oleh:
dr. Gede Wirata, S.Ked (NIK. 1991280520170112001)
DEPARTEMEN ANATOMI
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA
JANUARI 2019
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, karena berkat
rahmat-Nya artikel kepustakaan yang berjudul “Penuaan pada Sistem
Muskuloskeletal” dapat terselesaikan tepat pada waktunya.
Penulis
DAFTAR ISI
2.1 Penuaan
2.1.1 Definisi Penuaan
Tidak ada yang tahu bagaimana dan mengapa orang berubah saat
mereka bertambah tua. Beberapa teori menyatakan bahwa penuaan disebabkan
oleh luka dari sinar ultraviolet seiring waktu, kerusakan pada tubuh, atau produk
sampingan dari metabolisme. Teori-teori lain memandang penuaan sebagai proses
yang ditentukan sebelumnya yang dikendalikan oleh gen.
Tidak ada proses tunggal yang dapat menjelaskan semua perubahan
penuaan. Penuaan adalah proses kompleks yang bervariasi tentang bagaimana hal
itu mempengaruhi orang yang berbeda dan bahkan organ yang berbeda.
Kebanyakan ahli gerontologi (orang yang mempelajari penuaan) merasa bahwa
penuaan disebabkan oleh interaksi banyak pengaruh seumur hidup. Pengaruh-
pengaruh ini termasuk faktor keturunan, lingkungan, budaya, diet, olahraga dan
rekreasi, penyakit masa lalu, dan banyak faktor lainnya (Bccampus, 2018).
Tidak seperti perubahan masa remaja, yang dapat diprediksi dalam
beberapa tahun. Beberapa sistem mulai menua berawal sejak usia 30. Proses
penuaan lainnya tidak umum sampai jauh di kemudian hari. Beberapa perubahan
selalu terjadi pada penuaan serta perubahan-perubahan terjadi pada tingkat yang
berbeda dan pada tingkatan yang berbeda. Tidak ada cara untuk memprediksi
dengan tepat bagaimana seseorang akan menua.
Ali S, Garcia JM. Sarcopenia, cachexia and aging: Diagnosis, mechanisms and
therapeutic options. A minireview. Gerontology. 2014; 60: 294-305
Bccampus. Anatomy and Physiology. Chapter 4. The Tissue Level of
Organization; 2018. [Diakses: 20 Mei 2018]
https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/5-1-layers-of-the-skin/
Bodine SC, Stitt TN, Gonzalez M, Kline WO, Stover GL, Bauerlein R,
Zlotchenko E, Scrimgeour A, Lawrence JC, Glass DJ, Yancopoulos GD.
Akt/mTOR pathway is a crucial regulator of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and
can prevent muscle atrophy in vivo. Nat Cell Biol. 2001; 3: 1014-19.
Bonaldo P, Sandri M. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy. Dis
Model Mech. 2013; 6: 25-39.
Bowen TS, Schuler G, Adams V. Skeletal muscle wasting in cachexia and
sarcopenia: molecular pathophysiology and impact of exercise training. J
Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015; 6: 197-207.
Calvani R, Joseph AM, Adhihetty PJ, Miccheli A, Bossola M, Leeuwenburgh C,
Bernabei R, Marzetti E.Mitochondrial pathways in sarcopenia of aging and
disuse muscle atrophy. Biol Chem. 2013; 394: 393-414.
Carter HN, Chen CC, Hood DA. Mitochondria, muscle health, and exercise with
advancing age. Physiology. 2015; 30: 208-223.
Desjardins, Richard; Warnke, Arne Jonas . "Ageing and Skills". OECD Education
Working Papers; 2012. doi:10.1787/5k9csvw87ckh-en.
Ebner N, Elsner S, Springer J, von Haehling S. Molecular mechanisms and
treatment targets of muscle wasting and cachexia in heart failure: an overview.
Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2014; 8: 15-24
Elaine Thomas; Peat, George; Croft, Peter (2014). "Defining and mapping the
person with osteoarthritis for population studies and public health".
Rheumatology (Oxford). 53 (2): 338–345. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ket346
Fan Y, Li Z, Han S, Lv C, Zhang B. The influence of gait speed on the stability of
walking among the elderly. Gait Posture. 2016; 47: 31-6
Fry CS, Lee JD, Mula J, Kirby TJ, Jackson JR, Liu F, Yang L, Mendias CL,
Dupont-Versteegden EE, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA. Inducible depletion of
satellite cells in adult, sedentary mice impairs muscle regenerative capacity
without aff ecting sarcopenia. Nat Med. 2015; 21: 76-80.
Fielding RA, Vellas B, Evans WJ, Bhasin S, Morley JE, Newman AB, Abellan
van Kan G, Andrieu S, Bauer J, Breuille D, Cederholm T, Chandler J, De
Meynard C, et al. Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults.
Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences.
International Working Group on Sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011; 12:
249-56.
Finkel, Deborah; Reynolds, Chandra A. (9 July 2013). "Behavior Genetics of
Cognition Across the Lifespan". Springer Science & Business Media – via
Google Books.
Fried, LP; Tangen, CM; Walston, J; Newman, AB; Hirsch, C; Gottdiener, J;
Seeman, T; Tracy, R; Kop, WJ; Burke, G; McBurnie, MA (Mar 2001). "Frailty
in older adults: evidence for a phenotype". The Journals of Gerontology. Series
A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 56 (3): M146–56.
doi:10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146
Gerasimov, I.G.; Ignatov, D.Yu. (2004). "Age Dynamics of Body Mass and
Human Lifespan". Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology. 40
(3): 343–349. doi:10.1023/B:JOEY.0000042639.72529.e1
Joseph AM, Adhihetty PJ, Leeuwenburgh C. Beneficial effects of exercise on age-
related mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in skeletal muscle. J
Physiol. 2016; 594: 5105-23.
Kang C, Chung E, Diff ee G, Ji LL. Exercise training attenuates aging-associated
mitochondrial dysfunction in rat skeletal muscle: role of PGC-1α. Exp
Gerontol. 2013; 48: 1343-50
Kim TN, Choi KM. Sarcopenia: Definition, epidemiology, and pathophysiology. J
Bone Metab. 2013; 20: 1-10.
Larson, EB; Yaffe, K; Langa, KM (12 December 2013). "New insights into the
dementia epidemic". The New England Journal of Medicine. 369 (24): 2275–7.
doi:10.1056/nejmp1311405
Nair KS, 2005. Aging Muscle. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81:953-963.
Pandhi, D; Khanna, D (2013). "Premature graying of hair". Indian journal of
dermatology, venereology and leprology. 79 (5): 641–53. doi:10.4103/0378-
6323.116733
Pathai, S; Shiels, PG; Lawn, SD; Cook, C; Gilbert, C (March 2013). "The eye as a
model of ageing in translational research--molecular, epigenetic and clinical
aspects". Ageing research reviews. 12 (2): 490–508.
doi:10.1016/j.arr.2012.11.002. PMID 23274270
Pietrangelo L, D’Incecco A, Ainbinder A, Michelucci A, Kern H, Dirksen RT,
Boncompagni S, Protasi F. Agedependent uncoupling of mitochondria from
Ca2⁺ release units in skeletal muscle. Oncotarget. 2015; 6: 35358-71. doi:
10.18632/oncotarget.6139.
Rodriguez Valiente A, Trinidad A, Garcia Berrocal JR, Gorriz C, Ramirez
Camacho R (April 2014). "Review: Extended high-frequency (9–20 kHz)
audiometry reference thresholds in healthy subjects". Int J Audiol. 53 (8): 531–
545. doi:10.3109/14992027.2014.893375. PMID 24749665
Sandri M. Signaling in muscle atrophy and hypertrophy. Physiology. 2008; 23:
160-70.
Schaie, K. Warner (2005). Developmental Influences on Adult Intelligence.
doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.001.0001
Takahashi, TA; Johnson, KM (May 2015). "Menopause". The Medical clinics of
North America. 99 (3): 521–34. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2015.01.006
Thurstan SA, Gibbs NK, Langton AK, Griffiths CE, Watson RE, Sherratt MJ
(2012). "Chemical consequences of cutaneous photoageing". Chem Cent J. 6
(1): 34. doi:10.1186/1752-153X-6-34. PMC 3410765 . PMID 22534143
Umphred, Darcy (2012). Neurological rehabilitation (6th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.:
Elsevier Mosby. p. 838. ISBN 978-0-323-07586-2.
Wang JC, Bennett M (2012). "Aging and atherosclerosis: mechanisms, functional
consequences, and potential therapeutics for cellular senescence". Circ Res.
111 (2): 245–59. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.261388
Wawrzyniak NR, Joseph AM, Levin DG, Gundermann DM, Leeuwenburgh C,
Sandesara B, Manini TM, Adhihetty PJ. Idiopathic chronic fatigue in older
adults is linked to impaired mitochondrial content and biogenesissignaling in
skeletal muscle. Oncotarget. 2016; 7: 52695-709.
doi:10.18632/oncotarget.10685
Wenz T, Rossi SG, Rotundo RL, Spiegelman BM, Moraes CT. Increased muscle
PGC-1alpha expression protects from sarcopenia and metabolic disease during
aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009; 106: 20405-10