Rivets
Mild carbon steel, Fy = 28 – 38 ksi
Clamping force varied
Bad rivet? Difficult & expensive to remove
Required crew of 4 skilled workers
Types of Fasteners
Unfinished Bolts
Low-carbon steel, ASTM A307, Fu = 60 ksi
“Machine”, “Common” bolts
Least expensive
Typically used in light structures and
secondary members (small trusses, purlins,
girts etc.)
Types of Fasteners
High-Strength Bolts
started use in 1950’s
less bolts required
More labor (washers)
Most economical
AISC Table 7-15 [7-80]
Thread length
A325
F H
H WASHER W
goes under part you’re
using to tighten bolt
(head or nut)
AISC Table 2-5 [2-41]
Common Sizes
Buildings 3/4” and 7/8” for 0.5” to
1” diameter
Bridges 7/8” and 1”
Markings
Material Specification
Manufacturer
(initials or abbreviation;
here“Cordova Bolt”)
SLIP-CRITICAL
Bolts tightened to
specified tensile
stress
Contact or
bearing on
plate
Calibrated wrench
Manual torque wrenches
Variation +/- 30%
Wrenches MUST be calibrated DAILY
Proof Load = yield stress x tensile stress area
= approx. 70 – 80% of tensile capacity
Pretension = 70% of tensile capacity
55K
40K
Bolt Tension
Pretension 39K
= Proof Load A325
for A325 7/8” diameter
10K 1/3
“Snug” to
1/2 3/4 to 1 ~1-3/4
Turns from “Snug”
Bolt Installation
Alternative-design bolts
“Twist-off” or Tension-control bolts
Special wrench required
Spline designed to twist off at required
level of torque / tension
Spline
ANIMATION http://www.tcbolts.co.uk/install.htm
Bolt Installation
Direct Tension Indicators (DTIs)
TENSION FAILURE SHEAR FAILURE
Deformation /
elongation of bolt
hole
Shear rupture /
splitting of plate
BEARING FAILURE
Resistance Factor
Rn Pu
0.75 Use this for :
-- tension capacity
-- shear capacity
-- bearing resistance
AISC J3.6 [16.1-108],
Table J3.2
Tensile Strength
Rn FnAb Nominal,
unthreaded cross
section (in2)
b
Fn Ft 0.75 F u
Tensile stress
capacity
AISC J3.6 [16.1-108], Table J3.2
P
P
P m=1
P/2 P/2
Shear Strength
P/2
P
P/2
P/4 P/4
P m=2
P/4 P/4
Shear Strength
b
Rn m uAb m(0.5F ) Abu
A325N
(threads included
in shear plane)
b
Rn m uAb m(0.4F ) Ab
u
Le
Rn = 2 t [Le- d/2] p
if Le = 2-2/3 d Rn = 3.0Fud t
AISC J3.10 [16.1-111]
Lc Lc
Rn 1.2LctFu 2.4dtFu
Clear distance (in)
AISC J3.10 [16.1-111]
Rn 1.2LctFu 2.4dtFu
Design Bearing Resistance, cont’d
Deformation is NOT a design consideration
Rn 1.5LctFu 3.0dtFu
Rn (boltgroup ) Rn (individual )
AISC J3.3 [16.1-106]
Minimum Spacing
2 s
s 2 dbolt
3
3dbolt preferred
AISC Table J3.4
Le
Le 12t
Le 6"