Flotation
1
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Filtration zone
3. Separation zone
4. Sludge drainage
5. Conclusions
Flotation
Sedimentation
Flocculation
bubbles
upward velocity
horizontal velocity
bubble screen
baffle
Saturday, 06 October 2007 5
Filtration zone
Specific parameters
200 µm
HOH
160 µm 40 µm
T [°c] 0 10 20 30
kD air 0.0288 0.0234 0.0200 0.0179
Saturday, 06 October 2007 7
Filtration zone
Relation solubility - pressure
300
1 mg/l = 0.78 l/m3
250
Solubility [mg/l]
200
150
100
50
0
0 200 400 600 800
pressure [kPa]
nitrogen rich air 20 C normal air 20 C
nitrogen rich air 0 C normal air 0 C
Saturday, 06 October 2007 8
Filtration zone
Construction saturation tanks
A influent
B packing
C air supply
D effluent
E air discharge
40
Bete
AKA
WRC
30
20
3 4 5 6 7 8
saturation pressure[bar]
Saturday, 06 October 2007 12
Filtration zone
Mass balance Q
dN(d)
Nd + ⋅ dH dH
dH
in = out + storage
⎛ ⎛ dN ⎞ ⎞
Q ⋅ Nddt = Q ⋅ ⎜ Nd + ⎜ d ⎟dH ⎟dt + α db ⋅ η t ⋅ Nd ⋅ Nb ⋅ V ⋅ AbdH Q
⎝ ⎝ dH ⎠ ⎠
Nd = number of particles in bed; Nb = number of bubbles in bed
αdb = attachment coefficient for bubble and floc;
ηt = collision fequency
Saturday, 06 October 2007 13
Filtration zone
Efficiency bubble filter
vb dN d
= −α db ⋅ η t ⋅ Nb ⋅ Nd ⋅ A b
dH
dNd
= −α db ⋅ η t ⋅ Nb ⋅ Nd ⋅ A b ⋅ v db
dt
dNd 1 α db ⋅ η t ⋅ db ⋅ φb ⋅ g
=− ⋅ dt
Nd 12 µ
vb
⎛ 1 α db ⋅ η t ⋅ db ⋅ φb ⋅ g ⎞
X = 1 − exp ⎜ − ⋅ ⋅τ ⎟
⎝ 12 µ ⎠
influence: air dosing (φ)
contact time (τ)
flow conditions (plug flow)
temperature (µ)
Saturday, 06 October 2007 14
Filtration zone Collector Model
Collision frequency
Trajectory
Streamline
C D particle
B
Collector =
bubble A
Trajectory mechanisms:
A = Diffusion
B = Interception Attention:
C = Gravity settling The particles are
D = Inertia drawn relatively small
Saturday, 06 October 2007 15
Filtration zone
Transport mechanisms
0.66 0.66 2
⎛ k ⋅T ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
ηd = 6.18 ⋅ ⎜⎜ b ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ g ⋅ ρw ⎠ ⎝ dd ⎠ ⎝ db ⎠
2
3 ⎛d ⎞
ηi = ⋅ ⎜⎜ d ⎟⎟
2 ⎝ db ⎠
dd = diameter floc [m]
⎛ ρ d − ρw
2
⎞ ⎛ dd ⎞ db = diameter bubble [m]
η s = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ρw ⎠ ⎝ db ⎠ kb = constant of Bolzmann
= 1.38*10-23 J/K
g ⋅ ρ d ⋅ db ⋅ dd 2 ρw = 1000 kg/m3
η TA =
324 ⋅ ν ⋅ ρ w ρd = 1003 kg/m3
ρb = 1.24 kg/m3
1
flocs: 100 - 1000 µm
thus interception ηS
chance on collision [-]
0,1 ηT
η TA
0,01
T = 10°C
db = 40 µm ηI ηD
rd = 1003 kg/m3
0,001
1,0E-08 1,0E-07 1,0E-06 1,0E-05 1,0E-04 1,0E-03
flock size [µm]
1,1
1
efficiency X [-]
0,9
0,9
Efficiencyt X [-]
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
1 3 5 7 9 11
Air dosing [10-3 m3/m3]
1,2
1
Efficiency X [-]
0,8
0,6
db = 40µm
0,4 dd = 100 µm
ρd = 1003 kg/m3
0,2
αdb = 0.5
0 φb = 5.0·10-3 m3/m3
0 60 120 180 240
Contact time [sec]
90
80
70
60
50
0 1 2 3 4 5
Contact time [min]
0,8
Rest iron concentration flotate [mg/l]
0,7
0,6
0,5
average = 0.48 mg/l
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec
bubbles
upward velocity
horizontal velocity
bubble screen
baffle
Saturday, 06 October 2007 28
Separation zone
Surface loading
tb
>1
t st
1
Vst > S 0 ⋅
1− m
1 g ⎛ ρw − ρa ⎞
Vst = ⋅ ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⋅ da 2
18 µ ⎝ ρ w ⎠
Saturday, 06 October 2007 29
Separation zone
Air/floc ratio β
diameter bubble = 40 µm
diameter floc = 200 µm
da = 3 1 + β ⋅ dd
ρb = 1.24 kg/m3
⎛ β ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
ρa = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ ρb + ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ ρd ρd = 1003 kg/m3
⎝ β + 1 ⎠ ⎝ β + 1 ⎠
600
500
upward speed [m/h]
400
dd = 100 mm
300 dd = 200 mm
dd = 500 mm
200
100
0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
air/flock ratio [-]
B
H Q
Vc Va H = 2 meter
H
Vl
Q Q
Tgros = =
Vbr L ⋅ B ⋅ H
Q Q Q
= + + Vc design on residence time
Vc Va Vl Va design on surface loading
Saturday, 06 October 2007 33
Separation zone
Construction alternatives flotation basin
1,4
B
A
1,2
1.8 m A
1
rest Fe [mg/l]
0,8 3.6 m
C
T = 0.1 C
0,6 0.5 m
1.8 m B
0,4 T = 15 C
0,2 7.1 m
0
1.8 m C
0 10 20 30 40 50
flotation time [min]
7.1 m
Saturday, 06 October 2007 35
Water outlet
Separation zone
s0: 25 - 30 m/h
residence time: 5 - 10 min
depth 2m
weir loading: 100 - 200 m3/(m·h)
Saturday, 06 October 2007 37