Improved Moisture
COST E55
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 1 / 49
Contents
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 2 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 3 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Modeling
Rk Emean
Rd = kmod Emean,fin =
γm 1 + kdef
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 4 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Modeling
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 5 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Modeling
Multi-Fickian approach
Domain equations
∂ Boundary conditions
(cb ) = ∇ • (Db (cb ) • ∇cb ) + ċ
∂t n • Jb = 0
n • Jv = kp (pvs − pva )
∂
(cv ) = ∇ • (Dv (cv ) • ∇cv ) − ċ
∂t
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 6 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Modeling
Multi-Fickian approach
The model describes the moisture
transport process in wood which is
characterized by three phenomena:
bound water diffusion,
water vapour diffusion and
coupling between the two phases
through sorption.
Domain equations
∂ Boundary conditions
(cb ) = ∇ • (Db (cb ) • ∇cb ) + ċ
∂t n • Jb = 0
n • Jv = kp (pvs − pva )
∂
(cv ) = ∇ • (Dv (cv ) • ∇cv ) − ċ
∂t
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 7 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Modeling
elastic strain
hygroexpansion
viscoelastic creep
mechanosorption
(recoverable part)
p q
X X mechanosorption
ε = εe + εu + εve
i + εms
j + εms,irr
(irrecoverable part)
i=1 j=1
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 8 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Modeling
Abaqus/CAE
Abaqus/User-subroutines
Abaqus/Standard
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 9 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Modeling
∂cb ∂cv
+ ∇ · Jb = ċ (1) +∇·Jv = −ċ (2)
∂t ∂t
1 Evaluation of cv (t) and cb (t), by
equation (2)
cb (t + ∆t) = cb (t) + ċ∆t
2 Evaluation of cb (t), by equation (1) and the value of cv (t)
calculated in the previous step
3 Evaluation of cv (t) by equation (2) and the value of cb (t)
calculated in the previous step
4 repeat 2-3 till convergence to experimental results
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 10 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Modeling
∂ρcT
= div (K · ∇T ) + q, on Ω
∂t
n(K · ∇T ) = f , on ∂Ω
T = T̄ , on ∂Ω
ABAQUS procedure T q K f
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 11 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Modeling
∂ρcT
= div (K · ∇T ) + q, on Ω
∂t
*MATERIAL. To define a conductivity (diffusivity)
solution-dependent for heat transfer analyses
HETVAL allows you to define a heat flux (sorption rate) due to
internal heat generation for heat transfer analysis
DFLUX allows you to define the Neumann BC
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 12 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Modeling
Implementation
∂ρcT
= div (K · ∇T ) + q, on Ω
∂t
State variable to store bound water unknown. It will be updated by
Hetval
SDVINI user subroutine. To set m0 in the first step analysis
*FIELD input option To read and use the other phase solution
calculated in the previous analysis.
Output requests. To write the solution which will be used in the
next analysis.
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 13 / 49
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Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
$"%+#,*&+(
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Validation. K/OPL 6R/O5 -65/RT
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A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 14 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 15 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 16 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
ċ = Hc (cbl − cb ) (3)
C 3
c
C1 exp −C2 cblb + C4 cb < cbl
Hc = C3 (4)
c
C1 exp −C2 2 − cblb + C4 cb > cbl
C1 C3 C4
(s−1 ) (s−1 ) c21 c22
2.6e-6 50 8e-8 5.21e-6 19.0
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 17 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
Wadsö‘s specimen.
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 18 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 19 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 20 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 21 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 22 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
content distribution ⇒
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 23 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
∂u
= ∇ · (D · ∇u)
∂t Ω
∂cv
= ∇ · (Dv · ∇cv ) − ċ
∂t
∂cb
= ∇ · (Db · ∇cb ) + ċ
∂t
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 24 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
∂u
= ∇ · (D · ∇u)
∂t Ω
∂cv
= ∇ · (Dv · ∇cv ) − ċ
∂t
∂cb
= ∇ · (Db · ∇cb ) + ċ
∂t
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 24 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
Pedestrian bridge, Parque das Nações, Lisbon, Portugal. Experimental data by Lina Nunes and Pedro Palma
The moisture content values are based on measurements of electric resistance of wood by a sensor/logger
Bridge erected in 2006; measured values since 17.01.2007 to 11.09.2007. The period for the analysis reaches
The period for the analysis reaches 11208 hours (from 01.06.2006 to 11.09.2007)
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 25 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 26 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 26 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 27 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 28 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
KTH simulations
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 29 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
KTH simulations
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 30 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 31 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 32 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 33 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 34 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 35 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 36 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 37 / 49
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 38 / 49
Crack growth in glulam structures
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 39 / 49
Crack growth in glulam structures Modeling
tn Knn Kns Knt εn
t= ts = Kns Kss Kst εs = Kε
tt Knt Kst Ktt εt
(1 − D)t¯n , t¯n ≥ 0
tn =
tn otherwise
ts = (1 − D)t¯s
tt = (1 − D)t¯t
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 40 / 49
Crack growth in glulam structures Modeling
initiation
exponential law
max −δ 0
0
δm 1 − exp −α δδmf −δ 0
m
m m
D =1− max {1 − }
δm 1 − exp(−α)
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 41 / 49
Crack growth in glulam structures Modeling
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 42 / 49
Crack growth in glulam structures Application
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 43 / 49
Crack growth in glulam structures Application
Load-displacement curves
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 44 / 49
Crack growth in glulam structures Application
Load-displacement curves
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 45 / 49
Crack growth in glulam structures Application
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 46 / 49
Conclusions and next developments
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 47 / 49
Conclusions and next developments
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A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 48 / 49
Conclusions and next developments
Improved Moisture
COST E55
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 49 / 49