College of Engineering

College of Engineering
English 123
BA, LNK, SJH, CEA
Revised Feb, 2006
Student Name ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
Section Number ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
Unit 2
‫مذكرات شرح وتمارين محلولة‬،

‫امتحانات سابقة للعديد من المواد‬
‫أدناه متاحة مجانا ً على الموقعين‬
‫المذكورين أدناه‬
Adjectives ( one-word , phrases , and clauses )
Using participles as adjectives
Adverbs ( one-word , phrases , and clauses )
Verbal Nouns and Verbal Noun Phrases
Grammar review
) ‫ أو بالبريدـ االلكتروني‬SMS ‫هدية قيمة عنـد التنبيه على كـل خطـأ ( برسالة‬
Statics, Strength, Dynamics, Mechanical Design I, II, Vibrations, Survey, Management, Structural Analysis I, II, Heat
C++, Java, MATLAB, Data Structures, Algorithms, Discrete, Digital Logic, Concepts, Databases, Software
English 123, 162, 221, TOEFL, Numerical Methods, Economy, Supply Chain
www.eng-hs.com www.eng-hs.net & ‫ شرح ومسائل محلولة مجانا ً بالموقعين‬info@eng-hs.com 260 4444 9 ‫حمادة شعبان‬.‫م‬
For Unit Quiz 2 , please study (1) the vocabulary on pages 90 and 93 of English for science ,
(2) the suffixes on page 89 of English for science , and (3) the
underlined words shown below in the unit 2 readings
(Readings 3 and Reading 4) New Vocabulary
The Effects of Temperature Temperature : ‫درجة الحرارة‬
Affects : ‫تؤثر على‬
Matter : ‫المادة‬
Temperature affects matter in many ways . As a Molecules : ‫جزيئات‬
Properties : ‫خصائص‬
substance gets hotter , its molecules move faster and its Altered : ‫تتغير‬
Turns : ‫تتحول‬
properties are altered . The physical state of a substance Increasingly : ‫بشكل متزايد‬
Burner : ‫موقد‬
is affected by its temperature . For example , a Stove : ‫فرن‬
Incandescent : ‫متوهج‬
temperature of 0 C or below , water is solid (ice) ; Expand : ‫يتمدد‬
Contract : ‫ينكمش‬
above 0 C it becomes a liquid . At a 100 C , it turns to a Poured : ‫ينسكب‬
Pressure : ‫ضغط‬
gas (steam) . Almost all other substances are similarly Colliding : ‫يصطدم‬
Container : ‫حاوية‬
affected by temperature . Cause : ‫يتسبب في‬
Resist : ‫يقاوم‬
Varies : ‫يتنوع‬
Temperature alters the color of the matter . Iron , for Excess : ‫زيادة‬
Sensitive : ‫حساس‬
example turns red , then orange and the white at Function : ‫يعمل‬
Comparatively : ‫بالمقارنة‬
increasingly high temperatures .( You have seen the iron Exemplify ‫ يمكن تبسيطه‬:
Serves : ‫يخدم‬
burner on a stove turn red ) .An incandescent light bulb Protect : ‫يحمي‬
Stand : ‫يطيق‬
provides another example of a color change , for its Extremes : ‫زيادة‬
Principle ‫ مبدأ‬:
tungsten wire gives off a white light when it is hot. Harmful : ‫مؤذي‬
Tolerate : ‫ يطيق‬- ‫يتسامح‬
‫الخوف هو أحد األسلحة التي سلطها هللا‬
‫للمسلم على عدوه فال تستخدمه‬
‫ضد نفسك‬.
The size of an object is affected by temperature . Most materials expand
when they are heated and contract when they are cooled . A glass may break
when boiling water is poured into it because part of the glass heats up and
expands more rapidly than the rest .
Temperature also affects the pressure of the gas . As a gas is heated , its
molecules begin to move rapidly , colliding with the walls of the container . If a
closed glass tube is heated , the increased pressure inside will cause it to break .
The ability of metal to resist electricity varies with its temperature . the
increased movement of its molecules makes the molecules more resistant to
electrical charge . heated wires cause excess electrical movement , which can
damage machines . Computers and other sensitive machines function best in air-
conditioned rooms .
Living things are very sensitive to comparatively small temperature changes .

This is exemplified when we touch something which is very hot or cold and feel
pain . The pain serves to protect us , because living things cannot stand extremes
of temperature . Using the same principle , we pasteurize meat and cook meat to
kill harmful bacteria and other organisms that cannot tolerate the heat .
‫الشخص الوحيد الذي سيستمر معك طوال‬
‫ فال تٌح ّمله ما ال‬. . . ‫حياتك هو أنت‬
.‫يطيق من القلق والتردد‬
‫تأثير درجات الحرارة‬
‫تؤثر الحرارة على حالة المادة بطرقـ عديدة ‪ .‬فعندما تسخن المادة فإن جزيئاتها تتحرك بشكل أسرع و تتغير خصائصها ‪.‬‬
‫كما أن الحالة الفيزيائية للمادة تتأثر بدرجة حرارتها ‪ .‬فعلى سبيل المثال ‪ ،‬عند درجة الصفر المئوية أو أقل يتحول الماء إلى‬
‫الحالة الصلبة ( ثلج ) وفوقـ درجة الصفر المئوية يتحول إلى سائل و عند درجة المائة يتحول إلى غاز ( بخار الماء ) ‪ .‬و‬
‫‪ .‬تقريبا كل المواد األخرى تتأثر بالحرارة بنفس الطريقة‬
‫و الحرارة تغير أيضا من لون المادة ‪ .‬فالحديدـ على سبيل المثال يحول للون األحمر ثم إلى البرتقالي ثم إلى األبيض مع‬
‫تزايد درجة الحرارة و ينكمش عندما يبرد‪.‬وـ قد ينكسرـ الكوب عندما تصب المياه التي تغلي بسبب أن جزءا من الكوب‬
‫‪.‬يسخن و يتمدد أكثر من الجزء اآلخر‬
‫كما تؤثرـ الحرارة أيضا على ضغط الغاز ‪ .‬فعندما يتم تسخين الغاز تبدأ جزيئات الغاز في التحرك بسرعة متصادمة مع‬
‫‪ .‬أركان الحاوية ‪ .‬و عندما يتم تسخين أنبوب زجاجي مغلق يتسبب الضغط المتزايد داخل الكوب في انكساره‬
‫إن قدرة المعدن على مقاومة الكهرباء تختلف باختالف درجة حرارته ‪ .‬فالحركة المتزايدة للجزيئات تجعل الجزيئات أكثر‬
‫مقاومة للكهرباء ‪ .‬فاألسالك التي يتم تسخينهاـ تسبب حركة كهربائية متزايدة و التي قد تسبب تلف اآلالت ‪ .‬فالحواسبـ اآللية‬
‫‪ .‬و اآلالت الحساسة األخرى تعمل أفضل في الغرف المكيفة‬
‫كما أن الكائنات الحية حساسة جدا للتغيرات المناخية الصغيرة ‪ .‬وذلك يبدو واضحا عندما نلمس سطحا حارا جدا أو بارد‬
‫ونشعر باأللم ‪ .‬و يفيد األلم في حمايتناـ ألن الكائنات الحية ال تستطيع تحمل الزيادة الشديدة في درجات الحرارة ‪ .‬و بنفس‬
‫‪ .‬المبدأ فإنناـ نقوم بعمل البسترة للحليب و نطبخ اللحم لنقتل كل البكتريا الضارة و الجراثيم األخرىـ التي ال تتحمل الحرارة‬
‫البعض منا أصبح يرفض أفكاره مهما‬

‫كانت صحيحة فقط لمجرد أنها‬
‫أفكاره!‬
‫هدية قيمة عنـد التنبيه على كـل خطـأ ( برسالة ‪ SMS‬أو بالبريدـ االلكتروني )‬
‫‪Statics, Strength, Dynamics, Mechanical Design I, II, Vibrations, Survey, Management, Structural Analysis I, II, Heat‬‬
‫‪C++, Java, MATLAB, Data Structures, Algorithms, Discrete, Digital Logic, Concepts, Databases, Software‬‬
‫‪English 123, 162, 221, TOEFL, Numerical Methods, Economy, Supply Chain‬‬
‫م‪.‬حمادة شعبان ‪ info@eng-hs.com 260 4444 9‬شرح ومسائل محلولة مجانا ً بالموقعين & ‪www.eng-hs.com www.eng-hs.net‬‬
Unit 2 – Reading Comprehension
A. Choose the answer that best completes the following statements from (a,b,c or d) .
1. The main idea of Paragraph 1 is that temperature influences the speed of molecules and thus affects
________
a) matter in may ways.
b) the physical state of H2O .
c) the physical state of matter .
d) none of the above .
2. The main idea of Paragraph 2 is that temperature affects the _________

a) color of the matter .
b) color of tungsten.
c) iron burners on stoves.
main idea ‫فكرة رئيسية‬

3. The main idea of Paragraph 3 is that temperature affects
_____________ molecules ‫جزيئات‬
a) boiling water Affects ‫يؤثر‬
b) the size of the glass . Containers ‫حاويات‬

c) the size of matter . Temperature ‫درجة الحرارة‬
4. The main idea of Paragraph 4 is that temperature affects the _____________

a) pressure of gases .
‫الخوف هو أحد األسلحة التي‬
b) walls of containers . ‫سلطها هللا للمسلم على‬
‫عدوه فال تستخدمه ضد‬
c) pressure of closed glass tubes .
‫نفسك‬.
5. The main idea of Paragraph 5 is that temperature affects _____________
a) heated wires .
b) computers and sensitive machines .
c) the ability of metals to resist electricity .
6. The main idea of Paragraph 6 is that temperature affects _____________

a) milk .
b) living matter .
c) meat and bacteria .
7. The main idea of Reading 3 is that temperature affects the speed of molecules and thus
affects ______.
a) matter in many ways . sensitive ‫حساس‬
b) the color of matter . Resist ‫يفاوم‬

Matter ‫مادة‬
c) the size of matter .
Pressure ‫ضغط‬
d) gas pressure .
Bacteria ‫بكتريا‬
‫ساكنوا البيوت الزجاجية يجب أال‬

‫يرشقوا الناس بالحجارة‬
Unit 2 – Reading 4
New Vocabulary
How Heat is Transferred
Body : ‫جسم‬
Conduction : ‫التوصيل‬
Heat is energy that warms our houses and cooks Spoon : ‫ملعقة‬
Submerged : ‫يتم تغطيسه‬
our food . It is the transfer of energy from a warmer Thus : ‫لهذا‬
Flows : ‫يتدفق‬
body to a cooler body . How does this heat transfer take Readily : ‫بسهولة‬
Act as : ‫يحدث مثل‬
place ? Contact : ‫اتصال‬
Pass on : ‫يمرر‬
Fiberglass : ‫مادة الفيبرجالس‬
Asbestos : ‫مادة االسبست‬
Conduction is one method of heat transfer that Vacuum : ‫محكم‬
Ideal : ‫مثالي‬
takes place when there is a difference in temperature Convection : ‫انتقال الحرارة‬
Dense : ‫كثيف‬
between two objects . For example , if a silver spoon is Replace : ‫يحل محل‬
Drawn : ‫يتم اغراقه‬
inserted into a pot of hot tea , the handle of the spoon Currents : ‫تيارات‬
Dependent : ‫يمكن االعتماد عليه‬
will immediately become hot . this is because the Fascinating : ‫مدهش‬
Aspect : ‫مجال‬
molecules at the submerged end speed up , which causes Electromagnet : ‫مغنطة كهربية‬
In contrast to : ‫بالعكس‬
the slow-moving molecules at the cold end to move Absorb : ‫يمتص‬
Surfaces : ‫أسطح‬
faster . Energy is thus transferred or conducted . Reflect : ‫يعكس‬
Modes : ‫طرق‬
Subject to : ‫يخضع لــ‬
Conditions : ‫ظروف‬
Heat flows from a warmer object to a cooler one
until the temperatures are equal . substances like metals
are good conductors because heat transfers readily from one molecule to another .
All substances conduct some heat , but substances like glass , plastic and wood
act as insulators because their molecules make very little contact with which to
pass on the energy . The warmest materials are those that trap little pockets of air ,
such as wool , fiberglass ,asbestos and down . A vacuum would make an ideal
insulator because it has no molecules to transfer the heat .
Although molecules in a fluid do not conduct heat very well , they do

transfer heat by convection . Convection is the upward flow of masses of liquid or
gas molecules as they are heated from below . the hot air rising above a radiator is
an example of convection . As the heat causes the air to expand , it becomes less
dense and rises . Convection is used in hot air furnaces , in which air is heated and
then forced into a room to replace the cold air , which is then drawn into the
furnaces to be heated . Winds and ocean currents are examples of convection
found in nature .
Radiation is the third method of heat transfer . all life on earth is dependent
on the radiation of the sun’s heat and light energy . One fascinating aspect of the
sun’s radiation is that the electromagnetic rays that carry warmth and light to the
earth are themselves invisible and without heat . we know this because the space
between the earth and the sun is dark and cold . But when the rays reach the
earth , they light the atmosphere and warm our world . In contrast to conducted
and connected heat , radiated heat passes through a vacuum‫ليس‬
. ‫المال سبيل و‬
‫غاية فال تفني حياتك‬
‫في البحث عنه‬
All objects emit , or give off , radiation . For example , when two objects are
near each other , the one that is warmer will give off more energy than the cooler
one , thus transferring energy from one to the other . Usually objects do not
absorb all the energy , but reflect some of it . Light colors reflect more energy
than dark colors . Highly polished surfaces reflect more energy than dull ones .
The three modes of heat transfer – conduction , convection , and radiation –

are subject to two conditions : First , heat is transferred only when there is a
disparity in temperature , and second , the flow is always from hot to cold .
‫ال يكلف هللا نفسا إال وسعها فال تكلف‬

‫نفسك ما ال تطيق‬
‫كيف تنتقل الطاقة‬
‫الحرارة هي الطاقة التي تدفئ منازلنا وتطهو غذائنا‪ .‬و تنتقل الطاقة من جسم حار إلي جسم بارد‪ .‬كيف يحدث انتقال الحرارة هذا؟‬
‫التوصيل هو أسلوب ل نقل الحرارة الذي يحدث عندما يكون هناك اختالف في درجة الحرارة بين جسمين‪ .‬على سبيل المثال ‪ ،‬إذا تم إدخال‬
‫ملعقة فضية في وعاء من الشاي الساخن ‪ ،‬فإن يد الملعقة ستصبح على الفور ساخنة‪ .‬وذلك ألن الجزيئات في االجزاء المغمورة تتحرك‬
‫‪.‬بشكل أسرع ‪ ،‬و ذلك بسبب تحرك الجزيئات البطيئة في الطرف البارد على نحو أسرع‪ .‬وهكذا يتم نقل الطاقة‬
‫تتدفق الحرارة من المواد الأكثر دفئا إلى المواد الباردة حتى تكون درجات الحرارة على قدم المساواة‪ .‬والمواد مثل المعادن جيدة التوصيل‬
‫لنقل الحرارة بسهولة من جزيء واحد إلى آخر‪ .‬جميع المواد موصلة ل لحرارة ‪ ،‬ولكن مواد مثل الزجاج والبالستيك والخشب والمواد العازلة‬
‫‪ .‬رديئة التوصيل لنقل الطاقة‪ .‬و يشكل الفراغ عازال مثاليا يمنع انتقال الطاقة ألنه ال توجد بالفراغ جزيئات‬
‫على الرغم من الجزيئات في السوائل ال توصل الحرارة بشكل جيد ‪ ،‬فإنها تنقل الحرارة بواسطة الحمل الحراري بشكل تصاعدي لتدفق‬
‫الجزيئات من السائل أو جزيئات الغاز كما أنها تسخن من األسفل‪ .‬ارتفاع الهواء الساخن فوق المبرد هو مثال للتأثر الحراري‪ .‬كما تسبب‬
‫حرارة الجو في خلق فراغ ‪ ،‬مما يتسبب في أن يصبح أقل كثافة و يرتفع‪ .‬وتستخدم أفران الحمل الحراري في تسخين الهواء ‪ ،‬و بها يتم‬
‫‪.‬تسخين الهواء و يساق بعد ذلك إلى غرفة ليحل محل الهواء البارد ‪ .،‬الرياح و األمواج البحرية هي أمثلة على الحمل الحراري في الطبيعة‬
‫اإلشعاع هو األسلوب الثالث من نقل الحرارة‪ .‬جميع أشكال الحياة على األرض هي التي تعتمد على أشعة الشمس والحرارة والطاقة‪ ‬‬
‫الضوئية‪ .‬واحد من جوانب رائعة من أشعة الشمس هو أن األشعة الكهرومغناطيسية التي تحمل الدفء والنور إلى األرض هي في حد ذاتها‬
‫غير مرئية وبدون حرارة‪ .‬نحن نعرف هذا ألن المسافة بين األرض والشمس مظلمة و باردة‪ .‬ولكن عندما تصل إلى األرض أشعة ‪ ،‬فإنها‬
‫‪.‬تضيء و تسبب الحرارة في عالمنا‪ .‬وعلى النقيض من إجراء وتوصيل الحرارة ‪ ،‬و اإلشعاع يمر عبر الفراغ‬
‫كل األشياء تخرج حرارة‪ .‬على سبيل المثال ‪ ،‬عندما يكون كائنين بالقرب من بعضها البعض ‪ ،‬واحد أكثر دفئا من اآلخر فإن الطاقة تنتقل من‬
‫األكثر دفئا إلى األ كثر برودة ‪ ،‬وبالتالي نقل الطاقة من نقطة إلى أخرى‪ .‬الكائنات عادة ال تستوعب كل الطاقات ‪ ،‬ولكنها تعكس بعضا منه‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬األلوان الفاتحة تعكس المزيد من الطاقة من األلوان الداكنة‪ .‬السطوح العالية الصقل تعكس المزيد من الطاقة من تلك الغير مصقولة‬
‫وسائط نقل الحرارة ‪ --‬التوصيل ‪ ،‬الحمل ‪ ،‬واإلشعاع ‪ --‬تخضع للشروط ‪ ،‬أوال ال يتم نقل الحرارة إال عندما يكون هناك وجود تفاوت‪ ‬‬
‫‪.‬في درجة الحرارة ‪ ،‬والثاني ‪ ،‬التدفق دائما من الحار إلى البارد‬
‫كن جميال ترى الوجود جميال‬
‫هدية قيمة عنـد التنبيه على كـل خطـأ ( برسالة ‪ SMS‬أو بالبريدـ االلكتروني )‬
‫‪Statics, Strength, Dynamics, Mechanical Design I, II, Vibrations, Survey, Management, Structural Analysis I, II, Heat‬‬
‫‪C++, Java, MATLAB, Data Structures, Algorithms, Discrete, Digital Logic, Concepts, Databases, Software‬‬
‫‪English 123, 162, 221, TOEFL, Numerical Methods, Economy, Supply Chain‬‬
‫م‪.‬حمادة شعبان ‪ info@eng-hs.com 260 4444 9‬شرح ومسائل محلولة مجانا ً بالموقعين & ‪www.eng-hs.com www.eng-hs.net‬‬
Reading 4 – How heat is transferred
B. Choose the answer that best completes the following statements.
1. According to the reading , which of the following statements is not true ?

a) The three methods of heat transfer are conduction . convection and radiation.
b) Heat can pass through a vacuum .
c) wood is a good conductor of heat .
2. It can be concluded from paragraph 6 in the reading that on a sunny day________

a) a black car will absorb less energy from the sun than a white one .
b) A white car will absorb more energy from the sun tha‫ ى‬a black one .
c) the color of a car doesn’t affect how much energy it absorbs from the sun .
3. It can be concluded from the reading that when you place a glass of hot tea
against your face , heat is transferred ______
a) from your face to the glass by conduction . concluded ‫تنتهي‬
b) from the glass to your face by conduction. electromagne ‫الكترومغناطي‬
tic ‫سية‬
c) from the glass to your face by convection . absorbs ‫تمتص‬
4. According to paragraph 5 in the reading , the space between the earth and the
sun ________ .
a) is a vacuum . ‫الشخص الوحيد الذي سيستمر معك‬
b) is cold and dark . ‫ فال‬. . . ‫طوال حياتك هو أنت‬
‫تٌح ّمله ما ال يطيق من القلق‬
c) allows electromagnetic rays to pass through . .‫والتردد‬
d) all of the above .
5. According to paragraph 4 in the reading , the fact that _______ helps to explain
the upward flow
of heat known as convection .
explain ‫يشرح‬
a) heat causes expansion .
ignition ‫مكان االشعال‬
b) expansion reduces density .
expansion ‫التمددـ‬
c) less dense liquids and gases will rise .
d) all of the above .
Unit 2 Vocabulary
c. Write your answers (a,b,c or d) on the blanks provided .
1. the pigeons were eating something in the street , but they _______ when a car
passed by.
a) flowed b) dispersed c) affected d) replaced
2. In order to start your car , you must first ________ the key in the ignition.
a) insert b) absorb c) reflect d) emit
3. In the summer , desert plants and animals are ________ to high temperatures and
a lack of water .
a) subject b) serve c) caused d) contracted
4. With the addition or ______ of heat , almost all substances can be changed from
one physical state to another .
a) constant b) evaporation c) moisture d) subtraction
5. liquids that evaporate readily such as perfume , are called ______ liquids .
a) insulated b) invisible c) volatile d) sufficient
6. the quiz was so difficult , so the teachers decided to ______ it .

a) modify b) modification c) modifying d)modified
7. Heat doesn’t transfer between two objects that are in a state of ___________
a) conversion b) equilibrium c) evaporation d) radiation
8. The engine of the car became very hot and _________ a lot of heat .
a) inserted b) solidified c) radiated d) insulated
9. People should not sit too close to televisions because televisions _______
dangerous rays .
a) emit b) contract c) expand d) replace
10- Einstein understood the _____ that control energy and matter .
a) fluids b) containers c) rates d) principles
radiation ‫اإلشعاع‬
evaporate ‫يتبخر‬
understood ‫فهم‬
‫من ال يشكر الناس ال يشكر هللا‬
Unit 2 Vocabulary (Chapter 6 – Exemplifying )
1 Insert Enter‫يدخل‬
2 Submerged Sunk‫يغرق‬
3 Conducted Carried‫يحمل‬
4 Insulated Covered‫يغطي‬
5 Fluids Liquids and gases‫السوائل و الغازات‬
6 Invisible Unable to be seen‫ال يمكن رؤيته‬
7 Emitting Giving off‫يخرج‬
8 Radiates Gives off‫يشع‬
9 Disparity Difference‫اختالف‬
10 Subtraction Removal‫إزالة‬
11 Conversion Transformation‫تحويل‬
12 Gradually Slowly_‫ببطء‬
13 Sufficient Enough‫كافي‬
14 Solidify Harden‫يقوي‬
15 Evaporate Vaporize‫يبخر‬
16 Dispersed Scattered‫يقسم‬
17 Volatile Evaporates easily‫يتبخر بسهولة‬
18 Moisture Wetness‫رطوبة‬
19 Rate Speed‫ معدل‬0- ‫سرعه‬
20 Equilibrium Balance‫توازن‬
21 constant Unchanging‫غير متغير‬
Suffixes
1 -en Verb word ending

2 -ify Verb word ending
3 -cation Noun word ending
‫الكثير منا ال يأبه ألهمية األمور التي‬

‫يجيدها بل يعتبرها أشياء مسلما‬
.‫بها‬
1) Temperature ‫حرارة‬
2) affects ‫يؤثر‬
3) matter ‫مادة‬
4) properties ‫خصائص‬
5) altered ‫يبدل‬
6) turns ‫يحول‬
7) expand ‫يمدد‬
8) contract ‫ينكمش‬
9) poured ‫يصب‬
10) pressure ‫ضغط‬
11) Colliding ‫تصادم‬
12) Container ‫حاوية‬
13) Cause ‫سبب‬
14) Resist ‫يقاوم‬
15) Varies ‫يغير‬
16) excess ‫تجاوز‬
17) Sensitive‫حساس‬
18) Function ‫وظيفة‬
19) Rising ‫ارتفاع‬
20) Dense ‫كثيف‬
21) Excess ‫تجاوز‬
22) Replace ‫يستبدل‬
currents ‫تيارات‬
Dependent ‫يعتمد عليه‬
23) Comparatively ‫بالمقارنة‬
24) exemplified ‫يعطي مثال‬
25) serves ‫يخدم‬
26) Extremes ‫زيادة‬
27) protect ‫يحمي‬
28) Principle ‫أساس‬
29) harmful ‫مؤذي‬
30) Tolerate ‫يتسامح‬
31) body ‫جسم‬
32) Thus ‫لهذا‬
33) Flows ‫يتد\فق‬
34) Readily ‫جهازية‬
35) Act as ‫يتصرف مثل‬
36) Contact ‫يتعامل‬
37) Pass on ‫ينقل‬
38) Vacuum ‫محكم‬
39) Ideal ‫مثالي‬
40) Convection ‫نقل حراري‬
41) excess ‫تجاوز‬
Unit 2 Grammar
Adjectives (one word adjectives , adjective phrases and adjective clauses)

) ‫الصفات ( الصفات التي تتكون من كلمة واحدة – العبارات الوصفية – و جمل الوصف‬
* Adjectives are words that modify nouns . Adjectives answer the question “which noun(s)?”
‫" الصفات هي كلمات تصف األسماء و هي تجيب على السؤال " أي اسم ؟‬
Example :
Hot wires can damage computers (Which wires can damage computers ? hot wires .)
* An adjective can be one word , a phrase or a clause .‫ يمكن أن تكون الصفة كلمة واحدة أو عبارة أو جملة‬.
Examples :
Hot wires can damage machines . (one-word adjective)
Computers in the lab were damaged by heat . (adjective phrase-prepositional)
Wires carrying electrical currents can become hot . (adjective phrase-present participle)
The machines damaged by heat were replaced . (adjective phrase-past participle)
Machines have the ability to do work . (adjective phrase-infinitive)
Wires that become overheated can damage computers . (adjective(relative) clause)
* One-word adjectives may occur together with one-word adjectives . ‫الصفات ذات الكلمة الواحدة يمكن أن‬
‫تتواجد مع الصفات ذات الكلمة الواحدة‬.
Examples:
A large , dense nucleus is called a macronucleus .
Overheated electrical wires are dangerous . ،‫ صنف يسعى لتحقيق أهدافه‬:‫الناس صنفان‬
‫وصنف يستخدمه القسم األول لتحقيق‬
.‫أهدافه‬
* Articles are one-word adjectives that can only be places before the nouns they modify . if there
are any other one-word adjectives before the noun , the article is placed before them .
‫ و لو وجد أي صفة مكونة من كلمة واحدة قبل االسم فإن األداة‬. ‫األدوات هي صفات ذات كلمة واحدة يمكن أن توجد قبل األسماء التي تصفها‬
‫ توضع قبلهما‬.
Example : overheated ‫حرارة زائدة‬
The computer was damaged by an overheated wire . modify ‫يوضح‬
introductory ‫مقدمة‬
* Other one-word adjectives can be placed before the nouns that they modify or after linking
Verbs ‫الصفات األخرى ذات الكلمة الواحدة يمكن أن توجد قبل األسماء التي تصفها‬
Examples :
Hot wires can damage computers . ( before the noun wires )
- Wires may become hot . (After the linking verb may become )
* Adjectives phrases are generally placed after the nouns that they modify . When adjective
phrases are placed before the nouns that they modify , an introductory comma may be required
between the adjective phrase and the modified noun . ‫ ولو‬. ‫الصفات (العبارات) توضع عامة بعد األسماء التي تصفها‬
‫وضعت الصفات (العبارات) قبل األسماء التي تصفها فإن الفاصلة قد تكون مطلوبة بين الصفة و االسم الموصوف‬.
Examples :
The computer damaged by heat didn’t work correctly . (after the noun computer)
Damaged by heat , the computer did not work correctly . (before the noun computer with a
comma)
* Adjective clauses are always placed after the nouns that they modify .‫الصفات(العبارات) دائما توضع بعد‬
‫ األسماء التي تصفها‬.
Examples :
The computer that was damaged by heat didn’t work correctly . (after the noun computer )
‫أخر مفتاح هو المفتاح الذي‬
‫غالبا ما يفتح الباب‬
D. Underline the adjectives in the following sentences , and then circle the nouns that they modify .
finally indicate if they are one-word adjectives , adjective phrases or adjective clauses .
1. Chemical energy is stored in gasoline and oil .

a) one-word adjectives(s) b) adjective phrase c) adjective clause
2. it is stored energy .
stored ‫مخزن‬
weighed
) ‫ أو بالبريدـ االلكتروني‬SMS ‫هدية قيمة عنـد التنبيه على كـل خطـأ ( برسالة‬ ‫موزون‬
understood
C++, Java, MATLAB, Data Structures, Algorithms, Discrete, Digital Logic, Concepts, ‫فهم‬
Databases, Software
3. Einstein and Lavoisier are famous .
4. The are large , expensive machines .

5. Pieces of wood were burned and weighed .

6. Energy stored in food molecules can be released by enzymes .

7. Plans to replace them were cancelled .

8. Substances containing Carbon and Hydrogen are called Hydrocarbons .

9. Hydrocarbons are substances that are composed of carbon and Hydrogen .

10. Insulated electrical wires are used in homes .

11. They are scientists who studied matter and energy .

Using present participles and past participles as adjectivesB‫ و التصريف الثاني‬B‫استخدام اسم الفاعل‬
‫للفعل كصفات‬.
Using the present participle (verb+ing) as an adjective:) ‫استخدام اسم الفعل (الفعل مضافا له كصفة‬
Adjectives that are formed with –ing frequently indicate a acertain action that is performed by the noun or
occurs to the noun :‫و التي دائما توضع فعال معينا يحدث بواسطة االسم أو يحدث للفعل‬ ‫الصفات التي تتكون بإضافة‬
Examples
grinding machine: machine that crushes substances into small bits
recording mechanism : device that records sounds. surface ‫سطح‬
Refining process : process that purifies metals . magnet ‫مغناطيس‬
Revolving platform : a stand or surface that turns .
indicate ‫يوضح‬
Using the past participle (verb+ed) as an adjective :‫استخدام الماضي من الفعل كصفة‬
Adjectives that are formed with –ed frequently indicate a completed action :‫الصفات التي تتكون من التصريف الثاني للفعل‬
‫و التي تدل على حدث تام‬
Examples
Dehydrated plant : plant that has dried up
Magnetized rock : rock that has been made into a magnet .
Diffused light : light that is spread out . ‫أصبح غالبيتنا يتطلع إلى غيره ليحدد له ماذا‬
‫يفعل وماذا ينبغي عليه أن يأكل وأن‬
.‫يفكر فيه‬
Many verbs can form either –ing or –ed adjectives . Look at this example of adjectives diluting and diluted ,
which are formed from the verb to dilute .to weaken or this with water or another liquid .‫الكثير من أسماء_ الفعل و‬
‫األفعال الماضية يمكن أن تستخدم كصفات‬
Examples
To dilute : to weaken or this with water or another liquid .
Diluting agent : agent or substance that dilutes or thins a liquid .
Diluted solution : solution or liquid that has been diluted or weakened .
E. Circle The letter of the answer that best completes each of these sentences.
1. A substance that combine metals with oxygen is an __________
a) oxidizing agent b) oxidized agent
2. Water that has been purified is ___________________________

a) distilling water b) distilled water
3. A nucleus that is in the process of breaking apart is a ____________

a) disintegrating nucleus b) disintegrated nucleus
4. A device that has been adjusted for errors is a _____________________

a) a calibrating instrument b) a calibrated instrument
5. A device that adjusts other instruments is a _______________

a) a calibrating instrument b) a calibrated instrument
6. A gas that has been reduced in volume by pressure is a _______________

a) compressing gas b) compressed gas
7. A bar that attaches one moving part of a machine to another is a _______________

a) connecting rod b) connected rod
8. A based that makes an acid neutral is a __________________________________

a) neutralizing agent b neutralized agent
9. A wire that is covered with a nonconductor is a ______________________________

a) insulating agent b) insulated agent
10. Calcium that has been converted into ions is _____________________

a) ionizing calcium b) ionized calcium .
Using present participles and past participles as adjectives

‫ للفعل كصفات‬B‫ و التصريف الثاني‬B‫ استخدام اسم الفاعل‬.
F. Complete the following sentences by selecting the correct verbal form
1. Wool is a material that insulates , so it is called an___________ material .

a) insulating b) insulated
2. Electrical wires are wires that are insulated , so they are called ______ wires .
a) insulating b) insulated
3. Fuels that heat homes and buildings are called ___________ fuels .
a) heating b) heated
4. A device that cools the air in a building is called an ____________ device .

a) air-conditioning b) air conditioned
5. The composition of a compound is fixed . Thus, compounds have _______

compositions.
a) fixing b) fixed
6. A composition of a compound doesn’t vary. Thus, compounds have

______compositions
a) unvarying b) unvaried
7. Ashes are substances that remain after burning . Thus they are _______
substances .
a) remaining b) remained
8. Heat may be conducted between objects . This type of heat is called ______ heat
a) conducting b) conducted.
9. After a surface is polished , it is called a ___________ surface .

a) polished b) polishing
10. Bacteria are things that live . Thus , they are __________ things .
a) living b)lived
11. Sugar is compound that is found in candy . Sugar is a compound ________ in

candy .
a) finding b) found
12. Hydrocarbons are substances that contain only carbons and hydrogen
a) containing b) contained
13. Substances that are composed of just one type of atom are called elements .
Substances ________of just of just one type of atom are called elements .
a) composing b) composed
14. Substances that have unvarying compositions are known as chemical

substances . Substances ________ unvarying compositions are known as chemical
substances .
a) having b) had
chemical ‫كيميائي‬
substances ‫مواد‬
carbon ‫كربون‬
Adverbs (one-word Adverbs , Adverb phrases , Adverbial phrases and Adverb Clauses)
) ‫الظروف( الظروف ذات الكلمة الواحدة – الظروف العبارية – العبارات الظرفية‬
*Adverbs are words that modify verbs , adjectives , and other adverbs . They answer the
questions ”how?” , “when?” , “why?” , “where?” , “under what circumstances?” , “ how
often?” , “how much?” and “to what extent?” .‫الظروف هي كلمات تصف الفعل أو الصفة أو الظروف األخرى و‬
) ‫هي تجيب على األسئلة ( كيف – متى – لماذا – أين – تحت أي ظروف‬
circumstances ‫مالبسات‬
Examples :
adverbs ‫ظروف‬
- His homework was quickly completed . (how? Quickly)
laboratory ‫مختبر‬
- His homework was completed yesterday. (when? Yesterday)
- He studied to prepare for the quiz. (why? To prepare for the quiz)
- His homework was completed in the class. (where? In the class)
- He didn’t bring a pencil although it was required.(under what circumstances? Although it was
required)
- His homework was usually completed. (how often? Usually)
- His homework was partially completed ? (how much or to what extent? partially)
*An adverb may be one word , a phrase or a clause .‫) يمكن أن يكون الظرف كلمة واحدة – عبارة – أو جملة‬
Examples :
- The experiment was often performed . ( one-word adverb )
- The experiment was performed in the laboratory . ( adverb phrase – prepositional )
- It was performed to prove this theory . ( adverb phrase – infinitive )
- Most substances expand when heated . ( adverb phrase – adverbial )
- Most substances expand when they are heated . ( adverb clause )
* One-word adverbs frequently , but not always end in “ly” ly ‫الظروف التي تتكون من كلمة واحدة كثيرا و ليس‬
ly‫دائما تنتهي ب‬ Commonly used adverbs with “ly” endings :‫ الظروف شائعة االستخدام المنتهية_ ب‬l
Similarly , increasingly , rapidly , comparatively , immediately , readily , usually , highly , only ,

completely , easily , quickly , frequently , exactly , extremely .
Commonly used adverbs with other endings : ly‫الظروف شائعة االستخدام التي لها نهايات أخرى‬
Almost , always , here , later , not , now , often , seldom , sometimes , soon , still , then , too , very ,
well , what , when , where , why
*Adverbial phrase begin with adverbs {if , after , before , while , although , etc.} and are followed
by verbals ( present participles or past participles ) . They are not adverb clauses because
they do not contain subjects and finite verbs.)... ‫العبارة الظرفية تبدأ بالظروف (لو – بعد – قبل – بينما – بالرغم من‬
‫ و انها ليست جمل ظرفية ألنها ال تحتوي على فاعل و ال فعل‬.) ‫ و تكون متبوعة بالظروف (اسم الفعل أو التصريف الثاني‬.
cooling ‫تبريد‬
) ‫ أو بالبريدـ االلكتروني‬SMS ‫على كـل خطـأ ( برسالة‬ ‫هدية قيمة عنـد التنبيه‬
measured ‫يقاس‬
C++, Java, MATLAB, Data Structures, Algorithms, Discrete, remaining
Digital Logic, Concepts,‫باقي‬
Databases, Software
Examples :
- Most substances expand when heated .
- They contract after cooling .
- If heated to 100 c , water will boil .
‫أغلب المشاكل مؤقتة‬
‫ونتائجها محدودة‬
G. For each of the underlined adverbs , indicate the type of question they answer
1. Lavoisier carefully measured the remaining energy .

a) how b) why,when,where, or under what circumstances c)how often,how much or to what extent
2. it expanded because it was heated .

3. Most substances will contract when cooled .

4. It was heated on the outside.

5. Water will boil if it is heated to 110 c.

6. The water was heated repeatedly.

7. The apple fell two meters and hit the ground .

8. The water was very hot .

9. water is dangerous while boiling .
10. Matter is affected by temperature .

11. Energy frequently changes form .

12. It gains Kinetic energy because its velocity increases .

13. Although they were not hot , the wires were dangerous .
14. As it is heated , it expands .

H. Underline the adverbs in the following sentences and then indicate if they are one-word adverbs , adverb
phrases or adverb clauses
1. Einstein is very famous .

a) one-word adverb b) adverb phrase (prepositional , infinitive or adverbial) c)adverb clause
2. Lavoisier lived in France .

3. Meat is cooked to kill bacteria .

4. It was dangerous because of its high temperature .

5. It was dangerous because it was overheated .

6. They cannot function without air-conditioning .

7. If overheated , wires become dangerous .

8. if wires are overheated , they become dangerous .

9. Energy is thus transferred or conducted.

10. As the hot air rises , it heats the room .

11. The hot object was placed near the cold object .
12. Comparatively , small temperature changes can affect living things .

13. Insulated electrical wires are used in buildings .

14. Energy stored in food can be released by enzymes.

enzymes ‫انزيمات‬
infinitive ‫مصدر‬
‫أنت أكبر وأفضل مما تعتقده‬
gerund ‫اسم الفعل‬ ‫عن نفسك‬
Verbal nouns and Verbal noun phrases (Gerunds , Gerund phrases , infinitives , and infinitive phrases )
‫األسماء الفعلية و جمل األسماء الفعلية‬
* Gerunds (verbing) and infinitives (to verb) may be used as nouns and may be called verbal
nouns.‫أسماء الفعل و المصادر قد تستخدم كأسماء و يمكن أن يطلق عليها األسماء الفعلية‬
Examples :
Burning may produce aches. ( gerund )
To transform means to change. ( infinitive )
* Gerund phrases and infinitive phrases may also be used as nouns .‫يمكن أن يستخدم جمل اسم الفعل و‬
‫الجمل المصدرية كأسماء‬.
Examples :
Splitting hydrogen atoms is dangerous . ( gerund phrase )
To do work means to use energy . ( infinitive phrase )
* Gerunds and gerund phrases and infinitives and infinitive phrases may also be used as
subjects and as direct objects . Gerunds and gerund phrases (but not infinitives / infinitive phrases)
may also be used as the objects of prepositions . ‫اسم الفعل و عبارات اسم الفعل و المصادر و عبارات المصادر قد‬
‫ تستخدم أيضا كفاعل و كمفعول به مباشر كما أن اسم الفعل و عباراته يمكن ان تستخدم أيضا كشبه جمله‬.
Examples :
- Burning may produce aches . (gerund as a subject )
- Splitting hydrogen atoms is dangerous . (gerund phrase used as a subject)
- The reproduction of ashes requires burning . (gerund used as a direct object)

- Fission involves splitting hydrogen atoms . ( gerund phrase used as a direct object)
- Ashes can be produced by burning . ( gerund used as the object of a preposition)

- Ashes can be produced as burning wood . (gerund phrase used as the object of a preposition )
- To transform means to change . ( infinitive used as a subject)

- To do work means to use energy . ( infinitive phrase used as a subject)
I. Underline the verbal nouns and verbal noun phrases in the following sentences and then indicate if they are
gerunds , gerund phrases , infinitives , or infinitive phrases .
1. The computer is overheated and needs to rest .
a) gerund b) gerund phrases c) infinitive d) infinitive phrases
2. He can cool them by turning off the computer .

3. The engineer wanted to cool the computer wires .

4. As the temperature increased , the bacteria began to die .

5. Killing bacteria prevents illness .

6. High temperatures are used for killing bacteria .

7. Pasteurizing kills the bacteria that are found in milk .

pasteurizing ‫البسترة‬ ‫إذا ابتسم المهزوم فقد المنتصر لذة الفوز‬

)‫(وليام شكسبير‬
expand ‫يتمدد‬
immediately ‫فورا‬
Unit 2 Grammar Review
J. Circle the answers that best describe requires articles . The symbol ɵ indicates that no article is necessary .
When the specific article {the }is required , indicate why is required {the#1 modifies nouns that are the only
ones , the#2 modifies nouns that are 2nd mention , and the #3 modifies nouns that are explained }
1. Heat radiates from _______ sun.
a) a b) an c) ɵ d)the#1 e)the#2 f) the#3
2. When ___gas molecules are heated , they begin to expand and rise .
3. If a metal spoon is placed in a boiling water , ____handle will immediately become very hot .
4. Conducted and convected heat can not pass through ______ vacuum .
5. Heat flows from a warmer object to a cooler object an causes ___ cooler one to become warmer
6. Wool is ______ excellent insulator .
7. Radiated heat from the sun is _______ most important source of heat for the earth .
K. For each of the following sentences , underline the answer that best describes the type of sentence provided .
1. the conduction of heat causes warmer objects to become cooler and cooler objects to become warmer .
a) simple b) compound c) complex with a relative(adjective) clause d) complex with an adverb clause .
2. Heat is conducted between objects only when their temperatures are equal .
3. Glass is a good conductor of heat , and wool is a good insulator .
4. The electromagnet waves that carry heat and light to the earth are invisible and without heat .
5. Usually , objects placed in sunlight do not absorb all the radiated energy but reflect some of it .
6. Fluids do not conduct heat very well , but the do transfer heat by convection.
Circle the letters that correspond to the correctly punctuated sentences :
1. Which of the following sentences is punctuated correctly ?

a) A vacuum is an ideal insulator because it has no molecules to transfer heat .
b) A vacuum is an ideal insulator, because it has no molecules to transfer heat .
c) A vacuum is an ideal insulator because , it has no molecules to transfer heat .
2. Which of the following sentences is punctuated correctly?

a) In contrast to conducted and convected heat radiated heat can pass through a vacuum.
b) In contrast to conducted , and convected heat radiated heat can pass through a vacuum.
c) In contrast to conducted and convected heat , radiated heat can pass through a vacuum.

a) The three methods of heat transfer are conduction convection and radiation .
b) The three methods of heat transfer , are conduction convection and radiation .
c) The three methods of heat transfer are conduction , convection and radiation .
d) The three methods of heat transfer are conduction , convection and radiation.

a) Objects may reflect the sun’s energy or they may absorb it and become warmer .
b) Objects may reflect the sun’s energy , or they may absorb it and become warmer .
c) Objects may reflect the sun’s energy or they may absorb it , and become warmer .
d) Objects may reflect the sun’s energy , or they may absorb it , and become warmer .

a) For example computers are sensitive machines that are easily damaged by heat .
b) For example , computers are sensitive machines that are easily damaged by heat .
c) For example , computers are sensitive machines , that are easily damaged by heat .
‫الماضي ال يساوي المستـقبل‬
M. For each of the following sentences , circle the letter that best describes the type of comma(s) used .
1. temperature affects the size , color , pressure , and electrical conductivity of matter .
a) introductory b) compound sentence c) series d) reversible adjective
2. The expensive , new , powerful , heat sensitive computer was damaged by overheated wires.
3. heated gas molecules move faster and expand , so they become less dense and rise .
4. When heated , gas molecules begin to expand and rise .
5. Heated gas molecules move faster , collide more , become less dense , and thus rise .
6. The sun is extremely important , for the earth couldn’t survive without it .
3 -
N. Underline the dependent clauses in the following sentences. For each clause indicate whether the clause
is a relative [adjective] clause or an adverb clause.
1. When gas molecules are heated, they begin to move faster and collide more.
a) relative [adjective] clause b)adverb clause
2. An organism whose temperature becomes excessively high will die.

3. The vacuum through which the sun’s invisible rays pass is cold and dark.
4 . A vacuum is an ideal insulator because it has no molecules to conduct heat

5. In contrast to shiny, light-colored objects , objects that are dark and dull easily absorb radiant energy
6. A hot air furnace is a furnace in which hot air is heated.
7. Heat flows from one object to another until their temperatures are equal.
0. Underline the verbals in the following sentences, and then circle the answers that best describe them.
Infinitives are used as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs; gerunds are used as nouns and participles are
used as adjectives.
infinitives gerunds present participles past participles

- nouns - nouns - adjectives - adjectives
- adjectives
- adverb
1. In the afternoon, the heat began to intensify.

a) infinitive b) gerund c) present participle d) past participle
2. Proceeding was impossible because of the heat

3. Moving objects have kinetic energy.

a) infinitive b)gerund c) present participle d) past participle
4. Heat has the power to kill.

‫البعض منا أصبح يرفض أفكاره مهما كانت‬

!‫صحيحة فقط لمجرد أنها أفكاره‬
5. Conducted heat cannot pass through a vacuum.

6. Evaporation is one way of vaporizing.
7. In equations, constants are unchanging variables.

8. Pain is a feeling that serves to protect.

P. Underline the verbal phrases in the following sentences, and then le the answers that best describe
them. Infinitive phrases are used as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs; gerund phrases are used as nouns
and participial phrases are used as adjectives.
1. Energy is the ability to do work.

a) infinitive phrase b) gerund phrase c) present participial phrase d) past participial phrase
2. Splitting atom will cause a chain reaction.

3. As a gas is heated, its molecules begin to move rapidly.

4. Nuclear energy is the energy stored in certain types of atoms.

5. An apple hanging on a tree has potential energy because of its position.

‫الكثير منا ال يأبه ألهمية األمور التي يجيدها بل‬

.‫يعتبرها أشياء مسلما بها‬
6. The scientists wanted to prove his theory.
7. Fuels found in underground deposits are known as natural fuels.

8. The energy in gasoline is released to propel cars forward.

9. Fission causes atomic explosions by releasing enormous amounts of energy.

Q. Underline the prepositional phrases and adverbial phrases in the following sentences, and then underline
the answers that best describe them. Prepositional phrases begin with prepositions and are used as
adjectives and adverbs. Adverbial phrases begin with adverbials (if, when, after, before, although, etc.) and
are followed by participles. Adverbials phrases are used as adverbs.
1. Although heated excessively, the container did not break.

a) prepositional phrase(s) b) adverbial phrase
2. All life on earth is dependent on the radiation of the sun’s heat and light energy.
3. Wood produces ashes when burned.

4. Heat is the transfer of energy from a warmer body to a cooler one.

5 While failing, an apple loses potential energy.

6. Convection is the upward flow of masses of liquid or gas molecules as they are heated from below.
R Underline the finite verbs.[active or passive /single or plural] that correctly complete the following
sentences.
1. This law the law of the conservation of matter and energy.

a) calls
b) call
c) is called
d) are called
2. Our bodies enzymes to release food energy.

a) needs
b)need
c) is needed
d) are needed
3. In 1945, people that Einstein’s theory was correct.

a) discovered
b) was discovered molecules ‫جزيئات‬
c) were discovered properties ‫خصائص‬
d) none of the above
matter ‫مادة‬
4. The properties of matter by temperature.
a) affects
b) affect
c) is affected
d) are affected
5. Hammers nails
a) moves
b) move
c) is moved
d) are moved
6. The sun electromagnetic rays that provide heat and light.

a) emits
b) emit
c) is emitted ‫ موتى في حياتهم و آخرون‬:‫الناس صنفان‬
d) are emitted ‫ببطن األرض أحياء‬
7. The weight of the remaining substances by Lavoisier.

a) measured
b) was measured
c) were measured
8. Water and air readily heat by convection.

a) transfers
b) transfer
c) is transferred
d) are transferred
9. Evaporation liquids to change into gases.

a)causes
b) cause
c) is caused
d) are caused
S. Underline the finite -verbs or verbals that correctly complete the following sentences.
1. The gas molecules expanded because they_____________

a) is heated affect ‫يؤثر‬
b) are heated
c) was heated Substances ‫مواد‬
d) were heated
heated ‫يتم تسخينه‬
2. When __________ by temperature, an object may change color.

a) affected
b) affecting
c) is affected
d) are affected
3. The energy of nuclear fuels________ through the fission or fusion of atoms.

a) released
b) releasing
c) is released
d) are released
4. Fuels __________from biomass are called synthetic fuels.

a) produced ‫أغلب المشاكل مؤقتة‬
b) producing
c) is produced ‫ونتائجها محدودة‬
d) are produced
5. After ______ gas molecules are less dense and will thus flow upward.
a) expands
b) expand
c) expanding
d) expanded
6. Most fuels release energy by _________ with oxygen in the air.

a) burn
b) to burn
c) burned oxygen ‫االكسجين‬
d) burning
hydrogen ‫الهيدروجين‬
7. Heat may be used _______bacteria.
a) kill carbon ‫الكربون‬
b) to kill
c) killed
d) killing
8. Substances _________only hydrogen and carbon atoms are known as hydrocarbons.

a) contain
b) contains
c) to contain
d) containing
9. Atoms of carbon and hydrogen to form methane, propane, and other hydrocarbons.
a) combine
b) combines
c) combining
d) to combine
T. For each of the following sentences, circle the subject (s) [not including any modifiers] and underline main
verb(s). Remember that the subjects and main verbs of sentences are found only in independent
clauses.
1. All substances conduct some heat, but glass, plastic and wool act as insulators because their molecules
make very little contact.
2. An incandescent light bulb provides another example of a color change, for its tungsten wire gives off
white light when it is hot.
3. For example, if a silver spoon is inserted into a pot of tea, the handIe of the spoon will immediately
become hot.
4. Usually, objects do not absorb all of the sun’s energy but reflect some of it.
5 We know this because the space between the earth and the sun is dark and cold but when the rays reach
the earth they light the atmosphere and warm our world .
6. A glass may break when boiling water is poured into )t because part of the glass heats up and expands
more rapidly than the rest.
7. Using the same principle, we pasteurize milk and cook meat to kill harmful bacteria and other organisms
that cannot tolerate the heat.
8. On the other hand, the composition of a mixture snot fixed and varies from sample to sample.
9 These and thousands of other compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen are known as
hydrocarbons.
10. The composition of chocolate chip ice cream varies, and some sample contain more chocolate chip
pieces
than others.
11 Just as the watch spring needs to be released to do the work of moving the hands the energy stored in
food molecules needs to be released by enzymes or substances in the body, and the energy stored in
gasoline must be released by the spark plug to do its work of propelling the car forward.
12. If the carbon dioxide, water vapor, and ashes are added together, the total weight will equal the original
weight of the wood plus the oxygen in the air.
U. Complete the following sentences by circling the correct verb or verbal.
1. Atomic energy is the energy that ______ in atoms.

a) storing b) is stored c) are stored d) stores
2. The ability _______ electricity varies with temperature.

a) resist b) resists c)to resist d) resisting
3. All substances ________ some heat.
a) conduct b) conducts c) conducting d) to conduct
4. A hammer is a tool that is used _________ nails.

a) strike b) strikes c) to strike d) striking
5. Ashes are substances that __________after wood is burned.

a) remain b) remaining c) remained d) remains
6. The ability of a metal to resist electricity _____ with its temperature.

a) to vary b)varies c) varying d) varied
7. Heat is the energy that warms our houses and _____ our food.
a) to cook b) cooking c) cooks d) cooked
8. We pasteurize milk and cook meat ...... harmful bacteria.

a) kill b) killing c) to kill d) killed
9. Boiling water _____ to break a glass.

a) may use b)may be used c) uses d) using
10. Pain is a feeling that to protect us.

a) serving b) serves c) to serve d) none of the above
11. The physical state of a substance _______ by its temperature.

a) affects b) affecting c) effected d) is affected
12.. Pasteurizing milk _____ harmful bacteria.

a) to kill b) kills c) is killed d) killing
Unit 2 Writing— Extended Definitions and Exemplifying
Note: Read pages 83 - 86 in English for Science and complete the exercises on pages 85 and 86 before
beginning these exercises. Read also the section called “Writing Skills” on Page 81 which
discusses “Extended Definitions”.
V. Study the following extended definitions and answer the questions provided. Notice that there
may be more than one correct extended definition for each term, Examples may be included in
formal definitions and formal classification definitions, but they must be in addition to defining
characteristics; they cannot take the place of defining characteristics (see question 6.1).
Petroleum is chiefly a mixture of many different hydrocarbons. It is obtained from

underground deposits that were formed millions of years ago from the remains of living
organisms. Petroleum is used to produce combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants.
1.1 In the extended definition of the term petroleum given above, the defining
characteristic(s) in the first sentence is/are related to ______.
a)composition (What does petroleum consist of?)
b) origin ; source (Where does petroleum come from?)
c) uses; functions (What is petroleum used for?) defining ‫تعريف‬
d) examples (of petroleum or of its features)
e) classification (Can petroleum be divided into groups?) petroleum ‫نفط‬
f) another/other name(s) for the term
g) properties; characteristics; principles principles ‫مبادئ‬
(scientific information about petroleum)
1.2 In the extended definition of petroleum given above, the information in the second
sentence is related to _______
a) composition (What does petroleum Consist of?)
b) origin; source (Where does petroleum come from?)
c) uses; functions (What is petroleum used for?)
e) classification (Can petroleum be divided into groups?)
‫الشخص الوحيد الذي سيستمر معك طوال‬
f) another/other name(s) for the term ‫ فال تٌح ّمله ما ال‬. . . ‫حياتك هو أنت‬
g) properties; characteristics; principles ‫يطيق من القلق والتردد‬
(scientific information about petroleum)
1.3 In the extended definition of petroleum given above, the information in the Ii2d sentence
is related to_____
a) composition (What does petroleum consist of?)
b) origin; source (Where does petroleum come from?)
c) uses; functions (What is petroleum used for?)
e) classification (Can petroleum be divided into groups?)
g) properties; characteristics; principles
Petroleum is a nonrenewable resource used to produce combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants.
Gasoline, plastic, synthetic fabrics, detergents, and engine grease are all examples of petroleum products.
Petroleum may be classified as light grade, medium grade, or heavy grade. ‫النفط مصدر غير متجدد يستخدم إلنتاج‬
‫ البنزين والبالستيك واأللياف الصناعية والمنظفات الصناعية والشحوم للمحرك وكلها‬.‫ ومواد التشحيم‬، ‫ والبتر وكيماويات‬، ‫الوقود لالحتراق‬
‫ أو الثقيله‬، ‫ ويمكن تصنيف البترول كرتبة خفيفة والرتبة المتوسطة‬.‫أمثلة على المنتجات النفطية‬.
* examples of uses
2.1 In the extended definition of the term petroleum given above, the defining characteristic(s) in the first
sentence is/are related to
a) composition
b) origin; source
c) uses; functions characteristics ‫خصائص‬
d) examples
e) classification definition ‫تعريف‬
g) properties; characteristics; principles fuels ‫وقود‬
2.2 In the extended definition of petroleum given above, the information in the second sentence is related
to ___________
a) composition
b) origin; source
c) uses; functions
d) examples
e) classification ‫ال يكلف هللا نفسا إال وسعها‬
2.3 In the extended definition of petroleum given above, the information in the third sentence is related
to _________
a) composition
b) origin; source
c) uses; functions
d) examples
e) classification
*Note: When examples are given, they may be examples of uses, examples of properties, examples of
classification groups, etc. [ Iron is a metal widely used in engineering. For example, iron is used to
construct buildings, and heavy machinery. These are examples of the engineering uses of iron.
Vehicles may be classified as land, sea, or air transportation devices. Airplanes and helicopters are
examples of air transport vehicles. These are classification examples.]
Petroleum is a substance that is sometimes known as crude oil, black gold, or the lifeblood of the
industrialized world. It may exist as a solid at room temperature. Examples of the solid forms of petroleum
include tar and bitumen. ‫ قد‬.‫ أو شريان الحياة للعالم الصناعي‬، ‫النفط هو المادة التي تعرف أحيانا باسم النفط الخام والذهب األسود‬
‫ أمثلة على أشكال صلبة من النفط وتشمل القطران والقار‬.‫تكون موجودة كمادة صلبة في درجة حرارة الغرفة‬.
*examples of properties or characteristics (solid form)
3.1 In the extended definition of the term petroleum given above, the defining characteristic(s) in the first
sentence is/are related to ___________ .
a) composition
b) origin; source functions ‫وظائف‬
c) uses; functions properties ‫خصائص‬
d) examples
term ‫جزء‬
e) classification
3.2 In the extended definition of petroleum given above, the information in the second sentence is related
to ___________ .
a) composition
b) origin; source
c) uses; functions
d) examples
e) classification
3.3 In the extended definition of petroleum given above, the information in the third sentence is related to
a) composition
b) origin; source
c) uses; functions
d) examples
e) classification
g) properties, characteristics, principles

‫عن نفسك‬
Gold is the chemical element whose symbol is Au. It has an atomic number of 79 and an atomic
weight of 196.967. Gold is deep yellow, dense, soft, and extremely ductile and malleable. ‫الذهب هو عنصر‬
‫ ووزنه‬، 79 ‫ ويضم هذا العدد الذري‬.‫كيميائي الذي هو رمز لالتحاد اإلفريقي‬
‫ ومرن للغاية وقابل للسحب‬، ‫ لينة‬، ‫ كثيفة‬، ‫ الذهب األصفر عميقة‬.196.967 ‫الذري‬.
4.1 In the extended definition of the term gold given above, the defining characteristic(s) in the first
sentence is/are related to ___________ .
a)composition
b) origin; source
c) uses; functions
d) examples
e) classification
4.2 In the extended definition of gold given above, the information in the second sentence is related to ____
a) composition
b) origin; source
c) uses; functions
d) examples
e) classification
4.3 In the extended definition of gold given above, the information in the third sentence is related to_______
a) composition
b) origin; source
c) uses; functions ‫إذا ابتسم المهزوم فقد المنتصر لذة الفوز‬
d) examples )‫(وليام شكسبير‬
e) classification
Gold is the metal traditionally used as money, commonly in the form of gold coins or bars.* For
example, gold bars are accepted by all countries as payment for debts.** In nature, gold is found
deposited near the surface of the earth or deep underground.
* examples of uses in the definition sentence (after the defining characteristics)

** one example of how gold is used as money
5.1 In the extended definition of the term gold given above, the defining characteristic(s) in the first sentence is/are
related to _________________
a) composition
b) origin; source
c) uses; functions
- d) examples
e) classification
5.2 In the extended definition of gold given above, the information in the second sentence is related to
a) composition
b) origin; source
c) uses; functions
d) examples
e) classification
1) another/other name(s) for the term
5.3 In the extended definition of gold given above, the information in the third sentence is related to
a) composition
b) origin; source
c) uses; functions
d) examples ‫الخوف هو أحد األسلحة التي سلطها هللا‬
e) classification
1Compounds are substances that contain more than one type of atom, such as water (H2O) and
sodium chloride (NaCI).* 2Some compounds contain carbon and are called organic compounds,
and others do not contain carbon and are known as inorganic compounds. 3Water and sodium
chloride are examples of inorganic compounds because they do not contain carbon.**
* examples of the term in the definition sentence (after the defining characteristics)
** examples of inorganic compounds (classification examples)
6.1 In the extended definition of the term compounds given above, the defining characteristic(s) in
the first sentence is/are related to ____________
a) composition
b) origin; source
c) uses; functions
d) examples
e) classification
0 another/other name(s) for the term
6.2 In the extended definition of compounds given above, the information in the second sentence is
related to
/a) composition
b) origin; source
c) uses; functions
d) examples
e) classification
f another/other name(s) for the term
6.3 In the extended definition of compounds given above, the information in the d sentence is
related to
a) composition
b) origin; source
c) uses; functions
d) examples ‫الشخص الوحيد الذي سيستمر معك طوال حياتك‬
e) classification ‫ فال تٌح ّمله ما ال يطيق من‬. . . ‫هو أنت‬
‫القلق والتردد‬
An element is a substance that contains just one type of atom. Elements are not compounds, but they
combine in many different ways to form compounds.*Hydrogen and oxygen are the elements that
**.combine to form the compound water
Negatives may be used in extended definitions, but not *
.in the first sentences (not in formal definition sentences)
examples of the term (hydrogen and oxygen) and a property (combine to form ……. ) **
‫ لكنها تجمع في العديد_ من الطرق المختلفة لتشكيل‬، ‫ العناصر ليست مركبات‬.‫العنصر هو المادة التي تحتوي على نوع واحد فقط من الذرة‬
‫* الهيدروجين واألوكسجين هي العناصر التي تتضافر لتشكل المياه‬.‫مركبات‬
.)‫في الجملتين األولى (وليس في الجمل التعريفية‬ ‫ ولكن ليس‬، ‫ويمكن استخدام * السلبيات في التعاريف الموسعة‬
).......‫** أمثلة للمصطلح (الهيدروجين واألوكسجين) وخاصية (الجمع بينهم للتشكيل‬
7.1 In the extended definition of the term element given above, the defining-characteristic(s) in the first
sentence is/are related to
a)composition
b) origin; source
c) uses; functions
d) examples
e) classification
7.2 In the extended definition of element given above, the information in the second sentence is related to
a) composition
b) origin; source
c) uses; functions
element ‫عنصر‬
d) examples
source ‫مصدر‬
e) classification
f) another/other name(s) for the term information ‫معلومات‬
7.3 In the extended definition of element given above, the information in the sentence is related to
a) composition
‫أفكارهكـلمهما‬
) ‫ أو بالبريدـ االلكتروني‬SMS ‫خطـأ ( برسالة‬ ‫أصبحعنـديرفض‬
‫التنبيه على‬ ‫البعض منا‬
‫هدية قيمة‬
‫لمجرد أنها‬
Statics, Strength, Dynamics, Mechanical Design I, II, Vibrations, ‫فقط‬Management,
Survey, ‫كانت صحيحة‬Structural Analysis I, II, Heat
C++, Java, MATLAB, Data Structures, Algorithms, Discrete, Digital Logic, Concepts,
!‫ أفكاره‬Databases, Software
b) origin; source
c) uses; functions
d) examples
e) classification
choose the answer that best completes the sentences below
(1) Fuels are materials that provide useful energy. Fuels may be classified as natural fuels or as synthetic
fuels. _____________
a) Coal is an example of a natural fuel.

b) Chemical fuels sometimes need special oxidizers in order to burn.
c) Nuclear fuels do not burn.
(2) Fuels are materials that provide useful energy. Most fuels release energy by burning with oxygen in the
air, but some fuels need special oxidizers in order to bum. ____
a) Biomass can be used to produce synthetic fuel.
b) Fossil fuels account for about 90 percent of the energy people use today. Biomass ‫عضوي‬
c) Nuclear fuels release energy through fission or fusion, not by burning. Oxidizers ‫مؤكسدات‬
d) none of the above chemicals ‫كيماويات‬
(3) Synthetic fuels are artificially produced fuels. ______Some synthetic fuels need special oxidizers in order
to burn.
a) Fossil fuels account for about 90 percent of the energy people use today.
b) Synthetic fuels can be made from fossil fuels, certain types of rock and sand, biomass, and chemicals.
c)Nuclear fuels release energy through fission or fusion.
d)none of the above
(4) Biomass is replaceable organic matter that can be used to produce fuel. ________The fuels produced
from biomass are called synthetic fuels.
a) Coal and petroleum are examples of fossil fuels.
‫الماضي ال يساوي المستـقبل‬
b) Wood and garbage are examples of biomass.
c) Nuclear fuels release energy through fission or fusion.
(5) Fossil fuels are fuels that were formed millions of years ago from the remains of plants and animals.
Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are examples of fossil fuels.
a) Biomass can be used to produce synthetic fuel.
b) Fossil fuels account for about 90 percent of the energy people use today.
c) Nuclear fuels do not burn.
(6) Energy is the ability to do work. __________Energy can be transferred from one form to another (for
example, from potential to kinetic), but it cannot be created or destroyed.
a) There is no gain or loss of matter in a chemical change.
b) Fission is the opposite of fusion.
c) The two main forms of energy are kinetic energy and potential energy.
(7) Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. There are many types of kinetic energy.
a) Mechanical energy is an example of kinetic energy. energy ‫طاقة‬

b) Chemical energy is an example of potential energy.
transferred ‫يحول‬
c) There are many types of potential energy.
dam ‫سد‬
(8) There are many types of potential energy. Water in a dam is an example of potential energy.
a) Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.

b) Thermal energy is the kinetic energy of molecules.
c) An apple hanging on a tree is an example of potential energy.
،‫ صنف يسعى لتحقيق أهدافه‬:‫الناس صنفان‬

‫وصنف يستخدمه القسم األول لتحقيق‬
.‫أهدافه‬
Writing Extended Definitions
X. Use information from Reading 3 (The Effects of Temperature page 56) and Reading 4 (How Heat Is
—
Transferred page 58) to complete the following extended definitions.

—
1) Use an example from Paragraph 3 in Reading 3 (p. 56) to complete the following extended definition.
Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of matter. Temperature affects the size of an object.
Most materials expand when they are heated and contract when they are
.. . ,. . .- . .:.
cooled .
Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of matter. 2Temperature affects the ability of metal to
resist electricity.
The increased movement of its molecules makes the molecules more resistant
to electrical charge .
3) Use information from Paragraph 2 in Reading 3 (p. 56) to complete the following extended definition.
Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of matter ./1
heated wires cause Dynamics,
Statics, Strength, excess electrical
Mechanical Designmovement
I, II, Vibrations, ,Survey,
which can damage
Management, Structural Analysis I, II, Heat
machines .For example,
www.eng-hs.com iron is a metal
www.eng-hs.net & ‫بالموقعين‬ ً ‫محلولة مجانا‬
that changes color when
‫ومسائل‬ ‫شرح‬it isinfo@
heated.
eng-hs.com 260 4444 9 ‫حمادة شعبان‬.‫م‬
Good conductors are materials that allow heat to transfer readily from one molecule to another. Energy is
conducted when fast-moving molecules cause slow-moving molecules to move faster.

Use information from Paragraph 3 in Reading 4 (p. 58) to write a formal definition sentence for insulators in
order to complete the following extended definition.
Wool, fiberglass, asbestos, and down trap little pockets of air and are examples of good insulators.
A vacuum is an example of an ideal insulator because it has no molecules to transfer heat.
Use information from Paragraph 5 in Reading 4 (p. 58) to write a formal definition, sentence for radiation in
order to complete the following extended definition.
Radiated heat can pass through a vacuum.
For example, radiated heat from the sun passes through the vacuum between the sun and the
earth.
7) Use information form Paragraph 4 of Reading 4 58) to write an extended definition for convection. You
(p.
must write three sentences and your first sentence must be a formal definition sentence.
Convection is the upward flow of masses of liquid or gas molecules as they are
heated from below
‫أصبح غالبيتنا يتطلع إلى غيره‬
‫ليحدد له ماذا يفعل‬
‫وماذا ينبغي عليه أن‬
.‫يأكل وأن يفكر فيه‬
Extended Definitions - Guided Writing Practice
Y. Use the information in the paragraphs given below to write extended definitions as instructed. Be sure
to use correct paragraph format.
All chemical substances are either elements or compounds. An element is a substance that contains
only one kind of atom . A compound is a substance that contains more than one kind of atom Every
compound has a definite composition that can be described by a chemical formula For example, water is a
compound that contains two kinds of atoms, hydrogen and oxygen Other familiar compounds include salt
and sugar. These compounds and many others occur in nature, but some compounds are artificially
‫ مجمع هو المادة التي تحتوي‬.‫ و العنصر هو مادة تحتوي فقط نوع واحد من الذرة‬.‫ جميع المواد الكيميائية_ إما عناصر أو مركبات‬.created
‫ الماء هو‬، ‫على أكثر من نوع واحد من كل ذرة مجمع يحتوي على تركيبة محددة يمكن وصفها من قبل والصيغة الكيميائية_ على سبيل المثال‬
‫ هذه المركبات‬.‫ الهيدروجين واالوكسجين و هي الأخرى مألوفة وتشمل مركبات مثل الملح السكر‬، ‫مركب يحتوي على نوعين من الذرات‬
.‫ ولكن بعض مركبات يتم إنشاؤها بشكل مصطنع‬، ‫وغيرها كثير يحدث في الطبيعة‬
(1) Write an extended definition for compounds (plural). Your first sentence must be a formal definition
sentence. Use (an) example(s) to write your second sentence. Use information related to composition
for your third sentence.
Compounds are substances that contain more than one kind of atom . For example , water is a compound
. that contains two kinds of atoms
.‫ الماء هو مركب يحتوي على نوعين من الذرات‬، ‫ على سبيل المثال‬.‫المركبات هي المواد التي تحتوي على أكثر من نوع واحد من الذرة‬
(2) Chemists prepare compounds in several ways. Some compounds are formed by combining elements.
The properties of a compound differ from those of the elements from which it was made, For example, the
elements sodium and chlorine combine to form the compound sodium chloride, or table salt. Sodium is a
soft metal that reacts violently with water and other substances. Chlorine is a yellowish gas that is
poisonous In contrast sodium chloride is a hard unreactive, white, crystalline solid
‫ خصائص المركب تختلف عن تلك العناصر فعلى‬.‫ وتشكل بعض المركبات عن طريق الجمع بين العناصر‬.‫يعد الصيادلة مركبات بطرق عدة‬
‫ الصوديوم هو معدن الناعمة التي‬.‫ عناصر الصوديوم والكلور الجمع بين لتشكيل مركب كلوريد الصوديوم أو ملح الطعام‬، ‫سبيل المثال‬
، ‫ واألبيض‬، ‫ هو غاز الكلور مصفر هو كلوريد الصوديوم السامة في المقابل هو الثابت يتفاعل‬.‫يتفاعل بعنف مع الماء وغيرها من المواد‬
‫بلورية صلبة‬
‫أغلب المشاكل مؤقتة‬
‫ونتائجها محدودة‬
2) Write an extended definition for sodium chloride. Your first sentence must be a formal definition
sentence using information related to composition for the defining characteristics. Use information
related to another name(s) to write your second sentence. Use information related to properties to write your
third sentence.
.‫_ ملح المائدة هو اسم آخر لكلوريد الصوديوم‬.‫كلوريد الصوديوم هو مركب يحتوي على الصوديوم وكلوريد‬
(3) The atoms in one element are different from those in any other element. Atoms combine in many ways
to form millions of compounds. In some cases, atoms of the same elements combine in different proportions
to produce a large number of compounds. For example, atoms of carbon and hydrogen can combine to form
methane, which is the main component in natural gas. These same elements also form propane, which is
used as a fuel for such devices as torches and camping stoves. These and thousands of other compounds
that contain only carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons.
‫ الذرات في الجمع بين تتجمع بالعديد من الطرق لتشكيل ماليين‬.‫والذرات في عنصر واحد تختلف عن تلك الموجودة في أي عنصر آخر‬
‫على سبيل المثال يمكن للكربون‬.‫ ذرات من نفس العناصر تختلط بنسب مختلفة لتنتج عددا كبيرا من المركبات‬، ‫ في بعض الحاالت‬.‫المركبات‬
‫و الهيدروجين تكوين غاز الميثان و هو المكون الرئيسي في الغاز الطبيعي هي تشكل أيضا البروبان الذي يستخدم كوقود للمشاعل و في‬
‫ و يوجد آالف من المركبات األخرى التي تحتوي على الكربون و الهيدروجين‬. ‫ التخييم‬.
(3) Write an extended definition for hydrocarbon (singular). Your first sentence must be a formal definition
sentence. Use (an) example(s) to write your second and third sentences.
and thousands of other compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons.
4) Compounds are substances that contain more than one kind of atom Compounds can be divided into two
groups Organic compounds contain carbon atoms Proteins fats, carbohydrates nucleic acids and many
other compounds found in living things are organic compounds All other compounds are called inorganic
compounds.
(4) Write an extended definition for compound (singular).
Compounds are substances that contain more than one kind of atom Compounds can be divided into two
groups Compounds are substances that contain more than one kind of atom Compounds can be divided
into two groups

‫عن نفسك‬
(5) Many combinations that contain atoms from more than one element are mixtures, not compounds. A
compound always has the same composition by weight On the other hand, the composition of a mixture is not
fixed and varies from sample to sample For example, chocolate chip ice cream is a mixture Its composition
varies, and some samples contain more chocolate chip pieces than others V
(5) Write an extended definition for mixture (singular).

A combinations that contains atoms from more than one element .
Extended Definitions Error Correction —
z1. First, read each extended definition provided below and underline the sentence that has (an)
error(s). Then circle the answer that best corrects the error(s).
1. Petroleum are natural resource that are composed chiefly of hydrocarbons. It is obtained from
underground deposits. Petroleum is used to produce combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants.
a) Petroleum is a natural resource that is composed chiefly of hydrocarbons.

b) It obtained from underground deposits.
c) Petroleum are used to produce combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants.
2. Gold is the chemical element that chemical symbol is Au. It is deep yellow and extremely ductile. Gold is
used to make jewelry.
a) Gold is the chemical element whose chemical symbol is Au.
b) It be deep yellow and extremely ductile.
c) Jewelry is another example of its uses.
‫إذا ابتسم المهزوم فقد المنتصر لذة الفوز‬
)‫(وليام شكسبير‬
3. Gold is the metallic element with the symbol Au. It has an atomic weight of 79. Gold is common used as
money.
a) Gold is metallic element with the symbol Au.

b) It has atomic weight of 79.
c) Gold is commonly used as money.
4. Petroleum is chiefly a mixture of many different hydrocarbons. Combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and
lubricants make from petroleum. Gasoline and detergents are examples of petroleum products.
a) Petroleum are chiefly a mixture of many different hydrocarbons.

b) Combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants are made from petroleum.
c) Gasoline and detergents are an example of petroleum products.
extremely ‫بشكل ضخم‬
Hydrocarbons ‫الهيدرو‬
‫كربوناتـ‬
atomic ‫ذري‬
5. Gold is the element that has an atomic number of 79. Gold is deep yellow and extremely ductile. We use
gold to make jewelry.
a) Gold is the element that have an atomic number of 79.
b) Gold deep yellow and extremely ductile.
c) Gold is used to make jewelry.
6. Aluminum is a metal that does not occur in nature in the metallic state. It is an example of a light metal.
Aluminum is a commercial1y important metal.
a) Aluminum is a metal that occurs in nature only in compounds.

b) It is example of a light metal.
c) Aluminum is a commercially important.
7. An element is a substance such as oxygen or hydrogen. Elements can combine to form compounds such
as water. Elements may be classified as metals or as nonmetals.
a) An element is a substance that contains just one type of atom, such as oxygen or hydrogen..
b) An element combining to form compounds such as water.
c) An element be classified as metals or as nonmetals.
8. Compounds are substances containing more than one type of atom. Sodium chloride is an example of a
compound. Sodium chloride is also calls table salt.
a) Compounds are substances that containing more than one type of atom.
b) Sodium chloride is an example of compound.
c) Sodium chloride is also called table salt.
9. Gold is deep yellow, soft and extremely ductile. It has an atomic weight of 196.967. Its chemical symbol
is Au.
a) Gold is a deep yellow, soft, and extremely ductile metal.

b) It have an atomic weight of 196.967.
. ‫الشخص الوحيد الذي سيستمر معك طوال حياتك هو أنت‬
c) Its chemical symbol are Au. ‫ فال ت ٌح ّمله ما ال يطيق من القلق والتردد‬. .
10. Petroleum is a substance that is sometimes known as crude oil. You can use petroleum to make a
variety of products. Most combustible fuels are petroleum products.
a) Petroleum is a substance is sometimes known as crude oil.

b) You can use petroleum makes a variety of products.
c) Most combustible fuels is petroleum products.
11. Gold is the metal traditionally used as money. For example, gold bars can be used to pay debts. In
contrast, gold coins are another example of gold used as money.
a) Gold is the metal that traditionally used as money.

b) For example, gold bars can be used pay debts.
c) Gold coins are another example of gold used as money.
debts ‫ديون‬
traditionally ‫تقليديا‬
bars
Statics, Strength, Dynamics, Mechanical Design I, II, Vibrations, Survey, Management, Structural Analysis I,‫أعمدة‬
II, Heat
‫البعض منا أصبح يرفض أفكاره مهما‬
‫كانت صحيحة فقط لمجرد أنها‬
!‫أفكاره‬
Extended Definitions Guided Writing Practice —
In nature, most metals occur combined with other materials in rocks known as ores. The process of
separating metals from the ores that contain them is called extraction. About 6,000 years ago,
people first discovered that large quantities of metals can be extracted from ores using fire. This
method of extraction is known as smelting. Other methods of extraction include leaching and
.amalgamation
‫ عملية فصل المعادن من الخامات‬.‫ وتحدث أن تتجمع معظم المعادن مع غيرها من المواد في الصخور المعروفة باسم الخامات‬، ‫في الطبيعة‬
‫ والناس اكتشفت ألول مرة أنه يمكن استخراج كميات كبيرة من المعادن‬، ‫ سنة مضت‬6000 ‫ حوالي‬.‫التي تحتوي عليها ما يسمى االستخراج‬
.‫ وسائل أخرى الستخراج وتشمل الترشيح واالندماج‬.‫ ويعرف هذا األسلوب من استخراج وصهر‬.‫من الخامات باستخدام النار‬
Z2. Use information from the above paragraph to write an extended definition for ore (singular*).
Your first sentence must be a formal definition sentence using information related to composition
for the defining characteristics. For your second sentence, use information related to the use of
ores. Use (an) example(s)** to write your third sentence. Be sure to use correct paragraph
format to write your answer.
An ore is a rock that contains metals combined with other metals .Ores are used in extraction of
metals ( large quantities of metals can be extracted from ores . Extraction methods include
leaching and amalgamation
‫و هذه الخامات تستخدم في استخراج المعادن (يمكن استخراج كميات‬.‫ال خامة هي الصخور التي تحتوي على معادن مجتمعة مع معادن أخرى‬
.‫ و طرق الاستخراج تشمل الرشح واالندماج‬.‫كبيرة من المعادن من الخامات‬
* The formal definition sentence must be singular. Sentences 2 and 3 may be singular or plural .
** Examples may be examples of the term, or examples of uses, or examples of origin, or examples of
composition, etc.
‫الكثير منا ال يأبه ألهمية األمور التي‬

.‫يجيدها بل يعتبرها أشياء مسلما بها‬
Extended Definitions Guided Writing Practice —
Resistance thermometers are electrical thermometers. They are made of copper, nickel, or
platinum. A change in temperature makes the electrical resistance of these metals (to) vary. The
variation is measured and indicated on a temperature scale. Platinum resistance thermometers are
the most accurate thermometers. They are used to check the accuracy of all the other types of
.thermometers
‫ و أي تغيير في درجة الحرارة يجعل المقاومة‬. ‫موازين الحرارة ومقاييس الحرارة المقاومة الكهربائية مصنوعة من النحاس والنيكل والبالتين‬
‫ ترمومترات المقاومة البالتينية هي موازين‬.‫ وأشارت على نطاق درجة الحرارة‬، ‫ ويتم قياس التباين‬.‫الكهربائية من هذه المعادن تختلف‬
.‫ وهي تستخدم للتحقق من دقة جميع الأنواع الأخرى من موازين الحرارة‬.‫الحرارة األكثر دقة‬
Z3. Use information from the above paragraph to write an extended definition for resistance
thermometer (singular*). Your first sentence must be a classification definition sentence. For
your second sentence, use information related to the use of resistance thermometers. Use (an)
example(s) to write your third sentence. Be sure to use correct paragraph format to write your answer.
A resistance thermometer is a thermometer that is made of copper , nickel or platinum . Resistance
thermometers are used to measure temperature changes and indicates them on a temperature
scale . Platinum resistance thermometers are example of resistance thermometers .
‫ـ وتستخدم الحرارة المقاومة لقياس التغيرات في درجة‬.‫وترمومتر المقاومة هي مقياس الحرارة المصنوعة من النحاس والنيكل أو البالتين‬
. ‫ ترمومترات المقاومة البالتينية هي مثال لمقاييس الحرارة المقاومة‬.‫الحرارة وتبين لهم على نطاق ودرجة الحرارة‬
* The classification definition sentence must be singular. Sentences 2 and 3 may be singular or plural.
‫المتشائم يترك كل باب‬

‫والمتفائل يطرق كل باب‬

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Student Name ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬

Section Number ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬

‫مذكرات شرح وتمارين محلولة‬،

Living things are very sensitive to comparatively small temperature changes .

‫البعض منا أصبح يرفض أفكاره مهما‬

2. The main idea of Paragraph 2 is that temperature affects the _________

main idea ‫فكرة رئيسية‬

a) boiling water Affects ‫يؤثر‬

b) the size of the glass . Containers ‫حاويات‬

4. The main idea of Paragraph 4 is that temperature affects the _____________

6. The main idea of Paragraph 6 is that temperature affects _____________

b) the color of matter . Resist ‫يفاوم‬

‫ساكنوا البيوت الزجاجية يجب أال‬

Although molecules in a fluid do not conduct heat very well , they do

The three modes of heat transfer – conduction , convection , and radiation –

‫ال يكلف هللا نفسا إال وسعها فال تكلف‬

B. Choose the answer that best completes the following statements.

1. According to the reading , which of the following statements is not true ?

2. It can be concluded from paragraph 6 in the reading that on a sunny day________

c. Write your answers (a,b,c or d) on the blanks provided .

6. the quiz was so difficult , so the teachers decided to ______ it .

‫من ال يشكر الناس ال يشكر هللا‬

1 -en Verb word ending

‫الكثير منا ال يأبه ألهمية األمور التي‬

Adjectives (one word adjectives , adjective phrases and adjective clauses)

1. Chemical energy is stored in gasoline and oil .

4. The are large , expensive machines .

5. Pieces of wood were burned and weighed .

6. Energy stored in food molecules can be released by enzymes .

7. Plans to replace them were cancelled .

8. Substances containing Carbon and Hydrogen are called Hydrocarbons .

9. Hydrocarbons are substances that are composed of carbon and Hydrogen .

10. Insulated electrical wires are used in homes .

11. They are scientists who studied matter and energy .

1. A substance that combine metals with oxygen is an __________

2. Water that has been purified is ___________________________

3. A nucleus that is in the process of breaking apart is a ____________

4. A device that has been adjusted for errors is a _____________________

5. A device that adjusts other instruments is a _______________

6. A gas that has been reduced in volume by pressure is a _______________

7. A bar that attaches one moving part of a machine to another is a _______________

8. A based that makes an acid neutral is a __________________________________

9. A wire that is covered with a nonconductor is a ______________________________

10. Calcium that has been converted into ions is _____________________

Using present participles and past participles as adjectives

1. Wool is a material that insulates , so it is called an___________ material .

4. A device that cools the air in a building is called an ____________ device .

5. The composition of a compound is fixed . Thus, compounds have _______

6. A composition of a compound doesn’t vary. Thus, compounds have

9. After a surface is polished , it is called a ___________ surface .

11. Sugar is compound that is found in candy . Sugar is a compound ________ in

14. Substances that have unvarying compositions are known as chemical

Similarly , increasingly , rapidly , comparatively , immediately , readily , usually , highly , only ,

1. Lavoisier carefully measured the remaining energy .

2. it expanded because it was heated .

3. Most substances will contract when cooled .

4. It was heated on the outside.

5. Water will boil if it is heated to 110 c.

6. The water was heated repeatedly.

7. The apple fell two meters and hit the ground .

8. The water was very hot .

10. Matter is affected by temperature .