price with economic price adjustments
FVI—face-value increase
LH—labor-hour
NTE—not-to-exceed
TM-time and materials

AAI
Date Contract Number
11/10/1988 N00019-86-C-0077
1/19/1989 N00019-89-C-0090
5/12/1989 N00019-88-C-0343
1/2/1990 N00019-88-G-0351
2/28/1990 N00019-89-C-0309
6/28/1990 N00019-90-C-0121
2/14/1991 N00019-90-C-0241
12/27/1999 DAAH01-99-C-0142
Agency Obligation Details
NAVAIR $6,646,789 Modification to exercise an option to a previously awarded FP con-
tract for contractor maintenance and maintenance support, train-
ing requirements, and added support needs to maintain Pioneer
Remotely Piloted Vehicles. Work is scheduled to be completed by
9/30/1989. Program involvement: Pioneer.
NAVAIR $5,151,138 CPFF contract to modify and improve the operational suitability,
effectiveness and safety of the Pioneer Unmanned Air Vehicle,
plus shipboard integration of the system. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 1/31/1990. Program involvement: Pioneer.
NAVAIR $6,422,734 FFP contract for subsystems and components of the Pioneer re-
motely piloted vehicle system. Work is scheduled to be completed
by 11/30/1990. Program involvement: Pioneer.
NAVAIR $10,500,000 FFP contract for logistics support for Pioneer remotely piloted ve-
hicles. Work is scheduled to be completed by 9/30/1990. Program
involvement: Pioneer.
NAVAIR $9,226,495 FFP contract for Pioneer remotely piloted vehicle system spare
parts and depot spares, battleship net and installation parts, and
assistance and modifications. Work is scheduled to be completed
by 7/31/1991. Program involvement: Pioneer.
UAVJPO $5,166,000 FFP contract for Pioneer remotely piloted vehicle system uit sup-
port kits/depot spares. Work is scheduled to be completed by
12/31/1991. Program involvement: Pioneer.
NAVAIR $6,390,799 FFP contract with options for technical, material, maintenance,
and logistics support of Pioneer Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in con-
tinental US, shipboard, and land-based. The work will be per-
formed in Hunt Valley, MD (20%) and Operational Sites (80%).
Work is scheduled to be completed by 9/30/1991. Program in-
volvement: Pioneer.
AMCOM $17,800,000 Increment as part of a $41,802,927 modification to FPI/CPFF con-
tract for low rate initial production of Tactical Unmanned Aerial Ve-
hicle Systems. Work is scheduled to be completed by 9/30/2001.
PE involvement: 0305204A. Program involvement: RQ-7
Shadow.

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 278
12/15/2003 DAAH01-03-C-0024
12/24/2003 DAAH01-03-C-0024
1/9/2004 DAAH01-03-C-0042
3/2/2004 DAAH01-03-G-0004
3/12/2004 DAAH01-03-C-0074
8/12/2004 DAAH01-03-C-0042
9/28/2004 DAAH01-03-C-0042
11/1/2004 W31P4Q-05-C-0014
1/13/2005 DAAH01-03-C-0024
2/9/2005 DAAH01-03-C-0042
4/27/2005 DAAH01-03-C-0074
9/28/2005 DAAH01-03-C-0024
5/3/2006 W31P4Q-06-C-0256
5/4/2006 W31P4Q-06-C-0292
6/28/2006 W31P4Q-05-G-0004
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Appendix
AMCOM $15,973,000 Modification to a FFP contract for the SHADOW unmanned aerial
vehicle schoolhouse system upgrade. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 11/15/2004. Program involvement: RQ-7 Shadow.
AMCOM $35,029,107 Modification to a FFP contract for the Shadow unmanned aerial
vehicle. Work is scheduled to be completed by 7/31/2007. Pro-
gram involvement: RQ-7 Shadow.
AMCOM $17,187,722 Modification to a CPFF contract for the SHADOW unmanned ae-
rial vehicle system contractor logistics support. Work is scheduled
to be completed by 9/30/2004. Program involvement: RQ-7
Shadow.
AMCOM $18,540,889 Increment as part of a $28,189,204 CPFF contract for contractor
engineering support for research and development tasks for the
Shadow unmanned aerial vehicle system. The work will be per-
formed in Hunt Valley, MD (80%) and Fort Huachuca, AZ (20%).
Work is scheduled to be completed by 12/31/2005. PE involve-
ment: 0305204A. Program involvement: RQ-7 Shadow.
AMCOM $11,861,841 CPFF contract for contractor engineering services for the Shadow
unmanned aerial vehicle system. The work will be performed in
Hunt Valley, MD (90%) and Fort Huachuca, AZ (10%). Work is
scheduled to be completed by 4/30/2008. Program involvement:
RQ-7 Shadow.
AMCOM $15,999,038 Increment as part of a $78,649,743 CPFF contract for contractor
logistics support for SHADOW unmanned aerial vehicle system to
support wartime operational readiness. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 7/31/2005. Program involvement: RQ-7 Shadow.
AMCOM $23,394,390 Modification to a FFP contract for Contractor Logistics Support for
the SHADOW Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System. Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 9/30/2005. Program involvement: RQ-7
Shadow.
AMCOM $7,000,000 Increment as part of a $43,941,930 CPIF contract for perfor-
mance-based contractor logistical support of the SHADOW Un-
manned Aerial Vehicle System. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 10/31/2005. Program involvement: RQ-7 Shadow.
AMCOM $14,421,828 Modification to a FFP contract for one SHADOW Unmanned Aerial
Vehicle System and Associated Support Equipment. Work is
scheduled to be completed by 1/31/2007. PE involvement:
0305204A. Program involvement: RQ-7 Shadow.
AMCOM $10,774,161 Modification to a FFP contract for Contractor Logistics Support for
the SHADOW Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System. Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 9/30/2005. Program involvement: RQ-7
Shadow.
AMCOM $9,857,624 Modification to a CPFF contract for engineering services for the
SHADOW unmanned aerial vehicle System. Work is scheduled to
be completed by 4/30/2008. Program involvement: RQ-7 Shadow.
AMCOM $7,153,965 Modification to a FFP contract to lead the fleet Shadow tactical un-
manned aerial vehicle system hardware. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 7/31/2007. Program involvement: RQ-7 Shadow.
AMCOM $65,556,046 FFP and CPIF contract for performance based contractor logistics
support for the SHADOW Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System. Work
is scheduled to be completed by 10/31/2007. Program involve-
ment: RQ-7 Shadow.
AMCOM $87,154,533 FFP contract for full rate production of the SHADOW Unmanned
Aerial Vehicle System and associated support equipment. Work is
scheduled to be completed by 12/31/2009. Program involvement:
RQ-7 Shadow.
AMCOM $11,900,000 Increment as part of a $15,193,138 CPIF contract for the Tactical
Common Data Link System Dual Demonstration for the Shadow
Tactical Unmanned Aerial System. Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 10/31/2007. PE involvement: 0305204A. Program in-
volvement: Shadow Tactical UAV.
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9/30/2006 W31P4Q-06-C-0292
9/30/2006 W31P4Q-06-C-0292
9/30/2006 W31P4Q-06-C-0256
11/21/2006 W31P4Q-06-C-0256
3/2/2007 W31P4Q-06-C-0256
5/4/2007 W31P4Q-06-C-0256
AMCOM $32,630,010 Modification to a CPFF and FFP contract for production of the
SHADOW unmanned aerial vehicle systems and associated sup-
port equipment. Work is scheduled to be completed by
12/31/2009. Program involvement: RQ-7 Shadow.
AMCOM $13,216,384 Modification to a FFP contract for engine modification kits and as-
sociated spares for the Shadow 200 unmanned aircraft system.
Work is scheduled to be completed by 9/30/2008. Program in-
volvement: RQ-7 Shadow.
AMCOM $11,449,800 Modification to a CPFF contract for special unit training support
preparations for the SHADOW unmanned aerial vehicle system.
Work is scheduled to be completed by 12/31/2006. Program in-
volvement: RQ-7 Shadow.
AMCOM $40,722,746 Increment as part of a $164,736,153 CPFF contract for Perfor-
mance Based Logistics for the SHADOW Unmanned Aerial Vehi-
cle System. Work is scheduled to be completed by 10/31/2007.
Program involvement: RQ-7 Shadow.
AMCOM $16,187,864 Modification to a CPFF and FFP contract to reset/refurbish the
equipment associated with the Shadow System. Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 3/1/2008. Program involvement: RQ-7
Shadow.
AMCOM $27,272,390 Modification to a CPFF contract for support services for the
Shadow 200 system. Work is scheduled to be completed by
5/4/2008. Program involvement: RQ-7 Shadow.

AeroVironment
Date Contract Number Agency Obligation Details
1/2/2004 W58RGZ-04-C-0025 AMCOM $20,700,000 FFP/CPFF contract for procurement of 170 small unmanned aerial
vehicles - RAVEN. The work will be performed in Simi Valley, CA.
Work is scheduled to be completed by 12/31/2004. Program in-
volvement: RQ-11 Raven.
2/5/2004 W911QY-04-C-0046 RMAC $9,916,398 FFP contract for 59 Raven unmanned air vehicle systems with
consumable and intermediate spares. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 11/27/2004. Program involvement: RQ-11 Raven.
2/8/2005 W58RGZ-04-C-0025 AMCOM $7,900,000 Modification to a FFP and CPFF contract for Contractor Logistics
Support to RESET 170 RAVEN Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.
The work will be performed in Simi Valley, CA. Work is scheduled
to be completed by 10/5/2005. Program involvement: RQ-11 Ra-
ven.
9/27/2005 N68335-05-C-0356 NAWC $9,612,838 Phase III Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) Program
contract for Topic N87-190 entitled “Unmanned Aerial Vehicle De-
velopment, Demonstration, and Production”. The work will be per-
formed in Simi Valley, CA. Work is scheduled to be completed by
2/28/2011. PE involvement: 0305204N. Program involvement:
UAV.
6/21/2006 W58RGZ-05-C-0338 AMCOM $9,612,000 Modification to a FFP, CPFF, and CPIF contract for depot level
maintenance and repair for the RQ-11A Small Unmanned Aircraft
System. The work will be performed in Simi Valley, CA. Work is
scheduled to be completed by 9/30/2007. Program involvement:
RQ-11 Raven.
2/14/2007 W58RGZ-05-C-0338 AMCOM $46,797,769 Modification to a CPFF, FFP, and CPIF contract for procurement
of RQ-11 Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (Known as Raven),
and associated initial spare packages. The work will be performed
in Simi Valley, CA. Work is scheduled to be completed by
1/11/2008. Program involvement: RQ-11 Raven.
2/14/2007 W58RGZ-05-C-0338 AMCOM $6,661,985 Modification to a CPFF, FFP, and CPIF contract for procurement
of RQ-11 small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (Known as Raven),
and associated Initial spare packages to meet emergent Marine
Corps needs. The work will be performed in Simi Valley, CA. Work
is scheduled to be completed by 1/11/2008. Program involvement:
RQ-11 Raven.

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Page 280
8/30/2007 W58RGZ-05-0338).
9/27/2007 H92222-07-C-0072
Alion Science and Technology
Date Contract Number
5/9/2005 N00421-05-D-0016
Allegheny Teledyne
Date Contract Number
Teledyne Ryan Aeronautical
5/5/1989 N00019-89-C-0186
6/30/1989 N00019-89-C-0173
9/21/1990 F09603-90-C-1837
6/10/1991 N00019-89-C-0173
9/30/1991 F09603-90-C-1837
8/6/1992 F09603-90-C-1837
12/10/1993 N00019-93-C-0115
6/6/1995 N00019-94-C-0087
7/7/1995 N00019-89-C-0173
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Appendix
AMCOM $16,385,429 FFP contract for logistical support to RQ-11 unmanned aerial sys-
tems (Raven). The work will be performed in Simi Valley, CA. Work
is scheduled to be completed by 7/31/2008. Program involvement:
RQ-11.
SOCOM $108,400,000 CPFF contract for the design, fabrication, integration, and ground
testing of a hydrogen powered Global Observer Unmanned Air-
craft System. Work is scheduled to be completed by 4/30/2011.
Program involvement: Global Observer Unmanned Aircraft Sys-
tem.
Agency Obligation Details
NAWC $20,023,288 CPFF, indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity contract to develop
an intelligent control system for swarming UAVs to demonstrate
autonomous operations and cooperative behavior for persistent
surveillance. The work will be performed in Morgantown, WV.
Work is scheduled to be completed by 5/31/2009. PE involvement:
0602114N. Program involvement: UAV.
Agency Obligation Details
NAVAIR $200,000 Engineering development contract for an engineering analysis re-
lated to the Medium Range Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System.
Work is scheduled to be completed by 5/5/1990. PE involvement:
0305141D. Program involvement: UAV-MR, BQM-145.
NAVAIR $69,600,931 FPI contract for full-scale engineering development of the Me-
dium-Range Unmammed Aerial Vehicle System. Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 2/28/1994. PE involvement: 0305141D.
Program involvement: UAV-MR, BQM-145.
WRALC $53,137,853 FFP contract for BQM-34A/S serial target drones, installation kits,
support equipment, and related data. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 6/30/1992. Program involvement: BQM-34.
NAVAIR $11,000,000 Increment as part of a $31,337,194 unpriced change order con-
tract to provide material composition upgrades, vehicle redesign,
increased test requirements and schedule adjustments of the
ATARS suite. Work is scheduled to be completed by 2/28/1996.
PE involvement: 0305141D. Program involvement: UAV-MR,
BQM-145.
WRALC $44,067,772 FVI to a FFP contract for 53 BQM-34A (USAF) serial target
drones, 34 BQM-34S (USN) serial target drones, and various
items of associated support equipment, modification kits an. Work
is scheduled to be completed by 10/30/1994. Program involve-
ment: BQM-34.
WRALC $67,753,927 FVI to a FFP contract for 32 BQM-34A aerial target drones for the
USAF, 100 BQM-34S aerial target drones for the USN, and asso-
ciated installation kits, warranties, and data. Work is scheduled to
be completed by 8/31/1995. Program involvement: BQM-34.
NAVAIR $54,600,000 FFP contract for 120 BQM-34S aerial targets, associated kits and
technical data. The work will be performed in San Diego, CA (75%)
and Santa Monica, CA (25%). Work is scheduled to be completed
by 10/31/1996. Program involvement: BQM-34.
NAVAIR $28,145,004 FFP contract for the BQM-34S aerial targets for the Navy Aerial
Targets Program Management Office. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 9/30/1997. Program involvement: BQM-34.
NAVAIR $11,489,299 Modification to a previously awarded contract for partial reinstate-
ment of the Medium Range Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (MR UAV)
program. Work is scheduled to be completed by 7/31/1997. PE in-
volvement: 0305141D. Program involvement: BQM-145.
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3/19/1999 MDA972-94-3-0013
3/31/1999 F08626-99-C-0140
11/22/1999 F08626-99-C-0140
DARPA $45,000,000 FVI to a CPFF contract to provide for Phase III demonstration,
evaluation and non-recurring engineering in support of Advanced
Concept Technical Development of the Global Hawk H. Work is
scheduled to be completed by 1/31/2000. PE involvement:
0305205D and 0603760E. Program involvement: Global Hawk,
HAE-UAV.
AAC $14,999,950 FFP contract to provide for up to 100 BQM-34 subscale aerial tar-
gets, initial spares, and support equipment. Work is scheduled to
be completed by 3/31/2004. Program involvement: BQM-34.
AAC $13,600,000 Modification to a FFP contract to provide for 32 BQM-34 sub-scale
aerial targets. Work is scheduled to be completed by 3/31/2002.
Program involvement: BQM-34.

Alliant Techsystems
Date Contract Number Agency Obligation Details
Defense Systems Group
5/2/1996 N00019-96-C-0152 NAVAIR $52,583,651 CPIF/AF contract for six tactical unmanned aerial vehicle sys-
tems; two mobile maintenance facilities; eight attrition air vehicles;
and training and contractor logistics s. The work will be performed
in Hopkins, MN (20%) and Hondo, TX (80%). Work is scheduled to
be completed by 5/31/1998. Program involvement: TUAV, Out-
rider.
5/1/1998 N00019-96-G-0196 NAVAIR $12,124,005 CPFF, delivery order against a basic ordering agreement contract
for the design, engineering development, fabrication, and test of
an improved Outrider System. Work is scheduled to be completed
by 3/31/1999. PE involvement: 0305205D. Program involvement:
Outrider, TUAV.

Army Armaments
Date Contract Number Agency Obligation Details
9/27/2007 W31P4Q-06-C-0256 AMCOM $29,895,552 Modification to a CPFF contract for Support Services for the
Shadow 200 System. Work is scheduled to be completed by
9/27/2008. PE involvement: 0305204A. Program involvement:
RQ-7 Shadow.

Aurora Flight Sciences

Date Contract Number Agency Obligation Details
3/24/2005 W911W6-05-D-0003 AATD $5,011,524 Increment as part of a $20,000,000 CPFF contract for Excalibur
Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Development. Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 4/24/2010. PE involvement: 0305204A.
Program involvement: Excalibur Tactical UAV.
6/30/2005 HR0011-05-C-0035 DARPA $4,400,000 Increment to a $12,143,970 CPFF contract for Phase II of the Or-
ganic Air Vehicle II Program. Work is scheduled to be completed
by 4/30/2006. PE involvement: 0603764E. Program involvement:
OAV, Raven.
6/8/2006 HR0011-05-C-0035 DARPA $5,700,000 Increment as part of a $38,323,151 CPFF contract for the contin-
ued development and demonstration of the Organic Air Vehicle-II
toward the Army future combat systems Class II Unmanned Aerial
Vehicle need. Work is scheduled to be completed by 2/19/2009.
PE involvement: 0603764E. Program involvement: OAV-II.

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Page 282
BAE Systems
Date Contract Number
Advanced Information Technologies
6/28/2005 F33615-02-C-1149
Integrated Defense Solutions
4/12/2004 FA8675-04-C-0214
12/9/2004 FA8675-04-C-0214
12/21/2005 FA8675-04-C-0214
2/27/2006 FA8675-04-C-0214
3/7/2007 FA8675-04-C-0214
Boeing
Date Contract Number
Frontier Systems
8/10/2005 N00421-05-D-0046
Integrated Defense Systems - Air Force Systems
10/12/2004 MDA972-99-9-0003
7/8/2005 MDA972-99-9-0003
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Appendix
Agency Obligation Details
AFRL $3,258,025 Increment as part of a $5,425,036 CPFF contract to provide a
multi-sensor, multi-look exploitation system designed to provide
persistent intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance for the
Predator UAV. Work is scheduled to be completed by 6/30/2006.
PE involvement: 0305219F. Program involvement: RQ-1 Preda-
tor.
AAC $17,175,962 FFP contract to provide for 13 QF-4 Full-Scale Aerial Targets, and
associated technical support. The work will be performed in
Mojave, CA. Work is scheduled to be completed by 7/31/2006.
Program involvement: QF-4, FSAT.
AAC $21,310,741 FFP contract to provide for QF-4 Full-Scale Aerial Targets (FSAT),
Production Contract for Lot 11 (17 FSATs) and associated techni-
cal support. The work will be performed in Mojave, CA. Work is
scheduled to be completed by 8/31/2007. Program involvement:
QF-4 FSAT.
SASG $5,653,000 FFP with T&M and cost contract to provide for Full Scale Aerial
Targets (FSAT), engineering change proposal to re-introduce the
RF-4C configuration model back into QF-4 FSAT fleet. Work is
scheduled to be completed by 11/30/2007. Program involvement:
RF-4, QF-4.
SASG $25,115,004 FFP with T&M cost contract to provide for QF-4 Full-Scale Aerial
Targets Production Contract for Lot 12 and associated technical
support. The work will be performed in Mojave, CA. Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 7/31/2008. Program involvement: QF-4.
SASG $26,462,593 FFP with T&M and cost contract for QF-4 Full-Scale Aerial Targets
(FSAT), Production Contract for Lot 13 (20 FSATs) and associ-
ated technical support. Work is scheduled to be completed by
7/31/2009. Program involvement: QF-4.
Agency Obligation Details
NAWC $49,950,000 Ceiling-priced indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity contract for
an Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD) of the
A-160 Hummingbird Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) Un-
manned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Work is scheduled to be completed
by 8/31/2008. PE involvement: 0305204N. Program involvement:
A-160 Hummingbird VTOL UAV.
DARPA $766,696,178 Modification to a previously awarded other transaction contract for
prototypes agreement to design, develop and fabricate three
full-scale X-45C Joint Unmanned Combat Air Systems air vehicles
and two mission control el. The work will be performed in St. Louis,
MO (80%); El Segundo, CA (4%); Cincinnati, OH (2%); and multi-
ple other sites (14%). Work is scheduled to be completed by
3/31/2010. PE involvement: 0603285E. Program involvement:
J-UCAS, UCAV, X-45.
DARPA $2,650,000 Increment of a $174,993,367 modification to a previously awarded
contract to conduct a robust autonomous aerial refueling demon-
stration with the X-45C and extend the current flight test effort by
18 months. Work is scheduled to be completed by 12/31/2012. PE
involvement: 0603286E. Program involvement: X-45.
©Teal Group Corporation
Appendix
9/26/2007 N00019-05-C-0045
9/28/2007 HR0011-07-C-0100
Integrated Defense Systems - Naval Systems
6/22/2004 N00019-99-C-0003
4/18/2005 N00019-05-C-0045
Phantom Works
3/24/1999 MDA972-99-9-0003
4/29/2002 MDA972-00-9-0005
7/6/2002 MDA972-02-9-0005
Brunswick
Date Contract Number
Defense Div.
11/8/1988 N00019-88-C-0340
7/27/1989 N00019-89-C-0260
4/23/1991 N00019-91-C-0163
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Page 283
NAVAIR $16,000,000 Modification to a previously awarded FFP contract to provide fol-
low-on persistent Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance
(ISR) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) services. Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 9/30/2008. Program involvement: ISR
UAV.
DARPA $1,145,000 Increment as part of a $6,344,438 CPFFR contract to deliver an
A160T aircraft and modified pod for the Autonomous Real-time
Ground Ubiquitous Surveillance-Imaging System (ARGUS-IS)
program. Work is scheduled to be completed by 5/31/2009. PE in-
volvement: 0602702E. Program involvement: ARGUS-IS.
NAVAIR $16,364,000 NTE modification to a previously awarded FFP contract for the
procurement of 14 MA-31 live boosters, 14 MA-31 aerial targets,
and three AKY-58 launchers with tool sets. The work will be per-
formed in St. Charles, MO. Work is scheduled to be completed by
11/30/2006. Program involvement: MA-31, SSST.
NAVAIR $14,500,000 FFP contract to provide persistent Intelligence, Surveillance, Re-
connaissance UAV services for a Naval Expeditionary Strike
Group deployment and Gulf Oil Platform security. Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 2/28/2006.
DARPA $14,848,000 Increment under a $131,000,000 other-transaction-for-prototypes
contract to design and fabricate the UCAV demonstrator system
and conduct a series of demonstrations to validate the technical
feasibility of the operational syste. The work will be performed in
Seattle, WA (38%); St. Louis, MO (53%); Huntington Beach, CA
(3%); and 2 other locations (6%). Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 9/30/2000. PE involvement: 0602702E. Program in-
volvement: UCAV.
DARPA $3,000,000 Increment on a $9,999,868 modification contract for prototypes to
further advance technology and risk reduction activities in Phase
IIA of the Naval Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle program. The work
will be performed in St. Louis, MO (94%); Seattle, WA (2%); Mesa,
AZ (1%); and 3 other locations (3%). Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 9/30/2004. PE involvement: 0603285E. Program in-
volvement: UCAV.
DARPA $1,562,000 Incrementa s part of a $460,056,330 contract to fund the Spiral 1
objectives that are being incorporated into the existing Unmanned
Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV) Other Transaction Agreement. The
work will be performed in St. Louis, MO (62%); Seattle, WA (34%);
Palmdale, CA (3%); and 2 other locations (2%). Work is scheduled
to be completed by 12/30/2005. PE involvement: 0603285E and
0603333F. Program involvement: UCAV, X-45.
Agency Obligation Details
NAVAIR $6,988,764 FFP contract to manufacture and deliver 10 AQM-37C missile tar-
gets, various mission kits, and technical data in order to qualify as
a second source for the AGM-37C. Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 7/31/1990. Program involvement: AQM-37.
NAVAIR $30,848,893 FFP contract for the Tactical Air-Launched Decoy (TALD) and as-
sociated integrated logistics support, technical manuals and sup-
port equipment. Work is scheduled to be completed by
12/31/1991. Program involvement: ADM-141.
NAVAIR $5,684,280 FFP contract for missile targets, passive flight kits, provisioning
items, manuals and associated technical data for AQM-37C Aerial
Targets System. Work is scheduled to be completed by 7/31/1993.
Program involvement: AQM-37.
Page 284
10/18/1991 N00019-89-C-0260
6/2/1992 N00019-92-C-0155
Canadian Commercial
Date Contract Number
Bombardier, Canadair Div.
5/23/1990 N00019-90-C-0137
5/17/1994 N00019-94-C-0074
Composite Engineering
Date Contract Number
7/12/2002 F08635-02-C-0005
8/11/2004 F08635-02-C-0005
5/6/2005 F08635-02-C-0005
3/17/2006 F08635-02-C-0005
3/2/2007 F08635-02-C-0005
3/27/2007 F08635-02-C-0005
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Appendix
NAVAIR $7,500,000 Increment as part of a $23,732,801 ceiling priced modification to a
FFP contract for an engineering change proposal to provide a
powered Tactical Air Launched Decoy (TALD) configuration to 25
TALD units. The work will be performed in Costa Mesa, CA (70%)
and Jerusalem, Israel (30%). Work is scheduled to be completed
by 7/31/1994. Program involvement: ADM-141.
NAVAIR $13,190,706 FFP contract for 95 AQM-37C aerial targets. The work will be per-
formed in Costa Mesa, CA (95%) and Hawthorne, NV (5%). Work
is scheduled to be completed by 9/30/1994. Program involvement:
AQM-37.
Agency Obligation Details
NAVAIR $5,000,000 FFP contract for supplies and services required for the develop-
ment, demonstration, test, and evaluation of a Vertical Takeoff
and Landing (VTOL) Unmanned Aerial Vehic. The work will be
performed in Montreal, Canada. Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 12/31/1991. Program involvement: CL-289, VTUAV.
NAVAIR $6,799,794 CPFF contract to integrate an enhanced turboshaft engine into the
CL-227 system and demonstrate at least a three hour endurance
flight. Work is scheduled to be completed by 3/31/1996. Program
involvement: CL-227, VTUAV.
Agency Obligation Details
AAC $6,603,770 Modification contract to provide for two pre-production Air Force
subscale aerial targets (AFSAT), flight demonstration and sup-
port, a target test set and associated data. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 7/31/2003. Program involvement: AFSAT, Skeeter.
AAC $0 Increment as part of an $8,703,409 FFP with T&M contract to pro-
vide for Air Force Subscale Aerial Target (AFSAT), Exercises of
LRIP Option for Lot 1 (10 AFSATs), First Article Acceptance Test-
ing, and Target Test. Work is scheduled to be completed by
1/31/2006. The contract involves FMS. Program involvement:
AFSAT.
AAC $0 Increment as part of a $20,380,569 FFP contract to provide for Air
Force Subscale Aerial Target (AFSAT), exercise of Low Rate of
Initial Production Option for Lot 2 and the procurement of Exhibit
B-Data. Work is scheduled to be completed by 3/31/2007. The
contract involves FMS. Program involvement: AFSAT.
AAC $0 Increment as part of a $15,000,785 FFP contract for Air Force
Subscale Aerial Target (AFSAT), exercise of LRIP option for Lot 3
(quantity of 38 AFSATs) and the procurement of Exhibit B-Data.
Work is scheduled to be completed by 2/28/2008. Program in-
volvement: AFSAT.
308 ASW $5,505,841 FFP contract to procure contractor peculiar recoverable spares
and peculiar consumables for use in USAF Subscale Aerial Target
during operations at Tyndall AFB, FL. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 3/31/2008. Program involvement: FSAT.
308 ASW $23,858,299 FFP modification to an existing contract awarded contract to pro-
cure Air Force Subscale Aerial Target (AFSAT), exercise of full
rate production option of Lot 4 (quantity of 42 AFSATs). Work is
scheduled to be completed by 3/31/2008. Program involvement:
AFSAT, BQM-167.
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Frontier Systems
Date Contract Number Agency Obligation Details
9/11/2003 MDA972-03-9-0004 DARPA $2,500,000 Increment of a $75,000,000 other transaction for prototypes
agreement contract to design, develop and test four A160 un-
manned aerial vehicles. The work will be performed in Victorville,
CA. Work is scheduled to be completed by 9/30/2007. PE involve-
ment: 0603764E. Program involvement: A160 UAV.

General Atomics
Date Contract Number
Aeronautical Systems
1/7/1994 N00019-93-C-0137
7/26/1996 N00019-96-C-0121
5/13/1997 N00019-97-C-0070
8/19/1997 N00019-97-C-0106
3/13/1998 N00019-98-C-0072
5/1/1998 N00019-98-C-0045
5/27/1998 N00019-95-G-0197
8/16/1999 F33657-99-C-3045
12/16/1999 F33657-99-C-3045
Agency Obligation Details
NAVAIR $31,721,695 CPFF contract for tactical endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
(UAV) advanced concept technology demonstration. The work will
be performed in Adelanto, CA. Work is scheduled to be completed
by 6/30/1996. PE involvement: 0305141D. Program involvement:
UAV-E, Gnat 750, Tier 1.
NAVAIR $36,219,673 CPIF contract for Predator Medium Altitude Endurance (MAE) Un-
manned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) system hardware. Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 3/31/1998. PE involvement: 0305154D.
Program involvement: Predator, UAV, Tier 1, RQ-1.
NAVAIR $16,968,183 FPI contract for six Medium Altitude Endurance Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles (UAVs), spare parts, ground support equipment, and
data. Work is scheduled to be completed by 8/31/1998. PE in-
volvement: 0305154D. Program involvement: Predator, UAV, Tier
1, RQ-1.
NAVAIR $25,492,200 Undefinitized contract for eight Predator Unmanned Aerial Vehi-
cles, two ground control stations, spare parts, ground support
equipment, program management, and data. The work will be per-
formed in Rancho Bernado, CA. Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 9/30/1999. Program involvement: Predator, UAV, Tier 1,
RQ-1.
NAVAIR $71,557,399 FPIF contract for the procurement of 2 Predator Unmanned Aerial
Vehicle (UAV) systems (eight air vehicles and 2 ground control
stations), 10 air vehicles, and spare parts. The work will be per-
formed in San Diego, CA (80%); Salt Lake City, UT (18%) and Salt
Lake City, WA (3%). Work is scheduled to be completed by
9/30/2000. PE involvement: 0305205D. Program involvement:
Predator, UAV, Tier 1, RQ-1.
NAVAIR $15,641,532 Ceiling amount, CPIF, FFP contract for interim contractor support
and spare parts for the Predator Unmanned Air Vehicle system.
Work is scheduled to be completed by 9/30/1999. PE involvement:
0305205D. Program involvement: Predator, UAV, Tier 1, RQ-1.
NAVAIR $8,875,295 CPFF delivery order against a basic ordering agreement contract
for Predator UAV Block I upgrade improvements which include se-
cure voice radio, relief on station, Ku-Band tuning, reliability and
maintainability. Work is scheduled to be completed by 12/31/1999.
PE involvement: 0305205D. Program involvement: Predator,
UAV, Tier 1, RQ-1.
ASC $47,066,928 FPIF contract to provide for one Predator unmanned aerial recon-
naissance vehicle system. Work is scheduled to be completed by
4/30/2001. Program involvement: Predator, UAV, Tier 1, RQ-1.
ASC $49,353,203 Modification to a FPIF contract to provide for 12 Predator un-
manned aerial reconnaissance vehicles, six ice protection kits,
ground control equipment, and associated spares. Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 6/30/2002. PE involvement: 0305205D.
Program involvement: Predator, UAV, Tier 1, RQ-1.

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 286
6/30/2000 F33657-00-C-4010
2/22/2001 F33657-00-C-4010
3/20/2001 F33657-00-C-4040
6/27/2001 F33657-00-C-4010
9/6/2001 F33657-98-G-3110
12/28/2001 F33657-01-C-5063
12/4/2002 F33657-00-C-4040
7/22/2003 F33657-03-C-3003
8/20/2003 F33657-03-C-3018
3/29/2004 F33657-02-G-4035
4/9/2004 F33657-03-C-3018
7/1/2004 FA8620-04-C-4005
7/6/2004 F33657-02-G-4035
10/1/2004 FA8620-04-C-4005
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Appendix
ASC $5,337,583 CPFF contract to provide for contractor logistics support from July
through September 2000 for the Predator unmanned aerial recon-
naissance vehicles. Work is scheduled to be completed by
9/30/2000. PE involvement: 0305205F. Program involvement:
Predator, UAV, Tier 1, RQ-1.
ASC $6,107,916 Modification to a CPAF contract to provide for contractor logistics
support from March through June 2001 for the Predator un-
manned aerial reconnaissance vehicles. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 6/30/2001. Program involvement: Predator, UAV,
Tier 1, RQ-1.
ASC $19,837,034 Increment as part of a $30,100,096 FFP contract for seven Preda-
tor unmanned aerial reconnaissance vehicles. Work is scheduled
to be completed by 3/31/2002. Program involvement: Predator,
UAV, Tier 1, RQ-1.
ASC $2,250,769 Increment as part of a $16,016,421 modification to a CPFF con-
tract to provide for 12 Predator unmanned aerial reconnaissance
vehicles. Work is scheduled to be completed by 6/30/2002. Pro-
gram involvement: Predator, UAV, Tier 1, RQ-1.
ASC $11,178,404 CPFF contract to provide for retrofit of five ground control stations
supporting the Predator unmanned aerial reconnaissance vehi-
cle. Work is scheduled to be completed by 7/31/2002. Program in-
volvement: Predator, UAV, Tier 1, RQ-1.
ASC $8,151,708 CPFF contract for contractor logistics support from Jan. 1, 2002,
through March 30, 2002, for the Predator Unmanned Aerial Vehi-
cle System. Work is scheduled to be completed by 3/31/2002. Pro-
gram involvement: RQ-1 Predator.
ASC $21,614,280 Increment as part of a $28,819,040 FFP contract to provide 12
MQ-1 Block 10 Predator Aircraft. Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 4/30/2004. Program involvement: Predator, UAV, Tier 1,
RQ-1, MQ-1.
ASC $5,113,819 Modification contract to provide CONUS field support, depot sup-
ply support, program management, configuration management,
Nellis Flight Operations support, and reach back suppo. Work is
scheduled to be completed by 9/30/2003. Program involvement:
Predator, UAV, Tier 1, RQ-1, MQ-1.
ASC $41,345,710 FFP contract to provide for 19 MQ-1L Predator unmanned aerial
vehicles. Work is scheduled to be completed by 8/31/2005. Pro-
gram involvement: Predator, UAV, Tier 1, RQ-1, MQ-1.
ASC $5,555,125 Increment as part of a $17,011,750 CPFF contract to provide for
the development of specifications to produce and weaponize the
MQ-9A Predator unmanned air vehicle. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 1/31/2005. PE involvement: 0305205F. Program in-
volvement: Predator, RQ-1, MQ-9.
ASC $9,124,893 FFP contract for readiness spares, consisting of consumables,
support equipment, and line replaceable units, in support of the
MQ-1L Predator unmanned aerial vehicle. Work is scheduled to
be completed by 8/31/2005. Program involvement: Predator,
UAV, Tier 1, RQ-1, MQ-1.
ASC $26,427,245 FFP contract to provide for seven each MQ-IL Predator Un-
manned Air Vehicles, six Ground Data Terminals, and twelve
Ruggedized Air Maintenance Test Stations. Work is scheduled to
be completed by 6/30/2006. Program involvement: MQ-1, Preda-
tor.
ASC $27,705,374 Increment as part of a $36,940,499 FPIF contract to provide for
four MQ-9A Air Vehicles. Work is scheduled to be completed by
12/31/2006. Program involvement: MQ-9.
ASC $5,558,748 FFP contract to provide for three MQ-9A Air Vehicles. Work is
scheduled to be completed by 6/30/2006. Program involvement:
MQ-9, RQ-1, Predator.
©Teal Group Corporation
Appendix
11/15/2004 FA8620-04-C-4005
11/19/2004 F33657-02-G-4035
2/1/2005 DAAH01-03-C-0124
2/10/2005 FA4890-05-C-0001
2/11/2005 DAAH01-03-C-0124
3/30/2005 F33657-02-G-4035
3/31/2005 FA8620-04-C-4005
3/31/2005 FA8620-05-C-3000
6/1/2005 FA8620-04-C-4005
6/3/2005 F33657-02-G-4035
6/21/2005 FA8620-04-C-4005
6/22/2005 F33657-02-G-4035
7/15/2005 FA8620-05-C-3000
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Page 287
ASC $22,001,140 FFP contract to provide for 7 each MQ-1L Predator Remotely Pi-
loted Aircraft and 14 each Ruggedized Aircraft Maintenance Test
Stations. Work is scheduled to be completed by 1/31/2007. Pro-
gram involvement: MQ-1, RQ-1.
ASC $7,206,740 Increment as part of a $14,413,480 CPFF contract to provide
Predator MQ-IL Block 10+ Retrofit Phase 1-Non-recurring engi-
neering to define all necessary kit hardware. Work is scheduled to
be completed by 11/30/2005. Program involvement: RQ-1.
AMCOM $4,218,338 Modification to a CPFF contract for 2 additional Improved-GNAT
UAVs, three modification kits for legacy, hardware and the devel-
opment and integration of the Tactical Automatic Landing System.
The work will be performed in San Diego, CA (80%) and Adelanto,
CA (20%). Work is scheduled to be completed by 2/22/2006. PE
involvement: 0305205A. Program involvement: Gnat UAV.
ACC $8,285,431 CPFF contract to provide services necessary to perform Predator
Organizational Maintenance for aircraft, Ground Control Stations,
and Predator Primary Satellite Links. The work will be performed in
San Diego, CA and Indian Springs, NV. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 3/31/2006. Program involvement: Predator, UAV,
Tier 1, RQ-1.
AMCOM $4,990,000 Modification to a CPFF contract for on-site technical, logistical,
and operational support of the I-GNAT unmanned aerial vehicle.
The work will be performed in Adelanto, CA (65%) and San Diego,
CA (35%). Work is scheduled to be completed by 12/31/2005. Pro-
gram involvement: I-GNAT UAV.
ASC $15,610,000 Increment as part of a $68,205,573 CPIF contract provide for the
System Development and Demonstration (SDD) of the MQ-9
Hunter-Killer Aircraft. Work is scheduled to be completed by
3/31/2006. PE involvement: 0305219F. Program involvement:
MQ-9, RQ-1, Predator.
ASC $20,082,837 FFP contract to provide for additional Readiness Spares Package
Kits for the Predator Program. Work is scheduled to be completed
by 1/31/2008. Program involvement: RQ-1, Predator UAV.
ASC $9,992,967 CPFF contract to provide for Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)
Predator Spares and Quick Reaction Repair and Return Support
for Two Additional OEF Predator Orbits. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 3/31/2007. Program involvement: RQ-1, Predator
UAV.
ASC $5,322,582 Increment as part of a $7,096,776 modification contract to provide
for Predator Initial Spares for seven MQ-1 Aircraft. Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 8/31/2008. Program involvement: MQ-1,
Predator, RQ-1.
ASC $14,636,236 Increment as part of a $19,514,981 modification contract to pro-
vide for the Development and Production efforts for the Predator
dual control mobile ground control station and enhancement mod
kits. Work is scheduled to be completed by 10/31/2008. PE in-
volvement: 0305219F. Program involvement: Predator, RQ-1.
ASC $54,551,742 Increment as part of a $72,735,659 FFP contract to exercise an
option of Predator requirements including acceleration of the de-
livery of 17 aircraft, produce 15 MQ-1L Block 10 aircraft, and Sup-
port Equipment. Work is scheduled to be completed by 9/30/2008.
Program involvement: RQ-1, Predator.
ASC $23,121,898 Increment as part of a $30,829,202 CPFF contract to provide
Predator Ground Control Stations including two fixed facility
GCSs; one Dual Control; 19 Enhancement Mod Kits; and two
Multi-Aircraft Controls. Work is scheduled to be completed by
4/30/2008. Program involvement: RQ-1, Predator.
ASC $20,769,160 CPFF contract to exercise an option of Contractor Logistics Sup-
port for the Predator System for five months. Work is scheduled to
be completed by 12/31/2005. Program involvement: RQ-1, Preda-
tor UAV.
Page 288
7/29/2005 FA8620-05-C-3013
8/8/2005 W58RGZ-05-C-0069
9/29/2005 DAAH01-03-C-0124
1/25/2006 FA8620-05-G-3028
3/3/2006 W58RGZ-05-C-0069
3/13/2006 FA8620-05-G-3028
3/15/2006 FA4890-05-C-0001
6/15/2006 FA8620-05-G-3028
6/21/2006 DAAH01-03-C-0124
6/29/2006 FA8620-05-G-3028
6/30/2006 F33657-02-G-4035
8/4/2006 N00421-06-C-0024
8/22/2006 W58RGZ-06-C-0208
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Appendix
ASC $10,467 Increment as part of a $13,867,301 FFP/CPFF contract to provide
for 9 Lynx Synthetic Aperture Radars for the Predator, Ground
Support Equipment and Spares, and a option for training manuals.
Work is scheduled to be completed by 11/30/2007. Program in-
volvement: RQ-1, Predator, LYNX SAR.
AMCOM $214,409,789 For research, developmenCPIF contract for research, develop-
ment, test and evaluation of the Extended Range Multi Purpose
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle system. The work will be performed in
San Diego, CA; Adelanto, CA; Palmdale, CA; and 3 other loca-
tions. Work is scheduled to be completed by 8/31/2009. PE in-
volvement: 0305204A. Program involvement: RQ-1, Predator.
AMCOM $12,235,013 Modification to a CPFF contract for Technical, Logistical, and Op-
erational Support of the I-GNAT Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. The
work will be performed in Adelanto, CA (60%) and San Diego, CA
(40%). Work is scheduled to be completed by 9/30/2006. Program
involvement: I-GNAT UAV.
ASC $41,403,571 FPIF contract for the manufacture, test, and delivery of five Preda-
tor B MQ-9 UAVs and associated equipment to include Initial
Spares, and Ground Support Equipment. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 3/31/2008. Program involvement: BMQ-9, Predator.
AMCOM $67,000,000 Increment as part of a $214,321,143 CPIF contract for System De-
velopment and Demonstration for the Extended Range/ Multi-Pur-
pose Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. The work will be performed in San
Diego, CA (43%); Adelanto, CA (14%); Salt Lake City, UT (18%);
and 3 other locations (25%). Work is scheduled to be completed by
8/31/2009. PE involvement: 0305204A. Program involvement:
ER/MP-UAV.
ASC $27,127,089 CPFF contract for periodic depot maintenance for the Predator
MQ-1 and MQ-9 unmanned aircraft system program. Work is
scheduled to be completed by 12/31/2006. Program involvement:
Predator, RQ-4.
ACC $30,136,635 CPFF contract to provide services necessary to perform Predator
organizational maintenance of aircraft, Ground Control Stations,
and Predator Primary Satellite Links. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 3/31/2007. Program involvement: Predator, RQ-4.
ASC $25,151,451 CPFF term contract to support the Predator MQ-1 and MQ-9 un-
manned aircraft system program. Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 12/31/2006. Program involvement: Predator, RQ-1.
AMCOM $21,094,500 Modification to a CPFF contract for the improved unmanned aerial
vehicles and associated support equipment and initial spares. The
work will be performed in San Diego, CA (65%); Salt Lake City, UT
(25%); Adelanto, CA (5%); and Palmdale, CA (5%). Work is
scheduled to be completed by 12/31/2006. Program involvement:
RQ-1.
ASC $14,881,292 CPFF contract to exercise an option which includes the Predator
MQ-1 Unmanned Aircraft System Outside Continental United
States program. Work is scheduled to be completed by
12/31/2006. Program involvement: Predator, RQ-1.
ASC $5,210,170 CPFF contract for the retrofit of five MQ-9 Predator aircraft, with
upgraded landing gear for increased landing capacity, and Hell-
fire/EGBU-12/Special Project A Payloads. Work is scheduled to
be completed by 6/30/2006. Program involvement: RQ-1.
NAWC $8,294,000 CPFF contract for the procurement of one Predator B aircraft for
use in demonstration and operations, including ground support
equipment, spares kit and system integration. Work is scheduled
to be completed by 4/30/2007. PE involvement: 0305204N. Pro-
gram involvement: RQ-1.
AMCOM $11,466,000 As part of an estimated $23,400,000 CPFF contract to acquire four
extended range multi-purpose unmanned aerial vehicles, the as-
sociated support equipment and initial spare parts. Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 8/31/2007. PE involvement: 0305204A.
Program involvement: UAV.
©Teal Group Corporation
Appendix
9/22/2006 FA8620-05-G-3028
9/22/2006 FA8620-05-G-3028
9/29/2006 W15P7T-06-C-P255
9/29/2006 DAAH01-03-C-0124
11/7/2006 W58RGZ-05-C-0069
12/18/2006 DAAH01-03-C-0124
12/18/2006 W58RGZ-05-C-0069
12/29/2006 FA8620-05-G-3028
1/30/2007 DAAH01-03-C-0124
2/9/2007 W58RGZ-06-C-0208
3/13/2007 FA8620-05-G-3028
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Page 289
ASC $11,846,649 Increment as part of a $15,795,532 FFP contract for 1 ground sup-
port equipment, 1 initial spares package and 2 primary predator
sitcom link modem assembly per FY06 Predator MQ-1 and
Reaper MQ-9 requirements. Work is scheduled to be completed
by 6/30/2010. Program involvement: RQ-1, MQ-9.
ASC $38,363,450 Increment as part of a $49,587,121 FFP contract for 7 MQ-1 Block
15 aircraft and the necessary non-recurring engineering to
productionize the block 15 configuration. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 1/31/2010. Program involvement: RQ-1.
CECOM $8,550,308 FFP, CPFF and T&M contract for Lynx I Systems. The work will be
performed in San Diego, CA (95%) and Iraq (5%). Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 3/30/2008. Program involvement: Lynx.
AMCOM $14,536,421 Modification to a CPFF contract for contractor logistics support for
IGNAT unmanned aerial vehicle operations. The work will be per-
formed in San Diego, CA (75%); Salt Lake City, UT (15%);
Adelanto, CA (5%); and Palmdale, CA (5%). Work is scheduled to
be completed by 11/30/2007. Program involvement: IGNAT UAV.
AMCOM $20,000,000 Increment as part of a $215,373,106 CPIF contract for system de-
velopment and demonstration for the extended range / multi-pur-
pose unmanned aerial vehicle. The work will be performed in San
Diego, CA (43%); Salt Lake City, UT (18%); Adelanto, CA (14%);
and 3 other locations (27%). Work is scheduled to be completed by
8/31/2009. PE involvement: 0305204A. Program involvement:
ER/MP UAV.
AMCOM $13,807,439 Modification to a CPFF contract for contractor logistics support in
support of IGNAT Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Operations. The work
will be performed in San Diego, CA (65%); Salt Lake City, UT
(25%); Adelanto, CA (5%); and Palmdale, CA (5%). Work is
scheduled to be completed by 8/31/2009. Program involvement:
RQ-1, IGNAT UAV.
AMCOM $63,168,556 Increment as part of a $215,373,106 CPIF contract for system de-
velopment and demonstration for the Extended Range / Multi-Pur-
pose Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. The work will be performed in San
Diego, CA (43%); Salt Lake City, UT (18%); Adelanto, CA (14%);
and 3 other locations (25%). Work is scheduled to be completed by
8/31/2009. PE involvement: 0305204A. Program involvement:
RQ-1, ER/MP UAV.
ASC $38,099,885 Increment as part of a $42,666,206 CPFF term contract for
CAMS/REMIS/CEMS data collection/entry and numbered Peri-
odic Depot Maintenance (PDM) for the Predator MQ-1 and MQ-9
Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) program. Work is scheduled to
be completed by 12/31/2007. Program involvement: RQ-1 Preda-
tor.
AMCOM $20,748,347 Modification to a CPFF contract for contractor logistics support for
IGNAT Unmanned Aerial Vehicle operations. The work will be per-
formed in San Diego, CA (75%); Salt Lake City, UT (15%);
Adelanto, CA (5%); and Palmdale, CA (5%). Work is scheduled to
be completed by 12/31/2007. Program involvement: IGNAT UAV,
RQ-1.
AMCOM $11,679,000 Modification to a CPFF contract for acquisition of four Extended
Range Multi-Purpose Block 0, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, associ-
ated support equipment, and initial spares. The work will be per-
formed in San Diego, CA (65%); Salt Lake City, UT (25%);
Adelanto, CA (5%); and Palmdale, CA (5%). Work is scheduled to
be completed by 12/18/2007. PE involvement: 0305204A. Pro-
gram involvement: ERMP UAV, RQ-1.
ASC $32,747,250 Increment as part of a $43,663,000 FFP contract for the manufac-
ture, test and delivery of two Predator B MQ-9 unmanned aerial
vehicles, two mobile ground control stations, and associated
equipment. Work is scheduled to be completed by 12/31/2008.
Program involvement: RQ-1.
Page 290
4/5/2007 W58RGZ-06-C-0208
5/7/2007 FA8620-05-G-3028
5/7/2007 FA8620-05-G-3028
6/22/2007 FA8620-05-G-3028
6/22/2007 FA8620-05-G-3028
6/28/2007 W58RGZ-05-C-0069
8/6/2007 FA8620-05-G-3028
8/31/2007 FA8620-05-G-3028
8/31/2007 FA8620-05-G-3028
9/7/2007 FA8620-05-G-3028
9/14/2007 DAAH01-03-C-0124
9/19/2007 W58RGZ-07-C-0107
9/19/2007 FA8620-05-G-3028
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Appendix
AMCOM $5,264,342 Modification to a CPFF contract for Extended Range Multi-Pur-
pose Block 0, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. The work will be per-
formed in San Diego, CA (65%); Salt Lake City, UT (25%);
Adelanto, CA (5%); and Palmdale, CA (5%). Work is scheduled to
be completed by 8/31/2007. PE involvement: 0305204A. Program
involvement: RQ-1.
ASC $58,976,370 FFP contract for the manufacture, test and delivery of four Preda-
tor B Reaper MQ-9 UAVs and associated equipment to include ini-
tial spares and ground support equipment. Work is scheduled to
be completed by 12/31/2009. Program involvement: RQ-1, MQ-9
Predator.
ASC $10,135,251 CPFF contract to provide a series of required tasks to design, fab-
ricate, integrate, and test the Predator MQ-1B Block X aircraft
which will utilize a Heavy Full Engine (HFE). Work is scheduled to
be completed by 5/31/2008. PE involvement: 0305219F. Program
involvement: RQ-1 Predator.
ASC $69,407,519 CPFF contract for Predator/Reaper contractor logistics support to
include all program management, urgent repairs and services, lo-
gistics support and configuration management. Work is scheduled
to be completed by 12/31/2007. Program involvement: RQ-1,
MQ-9.
ASC $43,983,622 FFP contract for the manufacture, test and delivery of four Preda-
tor B Reaper MQ-9 UAVs and associated equipment to include Ini-
tial Spares and Ground Support Equipment. Work is scheduled to
be completed by 12/31/2009. Program involvement: RQ-1, MQ-9.
AMCOM $14,665,000 Increment as part of a $215,373,106 CPIF contract for system de-
velopment and demonstration for the Extended Range / Multi-Pur-
pose Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. The work will be performed in San
Diego, CA (43%); Salt Lake City, UT (18%); Hunt Valley, MD
(14%); and 3 other locations (25%). Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 8/31/2009. PE involvement: 0305204A. Program in-
volvement: ER/MPUAV.
ASC $7,307,964 CPFF contract to provide two Pre-Production YMQ-1C Block X air-
craft. Work is scheduled to be completed by 1/31/2009. PE in-
volvement: 0305219F. Program involvement: YMQ-1.
ASC $40,592,440 Increment as part of a $54,123,254 FFP contract for the manufac-
ture, test, and delivery of six (6) Predator B MQ-9 Reaper Un-
manned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). Work is scheduled to be
completed by 8/31/2008. Program involvement: MQ-9 Predator.
ASC $64,955,733 FFP contract for various MQ-9 Reaper equipment and items in-
cluding Aircraft Initial Spares, 30 Day Pack-up Kits, and Ground
Support Equipment. Work is scheduled to be completed by
8/31/2008. Program involvement: RQ-1, MQ-9.
ASC $94,341,404 FFP contract for 36 Predator MQ-1B Aircraft, Aircraft Spares, RSP
kits, Hellfire Missile Kit Installation, IM’s and core tasks. Work is
scheduled to be completed by 9/30/2008. Program involvement:
RQ-1 Predator, AGM-114 Hellfire.
AMCOM $11,306,274 Modification to a CPIF contract for contractor logistics support for
the IGNAT Warrior Alpha unmanned aerial system. Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 9/13/2008. Program involvement: IGNAT
Warrior Alpha, RQ-1.
AMCOM $5,181,995 CPIF contract for low rate initial production effort for the extended
range/multi-purpose unmanned aerial system. The work will be
performed in San Diego, CA (75%) and Salt Lake City, UT (25%).
Work is scheduled to be completed by 12/11/2008. Program in-
volvement: ER/MP UAV, RQ-1.
ASC $6,089,382 CPFF contract for Target Location Accuracy (TLA) Phase I, MQ-1
Predator Predator/MQ-9. Work is scheduled to be completed by
9/30/2007. PE involvement: 0305219F. Program involvement:
MQ-1, MQ-9.
©Teal Group Corporation
Appendix
9/25/2007 FA8620-05-G-3028
9/28/2007 DAAH01-03-C-0124
10/1/2007 FA8620-05-G-3028
10/1/2007 FA4890-07-C-0009
10/18/2007 W58RGZ-05-C-0069
Geneva Aerospace
Date Contract Number
7/13/2005 N68335-05-D-0013
Honeywell International
Date Contract Number
Defense and Space Electronics Systems
10/15/2003 MDA972-01-9-0018
6/30/2005 HR0011-05-C-0043
Israel Aircraft Industries
Date Contract Number
LTD-MALAT
9/15/1989 N00019-89-C-0346
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Page 291
ASC $33,672,337 Increment as part of a $45,503,158 modification contract for 10
Predator MQ-1B Aircraft, Aircraft Spares, RSP kits, Hellfire Missile
Kit Installation, IMA’s and core tasks. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 9/30/2008. Program involvement: Predator MQ-1B,
RQ-1.
AMCOM $27,530,591 Modification to a CPFF contract for contractor logistics support for
the Sky Warrior Block 0 Unmanned Aircraft System. The work will
be performed in San Diego, CA (80%); Hunt Valley, MD (10%) and
Salt Lake City, UT (10%). Work is scheduled to be completed by
9/27/2008. Program involvement: Sky Warrior.
ASC $15,180,780 contract for retrofit 20 Predator block 5 to block 15; retrofit 1 block
10 to 15. Work is scheduled to be completed by 9/30/2008. Pro-
gram involvement: Predator, RQ-1.
ACC $21,914,173 Modification contract for organizational maintenance support for
the Predator MQ-9 remotely piloted aircraft systems at Creech
AFB, NV, and deployed sites worldwide. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 9/30/2008. Program involvement: RQ-1, MQ-9
Predator.
AMCOM $20,828,590 Increment as part of a $231,154,861 CPIF contract for system de-
velopment and demonstration for the Extended Range / Multi-Pur-
pose Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Including Integration of the Hellfire
Missile. The work will be performed in San Diego, CA (43%); Salt
Lake City, UT (18%); Hunt Valley, MD (14%); and 3 other locations
(25%). Work is scheduled to be completed by 8/31/2009. Program
involvement: ER/MP UAV, AGM-114.
Agency Obligation Details
NAWC $25,000,000 Indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity contract for a Phase III SBIR
Project under Topic N03-058 entitled “Advanced Ship/Fixed-wing
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Recovery Interface”. Work is scheduled
to be completed by 6/30/2010. PE involvement: 0602114N and
0603286E. Program involvement: UAV.
Agency Obligation Details
DARPA $1,000,000 Increment as part of a NTE $39,346,264 modification to a previ-
ously award contract to add the Micro Air Vehicle Advanced Con-
cept Technology Demonstration effort to the on-going Organic Air
Vehicle program. The work will be performed in Albuquerque, NM
(54%); San Diego, CA (32%); Minneapolis, MN (10%); and
Blacksburg, VA (4%). Work is scheduled to be completed by
8/31/2006. PE involvement: 0603764E. Program involvement: Mi-
cro UAV.
DARPA $4,714,331 Increment to a $17,450,199 CPFF contract for Phase II of the Or-
ganic Air Vehicle II Program. Work is scheduled to be completed
by 4/30/2006. PE involvement: 0603764E. Program involvement:
OAV.
Agency Obligation Details
NAVAIR $18,521,657 FFP pre-production contract for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles-Short
Range (UAV-SR) systems. Work is scheduled to be completed by
10/31/1991. Program involvement: BQM-155.
Page 292
12/15/1989 N00019-89-C-0346
12/26/1990 N00019-89-C-0346
Israel Military Industries
Date Contract Number
9/24/1996 N00019-96-C-0144
3/3/1998 N00019-97-C-0097
9/28/2000 N00019-00-C-0424
12/18/2002 N00019-03-C-6518
3/30/2006 N00019-03-C-6518
IMI Services USA
3/19/2003 N00019-03-C-6518
9/23/2004 N00019-03-C-6518
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Appendix
NAVAIR $11,822,185 FFP supply contract for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle - Short Range.
Work is scheduled to be completed by 3/31/1991. Program in-
volvement: BQM-155.
NAVAIR $7,152,786 FY91 option to the FFP preproduction contract for Unmanned Ae-
rial Vehicle-Short Range (UAV-SR) system supplies. The work will
be performed in Tel Aviv, Isreal. Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 3/31/1991. PE involvement: 0305141D. Program in-
volvement: BQM-155.
Agency Obligation Details
NAVAIR $21,221,026 FFP contract for 98 Improved Tactical Air Launched Decoys
(ITALDS) for use on F/A-18 aircraft. The work will be performed in
Israel (70%) and Toledo, OH (30%). Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 3/31/1999. Program involvement: ITALDS, F/A-18.
NAVAIR $14,434,581 FFP contract for the procurement of 110 improved tactical air
launched decoys for the USN, including the associated technical
and administrative data and the integrate. The work will be per-
formed in Israel (60%) and Toledo, OH (40%). Work is scheduled
to be completed by 10/31/1999. Program involvement: ADM-141,
ITALD.
NAVAIR $6,350,842 Ffp contract for upgrade of the ITALD navigation system through
integration of a GPS receiver and the retrofitting of production
baseline ITALD air vehicles. Work is scheduled to be completed
by 9/30/2001. Program involvement: ITALD, GPS, ADM-141.
NAVAIR $21,551,081 FFP contract for the procurement of 140 improved tactical air
launched decoys, 10 improved decoy tester and mission program-
mers; 10 IDTP kits, and supply support equip. The work will be per-
formed in Israel (63%); Toledo, OH (28%) and Wayne, NJ (9%).
Work is scheduled to be completed by 7/31/2004. Program in-
volvement: ITALD, ADM-141.
NAVAIR $13,367,585 Modification to a previously awarded FFP contract to incorporate a
Class I engineering change proposal into 19 ADM-141C ITALD, to
convert them to 18 advanced ITALD flight test vehicles and one
advanced ITALD E3. The work will be performed in Israel (84.2%);
Eatontown, NJ (4.1%); United Kingdom (3.7%); and 4 other loca-
tions (8%). Work is scheduled to be completed by 11/30/2007. PE
involvement: 0604270N. Program involvement: ADM-141, ITALD.
NAVAIR $12,496,275 Modification to a previously awarded FFP contract for the procure-
ment of 85 Improved Tactical Air Launched Decoys (ITALDs). The
work will be performed in Israel (63%); Toledo, OH (28%) and
Wayne, NJ (9%). Work is scheduled to be completed by
1/31/2005. Program involvement: ITALDS, ADM-141.
NAVAIR $12,770,947 Modification to a previously awarded FFP contract for the procure-
ment of 70 improved tactical air launched decoys (ITALDs), 17
ITALD training vehicles, and 1 lot of supply support equipment.
The work will be performed in Israel (63%); Toledo, OH (28%) and
Wayne, NJ (9%). Work is scheduled to be completed by
8/31/2006. Program involvement: ITALD.
©Teal Group Corporation
Appendix Page 293

Johns Hopkins University

Date Contract Number
Applied Physics Laboratory
9/28/2004 HR0011-04-9-0018
Agency Obligation Details
DARPA $2,000,000 Increment of a $26,941,808 other transaction contract to finance
tasks associated with Joint Unmanned Combat Air Systems. The
work will be performed in Laurel, MA (82%); Chesterfield, MO
(11%) and Hampton, VA (7%). Work is scheduled to be completed
by 9/30/2009. PE involvement: 0603285E. Program involvement:
UCAV.

KOO Construction
Date Contract Number Agency Obligation Details
2/8/2005 W91238-05-C-0008 COE $7,376,569 FFP contract for the Global Hawk System. The work will be per-
formed in Beale AFB, CA. Work is scheduled to be completed by
5/25/2006. Program involvement: RQ-4, Global Hawk.

L-3 Communications
Date Contract Number
Communications Systems-West
4/16/1997 N00019-97-C-0071
8/15/1997 N00019-97-C-0071
9/13/2007 FA8620-05-G-3027
Agency Obligation Details
NAVAIR $10,358,893 FFP contract for Predator Medium Altitude Endurance UAV Satel-
lite Air Data Terminals, Ground Support Equipment, Spares, and
Technical Data. Work is scheduled to be completed by 6/30/1998.
PE involvement: 0305154D. Program involvement: Predator,
UAV-MR.
NAVAIR $9,437,891 Undefinitized contract for Ku-Band satellite air and ground data
terminals, spare parts, ground support equipment, and data for
use in the Predator Unmanned Air Vehicle system. Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 1/31/1999. Program involvement: Preda-
tor, UAV-MR.
ASC $8,737,924 FFP contract for the build, installation, and test of fixed SATCOM
terminals for the Predator/Reaper Program. Work is scheduled to
be completed by 9/30/2008. Program involvement: RQ-1 Preda-
tor.

Lockheed Martin
Date Contract Number Agency Obligation Details
Aeronautics
5/10/2005 HR0011-05-9-0007 DARPA $4,222,852 Increment of a $7,087,376 other transaction for prototypes agree-
ment contract to conduct risk reduction demonstrations and ma-
ture the Multi-Purpose Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and related
servicing and support system concepts. The work will be per-
formed in Ft. Worth, TX (52%); Groton, CT (33%); Toledo, OH
(8%); and Riviera Beach, FL (7%). Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 3/31/2007. PE involvement: 0602702E. Program in-
volvement: Multi-Purpose UAV.

Missiles and Space

11/21/1988 DAAH01-88-C-0844
MICOM $833,330 Increment as part of a $3,303,329 modification to a CPAF contract
for contractor support for the Aquila remotely piloted vehicle sys-
tem. The work will be performed in Austin, TX (79%) and Ft. Sill,
OK (21%). Work is scheduled to be completed by 9/30/1989. Pro-
gram involvement: Aquila.

©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems

Page 294
Systems Integration
7/24/2003 MDA972-02-9-0011
Locust USA
Date Contract Number
3/30/2004 DAAH10-02-C-0058
Boeing
Date Contract Number
Boeing Aerospace
5/12/1995 N00019-95-C-0162
1/10/1997 N00019-95-C-0162
Boeing Missile Systems
9/15/1989 N00019-89-C-0347
12/15/1989 N00019-89-C-0347
Mission Technologies
Date Contract Number
8/4/2003 DAAB07-03-C-P021
Neany
Date Contract Number
6/14/2004 N00421-04-C-0042
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Appendix
DARPA $7,000,000 Increment as part of a $9,430 modification to a previously awarded
contract for the phase II (preliminary design phase) of the un-
manned combat armed rotorcraft program. The work will be per-
formed in Owego, NY (39%); Hurst, TX (29%); Orlando, FL (14%);
and 3 other locations (18%). Work is scheduled to be completed by
4/30/2004. PE involvement: 0602702E. Program involvement:
UCAR.
Agency Obligation Details
AATD $2,100,000 Modification to a CPFF contract for conversion of a L50/60 turbojet
engine into a turboshaft engine for the unmanned aerial vehicle
applications. The work will be performed in Miami, FL (60%); Juno
Beach, FL (30%); Lebanon, OH (8%); and Cedar Park, TX (2%).
Work is scheduled to be completed by 6/30/2005. PE involvement:
0602211A. Program involvement: L50/60 turbojet.
Agency Obligation Details
NAVAIR $4,760,290 FFP (base-year) contract for FY95/96 foreign comparative testing
of Russian M-31 Aerial Targetrs to fulfill the mission requirements
of the Supersonic Sea Skimming Target (SSST). Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 9/30/1996. PE involvement: 0605117D.
Program involvement: SSST, M-31.
NAVAIR $7,528,580 Modification to previously awarded contract to exercise an Ex-
panded Demonstration Test option of the Russian MA-31 Aerial
Target Foreign Comparative Test. Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 6/30/1998. PE involvement: 0605103D. Program in-
volvement: MA-31, SSST.
NAVAIR $43,138,481 FFP pre-production contract for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles - Short
Range (UAV-SR) systems. Work is scheduled to be completed by
10/31/1991. Program involvement: UAV-SR.
NAVAIR $6,763,399 Modification to an FFP supply contract for Unmanned Aerial Vehi-
cle - Short Range supplies. The work will be performed in St. Louis,
MO (80%) and Ontario, CA (20%). Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 3/31/1991. Program involvement: UAV-SR.
Agency Obligation Details
CECOM $5,046,345 FFP contract for three generation II mini-unmanned air vehicles.
The work will be performed in Hondo, TX. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 7/31/2004. Program involvement: Mini-UAV.
Agency Obligation Details
NAVAIR $9,253,693 Ceiling priced modification to a previously awarded CPFF contract
for the design and trade studies for mid-range and long-UAV’s in
support of the expendable and low cost autonomous airborne sur-
veillance platform. Work is scheduled to be completed by
6/30/2006. PE involvement: 0305205N. Program involvement:
UAV.
©Teal Group Corporation
Appendix
Northrop Grumman
Date Contract Number
Integrated Systems - Unmanned Systems
12/22/1994 N00019-94-C-0175
4/19/1996 N00019-96-C-0132
11/1/1996 F08626-96-C-0168
3/20/1997 N00019-96-C-0132
4/15/1997 N00019-96-C-0179
12/3/1997 N00019-96-C-0132
7/9/1999 MDA972-99-9-0006
10/1/1999 F33615-99-C-3613
2/9/2000 N00019-00-C-0277
2/16/2000 MDA972-95-3-0013
11/30/2000 F33615-00-D-3054
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Page 295
Agency Obligation Details
NAVAIR $28,866,788 FFP contract for BQM-74E target systems and subkits for naval
combat simulations. Work is scheduled to be completed by
6/30/1997. Program involvement: BQM-74.
NAVAIR $26,507,456 FFP contract for 120 BQM-74E aerial targets, 36 mission essential
launch kits and associated technical data. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 12/31/1900. Program involvement: BQM-74.
ASC $2,700,000 Increment as part of a $24,381,746 CPAF contract to provide for
32 Miniature Air Launched Decoys (MALDs) and associated data
and software in support of the MALD Advanced Concept Technol-
ogy Demonstration. Work is scheduled to be completed by
4/30/1999. PE involvement: 0602702E, 0603270F and 0604270F.
Program involvement: MALD, ADM-160.
NAVAIR $23,457,917 Modification to previously awarded contract to exercise an option
for Subsonic Subscale Aerial Target (BQM-74E), Mission Essen-
tial Air Launch Kits, and technical data. The work will be performed
in El Segundo, CA (20%) and Hawthorne, CA (80%). Work is
scheduled to be completed by 4/30/1999. Program involvement:
BQM-74.
NAVAIR $6,498,048 FFP contract for BQM-74E Aerial Target Mission Essential Kits.
The work will be performed in El Segundo, CA (50%) and Haw-
thorne, CA (50%). Work is scheduled to be completed by
2/28/1999. PE involvement: 0604258N. Program involvement:
BQM-74.
NAVAIR $28,819,797 Modification to a previously awarded contract for the procurement
of 119 subsonic subscale aerial targets (BQM-74E), 54 mission
essential launch kits and associated technical data. The work will
be performed in El Segundo, CA (50%) and Hawthorne, CA (50%).
Work is scheduled to be completed by 4/30/2000. Program in-
volvement: BQM-74.
DARPA $3,011,497 Increment as part of a $14,100,000 other-transaction-for-proto-
type agreem contract to prototype and demonstrate a miniature
air-launched cruise missile interceptor with supersonic capability.
Work is scheduled to be completed by 1/31/2002. PE involvement:
0603762E and 0602702E. Program involvement: MALI.
AFRL $5,239,776 CPFF contract to provide for the Software Enabled Control for the
Autonomous Multivehicle Control System program. Work is
scheduled to be completed by 2/4/2004. PE involvement:
0601102F and 0603203F.
NAVAIR $93,721,957 CPIF/AF contract for the engineering and manufacturing develop-
ment (EMD) phase of the vertical takeoff and landing tactical un-
manned aerial vehicle (VTUAV) program. The work will be
performed in San Diego, CA (78%); Owego, NY (6%); Salt Lake
City, UT (5%); and 3 other locations (11%). Work is scheduled to
be completed by 12/31/2003. PE involvement: 0305204N. Pro-
gram involvement: VTUAV, UAV-MAR.
ASC $71,999,635 Modification to a CPAF contract to provide for two prototype
Global Hawk unmanned aerial vehicles, associated system modi-
fication, and engineering support. Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 3/31/2002. PE involvement: 0305205F. Program
involvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4A.
AFRL $95,000,000 Indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity contract for the first of three
participating in the Air Vehicles Technology Integration Program
(AVTIP). Work is scheduled to be completed by 5/27/2009. PE in-
volvement: 0602201F and 0602203F. Program involvement:
AVTIP.
Page 296
2/13/2001 MDA972-95-3-0013
3/15/2001 F33657-01-C-4600
4/5/2001 N00019-01-C-0041
4/6/2001 MDA972-95-3-0013
5/1/2001 N00019-00-C-0277
6/12/2001 F33657-01-C-4601
1/25/2002 F33657-01-C-4600
1/30/2002 F33657-01-C-4600
1/31/2002 F33657-01-C-4601
2/26/2002
2/28/2002 F33657-01-C-4600
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Appendix
ASC $84,000,000 Modification to a CPAF contract to definitize pre-engineering and
manufacturing development (EMD) support for the Global Hawk
unmanned aerial vehicle program. Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 2/28/2002. PE involvement: 0603762E and 0305206D.
Program involvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4A.
ASC $5,500,000 Increment as part of a $ 45,000,000 CPAF contract to provide for
engineering and manufacturing activities in support of the Global
Hawk unmanned aerial vehicle program. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 3/31/2002. PE involvement: 0305205F. Program in-
volvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4A.
NAVAIR $23,594,712 FFP contract for the procurement of 78 BQM-74E targets and vari-
ous mission essential kits. The work will be performed in
Palmdale, CA. Work is scheduled to be completed by 3/31/2007.
Program involvement: BQM-74.
DARPA $2,248,110 Increment as part of a $6,248,110 CPAF contract for performance
of demonstration missions by the Global Hawk unmanned aerial
vehicle as part of a joint United States-Australia program. Work is
scheduled to be completed by 4/30/2002. PE involvement:
0305205F and 0305205D. Program involvement: Global Hawk,
RQ-4A.
NAVAIR $14,167,276 Modification to a previously awarded CPIF contract for one Fire
Scout Vertical Take-Off and Landing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
(VTUAV) System, its associated support equipment, data, and ini-
tial training. The work will be performed in San Diego, CA (29%);
Elmira, NY (20%); Salt Lake City, UT (20%); and 2 other locations
(31%). Work is scheduled to be completed by 4/30/2002. Program
involvement: VTUAV, Firescout, RQ-8, UAV-MAR.
ASC $20,524,297 NTE FPIF contract to provide for long lead parts/advanced pro-
curement in support of LRIP of two Global Hawk unmanned aerial
vehicles and one Mission Control Element. Work is scheduled to
be completed by 3/31/2003. Program involvement: Global Hawk,
RQ-4A.
ASC $7,000,000 Increment as part of a $41,500,000 modified ‘Other Transaction’
contract to definitizes engineering and manufacturing develop-
ment efforts in support of the Global Hawk unmanned aerial vehi-
cle. Work is scheduled to be completed by 12/31/2003. PE
involvement: 0305205F. Program involvement: Global Hawk,
RQ-4A.
ASC $7,000,000 Increment as part of a $41,500,000 CPAF contract to definitizes
engineering and manufacturing development efforts in support of
the Global Hawk unmanned aerial vehicle. Work is scheduled to
be completed by 12/31/2003. PE involvement: 0305205F. Pro-
gram involvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4A.
ASC $30,000,000 Increment as part of a $101,300,000 NTE FPIF Modification con-
tract to provide for low rate initial production (Lot 1) for two Global
Hawk air vehicles and one mission control element. Work is
scheduled to be completed by 9/30/2003. Program involvement:
Global Hawk, RQ-4A.
NAVAIR $29,712,456 Modification to a previously awarded FFP contract for procure-
ment of 109 BQM-74E Aerial Targets and 234 BQM-74 Mission
Equipment Installation kits. The work will be performed in San
Diego, CA (51%); Walled Lake, MI (20%); Palmdale, CA (13%);
and 2 other locations (16%). Work is scheduled to be completed by
1/31/2004. Program involvement: BQM-74.
ASC $8,900,000 Increment as part of a $52, 840,000 CPAF modification contract to
provide for Global Hawk engineering and manufacturing develop-
ment Stage IIA. Work is scheduled to be completed by
12/31/2004. PE involvement: 0305205F. Program involvement:
Global Hawk, RQ-4A.
©Teal Group Corporation
Appendix
2/28/2002 N00019-02-C-3116
3/25/2002 F33657-01-C-4600
5/1/2002 F33657-01-C-4600
5/2/2002 MDA972-00-9-0006
5/16/2002 F33657-01-C-4600
6/3/2002 F33657-01-C-4600
7/26/2002 F33657-02-C-5422
9/24/2002 MDA972-95-3-0013
9/30/2002 F33657-01-C-4600
9/30/2002 F19628-00-C-0100
11/26/2002 N00019-01-C-0041
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Page 297
NAVAIR $24,955,142 CPIF contract for the design, development and test of the
BQM-74F aerial target. The work will be performed in San Diego,
CA (85%); Walled Lake, MI (11%); Elmira, NY (2%); and 2 other lo-
cations (2%). Work is scheduled to be completed by 2/28/2005.
PE involvement: 0604258N. Program involvement: BQM-74.
ASC $34,579,000 Increment as part of a $247,000,000 NTE CPAF contract to pro-
vide for engineering and manufacturing development stage IIB ac-
tivities for the Global Hawk program including communications
and sensor suite upgrad. Work is scheduled to be completed by
12/31/2006. PE involvement: 0305205F. Program involvement:
Global Hawk, RQ-4A.
ASC $6,642,000 Increment as part of a $23,250,000 CPAF contract to provide for
Global Hawk Engineering Manufacturing and Development Logis-
tical Support Plus-Up. Work is scheduled to be completed by
12/31/2004. PE involvement: 0305205F. Program involvement:
Global Hawk, RQ-4A.
DARPA $3,000,000 Increment of a $10,000,000 modification contract transaction for
prototypes to further advance technology and risk reduction activi-
ties in Phase IIA of the Naval Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle pro-
gram. The work will be performed in El Segundo, CA (81%) and
multiple locations (19%). Work is scheduled to be completed by
9/30/2004. PE involvement: 0603285E. Program involvement:
UCAV.
ASC $18,900,000 CPAF contract to provide for Engineering and Manufacturing De-
velopment Stage IIB activities for the Global Hawk Program in-
cluding ground segment improvements and SIGINT. Work is
scheduled to be completed by 12/31/2006. PE involvement:
0305205F. Program involvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4A.
ASC $6,568,400 Increment as part of a modification contract for engineering and
manufacturing development Stage IIB activities for the Global
Hawk Program including ground segment improvements and ca-
pability develo. Work is scheduled to be completed by 12/31/2006.
PE involvement: 0305205F. Program involvement: Global Hawk,
RQ-4A.
ASC $30,290,000 FPIF contract to provide for long lead parts and advance procure-
ment for low-rate initial production Lot 2. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 7/31/2003. Program involvement: Global Hawk,
RQ-4A.
ASC $15,751,776 CPFF contract to provide for demonstration of the Global Hawk.
Work is scheduled to be completed by 2/28/2003. PE involvement:
0603285E. Program involvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4A.
ASC $9,000,000 Increment as part of a $21,700,000 CPAF contract to provide for
engineering and manufacturing development stage IIB SIGINT
expansion activities for the Global Hawk program. Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 12/31/2006. PE involvement: 0305205F.
Program involvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4A.
ESC $0 Increment as part of a $153,900,000 CPAF contract for contractor
design support of the government’s selection of Boeing 767 -
400ER as WAS platform of choice, and “Balance Plus” configura-
tion for Global H. Work is scheduled to be completed by 3/31/2004.
PE involvement: 0305205F. Program involvement: Global Hawk,
RQ-4A.
NAVAIR $24,494,691 Modification to previously awarded FFP contract to exercise an
option for procurement of 77 BQM-74E Aerial Targets and 220
BQM-74 Mission Equipment Installation kits. The work will be per-
formed in San Diego, CA (35%); Walled Lake, MI (17%);
Palmdale, CA (15%); and 4 other locations (33%). Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 11/30/2004. Program involvement:
BQM-74.
Page 298
1/15/2003 F33657-03-G-4306
1/31/2003 F33657-02-C-5422
2/5/2003 F33657-01-C-4600
2/20/2003 F33657-03-G-4306
3/3/2003 F33657-01-C-4600
3/24/2003 F33657-01-C-4600
4/8/2003 F33657-02-C-5424
6/27/2003 F33657-01-C-4600
6/27/2003 F33657-03-C-4310
7/16/2003 MDA972-02-9-0013
8/27/2003 N00019-01-C-0041
9/16/2003 F33657-01-C-4600
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Appendix
ASC $29,000,000 CPFF contract to provide for special test equipment for the Global
Hawk Unmanned Aircraft. Work is scheduled to be completed by
6/30/2004. Program involvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4A.
ASC $205,330,000 Increment as part of a $300,000,000 FPIF contract for LRIP Lot 2
as follows: for the USAF, 4 Global Hawk air vehicles, 3 integrated
sensor suites, and 2 electro-optical infrared. Work is scheduled to
be completed by 8/31/2005. Program involvement: Global Hawk,
RQ-4A.
ASC $20,000,000 Increment as part of a $185,200,000 CPAF using an
undefinitized-contract- contract to provide for engineering and
manufacturing development activities in support of the Global
Hawk Maritime Demonstration. Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 9/30/2006. PE involvement: 0305204N. Program in-
volvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4A.
ASC $9,200,000 Increment as part of a $74,500,000 CPFF contract for contingency
operations to include pre-deployment, deployment and operations
of a ground segment, two air vehicles, and associated support
segment. Work is scheduled to be completed by 12/31/2003. Pro-
gram involvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4A.
ASC $34,625,000 Increment as part of a $147,300,000 CPAF contract for engineer-
ing and manufacturing development (EMD) activities in support of
EMD Spiral 3 for the Global Hawk unmanned aerial vehicle pro-
gram. Work is scheduled to be completed by 3/31/2004. PE in-
volvement: 0305205F. Program involvement: Global Hawk,
RQ-4A.
ASC $26,423,763 CPAF contract to provide Engineering and Manufacturing Devel-
opment activities in support of the Global Hawk Program. Work is
scheduled to be completed by 12/31/2006. PE involvement:
0305205F. Program involvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4A.
ASC $6,920,000 CPAF contract to provide nine months of interim contractor sup-
port for the Global Hawk Program. Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 12/31/2003. PE involvement: 0305205F. Program
involvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4A.
ASC $11,762,820 Modification contract to provide for payment of award fees earned
during evaluation period 2 from Aug 15, 2002, to May 15, 2003.
Work is scheduled to be completed by 12/31/2006. PE involve-
ment: 0305205F. Program involvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4A.
ASC $30,100,000 FPIF contract to provide for long lead parts/advance procurement
for Global Hawk low rate initial production Lot 3 items. Work is
scheduled to be completed by 2/28/2004. Program involvement:
Global Hawk, RQ-4A.
DARPA $7,000,000 Increment as part of an $8,700,000 modification to a previously
awarded contract for the first of two planned efforts for Phase II
(preliminary design phase) of the Unmanned Combat Armed Ro-
torcraft (UCAR) Program. The work will be performed in San
Diego, CA (62%); Bloomfield, CT (12%); Baltimore, MD (9%); and
other locations (17%). Work is scheduled to be completed by
4/30/2004. PE involvement: 0602702E. Program involvement:
UCAR.
NAVAIR $19,790,044 Modification to a previously awarded FFP contract to exercise an
option for 16 BQM-74E aerial targets and 50 extended range
BQM-74E aerial targets. The work will be performed in San Diego,
CA (38%); Walled Lake, MI (16%); Palmdale, CA (14%); and 4
other locations (32%). Work is scheduled to be completed by
1/31/2006. Program involvement: BQM-74.
ASC $6,681,121 CPAF contract to provide for an interim payment of award fee for
evaluation period 3 from May 15, 2003 to Feb 14, 2003, for the
performance of integrated logistic sup. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 12/31/2006. Program involvement: Global Hawk,
RQ-4A.
©Teal Group Corporation
Appendix
9/29/2003 F33657-03-G-4306
10/22/2003 F33657-01-C-4600
11/25/2003 F33657-01-C-4600
1/5/2004 N00019-01-C-0041
3/2/2004 N00019-00-C-0277
3/31/2004 FA8620-04-C-3430
4/1/2004 F33657-03-C-4310
4/23/2004 F33657-03-G-4306
4/30/2004 F33657-01-C-4600
4/30/2004 F19628-00-C-0100
8/18/2004 HR0011-04-9-0009
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Page 299
ASC $5,400,000 Increment as part of a $27,150,000 CPFF contract to provide for
special test equipment. Work is scheduled to be completed by
6/30/2004. Program involvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4A.
ASC $2,750,000 Increment as part of a $6,300,000 modification contract to provide
for System Design and Development activities for the Global Hawk
Program. Work is scheduled to be completed by 7/31/2004. PE in-
volvement: 0305205F. Program involvement: Global Hawk,
RQ-4A.
ASC $30,500,000 Increment as part of a $61,000,000 modification contract to pro-
vide engineering and manufacturing development (EMD) activi-
ties in support of EMD Spiral 4A for the Global Hawk program.
Work is scheduled to be completed by 9/30/2005. PE involvement:
0305205F. Program involvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4.
NAVAIR $10,171,872 Modification to a previously awarded FFP contract for 27
BQM-74E aerial targets, 13 extended range BQM-74E aerial tar-
gets, and 150 radar altimeters. The work will be performed in San
Diego, CA (38%); Walled Lake, MI (16%); Palmdale, CA (14%);
and 4 other locations (32%). Work is scheduled to be completed by
7/31/2006. Program involvement: BQM-74.
NAVAIR $0 Increment as part of a $49,000,000 ceiling-priced undefinitized
modificat contract for the continued development and testing of
the Fire Scout UAV System, including the procurement of 2 engi-
neering and manufacturing, development RQ-8B UA. The work
will be performed in San Diego, CA (85%) and Elmira, NY (15%).
Work is scheduled to be completed by 10/31/2005. PE involve-
ment: 0305204A. Program involvement: RQ-8 FIRE SCOUT.
ASC $50,662,000 Unspecified type contract to provide for four Global Hawk (RQ-4B)
production air vehicles with enhanced-integrated sensor suites
and clip-in sensor; support equipment and spares. Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 1/31/2005. Program involvement: RQ-4,
Global Hawk.
ASC $128,925,000 Increment as part of a $202,000,000 FPI contract for a action LRIP
Lot 3: one Global Hawk production air vehicle with basic integrated
sensor suite and Two Global Hawk production air vehicle. Work is
scheduled to be completed by 10/31/2005. Program involvement:
Global Hawk, RQ-4A.
ASC $9,661,000 Increment as part of a $16,836,191 CPFF contract for the opera-
tion of the Global Hawk System in a forward theater of operations
for a classified length of time, including personnel, equipment and
logisti. Work is scheduled to be completed by 6/30/2004. Program
involvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4A.
ASC $7,400,000 CPAF contract for incremental funding action for the engineering
manufacturing and development contract. Work is scheduled to
be completed by 12/31/2006. PE involvement: 0305205F. Pro-
gram involvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4A.
ESC $66,923,000 Increment as part of an $887,965,579 CPAF contract for the
Multi-Platform Radar Technology Insertion Program (MP-RTIP)
system development and demonstration. The work will be per-
formed in El Segundo, CA and Linthicum Heights, MD. Work is
scheduled to be completed by 5/31/2010. PE involvement:
0305206F and 0207450F. Program involvement: MP-RTIP,
Global Hawk, RQ-4A.
DARPA $30,000,000 Increment of a $1,037,274,437 other transaction for prototypes
agreement contract to design and develop 3 X-47B air vehicles, 3
mission control systems and an common operating system to
meet Air Force and Navy mission capability objecti. The work will
be performed in San Diego, CA (70%); Palmdale, CA (10%); East
Hartford, CT (3%); and 10 other locations (17%). Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 9/30/2009. PE involvement: 0603285E.
Program involvement: X-47.
Page 300
10/15/2004 F33657-03-C-4310
2/2/2005 F33657-03-G-4306
3/28/2005 N00019-05-C-0040
4/5/2005 N00019-00-C-0277
4/22/2005 F33657-01-C-4600
6/13/2005 F33657-01-C-4600
6/30/2005 N00019-00-C-0277
7/12/2005 FA8620-04-C-3430
8/25/2005 FA8620-05-C-4692
9/20/2005 N00019-05-G-0009
9/30/2005 F33657-01-C-4600
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Appendix
ASC $48,675,000 Increment as part of a $207,700,000 FFP contract for 1 Global
Hawk (RQ-4A) Production Air Vehicle with Basic Integrated Sen-
sor Suite; 2 Global Hawk (RQ-4B) Production Air Vehicle; and
Support Equipment. Work is scheduled to be completed by
10/31/2005. Program involvement: RQ-4, Global Hawk.
ASC $6,334,279 Modification contract for the operation of the Global Hawk system
in a forward theater of operations for a classified length of time,
which includes communications support. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 4/30/2005. Program involvement: Global Hawk,
RQ-4A.
NAVAIR $24,329,279 FFP contract contract for the procurement of 12 BQM-74E Aerial
Targets and 48 Extended Range BQM-74E Aerial Targets. The
work will be performed in San Diego, CA (37%); Walled Lake, MI
(22%); Elmira, NY (13%); and 2 other locations (15%). Work is
scheduled to be completed by 12/31/2006. Program involvement:
BQM-74.
NAVAIR $11,748,783 Modification to a previously awarded CPIF/AF contract for the pro-
curement of Fire Scout Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) hardware for
the Army in support of the Future Combat System. The work will be
performed in Elmira, NY (85%) and San Diego, CA (15%). Work is
scheduled to be completed by 11/30/2006. PE involvement:
0305204N. Program involvement: Fire Scout, RQ-8.
ASC $8,851,651 Increment as part of a $143,000,000 contract to provide for con-
tract price increases and funding to account for Global Hawk EMD
Overrun. Work is scheduled to be completed by 4/30/2006. PE in-
volvement: 0305205F. Program involvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4.
ASC $5,923,000 Increment as part of a $42,500,000 modification contract to pro-
vide for the completion of development on the Global Hawk RQ-4B
(AF-8), including developmental and operational testing. Work is
scheduled to be completed by 6/30/2006. PE involvement:
0305220F. Program involvement: RQ-4.
NAVAIR $15,241,828 Modification to a previously awarded CPFF contract for the pro-
curement of two RQ-8B Fire Scout Unmanned Air Vehicles includ-
ing two associated payloads and non-recurring engineering
services. The work will be performed in Elmira, NY (48%); San
Diego, CA (44%) and Mosspoint, MS (8%). Work is scheduled to
be completed by 8/31/2008. Program involvement: RQ-8, Fire
Scout UAV.
ASC $41,174,144 Increment as part of a $272,700,000 FPIF contract to provide 4
Global Hawk RQ-4B Production Air Vehicle with Enhanced-Inte-
grated Sensor Suites; 1 Mission Control Element; 1 Launch Re-
covery Element, and Spares. Work is scheduled to be completed
by 7/31/2008. Program involvement: RQ-4.
ASC $60,210,000 FPI contract to provide for Low Rate Initial Production Lot 5 items.
Work is scheduled to be completed by 5/31/2006. Program in-
volvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4.
NAVAIR $27,078,898 NTE delivery order against a previously issued basic ordering
agreement contract for the procurement of initial spares in support
of the Global Hawk Maritime Demonstration Program. The work
will be performed in San Diego, CA (46%); El Segundo, CA (28%);
Salt Lake City, UT (19%); and 2 other locations (7%). Work is
scheduled to be completed by 9/20/2007. PE involvement:
0305205N. Program involvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4.
ASC $3,874,000 Increment as part of a $20,454,000 CPAF contract to complete the
development of the Global Hawk RQ-4B to meet the start of Initial
Operation Test and Evaluation Office in November 2008. Work is
scheduled to be completed by 9/30/2007. PE involvement:
0305205F. Program involvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4.
©Teal Group Corporation
Appendix
10/7/2005 N00019-00-C-0277
10/17/2005 HR0011-06-9-0001
11/30/2005 N00019-05-C-0057
12/9/2005 F33657-01-C-4600
12/15/2005 N00019-00-C-0277
12/19/2005 F33657-03-G-4306
12/19/2005 F33657-01-C-4600
12/27/2005 F19628-00-C-0100
2/1/2006 N00019-05-C-0040
3/7/2006 F33657-03-G-4306
3/20/2006 N00019-00-C-0277
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Page 301
NAVAIR $5,789,220 Modification to a previously awarded CPFF contract for the de-
sign, manufacture and test of a shipboard compatible control sta-
tion for the Fire Scout UAV so it can operate from a littoral combat
ship. The work will be performed in Oswego, NY (65%) and San
Diego, CA (35%). Work is scheduled to be completed by
6/30/2006. PE involvement: 0305204N. Program involvement:
FIRE SCOUT UAV.
DARPA $419,520 Increment of a $56,485,853 other transaction for prototypes
agreement contract to continue work on the X-47B Joint Un-
manned Combat Air Systems program. The work will be per-
formed in San Diego, CA (73%); Palmdale, CA (10%); East
Hartford, CT (7%); and other locations (10%). Work is scheduled
to be completed by 9/30/2006. PE involvement: 0603286E. Pro-
gram involvement: X-47, J-UCAS.
NAVAIR $10,513,230 Ceiling-priced modification to a previously awarded CPFF con-
tract to exercise an option for operations and maintenance support
for the Global Hawk Maritime Demonstration (GHMD). The work
will be performed in San Diego, CA (79%) and Patuxent River, MA
(21%). Work is scheduled to be completed by 11/30/2006. Pro-
gram involvement: RQ-4 Global Hawk.
ASC $5,751,275 Increment as part of a $990,027,153 CPAF contract to provide for
an award fee, for period 5 of Engineering and manufacturing de-
veloping activities in support of the Global Hawk Program. Work is
scheduled to be completed by 12/31/2007. PE involvement:
0305205F. Program involvement: RQ-4 Global Hawk.
NAVAIR $8,345,263 Modification to a previously awarded CPFF contract for shipboard
testing of Fire Scout Vertical Takeoff and Landing Tactical Un-
manned Aerial Vehicle. Work is scheduled to be completed by
6/30/2006. PE involvement: 0305204N. Program involvement:
RQ-8 Fire Scout.
ASC $11,335,846 CPFF contract for operation of the Global Hawk System in a for-
ward theater of operations for a classified length of time. Work is
scheduled to be completed by 6/30/2006. PE involvement:
0305220F. Program involvement: RQ-4 Global Hawk.
ASC $5,751,275 Award fee contract for period 5 of Engineering and manufacturing
developing activities in support of the Global Hawk Program. Work
is scheduled to be completed by 12/31/2007. PE involvement:
0305220F. Program involvement: RQ-4 Global Hawk.
ESC $0 Increment as part of a $17,064,878 cost reimbursement with
award fee contract for Global Hawk radar development activities.
Work is scheduled to be completed by 10/31/2008. PE involve-
ment: 0305220F. Program involvement: RQ-4 Global Hawk.
NAVAIR $23,375,521 Modification to a previously awarded FFP contract for the procure-
ment of 60 BQM-74E Aerial Targets, 60 Radar Altimeters, 15 Low
Radar Cross Section Nose Cones, and 40 Integrated Avionic
Units. The work will be performed in San Diego, CA (38%); Walled
Lake, MI (16%); Palmdale, CA (14%); and 4 other locatins (32%).
Work is scheduled to be completed by 1/31/2008. Program in-
volvement: BQM-74E.
ASC $6,000,000 CPFF contract for the operation of the Global Hawk system in a
forward theater of operations for a classified length of time, which
includes personnel and equipment. Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 4/30/2006. Program involvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4.
NAVAIR $29,286,714 Modification to a previously awarded cost -share, CPFF contract
for the continued development and testing of the RQ-8 Fire Scout
vertical takeoff unmanned air vehicle. The work will be performed
in San Diego, CA (85%) and Elmira, NY (15%). Work is scheduled
to be completed by 6/30/2006. PE involvement: 0305204N. Pro-
gram involvement: RQ-8 Fire Scout.
Page 302
4/10/2006 F33657-03-G-4306
5/8/2006 FA8620-06-C-3002
5/24/2006 FA8620-06-C-3002
6/19/2006 F33657-01-C-4600
6/29/2006 F33657-01-C-4600
7/10/2006 F33657-03-G-4306
7/28/2006
9/1/2006 FA8620-01-C-4600
9/25/2006 F33657-03-C-4310
9/25/2006 F33657-03-G-4306
11/13/2006 F33657-01-C-4600
11/17/2006 F33657-01-C-4600
12/14/2006 N00019-00-C-0277
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Appendix
ASC $7,134,757 CPFF contract for the operation of the Global Hawk system in a
forward theater of operations for a classified length of time. Work is
scheduled to be completed by 7/31/2006. Program involvement:
Global Hawk, RQ-4.
ASC $60,621,200 FPI firm target contract for six RQ-4B air vehicles; three mission
control elements; three launch recovery elements; support seg-
ment-support equipment and initial spares. Work is scheduled to
be completed by 3/31/2007. Program involvement: RQ-4.
ASC $60,621,200 FPI, firm target contract for five RQ-4B Air Vehicles; three mission
control elements; three launch recovery elements, support seg-
ment-support equipment and initial spares. Work is scheduled to
be completed by 3/31/2007. Program involvement: RQ-4.
ASC $11,250,000 Increment as part of a $22,500,000 CPAF contract provide critical
operational interoperability capabilities required for the start of the
Initial Operational Test and Evaluation (IOT&E) in November
2008. Work is scheduled to be completed by 3/31/2008. PE in-
volvement: 0305220F. Program involvement: RQ-4 Global Hawk.
ASC $11,250,000 Increment as part of a $22,500,000 CPAF contract for
interoperability implementation for Global Hawk. Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 3/31/2008. PE involvement: 0305220F.
Program involvement: RQ-4.
ASC $16,500,000 CPFF contract for the support of a critical high priority mission sup-
port kit for production assets. Work is scheduled to be completed
by 6/30/2008. Program involvement: RQ-4 Global Hawk.
NAVAIR $135,821,763 Modification to a previously awarded CPI/AF contract for contin-
ued development and test of the RQ-8B Fire Scout vertical takeoff
unmanned vehicle. The work will be performed in San Diego, CA
(81%); Moss Point, MS (7%); Horsehead, NY (6%); and two other
locations (6%). Work is scheduled to be completed by 8/31/2008.
PE involvement: 0305204N. Program involvement: RQ-8 Fire
Scout.
ASC $5,877,875 FFP contract for the delay and disruption cost impacts to the
Global Hawk EMD contract for incorporation of the Fielding Strat-
egy Acceleration. Work is scheduled to be completed by
10/31/2009. PE involvement: 0305220F. Program involvement:
RQ-4.
303 ASG $20,554,834 FFP contract for initial spares for RQ-4A and RQ-4B Global Hawk
Air Vehicles. Work is scheduled to be completed by 2/28/2008.
Program involvement: RQ-4, Global Hawk.
303 ASG $22,163,441 CPFF contract for the operation of the Global Hawk System in a
forward theater of operation for a classified length of time, which
includes personnel, equipment and logistics. Work is scheduled to
be completed by 1/31/2007. Program involvement: RQ-4, Global
Hawk.
ASC $7,000,000 Increment as part of a $29,440,938 CPAF contract for various pro-
jects to support IOT&E schedule for November 2008. Work is
scheduled to be completed by 11/30/2008. PE involvement:
0305220F. Program involvement: RQ-4.
ASC $12,542,589 CPAF contract for engineering, manufacturing and development
activities in support of the Global Hawk program. Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 12/31/2007. PE involvement: 0305220F.
Program involvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4.
NAVAIR $16,242,493 Modification to a previously awarded CPIF/AF contract for 2
RQ-8B Fire Scout Vertical Takeoff Unmanned Vehicle (VTUAV)
including Concept of Operations support. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 10/31/2008. PE involvement: 0305204N. Program
involvement: RQ-8, Fire Scout.
©Teal Group Corporation
Appendix
2/14/2007 FA8620-06-C-3002
2/22/2007 (FA8620-06-C-300
3/14/2007 N00019-05-C-0040
3/28/2007 F33657-02-C-5424
4/30/2007 N00019-05-C-0057
5/17/2007 FA8620-07-C-4015
5/18/2007 FA8620-06-C-3002
5/31/2007 N00019-07-C-0041
8/1/2007 N00019-07-C-0055
8/7/2007 W31P4Q-04-C-0082
8/28/2007 N00019-07-C-0041
9/14/2007 N00019-07-C-0041
©Teal Group Corporation World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Page 303
ASC $5,000,000 FPI, firm-target contract for two (2) RQ-4 Block 30-ASIP enabled
air vehicles each containing an Enhanced Integrated Sensor
Suite. Work is scheduled to be completed by 5/31/2008. Program
involvement: RQ-4.
ASC $5,000,000 FPIF target contract for Long Lead Parts/Advance Procurement
for support of the RQ-4 including MP-RTIP, MCE, LRE and initial
spares. Work is scheduled to be completed by 5/31/2008. Pro-
gram involvement: RQ-4.
NAVAIR $25,625,000 Modification to a previously awarded FFP contract for the procure-
ment of 80 BQM-74E Aerial Targets for the Navy (78) and the gov-
ernment of the Netherlands (2). The work will be performed in San
Diego, CA (36%); Walled Lake, MI (24%); Elmira, NY (14%); and 3
other locations (26%). Work is scheduled to be completed by
1/31/2009. The contract involves FMS. Program involvement:
BQM-74.
ASC $15,000,000 Increment as part of a $35,000,000 modification to an
undefinitized CPAF contract to provide logistics for Global Hawk
system from April 1 thru 30 September 2007. Work is scheduled to
be completed by 9/30/2007. Program involvement: Global Hawk,
RQ-4.
NAVAIR $7,675,484 Modification to a previously awarded CPFF contract for operations
and maintenance support for the Global Hawk Maritime Demon-
stration. The work will be performed in Patuxent River, MD (90%)
and San Diego, CA (10%). Work is scheduled to be completed by
12/31/2007. PE involvement: 0305205N. Program involvement:
Global Hawk.
ASC $11,450,000 FPI, firm-target contract for two RQ-4 Block 30 Airborne Signal In-
telligence Processor enabled air vehicles, Support Segment sup-
port equipment and initial spares. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 3/31/2008. Program involvement: RQ-4.
ASC $185,688,167 Increment as part of a $371,376,333 FPI/FT contract to provide for
5 Global Hawk Air Vehicles, 3 Mission Control Elements, 3 Launch
and Recovery Elements, along with associated equipment. Work
is scheduled to be completed by 3/31/2010. Program involvement:
RQ-4 Global Hawk.
NAVAIR $13,600,000 Undefinitized contract for the procurement of long lead items in
support of the production of Vertical Takeoff and Landing Tactical
UAV Low-Rate-Initial-Production units. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 3/31/2009. PE involvement: 0305204N. Program in-
volvement: VTUAV.
NAVAIR $635,860,599 CPIF contract for the Unmanned Combat Air System CV Demon-
stration Program (UCAS-D). The work will be performed in
Rancho Bernardo, CA (38%); El Segundo, CA (29%); Palmdale,
CA (13%); and various locations (20%). Work is scheduled to be
completed by 9/30/2013. PE involvement: 0604402N. Program in-
volvement: UCAS.
AMCOM $30,000,000 Modification to a CPFF contract for the rehabilitation, reconstitu-
tion, repair, modification, and integration of damaged and obso-
lete Flight Team Hunter unique equipment. Work is scheduled to
be completed by 8/6/2008. Program involvement: Hunter.
NAVAIR $5,842,760 Modification to a previously awarded undefinitized contract for the
procurement of initial fleet spares to support fielding of Vertical
Takeoff and Landing Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (VTUAV)
LRIP air vehicles. Work is scheduled to be completed by
5/31/2008. PE involvement: 0305204N. Program involvement:
VTUAV.
NAVAIR $7,067,000 Modification to a previously awarded undefinitized contract for the
procurement of additional long-lead items in support of the pro-
duction of VTUAV LRIP air vehicle units. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 3/31/2009. PE involvement: 0305204N. Program in-
volvement: VTUAV.
Page 304
9/19/2007 F33657-05-G-4306
9/24/2007 F33657-01-C-4600
10/1/2007 FA8528-08-C-0001
Mission Systems
10/30/2001 DAAH01-02-C-0009
3/14/2003 DAAH01-02-C-0009
9/25/2003 DAAH01-02-C-0009
9/26/2003 DAAH01-02-C-0009
10/30/2003 DAAH01-04-C-0001
1/28/2005 W31P4Q-04-C-0082
11/28/2006 F33657-01-C-4600
Okland Construction
Date Contract Number
12/22/2006 W912PL-07-C-0007
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Appendix
ASC $23,808,284 Modification contract for the operation of the Global Hawk System
in a forward theater of operation for a classified length of time. PE
involvement: 0305220F. Program involvement: Global Hawk,
RQ-4.
ASC $1,500,000 Increment as part of an $8,200,000 modification contract for engi-
neering, manufacturing and development activities in support of
the Global Hawk Program. Work is scheduled to be completed by
9/30/2008. PE involvement: 0305220F. Program involvement:
Global Hawk, RQ-4.
560 ASSS $44,461,740 contract to provide materials and support services to include plan-
ning, operations support and maintenance in support of Global
Hawk fielded systems. Work is scheduled to be completed by
9/30/2008. Program involvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4.
AMCOM $1,800,000 Increment of a $22,281,048 CPFF contract for fiscal year 2002
and fiscal year 2003 contractor logistics support for sustainment of
the Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Hunter System. The work
will be performed in San Diego, CA (18%) and Sierra Vista, AZ
(82%). Work is scheduled to be completed by 10/29/2003. Pro-
gram involvement: BQM-155, Hunter.
AMCOM $10,360,000 Increment as part of a $63,455,137 CPFF contract for engineer-
ing, technical and operational support for the 1-system shelters
and Tactical Automated Landing System to support deployed
units for the UAV H. The work will be performed in Sierra Vista, AZ
(75%) and San Diego, CA (25%). Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 5/17/2005. Program involvement: BQM-155, Hunter.
AMCOM $10,500,000 Modification to a CPFF contract for contractor logistical support to
include depot maintenance/supply support, labor and materials.
The work will be performed in Sierra Vista, AZ (70%) and San
Diego, CA (30%). Work is scheduled to be completed by
9/26/2004. Program involvement: BQM-155, Hunter.
AMCOM $33,000,000 Modification to a CPFF contract for maintenance of Hunter unique
equipment. The work will be performed in Sierra Vista, AZ (70%)
and San Diego, CA (30%). Work is scheduled to be completed by
9/29/2004. Program involvement: BQM-155, Hunter.
AMCOM $6,000,000 Increment as part of a $100,491,236 CPFF contract for contractor
logistics support for the sustainment of the Hunter unmanned ae-
rial vehicle system. The work will be performed in Sierra Vista, AZ
(82%) and San Diego, CA (18%). Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 10/30/2008. Program involvement: BQM-155, Hunter.
AMCOM $10,200,000 Modification to a CPFF contract for rehabilitation, reconstitution,
and repair of damaged V Corps Hunter UAVS in support of the un-
manned aerial vehicle System. The work will be performed in Si-
erra Vista, AZ (82%) and San Diego, CA (18%). Work is scheduled
to be completed by 1/28/2006. Program involvement: RQ-5,
Hunter.
ASC $12,000,000 Increment as part of a $24,983,025 CPAF contract for engineer-
ing, manufacturing and development activities in support of the
Global Hawk Program. Work is scheduled to be completed by
10/31/2008. PE involvement: 0305220F. Program involvement:
Global Hawk, RQ-4.
Agency Obligation Details
COE $40,269,000 FFP contract for the Predator Beddown. The work will be per-
formed in Creech AFB, NV. Work is scheduled to be completed by
12/11/2008. Program involvement: RQ-1 Predator.
©Teal Group Corporation
Appendix Page 305

Orbital Sciences
Date Contract Number
Launch Systems Group
6/29/2000 N00019-00-C-0255
11/2/2001 N00019-00-C-0255
4/13/2005 N00019-00-C-0255
3/19/2007 N00019-07-C-0031
9/25/2007 N00019-07-C-0031
Agency Obligation Details
NAVAIR $34,193,862 CPIF contract for six supersonic sea skimming target engineering
development models, ground and flight testing and testing sup-
port. The work will be performed in Chandler, AZ (41%);
Gainesville, VA (30%); Wichita, KS (28%); and Tucson, AZ (1%).
Work is scheduled to be completed by 5/31/2003. PE involvement:
0604366N. Program involvement: GQM-163.
NAVAIR $8,039,150 Modification to exercise an option to a previously awarded CPIF
contract for the procurement of 10 GQM-163 supersonic sea skim-
ming targets, ancillary equipment, ground and flight testing and
testing support and associated data. The work will be performed in
Gainesville, VA (34%); Chandler, AZ (33%) and Wichita, KS
(33%). Work is scheduled to be completed by 9/30/2003. Program
involvement: GQM-163.
NAVAIR $12,544,169 Modification to a previously awarded CPIF contract to exercise an
option for 10 GQM-163A Supersonic Sea Skimming Targets
(SSST). Work is scheduled to be completed by 4/30/2007. Pro-
gram involvement: GQM-163 SSST.
NAVAIR $9,222,023 CPFF contract for the procurement of one GQM-163A Supersonic
Sea Skimming Target Vehicle, support equipment, spare parts,
technical data, and technical assistance. The work will be per-
formed in Chandler, AZ (27%); France (18%); Orlando, FL (15%);
and 4 other locations (40%). Work is scheduled to be completed by
9/30/2009. The contract involves FMS. Program involvement:
GQM-163.
NAVAIR $37,370,248 Modification to a previously awarded FPIF contract for the pro-
curement of 13 GQM-163A supersonic sea skimming vehicles, in-
cluding support equipment, spare parts, technical data, and
technical assist. The work will be performed in Chandler, AZ
(25%); Camden, AR (25%); Sacramento, CA (20%); and 7 other
locations (30%). Work is scheduled to be completed by 3/31/2010.
Program involvement: GQM-163.

Pioneer UAV
Date Contract Number Agency Obligation Details
(joint venture)
8/5/1992 N00019-92-C-0094 NAVAIR $5,700,000 FFP contract for unit support kit/attrition spares for the Pioneer Re-
motely Piloted Vehicle System. The work will be performed in Hunt
Valley, MD (40%) and Israel (60%). Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 1/31/1994. Program involvement: Pioneer.
12/22/1993 N00019-93-C-0050 NAVAIR $6,550,000 FFP contract for Pioneer remotely piloted vehicle unit support kits
and attrition spares. The work will be performed in Hunt Valley, MD
(50%) and Tel Aviv, Israel (50%). Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 11/30/1995. Program involvement: Pioneer.
8/4/1994 N00019-94-C-0249 NAVAIR $20,200,000 FFP contract for 20 Pioneer Unmanned Aerial Vehicles with pay-
loads, nine fuselages, and applicable data. The work will be per-
formed in Hunt Valley, MD (48%) and Israel (52%). Work is
scheduled to be completed by 5/31/1996. Program involvement:
Pioneer.
10/17/1994 N00019-94-C-0249 NAVAIR $6,724,820 Modification to a previously awarded contract to exercise an op-
tion for 10 Pioneer Unmanned Aerial Vehicles with payloads. The
work will be performed in Hunt Valley, MD (53%); Tel Aviv, Israel
(45%) and various US locations (2%). Work is scheduled to be
completed by 8/31/1996. Program involvement: Pioneer.

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6/26/1995 N00019-94-C-0249
2/13/1996 N00019-95-C-0219
3/14/1996 N00019-95-C-0157
5/12/1997 N00019-95-G-0203
5/29/1998 N00019-97-C-0010
7/7/1998 N00019-97-C-0010
2/19/2004 N00019-01-G-0128
2/19/2004 N00019-01-G-0128
8/29/2005 N00019-04-G-0011
Raytheon
Date Contract Number
Electronic Systems
8/6/2003 N00164-00-G-0007
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Appendix
NAVAIR $10,750,000 FFP contract for FY95 spare parts for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.
The work will be performed in Hunt Valley, MD (30%) and Tel Aviv,
Israel (70%). Work is scheduled to be completed by 4/30/1997.
Program involvement: Pioneer.
NAVSEA $7,548,825 FFP contract for logistics support for the Pioneer Remotely Piloted
Vehicle. The work will be performed in Hunt Valley, MD (60%);
Patuxent River, MD (25%); Camp Lejeune, NC (5%); and 2 other
locations (10%). Work is scheduled to be completed by 9/30/1998.
Program involvement: Pioneer.
NAVAIR $17,745,620 FFP contract for FY96 requirements for spare parts for the Pioneer
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. The work will be performed in Hunt Val-
ley, MD (48%) and Israel (52%). Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 3/31/1998. Program involvement: Pioneer.
NAVAIR $5,041,903 FFP contract for 20 payloads and modification kits in support of un-
manned aerial vehicles. The work will be performed in Hunt Valley,
MD (15%) and Healdsburg, CA (85%). Work is scheduled to be
completed by 9/30/1999. PE involvement: 0305154D. Program in-
volvement: Pioneer.
NAVAIR $10,134,175 FFP ceiling amount contract to procure FY 98 spare parts for the
Pioneer unmanned aerial vehicle system. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 1/31/2000. Program involvement: Pioneer.
NAVAIR $10,635,360 360 modification to previously awarded contract for the procure-
ment of 15 Pioneer unmanned air vehicles spares. Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 2/28/2000. Program involvement:
Pioneer.
NAVAIR $8,500,000 FFP delivery order against a previously issued basic ordering
agreement contract for the procurement of components consisting
of payloads, receiver systems, engines, IFF transponders, ground
control stations and aircraft components. The work will be per-
formed in Ben Gurion, Israel (55%); Hunt Valley, MD (25%) and
Johnson City, NY (20%). Work is scheduled to be completed by
3/31/2005. Program involvement: Pioneer.
NAVAIR $11,200,000 Cost-reimbursement delivery order against a previously issued
basic agree contract for the procurement of two replacement
ground control stations for the Pioneer unmanned air vehicle sys-
tem. The work will be performed in Hunt Valley, MD (65%); Holon,
Israel (20%) and Patuxent River, MD (15%). Work is scheduled to
be completed by 8/31/2005. Program involvement: Pioneer.
NAVAIR $6,877,234 FFP delivery order against a previously issued Basic Ordering
Agreement contract for the production and delivery of 2 Replace-
ment Ground Control Stations, 12 Modular Avionics Integrated
Systems, and 8 Airborne Data Terminals for the Pioneer. The work
will be performed in Hunt Valley, MD (45%); Holon, Israel (40%)
and Patuxent River, MD (15%). Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 7/31/2007. Program involvement: Pioneer, RQ-2.
Agency Obligation Details
48 $69,999,995 FFP job order under previously awarded basic ordering agree-
ment contract for multi-spectral targeting systems, including 52
turret units and 40 electronics units in support of the USAF’s Pred-
ator Program and the USN’s SH-60. The work will be performed in
McKinney, TX (99%); Goleta, CA (1%) and Marboro, MA. Work is
scheduled to be completed by 12/31/2005. Program involvement:
RQ-1, SH-60, MTS.
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4/16/2004 N00164-00-G-0007 NSWC $17,375,000 FFP job order under previously awarded basic ordering agree-
ment contract for eight Multi-spectral Targeting System (MTS) “B”
infrared systems for the Predator Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
(UAV). Work is scheduled to be completed by 12/31/2005. Pro-
gram involvement: RQ-1, MTS.
7/1/2004 N00164-00-G-0007 NSWC $26,552,810 FFP purchase order under previously awarded Basic Ordering
Agreement contract for Multi-spectral Targeting Systems (MTS),
including 17 turret units and associated line items supporting the
Predator and Navy H-60 programs. Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 6/30/2006. Program involvement: RQ-1, MTS, SH-60.
9/1/2004 N00164-00-G-0007 NSWC $11,692,127 CPFF task order under previously awarded basic ordering agree-
ment contract for Multi-spectral Targeting Systems (MTS) “B” pro-
duction in support of the Predator “B” program. Work is scheduled
to be completed by 6/30/2006. Program involvement: Predator,
RQ-1.
1/3/2005 N00164-00-G-0007 NSWC $22,756,226 FFP order under Basic Ordering Agreement contract for
Multi-spectral Targeting Systems (MTS) “B” configuration includ-
ing 11 turret units and associated line items in support of the Pred-
ator program. Work is scheduled to be completed by 4/30/2007.
Program involvement: RQ-1, MTS.
1/26/2005 N00164-00-G-0007 NSWC $12,670,563 FFP task order under previously awarded Basic Ordering Agree-
ment contract for Multi-spectral Targeting System “A” configura-
tion, which includes seven Turret Units and associated line items
in support of the Predator UAV program. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 6/30/2007. Program involvement: RQ-1, MTS.
3/30/2005 N00164-00-G-0007 NSWC $25,942,745 FFP modification under previously awarded Basic Ordering
Agreement contract for Multi-spectral Targeting Systems (MTS)
“A” configuration, including 22 Turret Units and associated line
items in support of the Predator UAV program. Work is scheduled
to be completed by 6/30/2007. Program involvement: RQ-1, Pred-
ator UAV.
9/8/2005 N00164-00-G-0007 NSWC $31,402,406 FFP task order under previously awarded basic ordering agree-
ment contract for Multi-Spectral Targeting System “A” configura-
tion, including 51 turret units and associated line items in support
of Predator UAV and MH-60 helicopter. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 9/30/2007. Program involvement: PREDATOR,
MH-60, RQ-1.
9/26/2006 N00164-06-G-8555 NSWC $27,100,290 FFP order under previously awarded Basic Ordering Agreement
contract for Multi-spectral Targeting System configuration, includ-
ing 27 Turret Units and associated line items In support of the
Predator UAV program. Work is scheduled to be completed by
2/28/2008. Program involvement: RQ-1, Predator, MTS.

Electronics Systems
5/2/2003 N00019-02-G-0350
3/26/2004 N00019-00-C-0190
NAVAIR $5,000,000 NTE order against a previously awarded basic ordering agree-
ment contract for requirements development and initial design of
the Block 3 Global Hawk Maritime Demonstration (GHMD) data
control processor, and data link controls. The work will be per-
formed in Falls Church, VA (80%) and Rancho Bernardo, CA
(20%). Work is scheduled to be completed by 12/31/2003. PE in-
volvement: 0305205N. Program involvement: RQ-4, Global
Hawk.
NAVAIR $36,800,000 NTE CPAF/IF modification to a previously awarded contract for
tactical control system (TCS) software to support the Navy Fire
Scout unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) integration onto the littoral
combat ship. The work will be performed in Falls Church, VA
(56%); Dahlgren, VA (30%); San Pedro, CA (10%); and State Col-
lege, PA (4%). Work is scheduled to be completed by 3/31/2008.
PE involvement: 0305204N. Program involvement: Fire Scout
UAV.

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12/29/2006 FA8620-06-G-4041
Missile Systems
5/20/2003 F08635-03-C-0002
5/8/2007 F08635-03-C-0002
Raytheon Aircraft
9/22/1995 DAAH01-95-C-0167
9/29/1995 DAAH01-95-C-0167
12/15/1997 N00019-95-C-0165
Science Applications International
Date Contract Number
3/1/2002 DASG60-02-D-0006
9/23/2004 FA8650-04-D-1722
Structural Associates
Date Contract Number
7/9/2004 W912DS-04-C-0014
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Appendix
ASC $8,651,775 Increment as part of an $11,535,700 CPFF contract for Contractor
Logistics Support for the Predator A and B Multi-spectral Target-
ing Systems including program management, repairs and ser-
vices. Work is scheduled to be completed by 12/31/2007. Program
involvement: RQ-1 Predator, MTS.
AAC $3,600,000 Increment as part of an $88,000,000 CPAF contract to provide for
system development and demonstration of the Miniature Air
Launched Decoy. Work is scheduled to be completed by
6/30/2008. PE involvement: 0603270F. Program involvement:
MALD.
328 ASW $9,641,946 Increment as part of a $14,636,654 CPIF contract to provide for
risk reduction for miniature air-launched decoy jammer system to
include ground and captive flight testing. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 3/31/2008. PE involvement: 0603270F. Program in-
volvement: MALD.
MICOM $9,776,643 Modification to a FFP with cost reimbursement contract for 22
MQM-107D Aerial Targets. Work is scheduled to be completed by
10/30/1996. Program involvement: MQM-107.
MICOM $30,102,547 Modification to a FFP contract for 81 MQM-107D Aerial Targets.
Work is scheduled to be completed by 11/20/1997. Program in-
volvement: MQM-107.
NAVAIR $8,634,827 Modification to previously awarded contract to exercise an option
to procure 55 AQM-37C targets, 10 extended performance kits, 30
E-F band augmentation kits, and 20 transponder G-Band installa-
tion k. Work is scheduled to be completed by 5/31/2000. Program
involvement: AQM-37C.
Agency Obligation Details
SMDC $10,223,872 Modification to a CPFF, LoE contract for support of the Global
Hawk Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in the areas of analyses,
requirements definitions, systems engineering, payloads and sen-
sors. Work is scheduled to be completed by 12/15/2004. Program
involvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4.
AFRL $240,000 Increment as part of an $8,660,000 indefinite-delivery/indefi-
nite-quantit contract to provide for the Active Unmanned Vehicle
Phenomenology (AUP) Program. The work will be performed in
San Diego, CA and McLean, VA. Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 9/30/2009. PE involvement: 0601102F and 0602204F.
Program involvement: AUP.
Agency Obligation Details
COE $5,373,000 FFP contract to construct launch and recovery airstrips, a taxi
apron, and specialized airstrip lighting for training in the use of the
Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicl. The work will be performed in
Fort Drum, NY. Work is scheduled to be completed by 7/30/2005.
Program involvement: TUAV.
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Syracuse Research
Date Contract Number Agency Obligation Details
5/7/2004 W15P7T-04-C-K216 CECOM $10,300,000 Increment as part of a $13,316,088 CPIF contract for the ultra high
frequency, foliage penetrating, real-time moving target indica-
tor/synthetic aperture radar for use in the A160 Hummingbird heli-
copter. Work is scheduled to be completed by 11/2/2005. PE
involvement: 0603772A. Program involvement: A160 Humming-
bird helicopter.

TAAS-Israel Industries
Date Contract Number
8/31/1989 N00019-89-C-0328
9/25/1992 N00019-92-C-0218
Agency Obligation Details
NAVAIR $6,679,120 FFP contract for Tactical Air-Launched Decoys (TALD). The work
will be performed in Jerusalem, Israel (50%) and US sites (50%).
Work is scheduled to be completed by 3/31/1991. The contract in-
volves FMS. Program involvement: ADM-141.
NAVAIR $21,933,385 FFP contract for 1,480 Tactical Air Launched Decoys (TALDS).
The work will be performed in Jerusalem, Israel. Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 2/28/1995. Program involvement:
ADM-141.

Titan
Date Contract Number Agency Obligation Details
9/15/2003 N65236-03-D-7849 SPAWAR $8,840,575 Indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity, CPFF contract for engineer-
ing and technical services to support Space and Naval Warfare
Systems Command Joint Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Operations.
The work will be performed in Norfolk, VA (75%) and Charleston,
SC (25%). Work is scheduled to be completed by 9/30/2004. Pro-
gram involvement: UAV.

Tracor
Date Contract Number Agency Obligation Details
Tracor Aerospace
2/4/1992 F08626-92-C-0032 ASC $3,500,000 Increment as part of a $91,883,760 FPIF contract for the develop-
ment of 8 QF-4 Full Scale Aerial Targets (FSATs), peculiar support
equipment, test support, ground control system integration sup-
port and d. Work is scheduled to be completed by 1/31/1994. PE
involvement: 0604211F. Program involvement: QF-4.

TRW
Date Contract Number
Avionics Systems Div.
12/28/1992 N00019-89-C-0346
2/12/1993 N00019-89-C-0346
Agency Obligation Details
NAVAIR $9,907,095 NTE ceiling priced modification contract for short range un-
manned aerial vehicle system personnel training, systems logis-
tics and technical manuals. The work will be performed in
Dominguez Hills, CA (50%) and Lod, Israel (50%). Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 12/31/1993. Program involvement:
BQM-155.
NAVAIR $171,111,895 Modification to a fixed price NTE contract to exercise Option Item
0301, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Short Range (quantity: 7), and
Option Item 0327, Life Cycle Software Support Environment. The
work will be performed in San Diego, CA (50%) and Lod, Israel
(50%). Work is scheduled to be completed by 4/30/1995. PE in-
volvement: 0305141D. Program involvement: BQM-155.

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8/18/1993 N00019-89-C-0346
2/9/1994 N00019-89-C-0346
3/28/1994 N00019-89-C-0346
6/23/1994 N00019-89-C-0346
9/14/1994 N00019-94-C-0156
10/17/1994 N00019-89-C-0346
12/29/1994 N00019-89-C-0346
11/9/1995 N00019-89-C-0346
5/24/1996 N00019-96-C-0056
2/20/1997 N00019-96-C-0056
9/25/1997 F30602-97-C-0340
World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Appendix
NAVAIR $21,383,542 FFP FY92 contract for contingency support packages, test pro-
gram sets, field spares and training equipment for the Short Range
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. The work will be performed in Tel Aviv,
Israel (50%) and Sierra Vista, AZ (50%). Work is scheduled to be
completed by 10/31/1995. PE involvement: 0305141D. Program
involvement: BQM-155.
NAVAIR $52,795,398 FFP contract for the procurement of some of the FY92 and FY93
option items for the Joint Tactical UAV-Short Range Program. The
work will be performed in San Diego, CA and Sierra Vista, AZ.
Work is scheduled to be completed by 2/28/1997. PE involvement:
0305144D. Program involvement: BQM-155.
NAVAIR $56,363,898 CPIF contract for Ada computer software conversion Automatic
Launch and Recovery System (ALRS) and Block II upgrade for the
Joint Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Short. The work will be
performed in Rancho Carmel, CA (17%); Sierra Vista, AZ (20%);
Huntsville, AL (15%); and Israel (48%). Work is scheduled to be
completed by 4/30/1996. Program involvement: BQM-155.
NAVAIR $5,166,208 Increase to FFP contract for attrition air vehicles and day/night im-
agery intelligence payloads for the Joint Tactical-Short Range Un-
manned Aerial Vehicle. The work will be performed in Tel Aviv,
Israel (50%) and Sierra Vista, AZ (50%). Work is scheduled to be
completed by 10/31/1995. PE involvement: 0305141D. Program
involvement: BQM-155.
NAVAIR $25,714,835 CPIF contract for 12 downsized ground control stations, 12 down-
sized ground data terminals, and associated data in support of the
Joint Tactical UAV Program. The work will be performed in San
Diego, CA (31%) and Tel Aviv, Israel (70%). Work is scheduled to
be completed by 2/28/1996. PE involvement: 0305154D. Program
involvement: BQM-155.
NAVAIR $37,994,986 CPIF contract for the development and integration of a Heavy Fuel
Engine for the Joint Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (JT-UAV). The work
will be performed in Burlington, VT (34%); Sierra Vista, AZ (33%)
and Tel Aviv, Israel (33%). Work is scheduled to be completed by
3/31/1997. Program involvement: BQM-155.
NAVAIR $43,825,623 FFP option exercise contract for the procurement of logistics sup-
port and associated data for the joint tactical unmanned aerial ve-
hicle (JT UAV) program. The work will be performed in Sierra
Vista, AZ (55%); Rancho Carmel, CA (30%) and Huntsville, AL
(15%). Work is scheduled to be completed by 12/31/1995. PE in-
volvement: 0305154D. Program involvement: BQM-155.
NAVAIR $8,905,552 Modification to a previously awarded contract for Joint Tactical Un-
manned Aerial Vehicle - Hunter (JT UAV-Hunter) 1995 contractor
logistics support. The work will be performed in Fort Huachuca, AZ
(75%) and San Diego, CA (25%). Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 12/31/1995. Program involvement: BQM-155, Hunter.
NAVAIR $6,100,946 Modification to a previously awarded contract for FY 96 contract
logistics support. The work will be performed in San Diego, CA
(25%) and Fort Huachuca, AZ (75%). Work is scheduled to be
completed by 9/30/1996. Program involvement: JT-UAV,
BQM-155, Hunter.
NAVAIR $7,500,000 CPFF contract for third and fourth quarter increments of fiscal year
1997 contractor logistics support for the Joint Tactical Unmanned
Aerial Vehicle (JT-UAV) Hunter sy. The work will be performed in
Sierra Vista, AZ (95%) and San Diego, CA (5%). Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 9/30/1997. PE involvement: 0305154D.
Program involvement: JT-UAV, BQM-155, Hunter.
RL $5,748,222 CPFF contract to provide for a prototype Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
(UAV), and associated documentation. Work is scheduled to be
completed by 4/30/1999. PE involvement: 0305154D. Program in-
volvement: JT-UAV, BQM-155, Hunter.
©Teal Group Corporation
Appendix
11/21/1997 N00019-98-C-0010
Data Technologies Div.
10/2/1998 N00019-99-C-0005
TRW Systems and Information
12/13/2002 F33657-97-C-4505
TRW Tactical Systems
9/16/1999 DAAH01-99-C-0003
10/29/1999 DAAH01-99-C-0003
5/31/2000 DAAH01-00-C-0003
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Page 311
NAVAIR $15,000,380 CPFF contract for contractor logistics support for the “Hunter”
Joint Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle program. The work will be
performed in Sierra Vista, AZ. Work is scheduled to be completed
by 9/30/1998. PE involvement: 0305154D. Program involvement:
Hunter, JT-UAV, BQM-155.
NAVAIR $17,499,994 CPFF contract for contractor logistics support services, such as
depot support, inventory, storage of the inactive Hunter subsys-
tems, training, and software maintenance. The work will be per-
formed in Sierra Vista, AZ. Work is scheduled to be completed by
9/30/1999. Program involvement: BQM-155, Hunter.
ASC $15,000,000 Increment as part of a $29,167,320 CPAF contract to provide for
design, development and test on the high band system production
configuration unit, in support of Global Hawk. Work is scheduled to
be completed by 12/31/2005. PE involvement: 0305206F. Pro-
gram involvement: Global Hawk, RQ-4.
AMCOM $9,002,087 Modification contract for deployed Hunter Unmanned Aerial Vehi-
cle repairs and spare parts, in support of the mission in Kosovo.
The work will be performed in Sierra Vista, AZ (60%) and Macedo-
nia (40%). Work is scheduled to be completed by 12/31/2000. Pro-
gram involvement: Hunter, BQM-155.
AMCOM $900,000 Increment as part of a $17,768,503 modification to a CPFF con-
tract for continuation of the contractor logistics support effort, in-
cluding engineering support, flight operations support, and depot
maintenance activity. The work will be performed in Sierra Vista,
AZ (60%) and San Diego, CA (40%). Work is scheduled to be com-
pleted by 10/29/2000. Program involvement: Hunter, BQM-155.
AMCOM $6,928,987 CPFF contract for Hunter unmanned aerial vehicle payload hard-
ware and software modification kits. The work will be performed in
Sierra Vista, AZ (80%) and San Diego, CA (20%). Work is sched-
uled to be completed by 10/31/2001. Program involvement:
BQM-155, Hunter.
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World Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems ©Teal Group Corporation