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Objective-C
CONTENTS INCLUDE:
n
An Introduction to the Language and Tools
n
The Syntax
n
Memory Management
Tools

for the iPhone and iPad

n

n
Debugging
n
XCode Keyboard Shortcuts and more...
By Ben Ellingson and Matthew McCullough

An Introduction to the Language and tools The keyword @interface can distract developers
coming from some languages such as Java,
Objective-C is the primary language used to create Hot suggesting this is a mere contract. However,
applications for Apple’s Mac OS X and iOS (iPhone and iPad) Tip @interface is indeed the keyword for defining the

platforms. Objective-C was created by Brad Cox and Tom Love
in the early 1980s. In 1988, Objective-C was licensed by NeXT,
a company founded and helmed by Steve Jobs during his
absence from Apple. Apple acquired NeXT in 1996, bringing
Objective-C to the Macintosh platform.
Objective-C is an object oriented superset of ANSI C. Its
object syntax is derived from Smalltalk. It supports single
inheritance, implementation of multiple interfaces via the
@protocol syntax, and the redefinition and augmentation of
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properties and method signatures of a concrete
class in Obj-C.
Interfaces
Objective-C interfaces are created using the @protocol
declaration. Any class can implement multiple interfaces.
Interfaces are typically declared in a .h header file and can be
included via #import statements in the .h header file of other
classes.

// Mappable.h: Declare the Mappable @protocol

(open) classes via categories. Apple’s iPhone SDK for the @protocol Mappable
- (double) latitude;
iOS mobile operating system offers developers a rich set of - (double) longitude;
@end
Objective-C APIs. This free SDK, which includes the Xcode
// Location.h: Specify that Location class implements the Mappable
IDE, is used to create applications for the iPhone, iPad, and // @protocol
#import “Mappable.h”
iPod Touch. @interface Location : NSObject <Mappable> {
}
@end
The Syntax // Location.m: Provide implementations for the Mappable methods
@implementation Location
- (double) latitude {
return 46.553666;
Class Declaration }
- (double) longitude {
Objective-C classes typically include an interface .h and an return -87.40551;
}
implementation .m pair of files. The .h file contains property @end

and method declarations. The .m file contains method

implementations. Primitive Data Types
As a superset of ANSI C, Objective-C supports its same
Objective-C for the iPhone and iPad

Example .h interface file primitive data types.

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
@interface Speaker : NSObject { int Integral numbers without decimal points
NSInteger *ID;
NSString *name;
} float Numbers with decimal points
@property NSInteger *ID;
@property(nonatomic,retain) NSString *name;
- (void) doSomething: (NSString *) value anotherValue: (int) value2;
@end

Example .m implementation file

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#import “Speaker.h”
@implementation Speaker
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- (void) doSomething: (NSString *) value anotherValue: (int) value2 {
// do something
}
@end

Inheritance
Class inheritance is specified in the .h interface file with the
syntax: @interface <MyClass> : <ParentClass>. The following
example tells the compiler that the Employee class inherits
from (extends) the Person class.

// Employee.h file
@interface Employee : Person {
}
@end

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 2
Objective-C for the iPhone and iPad

double Same as float with twice the accuracy or size Using Dot Notation Method Invocation
Objective-C 2.0 added the ability to invoke property accessor
char Store a single character such as the letter ‘a’
methods (getters/setters) using “.” notation.
BOOL Boolean values with the constants YES or NO
// Using dot notation calls the book instance’s setAuthor method
book.author = @”Herman Melville”;
Common Object Data Types // equivalent to
[book setAuthor: @”Herman Melville”];
NSObject Root class of the object hierarchy

NSString String value Multi Parameter Methods

NSArray Collection of elements, fixed size, may include duplicates Multi-Parameter methods are more verbose than other
languages. Each parameter includes both an external name,
NSMutableArray Variable sized array
data type, and a local variable name. The external parameter
NSDictionary Key-value pair collection
name becomes a formal part of the method name.
NSMutableDictionary Variable sized key-value pair collection
// declare a method with multiple parameters
NSSet Unordered collection of distinct elements - (void) addBookWithTitle: (NSString *) aTitle andAuthor: (NSString *)
anAuthor;
NSData Byte buffer
// invoke a method with multiple parameters
NSURL URL resource [self addBookWithTitle: @”Moby Dick” andAuthor: @”Herman Melville”];

Instance Variables Self and Super Properties

Class instance variables are declared within a curly braced {} Objective-C objects include a self property and a super
section of the .h file. property. These properties are mutable and can be assigned
// Book.h: Variables declared in a header file in an advanced technique called “swizzling”. Most commonly,
@interface Book : NSObject {
NSString *title; the self attribute is used to execute a method on the
NSString *author;
int pages; enclosing object.
}
@end [self setAuthor: @”Herman Melville”];

// Invoke methods on the “super” property to execute parent class

Notice that the object variable declarations are preceded by // behavior. a method that overrides a parent class method will likely call
// the parent class method
* symbol. This indicates that the reference is a pointer to an - (void) doSomething: (NSString *)value {
[super doSomething: value];
object and is required for all object variable declarations. // do something derived-class specific
}

Dynamic Typing
Objective-C supports dynamic typing via the id keyword. Properties using @property and @synthesize
Objective-C 2.0 added property declaration syntax in order to
NSString *name1 = @”Bob”;
// name2 is a dynamically typed NSString object reduce verbose coding of getter and setter methods.
id name2 = @”Bob”;
if ([name1 isEqualToString:name2]) {
// do something // use of @property declaration for the title variable is equivalent to
} // declaring a “setTitle” mutator and “title” accessor method.
@interface Book : NSObject {
NSString *title;
Methods }
@property (retain, nonatomic) NSString *title;
Methods are declared in the .h header file and implemented in @end

the .m implementation file. // use the @synthesize declaration in the .m implementation file
// to automatically implement setter and getter methods.
@implementation Book
// Book.h: Declare methods in the header file @synthesize title, author; //Multiple variables
@interface Book : NSObject { @synthesize pages; //Single variable
} @end
- (void) setPages: (int) p;
- (int) pages;
@end
Multiple variables may be included in a single @synthesize
// Book.m: Implement methods in the implementation file
@implementation Book declaration. Alternatively, a class may include multiple
- (void) setPages: (int) p {
pages = p; @synthesize declarations.
}
- (int) pages {
return pages; @property Attributes
}
@end Property attributes specify behaviors of generated getter
and setter methods. Attribute declarations are placed in
Method Declaration Syntax parenthesis () after the @property declaration. The most
Method type return type parameter type common values used are (retain, nonatomic). retain
(class or instance)
method name parameter name indicates that the [retain] method should be called on the
newly assigned value object. See the memory management
- (void) setPages: (int) p; section for further explanation. nonatomic indicates that
the assignment operation does not check for thread access
Method Invocation Syntax protection, which may be necessary in multi-threaded
Method invocations are written using square bracket [] environments. readonly may be specified to indicate the
notation. property’s value can not be set.
method target parameter value
method name Object Initialization
Object instances are created in two steps. First, with a call to
[book setPages: 100]; alloc and second, with a call to init.

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 3
Objective-C for the iPhone and iPad

// example of 2 step object initialization Strings

Book *book = [[Book alloc] init];
// equivalent to Objective-C string literals are prefixed with an “@” symbol (e.g.
Book *book2 = [Book alloc];
book2 = [book init]; @”Hello World”). This creates instances of the NSString class;
instead of C language CFStrings.
In order to perform specific object initialization steps, you will
// create a string literal via the “@” symbol
often implement the init or an initWith method. Notice NSString *value = @”foo bar”;
NSString *value2 = [NSString stringWithFormat:@”foo %@”,@”bar”];
the syntax used around the self property in the following // string comparison
if ([value isEqualToString:value2]) {
example. This is a standard init pattern found in Objective-C. // do something
}
Also notice the method uses a dynamic id return type. NSURL *url = [NSURL URLWithString:@”http://www.google.com”];
NSString *value3 = [NSString stringWithContentsOfURL:url];
NSString *value4 = [NSString stringWithContentsOfFile: @”file.txt”];
// Event.m: Implementation overrides the “init” method to assign a default
// date value
@implementation Event NSLog / NSString Formatters
- (id) init {
self = [super init]; Formatters are character sequences used for variable
if (self != nil) {
self.date = [[NSDate alloc] init]; substitution in strings.
}
return self; %@ for objects
} %d for integers
@end %f for floats
// Logs “Bob is 10 years old”
NSLog(@”%@ is %d years old”, @”Bob”, 10);
Class Constructors
Classes often include constructor methods as a convenience. Data Structures
The method type is + to indicate that it is a class (static) Using NSArray
method. // Create a fixed size array. Notice that nil termination is required
NSArray *values = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:@”One”,@”Two”,nil];
// Get the array size
// Constructor method declaration int count = [values count];
+ (Book *) createBook: (NSString *) aTitle withAuthor: (NSString *) // Access a value
anAuthor; NSString *value = [values objectAtIndex:0];
// Create a variable sized array
// Invoke a class constructor NSMutableArray *values2 = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];
Book *book2 = [Book createBook: @”Moby Dick” withAuthor: @”Herman [values2 addObject:@”One”];
Melville”];

Using NSDictionary
#import Statements NSDictionary *di = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:
@”One”,[NSNumber numberWithInt:1],
#import statements are required to declare the classes and @”Two”,[NSNumber numberWithInt:2],nil];
NSString *one = [di objectForKey: [NSNumber numberWithInt:1]];
frameworks used by your class. #import statements can be NSMutableDictionary *di2 = [[NSMutableDictionary alloc] init];
[di2 setObject:@”One” forKey:[NSNumber numberWithInt:1]];
included at the top of both .h header and .m implementation
files. Memory Management
Objective-C 2.0 includes garbage collection. However,
// import a class
#import “Book.h” garbage collection is not available for iOS apps. iOS apps
// import a framework must manage memory by following a set of object ownership
#import <MapKit/MapKit.h>
rules. Each object has a retain count which indicates the
number of objects with an ownership interest in that object.
Control Flow Ownership of an object is automatically taken when you call a
// basic for loop
for (int x=0; x < 10; x++) {
method beginning with alloc, prefixed with new, or containing
NSLog(@”x is: %d”,x); copy. Ownership is manually expressed by calling the retain
}
method. You relinquish object ownership by calling release or
// for-in loop
NSArray *values = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:@”One”,@”Two”,@”Three”,nil]; autorelease.

for(NSString *value in values) { When an object is created it has a retain count of 1

// do something When the “retain” message is sent to an object, the retain count is incremented by 1
} When the “release” message is sent to an object, the retain count is decremented by 1
When the retain count reaches 0, it is deallocated
// while loop
BOOL condition = YES;
while (condition == YES) { // alloc sets the retain count to 1
Book *book = [[Book alloc] init];
// doSomething
// do something...
}
// Release message decrements the retain count,
// if / else statements // Retain count reaches 0. Book will be deallocated
BOOL condition1 = NO; [book release];
BOOL condition2 = NO;
if (condition1) {
// do something
dealloc Method
} else if(condition2) { When an object’s retain count reaches 0, it is sent a dealloc
// do other thing
} else { message. You will provide implementations of the dealloc
// do something else
} method, which will call release on the instances retained
// switch statement variables. Do not call dealloc directly.
int x = 1;
switch (x) { // Book.m: Implement release of member variables
case 1: - (void) dealloc
{
// do something
[title release];
break; [author release];
case 2: [super dealloc];
// do other thing }
break;
default:
break; Autorelease Pools
}
An autorelease pool (NSAutoreleasePool) contains references to

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 4
Objective-C for the iPhone and iPad

objects that have received an autorelease message. When the primary tool in the suite of utilities that ship with the SDK.
autorelease pool is deallocated, it sends a release message to Xcode has a long history but has been given a dramatic set
all objects in the pool. Using an autorelease pool may simplify of feature additions in the modern iPhone and iPad releases,
memory management; however, it is less fine grained and may including detection of common user-coded memory leaks and
allow an application to hold onto more memory than it really quick-fixing of other syntax and coding mistakes.
needs. Be watchful of which types and size of objects you use
Plain text editors and command line Make files can be used to
with autorelease.
produce iOS applications. However, Xcode offers compelling
// call autorelease on allocated instance to add it to the autorelease pool
Book *book = [[[Book alloc] init] autorelease];
features such as syntax highlighting and code completion.
These features make writing Objective-C in the Xcode IDE a
Categories delight and a favorite of developers everywhere.
Categories are a powerful language feature which allows
you to add methods to an existing class without subclassing.
Categories are useful to extend the features of existing classes
and to split the implementation of large classes into several
files. Categories are not subclasses. Generally, do not use
methods in a category to extend existing methods except
when you wish to globally erase and redefine the original
method. Categories can not add instance variables to a class. Once the code is in a valid-syntax state, compile it by choosing
// BookPlusPurchaseInfo.h adds purchase related methods to the Book class Build  Build from the menus, or ⌘B. If there are code errors,
#import “Book.h”
@interface Book (PurchaseInfo) they will appear as a yellow or red icon in the lower right corner
- (NSArray *) findRetailers;
@end of the IDE. Clicking on the icon will reveal a panel detailing the
// BookPlusPurchaseInfo.m implements the purchase related methods
#import “BookPlusPurchaseInfo.h” warnings and errors.
@implementation Book (PurchaseInfo)
- (NSArray *) findRetailers {
return [NSArray arrayWithObjects:@”Book World”,nil];
}
@end

// call a method defined in the BookPlusPurchaseInfo category

Book *book = [Book createBook:@”Moby Dick” withAuthor:@”Herman Melvile”];
NSArray *retailers = [book findRetailers];
Deploying an application to the simulator has two simple steps.
Selectors First, choose the Simulator target from the main Xcode toolbar.
Selectors create method identifiers using the SEL datatype. A Building and Deploying can be done in one seamless step
value can be assigned to a SEL typed variable via the by pressing the Command and Enter keys. The simulator will
@selector() directive. Selectors, along with NSObject’s receive the compiled application and launch it.
method performSelector: withObject: enable a class to
choose the desired message to be invoked at runtime.
// Execute a method using a SEL selector and the performSelector method
id target = [[Book alloc] init];

// Action is a reference to the “doSomething” method
SEL action = @selector(doSomething);

// The message sender need not know the type of target object
// or the message that will be called via the “action” SEL
[target performSelector: action withObject:nil ];

Working With Files

iOS applications have access to files in an app-specific home
directory. This directory is a sand-boxed portion of the file
system. An app can read and write files within this its own
hierarchy, but it can not access any files outside of it.
// Get the path to a iOS App’s “Documents” directory
NSString *docDir = [NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory, To deploy to an iPhone or iPad, first select Device from the
NSUserDomainMask, YES) lastObject];
aforementioned toolbar menu. Second, right click on the
// List the contents of a directory
NSFileManager *fileManager = [NSFileManager defaultManager]; element beneath the Target node of the Groups and Files tree
NSArray *files = [fileManager contentsOfDirectoryAtPath:docDir error:nil];
for (NSString *file in files) {
and choose Get Info. Choose the Properties tab and ensure
}
NSLog(file); the Identifier matches the name or pattern you established with
// Create a directory
Apple for your Provisioning Profile at http://developer.apple.com/iphone
NSString *subDir = [NSString stringWithFormat:@”%@/MySubDir”,docDir];
[fileManager createDirectoryAtPath:subDir attributes:nil];

// Does the file exist?

NSString *filePath = [NSString stringWithFormat:@”%@/MyFile.txt”,docDir];
BOOL exists = [fileManager fileExistsAtPath: filePath];

Tools

Xcode
The IDE included in the iOS SDK is named Xcode. It is the

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 5
Objective-C for the iPhone and iPad

Organizer community) primarily as a class-instance designer and property

The Organizer window provides a list of favorite projects,
enumerates your attached iOS devices, streams the current
device console log to screen and displays details of past crash
logs. It can be opened from Xcode via ⌘+^+O.
value setter.
New elements can be added to a design canvas in a drag-
and-drop WYSIWYG approach via the Library panel, which
can be accessed via the ⌘ + ⇧ +L key combination. After
saving changes, the design’s behavior can be immediately
tested through the Simulate Interface command, which can be
invoked via ⌘ + R.

Debugging
The Xcode platform provides a robust debugger and
supplementary mechanisms for stepping through code.
Breakpoints are easily set by single clicking in the gutter next
to any line of code. A blue arrow indicates a breakpoint is set
and active.

Once a breakpoint is hit, variables can be inspected and
the stack examined via the key combination ⌘ + ⇧ + Y. The
bottommost panel is called the console, and is where all
logging output, written via calls such as NSLog(@“My counter
is: %d”, myIntCount), is routed.
Simulator
The iPhone and iPad Simulator is another distinct application
in the iPhone SDK that communicates and integrates with the
Xcode IDE and with Interface Builder. In the Xcode section, we
saw how to deploy our application to the Simulator, which both
installs the application and launches it.

While the Simulator offers a great desktop testing experience

that requires no purchase of hardware, it has a few
shortcomings such as the lack of a camera, gyroscope, or
GPS facilities. The lack of camera is somewhat mitigated by a
supply of several stock photos in the Photo application. The
harsh absence of a gyroscope is minimized only by the shake
and rotate gestures possible through the Hardware menu. And
last, the omission of a true GPS simulator is performed by GPS
calls always resolving to 1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, CA, USA.

The iPhone Simulator offers iPad, iPhone and iPhone 4

simulation modes. The modes are toggled via the Hardware
 Device menu.
During the debugging and testing phase of
development, activate Zombies to place “markers”
in deallocated memory, thereby providing a stack
trace in the console if any invalid attempts are made
to access the freed memory. This is accomplished in
Hot three simple steps:
Tip • Double-click the name of any node beneath the Executables
group of an Xcode project.
• In the dialog that opens, click the Arguments tab.
• In the lower “Variables to be set” region, click the + button and
create a new variable named “NSZombieEnabled” with its
value set to “YES”.

Interface Builder
A tool as powerful as Xcode is Interface Builder. Its name
clearly expresses its use for designing Objective-C NIBs and
XIBs, which are the binary and XML form of user interface
The Simulator ships with a limited number of core applications;
definition files on the Mac, iPhone, and iPad.
namely, the Photos, Settings, Camera, Contacts and
NIBs, though graphically designed, actually instantiate the Safari programs. These are the applications that offer API
objects declared via the tool when called upon via code. connectivity from the source code of your application. For a
Accordingly, it may help to think of IB (as it is known in the broader set of programs and more realistic mobile horsepower

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 6
Objective-C for the iPhone and iPad

CPUs, testing on an actual iOS device is critical. Commercial Unit Testing and Code Coverage
apps that you’ve purchased from the iTunes App Store cannot Currently, the unit testing tools for Objective-C are less mature
be installed on the Simulator for DRM reasons and the vast than those of other languages. XCode currently includes
difference in CPU architecture of x86 desktops and ARM the OCUnit unit testing framework. OCUnit tests are coded
mobile devices. similarly to those of xUnit tests in languages such as Java. The
Xcode Keyboard Shortcuts Google Toolbox for Mac provides several useful enhancements
Common XCode Shortcuts to OCUnit and is the testing solution currently recommended
⌘ = command ⎇ = alt ▲ = up ⇧ = shift ⏎ = return ^ = control by ThoughtWorks for the iOS platform. Complementing
OCUnit is OCMock, an Objective-C implementation of mock
⎇⌘▲ toggle between .h and .m file
objects. CoverStory can be used in concert with OCUnit and
⌘⇧d quickly open a file via search dialog OCMock to check the code coverage of your tests.
⌘b build
Resources
⌘⏎ build and run
SDK
⌘⇧k clean the build Apple Developer Programs - http://developer.apple.com/
iOS SDK - http://developer.apple.com/iphone/index.action
⌘⇧r go to console view

⌘0 go to project view Testing

Google Toolbox for Mac - http://code.google.com/p/google-toolbox-for-mac/
⌘⇧e show / hide upper right pane OCMock - http://www.mulle-kybernetik.com/software/OCMock/
CoverStory - http://code.google.com/p/coverstory/
⎇⌘⇧e show / hide all but the active document window

^1 while in file editor - show / navigate list of recent files Blogs, Videos, Books
WWDC 2010 Session Videos - http://developer.apple.com/videos/wwdc/2010/
^2 while in file editor - show / navigate list of class methods
Objective-C Basics -
⌘y build and debug http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cocoa_Programming/Objective-C_basics
iPhone Development Wiki - http://iphonedevwiki.net/index.php/Main_Page
⎇⌘p debugger continue The Objective-C Programming Language -
http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/ObjectiveC/
⎇ double-click open quick documentation for class at mouse cursor
Bookmarks - http://delicious.com/matthew.mccullough/objectivec

A B OUT t h e A u t h o r s RECO M M ENDED B o o k

Ben Ellingson is a software engineer and consultant. He is The second edition of this book thoroughly covers the
the creator of nofluffjuststuff.com, many related No Fluff Just latest version of the language, Objective-C 2.0. And it
Stuff websites and mobile applications. During Ben’s 13 years shows not only how to take advantage of the Foundation
of development experience, he has helped create systems for framework’s rich built-in library of classes but also how to
conference management, video-on-demand, and online travel. use the iPhone SDK to develop programs designed for the
You can keep up with Ben’s work at http://benellingson.blogspot.com iPhone/iPad platform.
and http://twitter.com/benellingson.
BUY NOW
Matthew McCullough is an energetic 15 year veteran of enterprise
software development, open source education, and co-founder books.dzone.com/books/objective-c
of Ambient Ideas, LLC, a Denver, Colorado, USA consultancy.
Matthew is a published author, open source creator, speaker at
over 100 conferences, and author of three of the top 10 Refcardz
of all time. He writes frequently on software and presenting at his
blog: http://ambientideas.com/blog.

#82

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