Lecture 1 : Introduction Into Human Anatomy

Questions :
1. Why is anatomy necessary for clinical subject?
2. What is the subject of anatomy?
3. Why is human anatomy analytical and a synthetic subject at the same time?
4. What factor determines human individual anatomic features?
5. Name the methods of anatomy.
6. What is an organ, give its definitions.Name the tissue which is basic for the structure of two different
organs.
7. Give 2 definitions of the system and the apparatus of organs.
8. Question that are studied in anthropologic morphology and anatomy.
9. Name the problems which are common for anthropology and medicine.
10. What does anthropometry and anthroscopy mean?
11. Question which are studied in anthropogenesis,
12. What does anthropometric points mean? Give examples.
13. What is the ‘norm’ in morphology?
14. Name main regularities of acceleration.
15. Name types of constitution of their own features.

1. Why is anatomy necessary for clinical subject?

Clinically oriented anatomy emphasizes structure and functions as it relates to the practice of medicine and
other health’s sciences.

e.g : fracture of an elbow joint leads to numbness in 5th finger

Anatomy is exciting to learn because of its practical importance. There are structures which are very few
will be seen that can’t be visualized in living patients by one of another of the relatively new methods
( ultrasounds, magnetic resonance image, radiographical methods..)

2. What is the subject of anatomy?

Anatomy is the oldest basic medical science of human. Human anatomy from Greek word means the study
of the structure and function of the body.

3. Why is human anatomy analytical and a synthetic subject at the same time?

Anatomy is analytical subject because it studies the parts of the body at the same time it is a synthetic
subject because it unites all knowledge at every part of the whole organs.

4. What factor determines human individual anatomic features?

What is individual variability? – It is the characteristic feature of the living being, that is why it is important
to study individual and variability of structure of human body.
2 factors determining individual variability :
1. Hereditary : children bare resemblance to parents
2. Influence of social environment of the human body.
5. Name the methods of anatomy.

4 main methods :
a) Observation (surface anatomy)
b) Dissection (cutting)
c) microscopic methods (discuss about tissues)
d) radiographic methods

6. What is an organ, give its definitions.Name the tissue which is basic for the structure of two
different organs.

 Our body is constituted of atoms, molecules….

 Tissues are made up of many similar cells that perform a specific function
 Tissues are divided into 4 gps m:
a) Epithelium cells
b) Connective tissue cells
c) Nerves
d) Muscular tissue

Organ : integrated collection of 2 or more kinds of tissues that work together to perform a specific function
e.g :
a) Stomach – Epithelial tissue lines stomach and helps protect it. Smooth muscle chums food breaking it
into smaller pieces and mixing it with digestive chemicals. Nervous tissue transmits nerve impulses
that initiate and coordinate the muscle contractions and connective tissue helps to hold all the other
tissues together.
b) Bones – consists of connective tissue mainly matrix
c) Liver – includes different tissues & epithelial tissue is the main tissue

7. Give 2 definitions of the system and the apparatus of organs.

A system is a group of organs that work together to perform the major body functions.
e.g :Contains several organs that provide surfaces to exchange oxygen, carbon dioxide between air outside
body and blood
All body systems are special and produce efficient and dynamic organism

Apparatus of organs is considered to be a complex of organs united by similar function but having different
structures and different origin (development)
e.g : urogenital apparatus, locomotor apparatus.

8. Question that are studied in anthropologic morphology and anatomy.

 Anthropology – section of biology studying physical nature of human being and races in all aspects of
their variability.
 3 scientific fields of anthropology :
a) human morphology
b) anthropogenesis(study of origin of human body)
c) ethnography / ethnology (science of human races)

 Difference between AN1 and anatomy.

 Anatomy is science of form, structure, development and origin of human organs.c
 Anthropologic morphology – study structure, function and variability of human organs considering
sex, age, profession, ecology and social factor
9. Name the problems which are common for anthropology and medicine

Morphological characteristics of hereditary features of human being and reactivity of organism obtained by
anthropology are used for

a) determination of physical development

b) sports (selection of ppl appropriate for different fields of sports.)
c) medicine (in obstetrics, pediatrics, identification of unknown persons and dead bodies in forensic
medicine)

Methods of anthropology :
a) anthropometry
b) osteometry
c) anthroposcopy
d) craniometry
e) physiometry
f) constitutional diagnostics

10. What does anthropometry and anthroscopy mean?

- For measurements anthropology use longitudinal, transverse, circumferential dimensions and their
correlations.
- : estimation of body and muscular component secondary sex features in relative points

11. Question which are studied in anthropogenesis

- Anthropogenesis (AG) studies origin of human as biological species

- With the use of paleoanthropology it’s possible to trace development of physical type and evolution of
human
- AG is closely associated with ethnology, studying development of human ethnoses.

12. What does anthropometric points mean? Give examples.

- They are prominent body reference points and some soft tissue points (such as nipples and folds)
- E.g : A/metric points of the face

13. What is the ‘norm’ in morphology?

- Is a designated standard of average person of a given sex, age, race & background
- Every person is morphologically unique

14. Name main regularities of acceleration.

 Acceleration [Latin > acceleration = speeding up ] is speeding up of growth and development of

children and teenagers
 Acceleration = more earlier beginning of some types demonstrations of the developments and speed up
of rate of growth and development of children & teenagers[E. Koch – 1935]
 Acceleration = absolute increase of size of human body of grown ups (C.Bennholdt – Thomsen, 1942)
 Accelerations = speeding up of individual development in comparison with the previous generations. It
is a part of modern human being, so called “a century tendency” / “Secular trend”

15. Name types of constitution of their own features.

 3 types :
a) Asthenic [long but narrow -> thin & tall, slender, little muscularity]
b) Normosthenic [normal]
c) Hypersthenic [wide but short ->fat ,short, strong muscularity]

 Types of body build

a) dolichomorphous (long skull)
b) brachimorphous (broad , short skull)
c) mesomorphous (compact & muscular body)

 Type of body build after Sigot :

a) respiratory
b) digestive
c) muscular
d) cerebral