Types of Fasteners

Rivets
 Mild carbon steel, Fy = 28 – 38 ksi
 Clamping force varied
 Bad rivet? Difficult & expensive to remove
 Required crew of 4 skilled workers
Types of Fasteners
Unfinished Bolts
 Low-carbon steel, ASTM A307, Fu = 60 ksi
 “Machine”, “Common” bolts
 Least expensive
 Typically used in light structures and
secondary members (small trusses, purlins,
girts etc.)
Types of Fasteners
High-Strength Bolts
 started use in 1950’s
 less bolts required
 More labor (washers)
 Most economical
 AISC Table 7-15 [7-80]

High-Strength Bolts Standard dimensions

(F, H, W, thread length)

Thread length

A325

F H
H WASHER W
goes under part you’re
using to tighten bolt
(head or nut)
 AISC Table 2-5 [2-41]

ASTM Material Fub

A325 Medium 105 - 120 ksi
carbon steel
A490 Heat-treated 150 ksi
alloy steel

Common Sizes
 Buildings  3/4” and 7/8” for 0.5” to
1” diameter
 Bridges  7/8” and 1”
Markings
Material Specification

A325 Underline if Type 3 bolt

(weathering steel)

COR Otherwise, Type 1 – standard

(Type 2 discontinued)

Manufacturer
(initials or abbreviation;
here“Cordova Bolt”)
SLIP-CRITICAL

Bolts tightened to
specified tensile
stress

“Friction-type” – used when slip resistance desired at service loads

(Joints subject to fatigue, bolts in combination with welds,
anytime deformation due to slip unacceptable for design)
BEARING TYPE

Contact or
bearing on
plate

Permitted to be “snug-tight” – all plies in a joint are in firm contact

May be PRE-TENSIONED [AISC J1.10]

Bolt Installation
Turn-of-the-nut
 Simplest method
 1/3 to 1/2 turn, typically, beyond “snug
tight”

Calibrated wrench
 Manual torque wrenches
 Variation +/- 30%
 Wrenches MUST be calibrated DAILY
 Proof Load = yield stress x tensile stress area
= approx. 70 – 80% of tensile capacity
Pretension = 70% of tensile capacity
55K

40K
Bolt Tension

Pretension 39K
= Proof Load A325
for A325 7/8” diameter

10K 1/3
“Snug” to
1/2 3/4 to 1 ~1-3/4
Turns from “Snug”
Bolt Installation
Alternative-design bolts
 “Twist-off” or Tension-control bolts
 Special wrench required
 Spline designed to twist off at required
level of torque / tension

Spline

ANIMATION  http://www.tcbolts.co.uk/install.htm
Bolt Installation
Direct Tension Indicators (DTIs)
TENSION FAILURE SHEAR FAILURE
 Deformation /
elongation of bolt
hole

Shear rupture /
splitting of plate

BEARING FAILURE
Resistance Factor

Rn Pu
0.75 Use this for :
-- tension capacity
-- shear capacity
-- bearing resistance
 AISC J3.6 [16.1-108],
Table J3.2
Tensile Strength

Rn FnAb Nominal,
unthreaded cross
section (in2)

b
Fn Ft 0.75 F u

Tensile stress
capacity
 AISC J3.6 [16.1-108], Table J3.2

Shear Strength Rn FvAb

b
Rn m uAb Number
m(of0.shear
5F ) Ab u
planes

P
P

P m=1
P/2 P/2
Shear Strength
P/2
P
P/2

P/4 P/4
P m=2
P/4 P/4
Shear Strength

b
Rn m uAb m(0.5F ) Abu

Connection length effect = 0.8

shear factor (from tests) = 0.62
0.8 x 0.62 ~ 0.5
 Shear Strength (threads included)
A325X
(threads excluded
from shear plane)

A325N
(threads included
in shear plane)

b
Rn m uAb m(0.4F ) Ab
u

0.5 x 0.75 ~ 0.4

Bearing Limit State
t

Le
Rn = 2 t [Le- d/2] p

if Le = 2-2/3 d Rn = 3.0Fud t
 AISC J3.10 [16.1-111]

Design Bearing Resistance

Deformation IS a design consideration
(do not want hole elongation > ¼ inch)

Lc Lc

Rn 1.2LctFu 2.4dtFu
Clear distance (in)
 AISC J3.10 [16.1-111]

Design Bearing Resistance

Plate / angle tensile

stress (ksi)
Plate / angle thickness (in)

Bolt diameter (in)

Rn 1.2LctFu 2.4dtFu
Design Bearing Resistance, cont’d
Deformation is NOT a design consideration

Rn 1.5LctFu 3.0dtFu
Rn (boltgroup ) Rn (individual )
 AISC J3.3 [16.1-106]

Minimum Spacing

2 s
s 2 dbolt
3
3dbolt preferred
 AISC Table J3.4

Minimum Edge Distances

Bolt for Sheared for Rolled
Diameter Edge Edge
3/4” 1-1/4” 1”
7/8” 1-1/2” [d] 1-1/8”
1” 1-3/4” [d] 1-1/4”

Le

1.5dbolt [d]permitted to be 1-1/4 in. at ends

preferred of beam connection angles and
shear end plates
 AISC J3.5 [16.1-106]

Maximum Edge Distances

Le 12t
Le 6"