Burhan-ud-din Page 1 4/6/2011

Arthritis: -
Arthritis means inflammation of a joint.
There are more then hundred different forms of arthritis.
Most common forms are: -
• Osteo-arthritis
• Rheumatoid arthritis
•
• Goat
• Septic arthritis
• Reactive arthritis
• Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

1- Osteoarthritis: -
Degenarative joint disease in which cartilage begins to break down and
wear away. It is no longer able to cushion the contact of bones with each other
bone. It becomes very painful to move joint.
 Heavy sports activities, heavy lifting joint injury, congenital defects;
hyper mobile genetics may be some other reasons.

2- Rheumatoid arthritis: -
Synovail membrane becomes inflamed. The membrane becomes thick
and stiff. It is also attached by white blood cells. Which can damage or kill tissue
in the joints.
 Autoimmune disease, unknown and genetics may be some other
reason

3- Goat: -
Chronic inflammation arthritis causes immediate attacks of pain,
tenderness, and warmth, swelling usually in big toe but can affect ankles, heels,
knees, wrist, fingers, and elbow.
 It occurs when there is an over production of uric acid in normal
purine metabolism in the body.
 Genetics, drinking too much of alcohol, eating food rich in purine
such as sea food, beans, sweat bread may be some other reasons.
4- Septal arthritis: -
Produced by an infection caused by bacteria such as gonococcus,
tuberculosis, staphylococcus, and salmonella.
 Cause may be virus like mumps, hepatitis c.
 Fungi are the least common cause.
5- Reactive arthritis: -
Chronic form of arthritis featuring the three conditions.
 Inflamed joints.
 Inflammation of eyes (conjunctivitis).
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 Inflammation of genital, urinary of gastrointestinal system.

It is called reactive arthritis because it is felt to involve an immune system.
That is “reacting” to the presence of bacterial infections in the genital urinary or GI
system.
 It is considered systemic rheumatic disease. It can affect eyes, mouth,
skin, kidneys, heart, and lungs other than joints.

6- Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: -

Chronic inflammation disease affects the joints of children less than
16years old.
 Juvenile RA has the acute systemic forms of disease characterized by
fever, joints inflammation, and rash, liver disease GI disease.
 Unknown, autoimmune diseases, genetic all its causes.
Signs and symptoms: -

• Joint pain
• Limited movement of joints
• Swollen, tenderness, warm to touch or red joints
• Stiffness
• Sleeplessness
• Fatigue
• Depression
• Muscle ache
• Difficulty functioning, at home or work, lump (tophiuric acid crystalline
found) under the skin around the elbow, heels, ears in goat.
• Nausea
• Vomiting

Diagnosis: -

• History
• Physical examination
• X-rays
• Labs (rheumatoid factors, uric acid, Hb, Hct, ESR, CBC)
• Needle aspiration
• Renal function
• Liver enzymes
• Immunologic test

Treatment: -

• Life style changes

• Physical therapy
• Exercise
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• Glucosamine and chodrotin to reduce pain

• Hyaluronic acid injection into a jointlubricate and cushion
• Capsaicin cream decrease pain
• Steroidsdecrease inflammation
• Warm compresses
• Arthroscopic surgery, joint fusion joint, replacement may be recommended.
• Allopurinol--> stop the over production of uric acid.
• Probenecid or sulfinpyrazone--> feoxcretete out uric acid via kidney.
• NSAID
• Antirheumatic drugs->-gold compounds.
• Phenicilamine, sulfasalazine, methotexete.
• Azathioprine, cyclophospamide--> suppress the immune system and decrease
inflammation.
• Antibiotics
• Splint

Nursing care:-

• Physiotherapy
• Exercise
• Relaxation techniques
• Weight reduction
• Good body posture
• Braces of necessary
• Rest
• Prevent heavy sports activities
• Reduce stress
• Nutritional supplement
• Hydrotherapy
• Warm compresses