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X UMTS ave Tae oUt & veplaced bu Kumi of B oly Tut & dove ames ea Lats Amt of Rieke = M4 Lo wT”a v by ue Squares and Cubes Number (x) 2x CeIranuene 10 i 12 13 4 15 16 7 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 30 Fractions and Percentage: Fraction 1/2 1/3 2/3 4 3/4 Ws 2/5 3/5 415 1/6 5/6 1/8 3/8 5/8 as va Square (x?) 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196 225 256 289 324 361 441 484 529 576 625 400 + Decimal 0.5 0.33 0.66 0.25 0.75 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.166 0.833, 0.125 0.375 0.625, ORAS Oeunt Cube (x*) L 8 27 Percentage 50 33.13 66 2/3 25 75 20 40 60 80 16 2/3 832/3 121/2 371/2 62112 842 WV SR =b4 Ws otsia vat Hee EEE EL oat Ee 7 isu iE) > kes) X=3 wwen x >F zs ~ Ce Dweyn x <2 Cou arcotwule fH Go drewuce of % Gom =. [xl 46-2) =6 -~ & 2eivle ecopavios. \oo at cuiticat Ets, cawcal Us are - & 3 eS eS 3. scenavres WRU KS = 1, ee 22 O40 = (39 6h re x = 72 neue tS we 4-1 WRN VS KX SS, CHIE 0d, CORD IS ve Cettd- (x2) = 6 ie &=6 CXD nrosat® weve KZ, (ead te ave -CK-FIHRE S. CetD a (K-B) HE Xs 4 chee te X= Ugis > 2 (> aun muttipry f aricle wy avatable undesyou (Yow 2 sign 2) Caner Syuove oor | BAWnve worm SOLS Je x PY # x yy® 3) (XVI S KIALY’ oF CUNO} VU of expression “SK+EV" ve value of uMleroserg KAY ta Sk 46¥ BaccsoMnng, » Stave BS UEDZ wovere (AD tov Cretens & yavioiee g ov avec... move CoVOVeLe WLULS, stnt Wit COS 4+wen deuce ve avis. suid ke. VipeEN i@ (DD ev CE) | ov Smalley ie CAD wv C&D Rac vies . aw all possible cuore) +ve, ve, ©, ACHOUS 2, -\, -OS, S865, 1,2 Purchase pice. sb mika value mn se 12 Moor does mot Wanton clays Wi vemens — ascsumnpr® | x2 4ys = KE Dy note WIN HK =) Wenporevece MMe te eee ee rea ea ere Highest powey of & 4 araces 20' wunrytely . AY Hudl prime spuove OF G ie 22. B) consider iaaest pune fev 6 2 © 22 2 é a , & completly avi 20 OR mumps & Sw 20: 2,6,4, 12,15, 18 = 8, BK2, 3 EXE, BES, BRE cout & vo. of 3/g FB & rcompurly amoter 20 oFCOUNTING, PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS MULTIPLICATION PRINCIPI CIPLE ot 5 Consider the 3 letter words that can be made from the w re letters WORD if no letter is repeated. These can be listed a by means of a tree diagram. om There are: 7 4 ways of choosing the ‘st letter w= 5 3 ways of choosing the 2nd letter w 2 ways of choosing the 3rd letter ° arty number of words = 4 x 3x 2=24 o—¥ This is an illustration of the multiplication principle ie. if ‘several operations are carried out in a certain order, then w= 3 the number of ways of performing all the operations is the te product of the numbers of ways of performing each R op operation, (@- M0 vt DAYC to pwlov acer w of overs, eos The principle is equivalent to filing in pigeonholes: ° Astlotter Qndletier Srdletter Se oO oO Oo D oe, 4 x 38 x 2 = 24 G4 r= g Nok? tok OPEKAPOM Sold fuicla Blt 2yct opevortion Saute ADDITION PRINCIPLE Consider the 3 letter words starting or finishing with O that can be made from the letters WORD if no letter is repeated. Now words starting or finishing with O are mutually exclusive ie. they do not overlap. Therefore we can find the number starting with O and the number finishing with © and add the two numbers. starting with © finishing with O (stlelter 2nd letter 3rd letter 1stletter 2nd letter 3rd letter Oo o o oO go oO aE eater eset: 3 x 2x 1 = 6 number of words starting or finishing with O = 6 + 6 = 12 This is an illustration of the addition principle ie. if two operations are mutually exclusive (ie. they do not overlap), then the number of ways of performing one operation or the other is the sum of the numbers of ways of performing each operation. FACTORIAL NOTATION In applying the multiplication principle, factorial notation can be useful eg. the number of 6 letter words that can be made from the letters FACTOR is 6! = 6 x5x4x3x2x1. Noles OL = 4! a4 AL 2an2 nae“TOGETHER’ ARRANGEMENTS In this type of problem, we need to count arrangements where some of the objects must remain together. The multiplication principle applies and we use a "treat as one” technique. Eg. 3 science, 4 mathematics and 5 history books are arranged on a shelf. How many arrangements are possible if the books from each subject are to be together? treat the books for each subject as one book: rove «(G4 Operas satel fala number of arrangements = 3! BH 2nd ove Srovic etc. number of ways of arranging the science books = 3! number of ways of arranging the mathematics books = 4! number of ways of arranging the history books = total number of arrangements = 3! x 3! x 4! x 5! = 103680 ARRANGEMENTS INVOLVING IDENTICAL OBJECTS Consider the number of arrangements of the letters EMPLOYEE. ff all 8 letters were different, then the number of arrangements would be 8! but this number involves counting arrangements more than once. Eg. The 8! arrangements includes 6 versions of EEEMPLOY: a E,E,EsMPLOY le Ave Dee SUIS 2nEcu E,E,E,MPLOY (incteperere)! (Swetey. Oe)! E,E,E,MPLOY E,E,E,MPLOY E,E,E,MPLOY E,£,E,MPLOY Similarly every arrangement occurs 6 times in the total of 8! (6 is the number of arrangements of the 3E'sie. 3!) 8! number of distinct arrangements = — = 6720 This idea can be extended to problems where more than one type of object is repeated: 1 number of distinct arrangements of the letters MISSissIPP1 = —!! CIRCULAR ARRANGEMENTS, Consider the different arrangements when 4 people sit in a circle. There are 3! arrangements (not 4! as might be expected) as it does not matter where the first object is 4 A Cs ‘C) S 5 placed. a’ a ‘Cs ‘(C) 5 3 dD In general, n objects can be arranged ina ae circle In (n—1)! ways. (wineta Adccanse 2e OECLANE Se GamarghAnDnrt ove alley ie ames MOEPERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS Choosing objects from a collection of different objects can be done in several ways. Two particular ways are given the names permutation and combination. Choosing r objects without repetition from m different objects such that order matters is called a permutation and the number of such permutations is denoted by "P, . Choosing r objects without repetition from » different objects such that order does not matter is called a combination and the number of such combinations is denoted by "C, Example of permutations: How many ways can a committee of 3 be selected from 7 people A,B,C,D,E,F,G so that there is a president, a vice-president and a secretary? Using the multiplication principle: pres. vice-pres. sec. Oo im) 7 x 6 x 5 = 210 "R= 7x6x5=— andingeneral "P. NB. Permutation problems are usually best done using the multiplication principle rather than permutation notation. Example of combinations How many ways can a committee of 3 be selected from 7 people A,B,C,D,E,F,G so that'each member of the committee is equal? The number of permutations 210 is too large because every combination occurs 6 times in the 210 permutations. Eg. The following 6 permutations each give tise fo the same combination (6 is the number of arrangements of 3 objects ie. 31): ABC ACB BAC BCA CAB CBA = TK6x5 im 3 34 nl rie=r)h and in general "C, = ‘SPECIAL COMBINATIONS Choosing 7 from 7 so that order does not matter can only be done 1 way: a IG and in general "C, ‘Choosing 0 from 7 so that order does not matter can only be done 1 way: 1 C and in general °C, This leads tothe conclusion that 0! must be given the value 1 because "Cy = <7 = cum ob emrpratronr ef U ARBULE TMIAGS = 2 C4. Door Tin VE CPEUAE® (OAL of Shutters 1/2, 2, 6S. Code cag bee PESH (button, 0 2,3, €,S. How mary cooles ove thave ? : “9 = JS 4 (A because nor press ary, FC, = 4) 3COMBINATIONS - INCLUSIONS / EXCLUSIONS Consider the number of ways a committee of 3 can be selected from 7 people A,B,C,D,E,F.G (order does not matier) if: B must be included (select 2 from A,C,D,E,F,G) ", D must be excluded (select 3 from A.B.C.E,F,G) G C and E cannot be chasen together SoHe,Hc, What is the justification for the last answer? CHOOSING SETS OF OBJECTS WITH DISTINCT SUBSETS In these problems, find the number of ways of choosing each subset and then use the multiplication principle. Eg. 6 people are chosen (order does not matter) from 5 Queenslanders, 4 Tasmanians and 3 Victorians: 2 from each state are chosen: number of ways of choosing 2 Queenslanders number of ways of choosing 2 Tasmanians = *C, number of ways of choosing 2 Victorians = °c, total number of ways = 5c, x‘c,x°C, at least 3 Queenslanders are chosen: number of ways of choosing 3 Queenslanders and 3 others = °C,x'C, number of ways of choosing 4 Queenslanders and 2 others = °C,x’C, number of ways of choosing 5 Queenslanders and 1 others = °C;x’C, total number of ways = 5C3x7C3+4C, x7 Gx"C, at least one Queenslander is chosen: number of ways of choosing without restrictions = "°C, number of ways of choosing with no Queenslanders = 7G, total number of ways = ?C,~"C, PASCAL'S TRIANGLE ‘Suppose that you start from the top of the triangular arrangement of spaces shown on the attached sheet. In each space, write the number of shortest possible routes to that space. These numbers form Pascal's & triangle. Can you see the pattem which takes you from one row to 6/\y & Os the next? Justify this pattem in terms of the shortest route problem.The shortest route problem can be used to explain why each row can be written as combinations eg. the last row is: aGG Gm GEG Each number in Pascal's triangle (except those on the outside) can be found by adding the pair of numbers immediately above. This recurrence relationship can be written as: "C,4"C, j=" ‘As well as justifying this recurrence relationship in terms of the shortest route problem, it can be derived in other ways: 1 nt Apa 7 * by considering the selection of r objects from two collections - collection A containing n objects and collection B containing one object. * algebraically by writing "CG, = Consider sloping rows of Pascal's triangle. In tum, they give: * ones {LLLLL...} ‘+ natural numbers {1,2,3,4,5,...} * triangle numbers {1,3,6,10,15,...} * tetrahedral numbers —_{1,4,10,20,35,...} What is the connection between natural numbers, triangle numbers and tetrahedral numbers? How do triangle numbers and tetrahedral numbers get their names? What is the »th triangle number and the 1 th tetrahedral number as a combination? Write these combinations as algebraic expressions in n BINOMIAL THEOREM Consider the binomial expansion: (x+y) = (e+ yor rx+ rNhoet Wet alla + y)be + Ne ty) ‘The number of ry? in the expansion is the same as the number of ways of selecting 5 x's from the 8 avallable ie. *C; . This leads to the binomial theorem for binomial expansions (x +y)" where isa positive integer. The theorem gives the coefficients as combinations. Eg. for = 8 : (x+y) Lo Fe, Pry HOSE ty HG eyo, eySstc ryFHQ y* a8 8xT yt 28x)? + 56x4y! + 70xty + 56x8y* + 28x? y6 + 8xy" + y® From the earlier work on Pascal's triangle, we can also say that the coefficients of a binomial ‘expansion are given by the appropriate row of Pasca'’s triangle. Substituting x = y=1 inthe binomial theorem shows that the sums of the rows of Pascal's triangle are powers of 2.pout settcoe? ule - Aoy = a Aeonvale outiones, POLED = Peay set). PANB) FR Posie outcomes : Mews; 97, Probability can be studied in conjunction with set the: 1B)=0 particularly useful in analysis. PAVE) The probability of a certain event occurring, for examr d= PAD + PCB) ‘The probability of a different event occurring can be two events A and B, Tide ever, P(ANB)= PlAdEB) P(A) + P(B) - P(ANB) = P(AVB) (AVG) =A ~ PIA pt P(ANB) represents the probability of A AND B occu > Faye 6) re) f ‘6) probability of A OR B occurring. Mutual Exclusive Events — A0t wolgperndent Events A and B are mutually exclusive if they have no events in common. In other words, if A occurs B cannot occur and vice-versa. On a Venn Diagram, this would mean that the circles representing events A and B would not overlap. If, for example, we are asked to pick a card from a pack of 52, the probability that the card is red is ¥4 , The probability that the card is a club is 14. However, if the card is red it can't be a club. These events are therefore mutually exclusive. If two events are mutually exclusive, P(ANB) = 0, so P(A) + P(B) = P(AUB) : Add hor WALL Independent Events. — yot wauimarliey acumen € Two events are independent if the first one does not influence the second. For example, if a bag contains 2 blue bails and 2 red balls and two balls are selected randomly, the events are a) independent if the first ball is replaced after being selected 'b) not independent if the first ball is removed without being replaced. In this instance, there are only three balls remaining in the bag so the probabilities of selecting the various colours have changed. ‘Two events are independent if (and only if): P(AQB) = P(A)P(B) This is known as the multiplication law, Adon Cul: P(RUB) > PLAD + OCB) ~ PCR CBD Conditional Probability Conditional probability is the probability of an event occurring, given that another event has occurred. For example, the probability of John doing mathematics at A-Level, given that he is doing physics may be quite high, P(A[B) means the probability of A occurring, given that B has occurred. For two events A and B, P(AAB) = P(A|B)P(B) and similarly P(ANB) = PQBJA)P(A). If two events are mutually exclusive, then P(A|B) = 0. For wdopevolont ovens, (EIR) = 9(B8D PCALIBY = P(AY e(Aane> e(B(PY OAD Buyers Theovenn =) 9(R(BD = lest 2 ie| 1 i 1 Nes - Avea = = Cue = 21 iso) (2, Ya) oye) “agent ~ EGP of cvdes (X-KOY + CY = 7 gnen O64, YO twee £10 + OK AK Xe) + O-WIN-Y2)=20. gens lve, (M2, Y2> U6 Equ of tomgent: X%y ++ Yay +17 grew ove XY. Condtion fev Y=mx+ ¢ 1 ee rove Ap civcle XP +V%= er? (leo® 2 iss 2aWES will oud | wHevsect acs orev Atstarce 1 comives A ts sucli + Rey SAS Rte weve RA © ove E 2 vad eae = (BY ” Ried ola 7 ~ Arc tena = (Seg) 2000 prea ot sector = (Ses) 0 — Equal cnords ave equidistant fom wnwe LDP - aut 's crawerew = squares aragoval a (2) ~F¥AWO somtt [side & caweter, Ads LL. pee. & | Radius & cveamence eA. = & Cveignt of AD Ac Ab> Pre 8c = Ac ACCircles - angles formed by radii, chords, tangents, secants hup:/Iregentsprep.org/Regents/mathb/5A1/CircleAngles.h Math B ~ Lesson Page Angles Formed by Radii, Chords, Tangents, Secants Formulas for Working with Angles in Circles (intercepted arcs are arcs "cut off" or "lying between” the sides of the specified angles.) There are basically five circle formulas that you need to remember: 1. Central Angle: A central angle is an angle formed by two intersecting radii such that its vertex is at the center of the circle. Central Angle = Intercepted Arc B ‘The intercepted ares are minor arc AC and major arc 0 AC. These two ares together comprise the entite 2694 circle. m D.AR.CD + 2°BC-CD + 2AB. BC —— _- lume = vase avea - neta LY — ouvgeice area = 2 (ease area + Cpevmesev of waseS entivolOr Hvoume = Ttv2h iH surface area = 2th GD fyvavnt = volume = + (pace Lnatand — suvfero Areas Base OVEa BUM & BEAL of all A foes cones are — voume = “ge v?h & — suvfaw area = Tree TE seer e — vaume = Ste = ofan avea = ATUwe = S = a Ae Area = AB™ ARRSe 3 Pe — feimeten= aha 7 ‘ ~ Diagonal = TF CD — Diagowals wicect ~ Aven = TV > Feckanglé feaEeua I — Avea= PB. BC jEESSERSEESE, — Yevimeser = 2AI+ 260 — Diaapnals vicect — fea = DEM —Yeayretey = 2he + 2EC — Ope sideS & OPP % ave eqvial — Ope sles ave yowatiel fveas AC BP it 2 — poiwresey = AAC = Diagoualc visecr & wwaensece ot 40 HALAS B sides eve equal. 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Aogonals = “5 (n-2> ewok WMangies = n-2 + Ove = eb A BO, oe bn ows BL. gs were S = levoytr fi-covtve 4. comer \ were He value of Wow Wak Me valub of win Ward .& p(Mor BY 2 \~ p(A) 2 P(ANBY << pi) PCAUBY > PLAY e(ANB) << P(AUBD PRU BD > e(Ar + ele) Guy, + Gre, + NeHnew — Bot = Teral . cee © e(nuBuc>= P(ay~+ e(er + PCCD — P(ANB) — eC Bacy-P ANC +e (AUBUC) eo Woof gpl A sets PLAY + e(By + PCC) & _ 2¢(ANB)-20(EAO 2p (AN BACY = PLANBY + PANES EPEAD : —SP(A BNC) o No-of ppl Zsttg = e(ane ac) eno -peepl 292k + Noo PPL 2 or EL AnB) +e (ARC +P (BAC) mess i‘ ~2°( Aneacyfrovabli?y 2 Pevmurtation £ ele) = WCEP event: u(s) tote 24. pur Ht 2 cards aaron out o€ S2 cals aout veplacoment aveQ¢ 4, 52P, m® vale % (00 & £00 08. fremnan & argpr WS. fron obvene ie = lek attigit Ci“) fe 6%, =120 Duck & Bt ArT ey ekevs THange ave yeawanged vanctommly , wmuoet YS E prdlo Hf tok (Hen &- ie Fle 2H. yy (S ccAtoSsegQy 7 4ek ZTS SH bal s:$) = % vr wv 2. 3) 2g. fr (ao. amonaser Is¢ (OCO WEARS Te ctwienole hy @> = Veeee oliton 2 A L124 643,45 AUB = $1, 213,44 » (mevsections ANB = [2% won AL 1,25 £2,345 © Xe ¥2,%sge., Kn ave v avawrs €. vector sarele (o> wean s Sum (%- oo xn) (by vaiancee SEE KEM) + Oa-myrt.- Kney | ( sa = yW2 Cr when ni total no.og Male Vs Wo. of successes P= Prov. of success Y= prob. of eilare Dierabsing Mw, Is AMOS) te Parmrrouns Distarnsg, VO WAAAS Amora) vy pasos = r=5 yc AS GME Stavol we A ME sur 4 no 2 BM stand “erate corm ome, [a Vow wey way (ar F (wie tae fowrred 2 Gr si*st eg, how many pevunuctat > eect jf BY GEhe vnrexr Wo CaUir otter oi quowe = O22 24o ie Fe Suar + eq, eq, suav wn 1 AA (a> ave wied stinu taneously , me of ourcwvier We woudta OL te aice gwen @ came Mo =—G , wrecpectwe WAU Of mL. anceedl cinmbanecnrsly , no, of outcomes (ul euclt 2 WM wong (AFD ae value of ail imine tw vp as A[T = 4, weestecene of s ancoee 202 IX cut of 6S RAT — Meuswansy ser of Bs 2lJave weve Ang: Ca *C. 2 mae ertney QR wv SB wna tae? 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