A version of this report was presented at the American Association for Correspondence: Dean R Hess PhD RRT FAARC, Respiratory Care,
Respiratory Care OPEN FORUM at the 48th International Respiratory Con- Ellison 401, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston MA
gress, held October 5–8, 2002, in Tampa Bay, Florida. 02114. E-mail: dhess@partners.org.
ically ill patients. Such ventilators, however, do not per- ygen administration directly into the mask. We conducted the
form well in the presence of mask leaks, which invariably present study to test the hypothesis that delivered oxygen
occur during noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation. concentration during bi-level positive airway pressure
Portable pressure ventilators, or bi-level ventilators, com- (BiPAP) is affected by the choice of leak port, oxygen injec-
pensate well for leaks and are commonly used to provide tion site, and BiPAP settings.
noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation.6 Many of those
ventilators, however, do not have an oxygen control, and
Methods
thus supplemental oxygen is usually administered by add-
ing it into the mask or the circuit.
Bi-level ventilators operate with a leak port in the system, A model was constructed to allow simulated spontaneous
which also serves as the exhalation port for the patient. The ventilation with BiPAP (Fig. 1). A ventilator (model 840,
size of the port is fixed and leak varies according to the Puritan-Bennett, Pleasanton, California) was attached to one
pressure in the system. This port can be incorporated directly chamber of a dual-chamber test lung. A lift bar was placed
into the mask or into the circuit near the connection to the between the chambers so that the ventilator triggered a sim-
mask. We have anecdotally noted differences in arterial ox- ulated spontaneous breathing effort in the second chamber,
ygen saturation with different leak port types when the same which was connected to the head of a manikin. The drive
flow of oxygen was added. An extensive literature search ventilator was only used to trigger the initiation of the in-
uncovered only one report that addressed this issue.7 In that spiratory phase of the BiPAP ventilator. Once the breath was
study oxygen delivery was reported to be greater when ox- triggered, inflation of the test chamber was controlled by the
ygen was added into the circuit near the ventilator rather than BiPAP ventilator. This experimental setup was similar to that
at the mask. The mask used in that study incorporated the used previously in our laboratory to study heliox delivery and
exhalation port in the mask. In a report published after we aerosol bronchodilator delivery during noninvasive ventila-
completed the present study, Thys et al8 reported that the tion.9,10 Carbon dioxide was titrated into the lung model to
delivered oxygen concentration was greatest when oxygen produce an end-tidal PCO2 of 40 or 75 mm Hg. A mainstream
was added into the circuit between the ventilator and the monitor (NICO, Novametrix, Wallingford, Connecticut) was
exhalation port. Interestingly, they reported lower delivered inserted between the manikin and the lung model to measure
oxygen concentrations when oxygen was added either at the volume delivery and end-tidal PCO2. Oxygen was measured
ventilator outlet or at a site between the exhalation port and adjacent to the site of volume and carbon dioxide measure-
the mask. Neither of these studies reported the effect of ox- ment (model 7820, Puritan-Bennett, Carlsbad, California).
Results
centration did not assess FIO2 per se, and it probably re- inspiratory phase. BiPAP ventilators provide pressure-sup-
flects simulated tracheal oxygen concentration. Moreover, port ventilation, so the inspiratory flow decreases as inha-
the analyzer we used has a slow response, so it probably lation proceeds. Because the flow from the ventilator is
reflected an average of inhaled and exhaled oxygen con- decreasing and the added oxygen flow is constant, it is
centrations. Thus the delivered oxygen concentration we likely that the delivered oxygen concentration is lower at
report is slightly lower than the FIO2. However, the differ- the beginning of inhalation and greater at the end of in-
ence between inhaled and exhaled oxygen concentration is halation. Theoretically, that would mean that the gas de-
usually not more than several percent (within the measure- livered to the alveolus (beginning of inhalation) would
ment error of the analyzer that we used). Our experimental have a lower oxygen concentration than that delivered to
setup would have allowed measurement of FIO2 if we had the dead space (end of inhalation). The extent to which
used a rapid-response oxygen analyzer. Because we used that occurs and its clinical importance deserve further study.
an oxygen analyzer with a slow response, we do not know With use of a BiPAP ventilator Thys et al8 reported
if the oxygen concentration was constant throughout the subambient oxygen delivery at low pressures and without
Circuit Mask 5 33 ⫾ 3 34 ⫾ 2 31 ⫾ 1 30 ⫾ 1 30 ⫾ 2 28 ⫾ 2
10 41 ⫾ 3 47 ⫾ 4 41 ⫾ 2 38 ⫾ 1 38 ⫾ 4 36 ⫾ 3
PEV 5 36 ⫾ 1 37 ⫾ 2 35 ⫾ 1 34 ⫾ 1 37 ⫾ 2 34 ⫾ 3
10 48 ⫾ 2 51 ⫾ 3 49 ⫾ 3 45 ⫾ 3 50 ⫾ 3 44 ⫾ 5
Circuit 5 37 ⫾ 4 39 ⫾ 6 38 ⫾ 4 38 ⫾ 1 35 ⫾ 1 34 ⫾ 1
10 51 ⫾ 8 55 ⫾ 11 50 ⫾ 6 49 ⫾ 2 48 ⫾ 4 45 ⫾ 3
Mask Mask 5 23 ⫾ 1 22 ⫾ 0 22 ⫾ 1 22 ⫾ 0 22 ⫾ 0 22 ⫾ 0
10 30 ⫾ 2 28 ⫾ 2 26 ⫾ 1 26 ⫾ 1 24 ⫾ 0 24 ⫾ 1
PEV 5 46 ⫾ 5 38 ⫾ 4 34 ⫾ 3 36 ⫾ 3 33 ⫾ 2 28 ⫾ 2
10 71 ⫾ 3 54 ⫾ 5 46 ⫾ 3 59 ⫾ 6 47 ⫾ 6 39 ⫾ 4
Circuit 5 52 ⫾ 3 41 ⫾ 2 36 ⫾ 1 44 ⫾ 4 33 ⫾ 2 29 ⫾ 1
10 78 ⫾ 3 61 ⫾ 3 52 ⫾ 3 70 ⫾ 9 48 ⫾ 4 39 ⫾ 1