Churun A’in
Bambang Sulardiono
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MODUL I : VARIABEL FISIKAEKOSISTEM PERAIRAN
KOMPETENSI TOPIK
POKOK SUB POKOK MINGGU SUMBER
DASAR BAHASAN
BAHASAN BAHASAN KE BACAAN
1 2 3 4 5 6
Mampu melakukan Faktor Abiotik Variabel 1. Kedalaman I 1
pengukuran faktor Fisika di 2. Kecerahan 1,2
abiotik, khususnya Perairan 3. Suhu dan II 1,2,3
variabel fisika Lengas Nisbi 1 s/d 8
perairan secara benar 4. Substrat
Dasar
(Kualitatif)
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Grup: 7
Pengantar Teori
Kedalaman perairan tawar dapat memberikan petunjuk limnologis suatu habitat akuatik, misalnya
kedalaman terkait dengan kemampuan penetrasi cahaya matahari, zonasi lapisan suhu air,
kelarutan berbagai gas, dan lain-lain (Cole, 1975). Penyinaran cahaya matahari akan berkurang
secara cepat sesuai dengan semakin bertambahdalamnya perairan tersebut. Sinar matahari yang
masuk ke badanair akan semakin berkurang energinya karena diserap (absorbsi) dan disebarkan
(scattering) oleh molekul-molekul air dan berbagai partikel biotik dan abiotik yang
terlarut/tersuspensi di air. Oleh karena itu, fitoplankton sebagai produser primer yang dalam
melakukan fotosintesis membutuhkan sinar matahari,hanya didapat pada zona tertentusejauh
kedalaman badan air yang dapat dicapai sinar matahari.
Kedalaman badan air dapat sangat berkurang misalnya bila terjadiperubahan arah dan kekuatan
arus utama yang mengakibatkan sedimentasi, erosi dan akresi. Demikian pula bila terjadi
penumpukan serasah bahan organik dalam jumlah banyak. Bahan organik tersebut selain
memerlukan banyak gas oksigen untuk dekomposisinya, sehingga dapat mengakibatkan
kekurangan gas oksigen terlarut; material hasil dekomposisi tersebut mungkin mendangkalkan
badan air, khususnya bila arus tidak deras.
Tujuan
1. Mengukur angka kedalaman suatu perairan dan membuat profil kedalaman badan air.
Kompetensi
1. Mampu melakukan pengukuran kedalaman suatu perairan dengan benar.
Prosedur Kerja
a. Bahan
1. Badan air mengalir (lotik) atau badan air yang relatif tidak berarus deras (lentik).
b. Alat
1. Tali berskala @1 meter sesuai kedalaman badan air yang akan diukur (1 buah untuk 1
kelompok @ 4orang)
2. Pemberat (besi, batu) 3-5kg atau lebih, tergantung deras arus dan kedalaman badan air.
c. Metoda
1. Memasukkan pemberat secara vertikal ke dalam air sampai ke dasar
2. Mencatat kedalaman yang terukur melalui tali yang berskala
3. Bila dilakukan di sungai, sesuaikan pemberat agar tidak segera dihanyutkan arus; catat
tanggal, bulan, tahun dan jam pengukuran, serta keadaan sungai apakah sedang pasang atau
surut
4. Prosedur 1 dan 2 diulang pada lokasi yang berbedasesuailebar dan panjang segmen sungai
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C. Ain&B. Sulardiono
5. Ulangi prosedur tersebut di kedua tepi dan bagian tengah sungai, lakukan dari jembatan
(kalau ada) atau dari perahu
6. Bila dilakukan di danau/perairan lentik lain, lakukan prosedur pengukuran menggunakan
perahu
7. Catat hasil pengukuran di kolom tabel yang tersedia, berikan catatan dan keterangan
seperlunya.
Hasil Pengukuran
Tabel
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Keterangan/catatan:
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a. Analisis
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C. Ain&B. Sulardiono
Faktor yang menyebabkan perbedaan kedalaman di badan air adalah
perbedaan proses morfologi terbentuknya suatu daerah tersebut. Perbedaan
morfologi ini dapat dicontohkan dari perbedaan kedalaman laut Indonesia
bagian barat, tengah, dan timur. Laut Indonesia pada bagian barat cenderung
lebih dangkal dibandingkan dengan laut Indonesia pada bagian lainnya. Hal ini
disebabkan karena laut Indonesia pada bagian barat merupakan laut
Transgresi yang mana artinya laut tersebut terbentuk karena kenaikan
permukaan air laut sehingga dataran yang berada di sekitarnya menjadi
tenggelam. Kemudian pada laut Indonesia di bagiantengah dan timur
merupakan laut yang disebut Ingresi yang mana artinya bahwa laut tersebut
terbentuk karena turunnya kerak Samudra sehingga menyebabkan dasar laut
menjadi semakin dalam.Perubahan arus dalam perairan dapat menyebabkan
sedimentasi, erosi, dan akresi yang menyebabkan berubahnya bentuk dasar
perairan sehingga berpengaruh juga terhadap kedalaman perairan tersebut
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cahaya matahari yang cukup. Semakin dalam perairan warnanya akan semakin
gelap karena semakin menipisnya cahaya matahari yang masuk. Kecerahan
dalam perairan ini sangat erat kaitannya dengan proses fotosintesis. Warna
dari suatu perairan juga dipengaruhi oleh partikel-partikel terlarut yang ada di
dalamperirantersebut.
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C. Ain&B. Sulardiono
merupakan laut yang disebut Ingresi yang mana artinya bahwa laut tersebut
terbentuk karena turunnya kerak Samudra, dan perubahan arus dalam perairan
menyebabkan sedimentasi, erosi, dan akresi yang berpengaruh terhadap
kedalaman perairan,dan Pengaruh kedalaman terhadap kualitas lingkungan
perairan yaitu berpengaruh terhadap perbedaan warna perairan,produksi oksigen
di dalam perairan,dan tinggi rendahnya suhu baik di permukaan maupun dasar
perairan
b. Saran
Pustaka
1. Cole, G.A., 1975: Textbook of Limnology, The C.V. Mosby Company, Saint Louis 256 hal.
2. Moss, B., 1980: Ecology of Fresh Waters, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Edinburgh, 321
hal.
3. Wetzel, R.G., 2001. Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystem. 3 rd edition. Academic Press,
New York, London, 1006 hal.
4. Sidabutar, E. A., A. Sartimbul, dan M. Handayani. 2019. Distribusi Suhu, Salinitas, dan
Oksigen Terlarut Terhadap Kedalaman di Perairan Teluk Prigi di Kabupaten
Trenggalek.Journal of Fisheries and Marine Research, 3(1): 46-52.
5. Raharjo, R. dan M. D. Saputra. 2017. KarakteristikMorfologi Dasar Lut dan
HubungannyaDenganKecepatanArusLaut di SelatLampa, Natuna, Kepulauan Riau.
JurnalGeologiKelautan, 15(1): 54-56.
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Pengantar Teori
Kecerahan merupakan faktor penting dalam sistem ekologi perairan. Faktor tersebut antara lain
menentukan distribusi dan intensitas cahaya, jarak pandang organisme, derajat fotosintesis
organisme autotrof dan dengan demikianproduktivitas perairan, dsb. Adapun hasil pengukuran
kecerahan ditentukan oleh sudut datang sinar matahari, muatan padatan tersuspensi, warna air,
arah dan kecepatan angin yang menentukan riak permukaan air dan tinggi gelombang(Odum,
1993).Konsentrasi padatan tersuspensi yang tinggi dapat disebabkan oleh partikel biotik maupun
abiotik, dan mengakibatkan terganggunya sistem osmoregulasi, pernapasan dan daya lihat
organisme akuatik (Effendi, 2003).
Kecerahan perairan diperkirakansecara sederhana menggunakan Secchi Disk, yaitu suatu alat
berbentuklempeng lingkaranberwarna putih dan hitam yang mempunyai taliberskala. Diameter
Secchi disk bervariasi; untuk perairan tawar biasanya digunakan yang berdiameter 20cm,
sedangkan di perairan samudera digunakan Secchi Disk berdiameter hingga 60cm.
Data kecerahan yang diperkirakan dengan Secchi Diskhanya dapat digunakan apabila kedalaman
total badan air >50% kedalaman tepat hilangnya Secchi Diskdari penglihatan pengamat. Sebagai
contoh, bila kedalaman total 10m, maka kedalaman tepat hilangnya Secchi Diskmaksimum adalah
5m. Bila kecerahan sampai dasar dapat dilihat, maka tidak diperlukan pengukuran dengan Secchi
Disk
Tujuan
1. Mengukur angka kecerahan suatu perairan.
Kompetensi
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C. Ain&B. Sulardiono
1. Mampu mengetahui jenis-jenis dan spesifikasi alat yang dapat digunakan mengukur
kecerahan;
2. Mampu menginterpretasikan hasil pengukurankecerahandan menghubungkan fungsi
kecerahan terhadap kondisi ekosistem.
Prosedur Kerja
a. Bahan
1. Badan air dengan kedalaman cukup (>10m).
b. Alat
1. Secchi Disk(1 buah per kelompok @ 8 orang)
2. Tali berskala 25cm, 50cm, dan 1 m sepanjang sekitar 20 meter (1 buah untuk 1
kelompok @ 8 orang).
c. Metoda
1. Menentukan titik sampling sesuai dengan tujuan kegiatan
2. Memasukkan Secchi Diskke dalam perairan
3. Membaca panjang tali pada saat Secchi Diskterlihat samar sampai batas tepat hilang
4. Mencatat kedalaman yang didapat di papan hasil pengamatan; dan
5. Memasukkan data hasil pengukuran ke dalam rumus berikut:
Tips Pengamatan
- Pembaca skala berpenglihatan normal (tidak minus, plus maupun
silinder), tidak berkacamata hitam
- Pilih tempat teduh yang tidak terkena sinar matahari secara langsung,
karena sudut pantul sinar matahari mengurangi kecermatan
pembacaan.
HasilPengukuran
Tabel 1. ..................................................................................................................................
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Pembahasan
a. Analisis
1. Bahaslah faktor-faktor biotik dan abiotik yang menyebabkan terjadinya perbedaan kecerahan;
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2. Gunakan hasil pengukuran untuk membahas pengaruh kecerahan terhadap kondisi ekologis
perairan tersebut;
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Simpulan dan Saran
a.Simpulan
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Pustaka
1. Effendi,H. 2005. Telaah Kualitas Air. Kanisius; Bogor
2. Odum, P.E. 1993. Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunders Company, Philladelphia.
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Pengantar Teori
Temperaturmerupakan salah satu faktor fisika yang mempengaruhi iklim secara keseluruhandan
dengan demikian distribusi geografis (fito- dan zoogeografi) biota. Di darat, suhu, arah dan
kecepatan angin, intensitas cahaya matahari dan keberadaan vegetasi menentukan lengas nisbi
udara. Pada aras individual suhu mempengaruhi intensitas dan kecepatan reaksi-reaksi
metabolisme, dan dengan cara itu suhu mempengaruhi pertumbuhan, khususnya pada organisme
perairan yang umumnya bersifat poikilothermal (menyesuaikan suhu tubuhnya terhadap suhu
media hidupnya).Sebagai konsekuen-sinya, suhumenentukan daya tahan hidup organisme.
Semakin tinggi suhu, derajat metabolisme hayati semakin cepat. Hal iniberarti kebutuhan akan gas
oksigen semakin tinggi; padahal secara fisikakelarutan oksigen dan berbagai gas lain dalam air
menurun bila suhu meningkat (Laevastu & Hayes, 1982).
Kelembaban adalah kandungan uap air di udara; dapat diukur menggunakan higrometer,
psikrometer (termometer basah-kering). Jumlah maksimum uap air yang dapat dikandung udara
tergantung pada suhu udara; udara hangat mengandung uap air lebih banyak daripada udara
dingin. Lengas nisbi atau kelembaban adalah nisbah uap air yang terkandung di udara pada suhu
tertentu terhadap kapasitas jenuh/maksimum uap air yang dapat dikandung udara pada suhu
tersebut.
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Psikrometer yang paling sederhana biasa disebut sling psychrometer; terdiri atas dua buah
termometer dari jenis yang tepat sama, yang dipasang berdampingan pada sebuah tuas yang
dapat diputar manual. Sebuah sumbu yang dibasahi air dikenakan membungkus bagian bawah
salah satu termometer (: termometer basah), sedangkan termometer pasangannya dibiarkan
sebagaimana adanya (: termometer kering). Dengan memutar secara manual psikrometer ini di
udara pada ketinggian di atas kepala (overhead), air pada sumbu termometer basah akan
menguap dan mendinginkan suhu termometer basah tersebut; sedangkan termometer
pasangannya mengukur suhu udara saat itu. Hasil pembacaan suhu di kedua termometer tersebut
disinkronisasi ke dalam sebuah tabel yang disebut Tabel Lengas Nisbi.
Dalam hal sling psychrometer tidak digunakan, lengas nisbi tetap dapat diperoleh dengan menaruh
termometer basah-kering beberapa waktu di tempat terbuka. Akan lebih baik bila pada saat yang
sama kecepatan angin diukur menggunakan sling anemometer dan kemudian hasilnya dirujuk ke
satuan dalam Skala Beaufort.
Tujuan
1. Mengukurkisaran suhu air berikut lengas nisbi udara di sekitar lokasi pengamatan.
Kompetensi
1. Mampu mengukur suhu air dan mengukur lengas nibi udara di sekitar badan air
2. Menginterpretasikan hasil pengukurandan menghubungkannya dengan kondisi lingkungan
sekitarnya.
Prosedur Kerja
Sebelum kegiatan dilaksanakan, dibentuk kelompok yang terdiri atas 4orang.
a. Bahan
Bentang alam berupa badan air dan daerah sekitarnya.
b. Alat
1. Termometer air raksa (2 untuk 1kelompok @ 4orang)
2. Termometer air raksa Basah-Kering/psychrometer (1 untuk 1kelompok @ 4orang)
2. Line transek 100 m (2 per 1kelompok @ 4orang)
3. Kuadran transek 10x10 matau menyesuaikan ukuran badan air (2 per 1kelompok@ 4orang)
c. Metoda
Suhu udara dan lengas nisbi diukur di setiap kuadran dengan menggunakan termometer basah-
kering. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan meletakkan termometer basah-keringdi tempat yang aman
dan tidak tersentuh air selama lima menit, tergantung cuaca ketika pengukuran. Baca skala suhu
pada termometer basah dan termometer kering tersebut dan catat waktu pengukuran, cuaca saat
pengukuran, sertacatat hasil pengukuran pada tabel. Lakukan pengulangan di tiga tempat di dalam
kuadrandi lokasi pengamatan.
Suhu air diukur menggunakan termometer air raksa yangdibenamkansekitar50 cm keair tanpa
menyentuh dinding maupun dasar perairan selama 5 menit. Bila air cukup jernih, suhu dibaca
tanpa mengangkat termometer ke luar dari air. Namun bila air keruh, usahakan membaca suhu
secepat mungkin setelah termometer diangkat ke luar dari air. Pengukuran suhu air dilakukan
triplikat (3 ulangan) di setiap kuadran.
Hasil Pengukuran
Tabel
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Catatan: (amati cuaca setempat, tutupan oleh vegetasi dasar, arah dan kecepatan angin, dan lain-
lain)
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Pembahasan
a. Analisis
1. Bahaslah faktor-faktor yang mengakibatkan fluktuasi lengas nisbi di udara terhadap suhu di
air.
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2. Gunakan hasil pengukuran untuk membahas pengaruhsuhu dan lengas nisbi terhadap
kondisiekologis perairan tersebut.
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Simpulan dan Saran
a.Simpulan
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Pustaka
1. I Nyoman. 2001. Dasar-dasar Ekologi Perairan Jilid II. Jakarta: UI Press.
2. Wetzel, R.G., 2001. Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystem. 3 rd edition. Academic Press, New
York, London, 1006 hal.
Revisi : ............................................................................
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Supervisor : ...........................................................................
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Grup: ......................................
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Pengantar Teori
Semua spesies berkecenderungan memilih tipe substrat yang paling disukainya, dan untuk itu
organisme melakukan adaptasi terhadap habitatnya. Dari tinjauan tersebut maka ukuran
butir/tekstur sedimen dapat berpengaruh pada kelimpahan hewan makrobentos. Dengan kata lain,
komposisi substrat berpengaruh langsung terhadap komposisi, kelimpahan, dan distribusi hewan
makrobentos (Hawkes, 1979). Selain sebagai tempat hidup, substrat dasar juga berfungsi sebagai
sumber pakan bagi sebagian besar hewan makrobentos (Cushing dan Walsh, 1976). Menurut
Nybakken (1988) hewan makrobentos, terutama pemakan deposit, lebih menyukai substrat pasir
yang mengandung lumpur. Hal itu didukung oleh Afiati (2004) yang menyatakan bahwa pada pesisir
dengan substrat dasar pasir berlumpur, jumlah individu dan jumlah spesiesnya paling tinggi
dibandingkan substrat yang didominasi pasir atau lumpur saja.
Substrat Dasar
Dalam pengertian yang sesungguhnya susbstrat dasar adalah jenis habitat guna mendukung
kehidupan arganisme akuatik, misalnya untuk memijah mencari makan, dan berlindung diperlukan
habitat yang berbeda-beda antar spesies. Kerakal dan bongkah di air mengalir biasanya dianggap
sebagai habitat yang baik bagi perkembangan banyak spesies akuatik. Selain itu batang kayu atau
bambu yang tenggelam, akar kayu, tumbuhan air yang berakar sampai ke dasar, tumbuhan air yang
mengambang adalah jenis habitat yang disukai berbagai organisme, terutama ikan.
Deposisi Sedimen
Jumlah kuantitatif sedimen di dasar perairan mempengaruhi ketersediaan habitat bagi Avertebrata
maupun ikan. Aktivitas manusia seperti pembangunan konstruksi yang merubah paras tepi badan
air,dan erosi karena penebangan hutan di hulu,berakibat meningkatnya sedimentasi di arah
hilir.Kondisi yang paling menguntungkan biota akuatik adalah bila tutupan dasar perairan oleh
sedimen <5%.
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Tipe vegetasi riparian juga mengindikasikan kuantitas material organik yang masuk ke sungai, luas
kerindangan kanopi pohon sebagai lindungan dari terik matahari bagi hewan darat dan akuatik.
Tujuan
1. Mempelajarikaitan substrat dasar perairan sebagai habitat bagi berbagai jenis organisme akuatik
2. Mempelajarisecara kualitatif jenis, warna, dan bau substrat di suatu perairan.
Kompetensi
1. Mampumengamati dengan baik dan mencandra kondisi tebing sungai dari batuan penyusun
tebing dan tutupan vegetasi ripariannya
2. Mampu mengenali secarakualitatif jenis substrat dasar suatu perairan
Prosedur Kerja
a. Bahan
1. Bentang alam berupa badan air mengalir sampai ke muara.
2. Sampel substrat sedimen secukupnya dari segmen-segmen badan air tersebut.
b. Alat
1. Cetok semen (2 untuk 1kelompok @ 4orang)
2. Plastik ½kg (secukupnya untuk 1kelompok @ 4orang)
3. Alat tulis
c. Metoda
Di lokasi terpilih, usahakan berdiri pada posisi melawan arah angin dominan agar bebauan dari
lingkungan sekitar segera terdeteksi. Amati tutupan vegetasi tepi badan air/vegetasi riparian
(pohonan, semak belukar, rumputan; persentase tutupan: terbuka, jarang, sedang, rapat, dll),
kelerengan tebing sungai. Selanjutnya tandai Tabel 1 sesuai pengamatan Saudara.
Selanjutnya, masuklah perlahan-lahan ke dalam badan air, tunggu sampai air kembali tenang
sebelum memulai pengambilan substrat dasar menggunakan cetok semen. Untuk sampel yang akan
diamati in situ, usahakan untuk memperoleh undisturbed sample atau sampel dalam keadaan
aslinya (tak terganggu), dengan cara mengambil sedimen dari kedalaman dangkal, yang diangkat
perlahan-lahan keluar air, dan segera diamati. Setelah diamati secara kualitatif (Tabel 2)
sampeldimasukkan ke dalam plastik ½ kilogram. Lakukan pengamatan terhadap jenis, warna, dan
bau substrat tersebut dan catat hasilnya dalam tabel pengamatan.
PENGAMATAN KUALITATIF
Kejernihan air, muka air : Jernih, tenang Keruh, tenang, beriak kecil Bergolak, lainnya
Arus air : Tampak, deras Tampak, tidak deras Tenang, lainnya
Warna air : Hijau-Coklat Hitam Lainnya
kehijauan
Bau air : Tidak ada Busuk organik Lainnya
Lapisan (film) di permukaan air : Tidak ada Kilau minyak Berbuih, lainnya
Sampah terapung : Plastik (semua jenis) Bahan organik (kayu, Lainnya
bangkai)
Warna sedimen : Coklat Kehitaman Lainnya
tua/kelabu/putih
Bau sedimen : Tidak terdeteksi, Busuk organik, putrefaksi Telur busuk,anoksik,
tidak spesifik atau lainnya
*) Tandai sesuai hasil pengamatan, beri keterangan bila memilih‘Lainnya’.
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Catatan:
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Sedimen dari kedalaman 2 – 5 cm, bila dikepal atau digesek antara telunjuk & ibu jari (Afiati, 2007):
a. Lumpur (Mud) teksturnya halus,lengket, berwarna sangat gelap, ukuran butir <63 µm.
b. Lanau/lumpur halus (Fine silt) seperti pasir halus, biasanya kelabu dan teksturnya lembut,
ukuran butir <63 µm. Bila dikepal dan dilepaskan mungkin tidak menggumpal seperti lumpur.
c. Pasir halus (Fine sand ) teksturnya cukup halus, ukuran butir <63 µm.
d. Pasir kasar (Coarse sand)butiran kasar, mudah tercerai-berai (0.5 mm - <1 mm)
e. Kerakal (Gravel) sangat kasar bercampur kerikil, ukuran butir >1mm
f. Bongkahan (Boulder) sangat besar.
g. Pecahan Cangkang (Shell grit), cangkang kerang, keong, karang mati. Biasanya berwarna
putih.
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Hasil
Tabel 1 .........................................................................................................................
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Revisi : ............................................................................
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Pembahasan Supervisor : ...........................................................................
1. Jelaskan dengan cermat hasil pengamatan saudara mengenai jenis sedimen dasar yang
ditemukan, apa yang dapat Saudara prakirakan ditinjau dari kecepatan arus dasar dancemaran
fisik?
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2. Jelaskan dengan cermat hasil pengamatan saudara mengenai jenis substrat dasar terhadap biota
yang saudara temukan, apakah tampak kecenderungan untuk pemilihan/preferensi habitat?
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Simpulan dan Saran
a.Simpulan
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b. Saran
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Pustaka
1. Afiati, N. 2004. Preferensi Habitat Makrozoobentos terhadap Substrat Dasar yang Berbeda,
Laporan Penelitian DUE Like-Batch II (Studi Ekologi Pantai Berpasir di Bandengan dan Pulau
Panjang, Kabupaten Jepara, Jawa Tengah) - Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang. 6 hal.
2. Afiati, N. 2007. Metode, Teknik Pengambilan Sampel & Analisis Data Lamun. Pelatihan
Pemantauan Lingkungan Biota Laut, PT PKT Kalimantan Timur-PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP Semarang, 8
hal.
3. Cushing and Walsh. 1976. Field Biology and Ecology. McGraw Hill – Publisher Company Ltd. New
Delhi
4. Hawkes, H.A. 1978. Invertebrate as Indicator of River Water Quality dalamJames, A. and L.
Evinson (Eds.). Biological Indicator of Water Quality. John Wiley and Sons, Toronto.
5. Hefni, E. 2003. Telaah Kualitas Air. Kanisius, Yogyakarta
6. Kinsman, L & L. Ratashak, 2010. The Marvels of Mud. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State
University, 6 hal.
7. Nybakken, J.W. 1988. Biologi Laut: Suatu Pendekatan Ekologis (Diterjemahkan Oleh H.M.
Eidman, Kosoebiono, D.G. Bengen, M. Hutomo, S. Sukardjo), PT. Gramedia Jakarta.
8. Syarief, S.E. 1986. Ilmu Tanah Pertanian. Pustaka Buana. Bandung.
Revisi : ............................................................................
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
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