I. INTRODUCTION
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II. VOLTAGE DIPS IN THE ELECTRICAL NETWORK
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In Figure 3b, a profile of the modeled voltage dips at the CP is
shown. In order to take into account a time delay after the end of
the failure for voltage recovery, the rise time in all voltage dip
cases is set to 10ms. This is caused by transients in the
switching devices of the network.
b)
c)
Fig. 3: Voltage dips and load cases defined to analyze the LVRT loads.
d)
For all these cases of voltage dips, load simulations with
constant wind speeds of 6 m/s up to 26 m/s are simulated. The
requirements of the network operator [1] for the electrical
behavior of the WT (active power, reactive power and currents)
are met during the simulations for all voltage dips investigated.
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As shown in the simulation results for HSS (Fig. 4d), the peak Fatigue loads
of the torque transmitted to the HSS is limited through the slip
clutch at the HSS. The investigations show, that this limitation The damage equivalent load for the torque Mx at the LSS is
has no influence on the peak torque transmitted to the LSS. The calculated by taking into account all defined voltage dips
lower frequency vibration at the HSS, excited by the duration of according to two different distributions. The first one results
the dip (e.g. 0.7s), is transmitted much stronger to the LSS, than from the standard EN50160 (Fig. 6a) and applies the approach
the high frequency vibrations caused at the network voltage that emphasizes voltage dips with duration less than 1s and a dip
frequency of 50Hz. level greater than 40% of the nominal voltage. The second one
fulfills the EN50160 and is adapted in a way so that voltage dips
Extreme loads with a high dip level and short duration are more frequent (Fig.
6b).
In order to investigate the extreme load for the torque Mx at the
LSS, the simulation results of all load cases defined in the
matrices in Fig. 3 are evaluated. It can be noticed that for the a) According EN 50160 b) Assumed distribution
system investigated, the highest extreme load level is caused by
a three-phase voltage dip near rated wind speed. 1.08 1.0
Fig. 5 presents resulting maxima of the LSS torque Mx for all 0.54 0.1
0.0
defined cases in the three-phase voltage dip matrix from the
Fig.3 (constant wind speed of 12m/s). It is shown that the
maximum value of the torque increases with decreasing level of
the voltage dip. The profile is influenced by the implemented
WT-specific controller and protection strategies for cases of
“longer” voltage dips. This influence depends on the level and
duration of the dip as well as the wind speed.
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Calculation of LVRT fatigue loads with one single load case V. CONCLUSIONS
A simplification for the calculation of LVRT fatigue loads is Due to the load increments found for the example case GL
suggested. According to this approach the fatigue equivalent recommends to investigate the influence of LVRT cases on the
load is calculated applying only one representative load case load assumptions. The actual load level depends very much on
from Fig. 3a. By that the efforts to calculate the load cases of the the concept of the individual WT, especially of the control
complete voltage dip matrix are safed. In the following this strategies during voltage dips.
representative load case is derived.
The load level of the WT further on depends very much on the
The equivalent loads (here m=4) on the LSS separately caused voltage dip matrix (dip level, duration and number of dips per
by each element of the voltage dip matrix from a three-phase year). Further investigations on an appropriate estimation of this
voltage dip at wind speed 12m/s (Fig. 3a) are determined. For information is required since such information is often missing
each equivalent load calculated an occurrence frequency of 100 for specific WT sites.
times per year is accounted for. The results achieved are
graphically presented in Fig. 8 by the blue profile. To improve the results and the understanding of the system
more detailed modeling of the drive train, especially at high
In the next step the same time series of all elements of the speed shaft is necessary.
voltage dip matrix are evaluated altogether to achieve one value
of the equivalent load for the whole set of voltage dips. Here the The approach for the calculation of LVRT loads is a strong
distribution according to EN50160 (Fig. 6a) is applied. As the simplification and so far was only applied for fatigue equivalent
result is one significant value, the equivalent load Mx is shown loads. Investigations on the impact on e.g. Markov matrices or
in Fig. 8 as the pink plane. load duration distributions are required. Before application a
Wherever the pink plane intersects with the blue profile, the validation has to be performed.
respective load level is identical.
VI. CERTIFICATION
REFERENCES
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