INTRODUCTION
Since there will be more and more need for mobile services, the poor
throughput of mobile access not only limits user applications based on
interconnection, but also wastes the capability of the backbone network. This
case is quite similar to the traffic conditions shown in Fig. a, which is an image
of an ultra-wide expressway with a few narrow entrances.
Since the little paths are rough,narrow, and crowded, the problems in Fig. a are:
Terminals are far away from the expressway, which will consume much
power.
Too many cars converge into the same narrow paths.
Little paths converge several times before going into the expressway.
The expressway is used insufficiently, since few cars are running on it.
PRIMARY PROBLEMS
The basic problem of wireless access is that the available spectrum is too
limited compared to the almost unlimited service requirement, just like cars
jammed in crowded narrow paths. Another basic problem is that there is great
attenuation of energy. For example, the transmitter power may be 300 mW in
order to transmit 2 Mb/s in a 2 GHz frequency band. Correspondingly, for a
future system working on a 5 GHz band at a data rate of 100 Mb/s, we may need
30 W transmission with the same technique. This is impossible for a handset,
considering the battery life and the radiation effect on the human body.
It seems that the only solution for the first problem is to explore the space
resource. The cellular system is a successful example. With a cellular structure,
the frequency can be reused as many times as needed. Also, the cellular structure
reduces the maximum distance from the terminal to the nearest base station,
which is also a clue to solve the second problem.
However, in a traditional cellular system, when the cell size gets smaller,
capacity can be increased linearly with cell density. But this is based on the
assumption of a large path loss exponent. Pathloss is the amount of loss
introduced by the propagation environment between transmitter and receiver.
When the cell size is small enough, the exponent gets small, which may be
approximately 2; thus, the interference may be so large that the system may not
work, as seen in Fig. 2.The above phenomenon indicates that the system capacity
cannot be increased anymore when the density of cells reaches a certain level.
where Hij denotes the channel attenuation factor submatrix from users in the jth
cell to the ith base station.
For a cellular system with large path loss exponent, interference from
other cells is very small, so elements in Hii are much greater than those in
Hij(i≠j), and H can be approximately expressed as
where Hii denotes the channel attenuation factor in each cell. Thus, the
signal design and processing can be dealt with by each cell independently,
which is the reason for the success of the cellular system.However, when the
path loss exponent is relatively small, the interference from other cells will be
intolerable if the signals in each cell are processed independently. Fortunately, in
this case, since Hijs are independent, the rank of H is still very high, which is
approximately the number of fixed antennas. Thus, the system capacity can still
be proportional to the number of fixed antennas. Note that here we do not use the
word cell, since the traditional concept of cell no longer exists. The signals to
and from antennas located at different places must be designed and processed
jointly. This is one of the motivations for our new architecture of distributed
wireless communication system (DWCS).
AN OVERVIEW OF 4G NETWORKS
At the most general level, 4G architecture will include three basic areas of
connectivity:
The glue for all this is likely to be software defined radio (SDR). SDR
enables devices such as cell phones, PCs and a whole range of other devices to
scan the airwaves for the best possible method of connectivity, at the best price.
In an SDR environment, functions that were formerly carried out solely in
hardware - such as the generation of the transmitted radio signal and the tuning
of the received radio signal - are performed by software. Thus, the radio is
programmable and able to transmit and receive over a wide range of frequencies
while emulating virtually any desired transmission format.
4G Characteristics
processing center is responsible for the distributed antennas located nearby. The
regions for different processing centers may overlap each other;thus, co-
processing must be involved. With a distributed processor, the system becomes
scalable and software configurable. Thus, coexistence of difference systems, and
system update and expansion may be quite easy.
SOME DEFINITIONS
FREQUENCY REUSE
The ability to use the same frequencies repeatedly across a cellular system, made
possible by the basic design approach for cellular. Since each cell is designed to use
radio frequencies only within its boundaries, the same frequencies can be reused in
other cells not far away with little potential for interference. The reuse of frequencies is
what enables a cellular system to handle a huge number of calls with a limited number
of channels.
CELL
The basic geographic unit of a cellular system and the basis for the generic
industry term “cellular.”A city is divided into small “cells”, each of which is equipped
with a low-powered radio transmitter/receiver or base station. The cells can vary in size
depending on terrain and capacity demands. By controlling the transmission power, the
radio frequencies assigned to one cell can be limited to the boundaries of that cell.
When a wireless phone moves from one cell toward another, a computer at the Mobile
Telephone Switching Office (MTSO) monitors the movement and at the proper time,
transfers or hands off the phone call to the new cell and another radio frequency. The
handoff is performed so quickly that it is not noticeable to the callers.
SHADOW FADING
Fading is the variation in channel performance due to the dynamicity of the
environment, which changes the receive signal strength.A phenomenon that occurs
when a mobile moves behind an obstruction and experiences a significant reduction in
signal power.
OUTAGE PROBABILITY
The probability that an outage will occur within a specified time period. outage:
A telecommunications system service condition in which a user is completely deprived
of service by the system. For a particular system or a given situation, an outage may be
a service condition that is below a defined system operational threshold, i.e., below a
threshold of acceptable performance.
HANDOFF
The process by which the Mobile Telephone Switching Office passes a cellular
phone conversation from one radio frequency in one cell to another radio frequency in
another. The handoff is performed so quickly that users usually never notice.
NEW CONCEPTS
UPLINK CAPACITY
Here, we will provide some of the analytical results with the assumption
of perfect power control on shadowing effect. Figure 5 shows the average outage
probability of uplink vs. user number per antenna, with virtual cell size as a
parameter. From the analytical results, we find an interesting phenomenon: the
outage probability of users may differ from different locations. The maximum
outage probability occurs at the site of the antenna. The reason may be that the
effective diversity order is only 1 at this point, while at other places the diversity
gain is much better. Figure also shows the effect of path loss exponent α on
capacity. We can see clearly that when the virtual cell size is small, the decrease
of α introduces significant capacity loss. However, this loss becomes negligibly
small when mgets larger. Especially when user density is very small, the
decrease of α may have a positive effect, since we may get more diversity gain
than the loss in interference. This result indicates that system capacity can be
increased almost infinitely with increased antenna density, whether or not the
path loss factor changes. This is one of the most significant differences from a
tradition-
al cellular system.
DOWNLINK CAPACITY
FEASIBILITY OF MRT
ACCESSING POWER
NETWORK RADIO
ADVANTAGES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
PRIMARY PROBLEMS
CLUES FOR SOLUTION
OVERVIEW OF 4G NETWORKS
LOGIC STRUCTURE OF DWCS
DISTRIBUTED ANTENNAS
DISTRIBUTED SIGNAL PROCESSING
DISTRIBUTED HIGH LAYER CONTROL
SOME DEFINITIONS
NEW CONCEPTS
DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING OF WIRELESS SIGNALS
VIRTUAL CELL
VIRTUAL BASE STATION
SYSTEM CAPACITY VIEW
UPLINK CAPACITY
DOWNLINK CAPACITY
FEASIBILITY OF MRT
ACCESSING POWER
NETWORK RADIO
ADVANTAGES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
ABSTRACT
The basic problems of wireless access are that the available spectrum is
too limited and there is great attenuation of energy.These can be solved by
frequency reuse and by reducing the maximum distance from the terminal to the
nearest base station.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
DHANYA UNNIKRISHNAN